sanskrit grammar for beginners by swamini svatmabodhananda

7/24/2019 Sanskrit Grammar for Beginners by Swamini Svatmabodhananda

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Grammar series -1

Learn to read and write

sasktam

uccraamand

devangari lipi

A compilation

By

Swamini Svatmabodhananda Saraswati

student and disciple of

Swami Dayananda Saraswati, Arsha Vidya Gurukulam


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For a hard copy or the soft copy of this compilation please contact:

Swamini Svatmabodhananda Saraswati

2B, Kubera Sampat5/2, 18th Cross Road

Malleshwaram

Bangalore 560 055

Email: [email protected]

Any part of the mannual may be reproduced or copied, stored in retrievalsystem, or transmitted by any means electronic, mechanical,photocopying, recording or otherwise with or without the permission ofthe compiler and used for teaching and self-learning.

Guru purnima July 22nd, 2013
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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r uh-mS-uYrj-a-m-xu

uc liri m qk Su y vara-pada-vkyrtha-gadya-padya-svarpi |

vci nartayatu kipra medh dev sarasvat ||

Dedicated

to all my cryas

who taught me

sasktam


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With the blessings of Pujya Swami Dayananda Saraswati


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Contents

Why this compilation?Section 1

Opening prayers Mhevara striik , Phonetics

Section 2

Sanskrit Alphabets varamlWriting practice of lettersVowelsConsonantsWriting practice of cosonants with vowels-

Reading exercisesSection 3

Conjucnt consonants

Section 4

Sanskrit numerals

Word list- more reading practiceInspirations


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Why this compilation?

This Sanskrit teaching tool has been designed to teach Sanskrit for beginnemeant to be a teaching manual for the tecahers and self-learning manual as wbeginners. With two decades of exposure to teaching the English speakingand the non-resident Indians I found that it is easy to learn Sanskrit by peoplhave been exposed to thinking in any one of the Indian languages but not sthe others who have no exposure. The teaching of the Sanskrit language invsystematic approach. The structure of the language and its nuances has taught systematically for a beginner. So this compilation would be helpf

teaching the English speaking people and online teaching. The aim is to mlearner familiar with the sounds, articulation and the script. By the end ostudy, the student will be able to read and write words and simple sentencesthe intention is to teach reading and writing, the meanings of words are not g

This is a class room material which was created for the pupose of online tthrough skype covering 60 hours of teaching sessions.

Your feed back is welcome for the improvisation of the book.

Swamini Svatmabodhananda saraswati


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Section 1


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mjl zsM

Opening prayers

lq zoSoiql lOUeUer lO nama rabdabramtmane r narjarjya nama | lq zoSu xqmSr Mipr lqO nama rabdavidy sapradya kartbhyo namo mahadbnamo gurubhya |

uajuu xqm uajmimr |vgarthviva sapktau vgarthapratipattaye

eai miU ulS muim jagata pitarau vande prvatparamevarau ||1||

rlUxqqlrq Akaqr q yenkara-samnyam adhigamya mahevart

Mixl urMUh m ixq mhlr lq |ktsna vykaraa prokta tasmai pinaye nama ||2|| rl ki aU mx uqs

yena dhaut gira pus vimalai abdavribhi | iqle p ixq mh

tamacjnaja bhinna tasmai pinaye nama ||3||

uYrMU uUc pwrMUvkayakra vararuci bhyakra patajalim |

mhl xMUgc mhi pini strakraca praatosmi munitrayam ||4||


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mhevara stri The alphabet, it will be seen, is divided into 14 sections

by Paini. They are called ivastri or mhevara stri orthe stras revealed by Lord iva. Each stra ends with an indicatory consonant letter

called Ci it vara - e.g. h, , M, k, X, , which is not to becounted among the letters of the alphabet as a part of thestras.

They are indicatory letters introduced with a definitepurpose. As soon as this is achieved they are dropped whenactually enumerating the group. The purpose is that theyenable the grammarians to express several letters or groups ofletters in a very convenient and condensed form.

For any letter, with the following Ci it added to it isnot only expressive of itself but of all letters that intervene between it and this Ci it. E.g. Aha means A a C i Eu; CMikmeans Ci E u G I in the stras.

