sanitation. sanitation sanitation refers to all conditions that affect need health is the hygienic...
TRANSCRIPT
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SANITATION
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Sanitation
• Sanitation refers to all conditions that affect need health
• Is the hygienic means of preventing human contact from the hazards of wastes to promote health
• Hazards can be physically or microbiologically
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Microbiology • The study of Microscopic living beings, including
bacteria, viruses, yeasts and molds.
• Microbiology is the biological science on which sanitation is based
• The Housekeeper, should have some knowledge of microbiology to develop routine cleaning procedures like– Odour control methods– Waste disposal methods– Pest control methods
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Introduction to different microbesMicrobiology• The study of micro-organisms is called
microbiology and it can be only seen through a microscope
• Diseases such as cholera, malaria, pneumonia and fever are all caused due to micro-organisms
• The micro-organisms often grow rapidly in dark stagnant air
Cont….
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• So, a hospital should let in maximum sunlight and be well ventilated
• Basic cleaning such as dusting, cleaning and mopping should be carried out several times a day
• Some are disease causing microorganisms. These are classified as bacteria, fungi and virus
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Different types of microbes
Bacteria
• Bacteria are unicellular living microorganisms
• Some bacteria requires oxygen to multiply are called as ‘Aerobes’
• Others that do not need oxygen to multiply are called ‘Anaerobes’
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Fungi• Fungi cause diseases in the hair, nails, skin and
mucous membranes
• They can cause corneal ulcers and also affect the mouth region
• It is responsible for pus formation
• Fusarium and Aspergillus Contida cause ulcers in the cornea
Different types of Microbes
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Virus
• Viruses are smaller than bacteria and visible only through electron microscope
• They can cause diseases like cold, influenza, pox, herpes zoster, jaundice, AIDS
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Methods of infection control• The main object of infection control measures is
to eliminate reservoirs and to block the means of transmission
• Disinfectants should be properly used to control infection
• Their usefulness, goes beyond the normal cleaning process – for ex. The use of germicide in mop water
Cont…..
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• It must be emphasized, that there is no substitute for careful cleaning
Bacterial, Laden dust (Reservoir/ Source of infection)
Air(Vector)
Patient in hospital (Host)
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Disinfection
• Disinfectants are antimicrobial agents that are applied to non-living objects to destroy microorganisms, the process of which is known as disinfection. ...
• Disinfection refers to the reduction of pathogens (disease causing organisms), while sanitation refers to the quality of cleanliness. ...
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Anti – microbe disinfectant (Antiseptic)
• Chemicals that destroy the growth and prevent the multiplication of microbes
• There are three methods of disinfection.
- Natural method
- Physical method
- Chemical method
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1. Natural method of disinfection
Sunlight
- Direct and continuous exposure to sunlight kills many disease producing organisms
- The ultra violet rays of the sun kills the bacteria
2. Physical method of disinfection
a. Moist heat
- Boiling
- Passing vapour/steam
Cont….
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- Compressed steaming
- Pasteurization: In this method, certain articles are brought to a certain temperature then rapidly cooled and maintained at this cooled temperature
b. Dry heat
- Exposure to heat
- Burning the articles that contain germs
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c. Boiling- Boiling articles for five minutes in water kills the microbes- It takes 30 minutes for microbes with sperm to die
d. Compressed steam- When steam is pressurized it increases to 100°C from its original temperature- Two parts in the autoclave – inner chamber and the outer chamber
Cont…..
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• The materials to be disinfected are put in the inner chamber and heated
• The pressure and the temperature of steam increases to 15lb and 120°C respectively
• Articles that are disinfected using an autoclave are 1. Blood instruments for surgery 2. Clothes used in OT (Mask, Cap and the surgical gowns worn by doctors and nurses)
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3. Chemical method This involves killing germs using chemicals such
as• Carbolic acid - is a germicide which
contains carbonic acid and soap
• Dettol - 10 - 20 drops of dettol are added to a glass of water to wash and disinfect room- It is also used to wash hands
Cont…..
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• Spirit - is used as a hand scrub
• Bleaching - is used to clean places powder which are dirtied by faeces and urine
• Iodine - is used as 7% tincture iodine to kill germs that
are present in the skin
• Potassium - is used to cleanse sores permanganate and as a mouth wash
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To control the spread of infection• Give top priority to the cleaning of
horizontal surfaces and also give proper attention to cleaning
• The use of properly filtered vacuum cleaners is acceptable for cleaning
• Provide plastic film or waxed paper bags for the disposal of infected materials
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Odour control
• The most effective way to deodorize
garbage collection areas & soiled linen
storage areas with fresh air, removal of the
causes, and frequent cleaning with a
detergent-disinfectant solution
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Waste disposal• The waste must be disposed of in a economical
efficient and sanitary way
• Safety against fire, prevention of cross contamination by infections materials, odour control and pest control are all included in waste disposal procedures
• The housekeepers should make regular tour of the waste disposal area to be sure that the procedures are being followed correctly and that safety measures are being taken
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