sanitary engineering planning, designing and installation of system for the collection, conveyance,...
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SANITARY ENGINEERING
• Planning, designing and installation of system for the collection, conveyance, treatment and disposal of the waste
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Definitions• Refuse: Any waste matter lest as waste or worthless• Sewage: includes all types of liquid wastes from latrines
urinals, storm water, industrial wastes etc…• Sullage: Liquid discharge from bathrooms, kitchens,
wash basins etc…• Garbage: Dry refuse including decayed fruits, leaves,
paper pieces• Sewer: closed drain through which drainage is
conveyed• Chemical oxygen demand: the amount of oxygen
required to oxidize (chemically decompose) the given quantity of sewage is called COD
• Bio chemical oxygen demand: the amount of oxygen required for biological decomposition of waste matter
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SEPTIC TANK• Water tight single storied sedimentation tank where
the sewage undergoes anaerobic decomposition
BIOLOGICAL ACTION• Sewage is retained for specific period- suspended
solids settle down – sludge• Sludge and the liquid undergo anaerobic
decomposition – gets digested and reduces itself – sludge formed is removed at frequent intervals – effluent treated properly – either to soak pit or dispersion trenches
• Grease and fat rise to the surface of the sewage as scum
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DESIGN ASPECTS• For treatment of human excreta and urine• Minimum diameter of pipes – 100 mm• Volume septic tank depends on quantity of flow and
the detention period• Detention period – 24 hours ( may vary from 12-72
hours )• Rectangular in shape – length is usually 2-4times
breadth• Grease, detergents, disinfectants- should not be
allowed to the tank• Minimum free board is 300mm
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Construction details• Two compartments- seperated by baffle walls• Rectangular tank with brick or concrete• Brick walls – 200mm, Concrete walls – 150 mm• Plastering – 12 mm thick ( 1:3)• Flooring – M15 concrete; 1:10 slope towards
sludge outlet• RCC or cast iron covers are provided over the
tank• Ventilation pipes – 50mm dia., taken to a height
of 2m minimum, covered with mosquito nets
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SEPTIC DON’TS
• Eliminate anti-bacterial cleaners.
• Don’t use detergent with bleach.
• Don’t do excessive cold water washing.
• Septic tank bacteria needs a warm climate.
• No water softeners into tank.
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SOAK PIT• Effluent from septic tank – fed to soak pit• Soil absorption method• Liquid effluent- soaks the soil• Covered pit• Rectangular in shape• Minimum lateral dimension -atleast 1 m• Filling-brick bats or broken stones• Lining above inlet level is plastered• Pit is covered with RCC slab
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DISPERSION TRENCH• Trenches of depth 50 to 100 cm and 30 to
100 cm excavated to a slight gradient
• Bottom layer – washed gravel / crushed stone
• Rest layers – coarse aggregates
• Length of trench - 30 m with a min. spacing of 1.8 m
• Covered with ordinary soil and the top surface is turfed ( 15 cm above ground level)
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• Water is our most precious resource.• We can live without oil or gas• We cannot survive without clean and safe water
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concerns
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