Each of these significant terms is technically called pratyhra.The main purpose of the strahas been in formingthe pratyhra indicating briefly groups of letters for specificrules of grammar and for ease of pronunciation of the stra.


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z -ik , PhoneticsThis is a compilation from various talks on Upaniads by Pujya Sri

Swami Dayananda Sarasvati _ Mkya and Taittirya.ik , is veda aga, is phonetics, an ancillary study for the understanding ofthe Vedas. Phonetics is important because it deals with the science ofpronunciation of varas, letters. A lipi, script is different from sound. Aletter that is called script, which is purely a drawing a is a drawing. Ithas nothing to do with what you pronounce. abda, sound, a word is

purely what is heard, while what is written is only a symbol for that sound.The sound is vara, letter. A vara is not what is written; it is what isspoken. Language is spoken and not what is written. The script is a symbolon which you superimpose the sound, which is why the script can bedifferent. Different alphabetical scripts are used for particular sound indifferent languages. Sanskrit is bha, a language and the script isDevangari lipi.

In Sanskrit once you have learnt how to pronounce a vara, a letter, anakara, a syllable, and then you can read and write. You spell the wordexactly as you pronounce it. They are phonetically correct. Pronunciationis very important in the study of the Veda or Sanskrit language; if it is notproper the meaning will become different.

In English you require to learn two skills one is how to write a word andthe other how to pronounce that word. There is a double responsibility,which is why many people have spelling problem or pronunciationproblem. You spell the word differently from the way you pronounce it. Inall languages you find they write one thing and say something else. That is


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why English is every persons language. Each one has got his own or herown English.

Sanskrit language is connected to Veda. ik means ikyate anay iti, bythis method it is pronounced and it is taught; vara uccraa lakaam - thedefinition of the pronunciation of letters. How? akuhavisarjanynkaa. We have these sentences in Sanskrit grammar. The wholelanguage is based upon this system of all the nuances in phonetics. All thefine tuning is done to produce a given vara,a letter. How do all the lettersoriginate and come to manifest outside? The whole human voice acoustics

called phonetics is covered by ik.It is just human voice; open yourmouth and make a sound A a. Close your mouth and make a sound mevery thing is between a and m - am. Veda recognises this.

How the mapping of the human voice has been found out is amazing. There is nothing more to add. It is thorough. Learning the uccraam isik. This learning itself can straighten our thinking. Something happens

because of the language. It builds up confidence. It brings aboutbrahmavarcas. Cant say what it is. If you see the person you can understandbrahmavarcas; a glow of the Vedic uccraam influence. Brahma is Veda.Gayatri mantra is connected to Veda. That is why it said that those wholearn Veda and those who repeat the mantras gayatri and so on andrecitation, they have a varcas a glow discernable even by wayside vendor.As we keep chanting something plus comes, something happens. That is

called brahma varcas; vedena varcas, Veda adhyayant varcas, Veda mantra uccrat varcas. Saskrita bh jnam itself brings about a varcas becauseit is phonetic. Besides all other reasons is devatas etc, every vara has gota devata. If one goes into the detail, can be lost in it for ever; it is true.Everything is vara means you cannot utter a letter without varas grace .


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abda is varas manifestation; because it is order. That is why we do notlook upon akaras as ordinary. It is vara.

Phonetics is always to be taught orally. You can never learn languagewithout being orally taught. Ears become so important for language. If youwrite a you wont know what to read. You have to tell th e person what itis. It is all adhyropa, deliberate adhyropa, superimpoistion. You writesomething you superimpose upon it a sound; it is deliberatesuperimposition of sounds upon a script. There is no rule that this is how itshould be. In Sanskrit, the phonetics are all oral. Therefore they used to

write on their own. We have got Brmi letters, Devanagari letters,Malayalam, Kannada, Telugu, Bengali and Oriya scripts. Tamil peoplehave evolved a script called grantha. Sanskrit can be written in any script but should be learnt phonetically right, exactly as it should be read. Therecannot be any difference in pronunciation. We have Sanskrit text in allthese scripts in manuscripts in the libraries. Sanskrit is an internationallanguage, universal language. Why? Because it has no script; everybody

can write in his own script. It has no script of its own. It is oral; that is whyphonetics has become so important. The thoroughness of study, the Vedicstudy is just impeccable. There is a way to study called Vara lakaam. It iscommitted to memory. What is the lakaa of a letter? One word is takenand lakaam,definition is analysed.

