sand mining and impacts on river ecology
DESCRIPTION
Sand mining from river channels and flood plains are carried out fervently to meet the needs of the fine aggregate demand in the construction industry. It has led to the ecological imbalances in the river systems. Alternatively, sand manufactuired by crushing rocks and from the fly ash needs to be progreesively substituted for sand.TRANSCRIPT
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DR. THRIVIKRAMJI K.P.PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY (Retd.)
UNIVERSITY OF KERALA
Temple and Pond- Padma theertham-Trivandrum
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Noise & Dust Pollution
Scarred Surfaces
Modified water regimes & Stream network
Waste water
Stony waste land
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Build a Green-belt along perimeter of propertywith strip planting of fast growing tree species to reduce large volumes of dust & noiseWetting potential patches of dust with water.Clarify waste water prior to releaseCareful mine planningRestore land to near-natural configurationLocate possible mining areas out of site of
community
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SWM wave setup erodes and destroys beaches. Beach rebuilding in post erosion face lands offshore black sand on the beachesUpgrades black sand content in the newly built beachIRE gathers & Stock-pile sand with power shovels and trucksGathering cannot go below MSLNo drilling, No blasting, No water pollutionBack filling by SWM
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Mining area: Ancient beach/Dune fields
No drilling, No blasting, No water pollution
Shoveled and loaded onto trucks to sand separation plants
Reject sand or gangue goes back to back filling
Abandoned tracts not nearly restorable
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Modernisation of Indian SocietyWorld class infrastructure, Modern housing with water and power supply and sanitationInfrastructure: Multi-lane express ways, dedicated-high speed rail tracks and bridgesPorts and harboursModern runways & terminal buildingsSchools, Hospitals & PlaygroundsPower plants, transmission lines, etc .
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Aggregates make 85% of cement concrete
Rail tracks of India consumed 1320.0 billion m3 or 232.0 billion tones of ballast
Maintenance consumes for at least 1/3rd of the above once in three years
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Shelf sand
Manufacture aggregates from overburden and waste of strip and subsurface mines, slag and such other
Reprocess rubble of demolished buildings into aggregates.
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0.25 1.5 or larger
6.5 38.0
0.001 -0.250.025 6.5
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Intrusive rocks, Standard section,Upper continental crust (Wedephol,1969)
Others
Gabbro
Diorite
Quartz diorite
Granodorite
Granite & Quartz monzonite
Abundance, %
Rock type
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Mineral abundance (%),Plutonic Igneous rocks (Wedephol,1969)
0.50.0.80.50.50.5Apatite
243222MagnetiteIlmenite
0.65.--------Olivine
2168------C.pyroxene
2163------O.pyroxene
611212131Amphibole
21--361535P.feldspar
21--2222127Quartz
415663534630Plagioclase
Up.crustGabbroDioriteQ.dioriteG.dioriteGraniteMineral
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3 22
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Road and Rail road network, India (website, GOI)
2,650,000
Rural & other
470,000Major Dist. Roads
128,000State highways
12617Double track66,590National Highways
62195Total track200Express ways
Length, km.Rail roadLength, km
Roads, Types
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Tailing ridge, Kolachel, India
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A talus of rubble readied for the crusher unit, Trivandrum Dist., India
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Partial View of Crusher unit, Trivandrum, India
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Old fashion house- no aggregate in use
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Intensive aggregate use
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A stonewall no aggregate or cement
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Gathered river sand in stock pile
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Sea around India- courtesy National Geographic
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Silent Valley National Park, Grass land and forest stands, Western Ghats -India
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Periyar Valley, WG, India -Reminds Yosemite Valley
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Glacial Boulder Delta, near Syracuse New York
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Interstate 90, Kansas state
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Reptile House, Trivandrum Zoo, India
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Natural History Museum, Trivandrum, Zoo
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Kovalam Palace, Trivandrum, India
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Ballast stock yard, Eraniel, India
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West nada, Fort, Trivandrum, India
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Crusher sand, Suburban Trivandrum, India
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Brick wall using crusher sand, Suburban Trivandrum, India
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Crusher sand used construction, Suburban Trivandrum, India
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Crusher sand used construction, Suburban Trivandrum, India
- a close up
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A modern building using crusher sand, Trivandrum, India
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Another modern building using crusher sand, Trivandrum, India
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Another modern building using crusher sand, Madurai, India
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Temple gopuram- stone work, Madurai, India
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Temple pond - stone work, Madurai, India
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RESERVOIR IN CONTINENTAL SHELF
REGENERATED BY MONSOON WAVES
SAND COLLECTED SANS DRILLING & BLASTING
GEOLOGICALLY EROSION PRONE COAST
IMPLEMENT COASTAL REGULATION ZONE ACT & WELFARE OF DISPLACED FAMILIES
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River turned pond after removal of sand, Tamil Nadu, India
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Black sand & other rubble after Asian Tusnami-Dec.2004
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Black sand & other rubble after Asian Tusnami-Dec. 2004
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Black sand & other rubble after Asian Tusnami-Dec.2004
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Black sand & other rubble after Asian Tusnami-Dec.2004
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Bornhardt and Red sand deposits, foreground, TN, India
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