sandinista revolution in nicaragua 2017rev
TRANSCRIPT
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A moment of hope.
THE SANDINISTA REVOLUTION IN NICARAGUA
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WHY A REVOLUTION?
• Long history of repression and corruption under Somoza regimes
• Extreme poverty
• Increasing alienation of the middle classes from the ruling regime
• Successful organizing efforts by the Sandinistas
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A LONG BURNING FUSE
US Interventions in Nicaragua:
• 1850• 1853• 1854• 1857• 1910• 1912• 1926
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WILLIAM WALKER IN NICARAGUA 1854-1857
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1927-1934 SANDINO V. U.S. MARINES
U.S. Marines in Nicaragua 1927 Sandino and staff
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ASSASSINATION AND ASCENSION
February 1934 – Sandino negotiates settlement with Nicaragua President Sacasa
February 21, 1934 – Sandino assassinated by National Guard under direct supervision of General Anastasio Somoza Garcia
1937 – Somoza assumes presidency of Nicaragua
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1936-1979 THE SOMOZA REGIME
Anastasio Somoza García (1896–1956; ruled 1937–1947, 1950–1956), the father.
Luis Somoza Debayle (1922–1967, ruled 1956–1963), his legitimate eldest son.
Anastasio Somoza Debayle (1925–1980, ruled 1967–1972, 1974–1979), his second legitimate son.
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SANDINISTAS AND SANDINISMO
Founded in 1961 as the National Liberation Front by Carlos Fonseca, Silvio Mayorga and Tomas Borge
Fought a prolonged guerilla war against Somoza's National Guard
Marxist/Leninist and Nationalist philosophies
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2 TRIGGERS – 1972, 1978
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DECEMBER 323, 1972 - EARTHQUAKE
• Managua
– Massive devastation in Managua (90%destroyed)
– Over 5,000 killed (some estimate 10,000)
– Additional 20,000 injured
– 250,00 lost their homes
– Major infrastructure devastation
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1972 EARTHQUAKE
• Massive influx of foreign aid in response
• Somoza and cronies diverted large sums of aid to personal accounts.
• What little remained was poorly managed
• Rebuilding in Managua never really began until the 1990’s
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PEDRO JOAQUIN CHAMORRO
• Journalist and editor of La Prensa newspaper which consistently opposed the Somoza regime.
• 1975 to Somoza “I am waiting, with a clear conscience, and a soul at peace, for the blow you are to deliver.”
• Jailed multiple times due to opposition to dictatorship
• Assassinated in 1978
• 1977 La Prensa series “ The Vampire Chronicles” exposed the Plasmaferesis lab in Managua
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PLASMAFERESIS LAB
• Established in the 1970’s by right-wing Cuban doctor Pedro Ramos
• Somoza family part owners of Lab
• Sold blood worldwide
• Paid 35 cordobas a half liter (=1.15 current U.S.)
• Donors were drawn from the poor and destitute desperate for any income
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JANUARY 10, 1978
• Chamorro assassinated by unknown gunmen
• Thousands attended and participated in his funeral
• His murder sparked riots in Managua involving 30,000 people
• Unrest in multiple locations across Nicaragua
• Government reintroduced martial law censorship, increased military violence
• La Presna experienced 7 machine gun attacks and bombing attempts during 1978
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1978
• January 23-24 General strike shuts down 80% of business in Managua and other urban centers
• August 22, 1978 Sandinista forces capture National Palace forcing release of prisoners, broadcast of communique calling for general insurrection
• September insurrection. Armed youth take over Matagalpa, FSLN cadres attach national Guard posts in Managua, Masaya, Leon, Chinandega and Esteli. Somoza attacks cities with air force. Insurrection failed, several thousand- mostly civilian- casualties
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JULY 19, 1979 – SANDINISTAS VICTORIOUS
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NICARAGUA JULY 20, 1979
• $1.6 billion dollar debt
• Ruined economic infrastructure
• 30,000 – 50,000 war deaths
• Low to no access to healthcare in rural regions
• High illiteracy rate (50.3% overall)
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SANDINISTA RESPONSE
• Land reform
• Literacy and health campaigns
• Price fixing of commodities
• Equality for women (in theory)
• Right to unionize
• Assumption of outstanding debt burden
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1980 LITERACY CRUSADE
March to August 1980
Reduced overall illiteracy rate from 50.3% to 12.9%
FSLN viewed literacy as fundamental to development
Literacy education is ongoing in Nicaragua – 2012 Campaign “Yo Si Puedo”
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HEALTH CRUSADES POPULAR HEALTH CAMPAIGNS
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HEALTH EDUCATION MATERIALS
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LAND REFORM
• Confiscation and re-distribution of land previously held by Somoza and cronies
• Land titles were given to individuals and cooperatives for agricultural development
• Some private property transitioned to state property
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‘YANKEE SANDINISTAS’
• Volunteer brigades in support of the revolution
• Not just yankee – brigadistascame from across the globe
• Continued through the contra war
Second Brigade Coffee Harvesters "Zumbi Dos Palmares"
http://brigadasennicaragua.blogspot.com/
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BEN LINDER
• U.S. Volunteer in the north of Nicaragua.
• Engineer working on small scale hydro for rural community
• Killed in a contra attack.
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CONFLICTS AND CONTRAS
1980 - Conflicts within government between Sandinista and non-Sandinista members escalated
Formation of the Contras (counter-revolutionary guerilla groups)
1982-1988 State of emergency and the contra war
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CONTRAS A PROXY FOR U.S. POLICY
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“FREEDOM FIGHTERS”Americas Watch Report on Contra Abuses - 1989
• targeting health care clinics and health care workers for assassination[
• kidnapping civilians
• torturing civilians
• executing civilians, including children, who were captured in combat
• raping women
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IMPACT OF CONTRA WAR ON REVOLUTIONARY PROGRESS
• Shifted resources from progress to defense– Between 1980-1986 Contras responsible for destruction of property and
losses in production = $596,000,000
– 17,500 killed during same period
– Approximately half of government spending absorbed by defense effort.
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DEVELOPED FOR ANTH 260 – OCTOBER 2017
• Paul Treadwell
• @ptreadwell