What is being presented here is not a detailed study of phonetics. We are

just going into some strokes to point out the importance of phonetics. Theimportance of phonetics can be talked about only when the language is based on human voice acoustics, phonetics. There is fidelity, you write andread. There is 100% fidelity.


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ik deals with the pronunciation of the xuU, svar, vowels, urgel vyajana, consonants, xuUr AUsvarayukta akara, consonant with a voweland xr AU sayukta akara, conjunct consonants. Pronunciation of thevowels involves knowledge of the accents anudtta, the lower note, udtta,the middle note, svarita, the upper note and dhrgha svarita, the extendedupper note. This is has to be understood for chanting the Vedas;knowledge of length of pronunciation of the vowels hrsva, a short vowel,dhrga, long vowel, and pluta, an elongated vowel which is used in theVedas.

Once you have learnt phonetically how to pronounce a letter, a vowel anda diphthong that is also a vowel; svarayukta akara, the consonants with avowel, proceeding, succeeding; samyukta akara conjunct consonants,visarga following the jihvmlya, upadhmnya and then you dont requireanything more to read. You can read and anybody reads is the same.Anybody anywhere has to read exactly the same way. That is phonetics.

The Veda itself points out the discipline of ik.It was there even before thegrammarian Pini. Pini and others presented it systematically. ForPini to have written his text, Adhyyi,there must have been anaudience even before him. Therefore, it is a tradition. Panini does not makethe language. Panini is only giving a rule. It is a descriptive stra. Thefacility of expression is manifest in all the rules. That is why it is 100%phonetic language. As though this is how a language should be. The whole

Veda is nothing but words. Naturally, knowledge of ik becomes aprerequisite to the study of the Vedas.

The Veda is chanted, the Bhagavad Gtis recited and other stotras, hymnscan be recited or sung using melody.


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The definition of ik in the Taittarya Upaniad is as follows:

ik vykysyma | vara svara | mtr balam | sma santna |

Here is the exposition of ik,Phonetics.Vara akara or letters, alphabets vowels and consonants

Svara the accent or intonation or tone of voice. This applies only tovowels. These are classified into three. The vowels may be pronouncedin a high tone (udtta), a low tone (anudtta) or a combination of the two,the circumflex (svarita).

mtr the time required or duration of pronunciation of vowels and theactual position in the mouth where it originates syam.

balam prayatnam,effort in the uccraam

sma -is very important in Veda chanting. Every letter while chanting hasonly that kind of length of pronunciation. The words are not clumsily

uttered by pushing them. Letters cannot be pushed. Neither can it belengthened extraordinarily nor can be compressed while chanting. Sama -samat is evenness.

Santna sandhi (euphonic combination) -two words have to naturally blend while articulating.

Then how do you produce the difference in uccraamof varas?Because ofsthnam, prayatna, pra, ghoa, aghoa etc.

sthnam place of origin of letters; prayatna effort; praa the breathused


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Savaram means vara of the same class. How to determine a letter of thesame class? Bysya and prayatna.

sya - the place of origin in the mouth; prayatna -effort, the internal orexternal effort.

All these we shall study in detail as we proceed.

**********************


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Section 2


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uhqsVaraml Sanskrit akara , alphabet

Saskta bh is a refined and a very structured language, is thelanguage of the devas or the celestials. The written form of thealphabets is called Devangari lipi or script.

Sanskrit Alphabet is calledVaraml, means a garland of letters.

The alphabets are classified into four groups which will becovered in detail in the course of our study:

xuU svar - Vowels

urgell vyajanni - Consonants

xuUr urgellsvarayukta vyajanni Consonants withvowels

xr urgellsayukta vyajanni Conjunct consonants

xXZrsakhy -Sanskrit numerals


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The Sanskrit alphabets and the Devangari script consists of

- letters called varas- Svarasor vowels that which can be pronounced without the help

of any letter - Consonants or vyajanasis that which can be pronounced with

the help of a vowel.- Consonants with inherent vowel sounds- Innumerable combinations of conjunct consonants- These letters express almost all the gradation of sounds in the

language.- Every letter stands for a particular sound and it is invariable.- Each sound is unique to the letter- The sounds are superimposed on the letters like - a particular

picture to a particular sound.

-

Every letter in Sasktam has to be articulated and pronounced.There are no silent letters like in the English language. Example knowledge. The letter k is silent.

- When the letters are pronounced there is no assumption.- The word krais added as affix to denote a particular letter; for

e.g. akra for the letter A a; kakra for the letter ka and so on.


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Basic letters 48 |

Vowels - 15 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | | | |Short Long Dipthong yogavha |

5 4 4 2 ||

Consonants 33 Grouped or class Consonants |

25 | |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | | | | |Guttural Palatal Cerebral Dental Labial |

5 5 5 5 5 ||

__________________________|

Ungrouped Consonants8 |

----------------------------------------------------------| | |Semi-vowels Sibilants Aspirate

4 3 1


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Reading Devangar script using diacritics:

We have adopted the international transliteration code using

special notation on Roman letters called diacritics. The diacriticsconsist of marks written above or below a letter of the alphabet.They indicate variations in the sound associated with the letter.Dictionaries also follow this method to help the reader identifythe manner in which the word should be pronounced sinceSanskrit is a highly phonetic language and emphasis is on properarticulation of sounds

The Sanskrit alphabets chart gives the list of Romanised Sanskritalphabets.

Example for illustrating diacritics notation scheme:

xi

a Mzu: uwh a xst guru keava viu gag sajaya


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uhThe Sanskrit Alphabets

xuUsvar Vowels

A a A C i D E u F G H I Le Lai Ao Aau Aa Aa

urgellvyajanni Consonants Mka Zkha a ga b gha Xa cca Ncha e ja f jha ga Oa Pha Qa Rha ha ita jtha S da kdha lna m pa T pha oba pbha qma

Alixjantasth Semivowels r ya Ura sla uva

Fwqhma Sibilants

za wa xsa qWmh mahpra Aspirate W ha


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About writing alphabets

In order to developing a good writing style and skill follow this rule

carefully and consistently:- write each part or each letter from left to right- all vertical lines from top to bottom- the horizontal line on top of the word is drawn from left to

right- All Sanskrit letters and words are joined by a horizontal line

on the top to indicate the grouping of letters to coin a word.- For example: writing the letter va

u -> -> u - writing the letter ca

c -> -> c - writing the letter tha

j -> -> j - writing the letter ha

- s -> -> s


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uh sZl Aprx- Writing practice of AlphabetsLearning to write xuU -Vowels

A a .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....A .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....Ci .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....D .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

Eu .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....F ... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....


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G .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....H .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....I .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

Le .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....Lai .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....Ao ... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....Aau.... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ...


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Aa .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....Aa .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

Learning to write urgell Consonants

M ka .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....Zkha.... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....a ga .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....b gha.... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....Xa .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....


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cca .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....Ncha.... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....e ja .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....f jha .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ...ga .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

Oa .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....Pha ... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....Qa .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....Rha.... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....ha.... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....


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buita .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....jtha.... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

Sda

.... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....kdha.... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....lna .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

m pa ... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....T pha.... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

oba .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....pbha .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ...qma ... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....


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rya .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....Ura .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....sla .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....uva .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

za .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....wa .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....xsa .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....W ha .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....


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Notable Features in Sanskrit Alphabets which differs fromEnglish:

- Sanskrit is a structured and systematic language matching the human

voice acoustics perfectly- Phonetic arrangement of the script- Pronunciation remains unaffected by the style of writing- Each consonant has a generic form in which its pronunciation will

not have any vowel sound associated with it.- Inherent A a in the consonants - Consonant letters carry an inherent vowel which can be altered or

muted by means of diacritics or mtra.- Consonants require a preceding or succeeding vowel for a completeand clear articulation.

- Vowels can be written as independent letters, or by using a variety ofdiacritical marks which are written above, below, middle, before orafter the consonant they are abbreviated with.

- The anusvra and visargaare unique to Sanskrit.- The existence of the retroflex or cerebral class- Aspiration and non-aspiration- Hard and soft consonants- The different articulation of the nasals- When consonants occur together in clusters, special conjunct letters

are used.- The order of the letters is based on ualSr vgindriyas organs of

speech, human acoustics, articulation and phonetics


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ualSrh - vgindriyi the organs of Speech .Eim xjlqutpattisthnam -The place of origin of letters

The letters are classified according to the organs used for pronunciation based on the human acoustics, phonetics - the tongue coming in contact withorgans of utterance. They are specific to each letter and cannot originate itfrom elsewhere.

1. For the MhPxjlrkahasthnya - MhPkaha- the throat -Guttural (Velar) - Using the back of the tongue against the soft palate

2. For the isxjlrtlusthnya - istlu - the palate - Palatal -Using the flat of the tongue against the back of the hard palate.

3. For the qklmrdhan - qklmrdhan- the roof of the palate -Cerebral (Retroflex) - Using the tip of the tongue curled against the roof of thehard palate.

4. For the Slirdantya - Slidanta - the teeth - Dental - Using the tipof the tongue against the top front teeth.

5. For the Awohya- Aoha- the lips - Labial - Using the lips,requires co-ordination of lips.


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To know the utpattisthnammanifestation of sounds, we study Paninisk. vara uccraa lakaam - the definition of the pronunciation of letters.We have these sentences in Sanskrit grammar, which define them.

All these are sthnas,place of origin are in the mouth and hence covered bythe word mukha,mouth . But there are some letters which require the nsikanose in addition to mukha.They are called anunsika.

The varas, letters are classified according to their place of utterance asfollows in the book Pinis k-

This stra was written by Bhattoji Dikshita in his work onGrammar Siddhanta Kaumudi

A-M-W-uxelrlq MhP |a-ku-ha-visarjanyn kahaC-c-rzl is |i-cu-yan tlu G-O-Uwh qk |-u-ra mrdh

I-i-sxl Sli |-tu-lasn dantE-m-Emkqlrlq A |u-pu-upadhmnyn ohau g-q-X-h-ll lxM c |a-ma-a-a-nn nsik ca LSi MhPis |e-daito kaha-tlASi MhPq |o-dauto kahoham uMUxr Sliq |vakrasya dantoham eqsrxr eqsq | jihvmlyasya jihvmlam lxMlxuUxr |nsik-anusvrasya


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A-M-W-uxelrlq MhP |a-ku-ha-visarjanyn kaha1. A - refers to A Avowel 2. M -refers to M ua - M Z a b X 3. W -refers to Aspirate 4. uxelr -refers to visarga :

The throatMhP These are

calledGutturals/velar

C-c-rzl is |i-cu-yan tlu

1. C - refers to C Dvowel2. c -refers to c ua - c N e f g

3. r -refers to rsemi-vowel4. z -refers to zsibilant

The palateis

palatals

G-O-Uwh qk | -u-ra mrdh

1. G - refers to G Hvowel 2. O -refers to C O ua - O P Q R h 3. U - refers to Usemi-vowel 4. w -refers to wsibilant

The roof ofthe hardpalateqkCerebrals /Retroflex

I-i-sxl Sli |

-tu-lasn dant1. I - refers to I vowel2. i -refers to i ua - i j S k l 3. s -refers to ssemi-vowel4. x -refers to xsibilant

The teeth

SliDentals


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E-m-Emkqlrlq A |u-pu-upadhmnyn oau1. E- refers to E F vowel 2. m- refers to m ua - m T o p q 3. Emkqlr -refers to ardha-visarga half

visarga(:) before m T

The lipsA

Labials

g-q-X-h-ll lxM c |a-ma-a-a-nn nsik ca

g-q-X-h-lrefers to all the nasalsanunsik g-palatal + nasal, q-labilal + nasal X-guttural + nasal, h-cerebral + nasal l-dental + nasal

In the noselxM

Nasals

LSi MhPis | Li+Li= LSi)e-daito kaha-tl (diphthong) 1. Liet - refers to Le2. Liait - refers to Lai

In the throatand thepalateMhPis(Diphthong)

ASi MhPq | Ai+Ai= AS

o-dauto kahoham1. Aiot - refers to Ao 2. Aiaut - refers to Aau

In the throat

and lipsMhPq(Diphthong)


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uMUxr Sliq |vakrasya dantoham

u -refers to usemi-vowelThe teethand lips

Sliq eqsrxr eqsq | jihvmlyasya jihvmlam eqsr- refers to ardha-visarga half visarga

(:) before Mka Zkha

The root ofthe tongueeqsqaspirate

lxMlxuUxrnsik-anusvrasyaAlxuU -refers to the symbol with a dotabove the line ( )

The noselxM

nasal


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xuUsvar- Vowels

Classification of vowels

Simple Vowels are classified into short and long vowels according to the

unit length of time taken for pronunciation, EUhq ,uccraam. Thisunit length of time is called mtra. Mtra is only for a vowel. The length of asyllable is measured by a mtra.Each svara is well defined. Mtras aredefined hrasva, drgha, pluta for the vowels.

xu xuU hrsva svar Short vowels: one mtra one unit of time forpronunciation.

A a Ci E u G I Sb xuU drgha svar Long vowels: two mtras two units of time

for pronunciation.

A D F H A + A = Aa + a = C + C = Di + i = E + E = F u + u = G + G + H + =

msi pluta is three or more units of time for pronunciation when it islengthened, prolated. These are not commonly to be met with inclassical Sanskrit. This is used in theVedas.


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q xuU mira svar Mixed vowels -Diphthongs are long vowels because they are a combination of two different vowels. Two mtras two units of time for pronunciation.

Le (A+C )(a+i) Lai (A+D )(+ )

Ao (A+E )(a+u) A au(A+F )(+) ES,udtta AlS,anudtta xuUisvarita - practically only

three tones are are recognised by Sanskrit. udtta,(high tone) thatwhich proceeds form the upper part of the vocal organs, anudtta,(low tone) that which proceeds from the lower part while svarita (circumflex) arises out of the mixture or the combination ofthese two. These accents or tone of pronunciation of vowels aremarked only in the Vedic hymns and used in the Veda chanting.Udttais left unmarked; the anudttais marked with ahorizontal line

underneath ( ) ; svarita is a perpendicular stroke above ) and dhrgha-svarita has two perpendicular lines above ().Accentuationsare confined to the Vedas . The marking is only on vowels Note - In common pronunciation the tone or intonation of vowels inall Sanskrit words is equal.

AllxM, AlllxM - anunsika(with nasal sound) and ananunsika(without nasal sound) - vowels may be pronounced bymaking use of the vocal chords in the ordinary way or may beuttered with a nasal twang ( anunsika). This is also in use in the


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chanting of the Vedic hymns. This is marked by this symbol abovethe letter.

Therefore, when any of the vowels is referred to simply as A a etc, itis to be taken to include all its varieties hrasva, drgha, pluta, udtta anudtta, svarita, and anunsika, ananunsika.

ArauWayogavhau - Aam Aa

is called

AlxuUanusvra

is uxa

visarga

ayogahavhau o They add specific sounds to the syllables they are appendedo The articulation of these signs depends on the inherent preceding

vowel in the consonant they follow.o They are not used independently like other vowels

More a bout anusvra

- The anusvra is a modified form of the nasal consonants q in thegeneric form.

- They can be used at the end or middle of the word.- The forms of writing differ with the context.

- The two forms of writing are ( ) and qm Uq Uqqrma,rmam

qm halant form, the generic form


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- Is used in a sentence at the end of a word and followed by aword beginning with a vowel.

Eg.,AWq Alb | aham anagha.- At the end of a sentence. Eg.,pe Uqq |bhaja rmam.

( ) the nasal sound marked by a dot above the line at theend of the word always belongs to the preceding vowel

- Is used in a sentence at the end of a word followed by a word beginning with a consonant.

Eg.AW M MUq?aha ki karomi? q ma the nasal consonant

- The full consonant q + A = q ( + a = ma) can comeanywhere in a word.Eg.,p Uq x qq qi | bho rma s mama mt.

Vowel + anusvara

Vowel+

Anusvra A A C D E F G H L L A A Sound a I u E ai o Au


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Consonant +Vowel + anusvra

Example chosen is the consonant M ka

M M M M M M ka k ki k ku k k k ke kai ko Kau

The two forms of writing anusvra

M + A = M / Mq M + A = M / Mq M + C = M / Mq M + D = M / Mq M + E = M / Mq M + F = M / Mq

M + G = M / Mq M + H = M / Mq M + L = M / Mq M + L = M / Mq M + A = M / M M + A = M / M


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More about visarga-

It is a sort of hard breathing also called asvisarjanya by Sanskrit

grammarians.Is a hard Aspirate pronounced like the sound ha It follows the sound of the preceding consonant and vowel.The visarga is not an original character but only a substitute for afinal s or r It is always used at the end of the word marked by two vertical

dots (:) placed after the letter after which it is to bepronounced. Eg. -Ae aja.It can also be used in the middle of the word - SZq dukham

Vowel + visarga

Vowel

+Visarga A A C D E F G H L L A A Sound a i u e ai o Au

Consonanat + Vowel + visarga

Example chosen is the consonant M ka M M M M M M M ka k ki k ku k k k ke kai ko K


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Consonant + Vowel+ visarga

M + A = M

M + A = M M + C = M M + D = M M + E = M M + F = M

M + G = M

M + H = M M + L = M M + L = M M + A = M

M + A = M


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urgellvyajanni - Consonants Classification of consonants

How to produce the difference in pronunciation, uccraamof varas?

By identifying the sthnam, place of origin; prayatna,the effort required toarticulate or the manner; pra,the aspiration or the breath for articulation, avoiced and unvoiced; based on these we have the following classification ofconsonants:

uar urgell vargya vyajanni / class consonanats, grouped - The group of letters that refers to the same class. Complete contact ofthe tongue with organs of utterance called mutes or spara

Auar urgellavargya vyajanni /not grouped - The group of letters not form part of the class. The contact is not

complete

MPU urgellkahora vyajanni - Hard consonants - surds

qS urgellmudu vyajanni -Soft consonants -sonants

AllxMlanunsikni-Nasal consonants


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uar urgell vargya vyajanni grouped or Class consonants They use the same points of pronunciation so they are called classconsonants spar, touch.

M Z a b X - M uaka varga - symbolic name Mku c N e f g - c uaca varga - ccu O P Q R h - O uaa varga - Ou i j S k l - i uata varga - itu m T o p q - m ua pa varga - m pu

Auar urgellavargya vyajanni - Ungroupedconsonants which include Semivowels, Sibilants, andAspirate

i. Alixj antasth - Semivowels r U s uthe contact of thetongue is not completeii. Fwqhma - Sibilants z w xUttered with a hissing sound iii. qWmhmahpra - Aspirate WUttered with a broad breath

MPU urgellkahora vyajanni Hard Consonants - The firsttwo letters of each class consonant and the sibilants are called hardconsonants. They are unvoiced. Abw,aghoa.

M Z c N O P i j m Tand z w x


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qS urgellmudu vyajanni Soft Consonants - The rest of thethree letters from each class which includes nasals, the semivowels

and the aspirate are called Soft Consonants. They are voiced, bw ghoa.

a b X e f g Q R h S k l o r U s uW AllxMlanunsikni Nasal Consonants the last letter of eachof the class consonant are called nasals - A letter pronounced in thenose along with the mouth. Each nasal sound has distinct differencein articulation.

X g h l q mrq prayatnam,effort is of two types - o mrqbhya prayatnam external effort- AprliU mrq bhyantara prayatnam -internal effort

How to determine a letter of the same class, savaram? Bysya, place oforigin and prayatna, effort.

xuh savara- homogeneous for those letters whose place of

pronunciation in the mouth and the effort are the same or equal

Axuhasvara heterogeneous - those letters which are notsavara.


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The effort is of two types. bhya praytnamexternal effort and bhyantara prayatnam,internal effort.

mrq prayatnam,effort

AprliU mrq bhyantara prayatnam -internal effort

o mrqbhya prayatnam -externaleffort

1. xmspha(touched) 1. uuUvivra(expansion)2. DwSxmadspha

(slightly touched)2. xuUsavra(contraction)

3. DwSuuiadvivta(slightlyopen)

3. xvsa(sighing)

4. uuivivta(open) 4. lSnda(sounding)5. xuisavta (contracted) 5. bw ghoa(low preparatory

mumur/voiced)6. Abwaghoa(absence of such

murmur/unvoiced)7. Asmmhalpapra (non-

aspirate/slight aspiration)8. qWmhmahpra (strongaspiration/aspirate)

9. ESudtta(acute) 10. AlSunudtta(grave) for all the

vowels11. xuUisvarita(circumflex) vowels

The effort is termed internal because it takes place inside the mouth andimmediately precedes the manifestation of the varas. The difference in theletters is obviously due to the difference in the praytnawhich consists of thetouch, sparaof the particular part of the mouth with the tongue.


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Classification based upon the nature of the internal effort

bhyantara prayatna

Organs Spha adSpha adVivta Vivta Savta Guttural M ua -

M Z a b X-- W A A Only hrsva

A whilein usage

Palatal c ua - c N e f g

r z C D

Cerebral O ua - O P Q R h U w G H Dental i ua -

i j S k l s x I

Labial m ua m T o p q

u -- E F

Throat andpalate -- -- L L Throat andlips

-- -- A A

xmspha(touched) all the varas vargya vyajanas beginning with Mand ending with q -there is a complete contact of the tongue with organsof utterance.

DwSxmadspha (slightly touched) the semi-vowels the contact of thetongue with organs of utterance is not complete.


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DwSuuiadvivta(slightly open) the Sibilants the vocal chords open outslightly at the time of utterance.

uuivivta(open) and the Vowels the vocal chords open out at the time ofutterance. xuisavta (contracted) while uttering the vowel a the vocal chordscontract at the time of utterance

Classification based upon the nature of the external effort bhya

prayatnaThere are varieties of external effort because they function after theproduction of the varas.The other operations are also external with refrenceto vara.

Vivra, vsa,aghoa

Savra, nda, ghoa

Organ Alpa pra Mah pra Alpa pra Mah pra Alpa pra Nasal

Alpa pra Mah pra

Guttural M Z a b X W Palatal c N e f g r z Cerebral O P Q R h U w Dental i j S k l s x Labial m T o p q u --


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Similar looking shapes of varas, letters

Ci - Qa - Wha I - sl b gha - kdha Xa - Qa

cca - e ja ita - lna Rha - S da

oba - uva pbha - qma m pa - rya

m pa - wa rya - j tha Zkha - Uu ) rava

(2 separate letters) The differences in the articulation of :

G H U ra both are cerebral sounds. But the place of articulation isslightly different. For G , H the tip of the tongue is placed on the ridge ofthe upper gum. For U ra, the tongue touches the roof of the palate

I s la - both are dental sounds. But the place of articulation is slightlydifferent. For I , the tip of the tongue is placed on the ridge of the uppergum. For s la, the tongue touches the teeth.


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sv r yukt vy j nni

Consonants with their inherent vowels

Consonants in their generic form

In Sanskrit each consonant has a generic form in which itspronunciation will not have any vowel sound associated with it. Ageneric consonant is linguistically defined to be one without anyvowel inherent to it. Consonants can be meaningful in practice only

when uttered along with a vowel. So a is added for the sake ofpronunciation.Consonants depend upon the vowels. Either vowel precedes orvowel succeeds. Can say ik or ki; if i is removed the k getsliterally in the throat akuhavisarjnyn kaha.

The writing system in Devangari lipi or script has a representationfor the generic form of a consonant through the use of a specialmark written at the bottom of the consonants familiar

representation. This mark is known as the nether stroke or the

halant or consonantal stop.Consonants in their generic form look like this.

a


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Consonants with the abbreviated form of the vowel a when

added are written like this = k+a=ka

Consonants without the nether stroke means vowel ais

inherent in the consonant. They look like this -

Producing a consonant sound in its generic form requires no vowelsound to be added to the generic consonant sound.

Ancient linguistic scholars referred to vowels as life giving pra akaras while the consonants were likened to the physical body.

Sanskrit Vowel signs or abbreviated signs

Vowels Sign

Sound a i u e ai o au a aThe forms which the vowel signs assume when added to theconsonants and the changes the letters undergo when combined are

given below.

ka k ki k ku k k k k ke kai ko kau ka


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In the place of the consonant ka any other consonant can be

replaced and consonant-vowel combinations can be created.

Let us look at the forms of the letter ka and the various vowelsigns added to it.

The generic form of ka is k. The nether stroke is attached

below the letter . When this is sounded with the vowels thenether stroke is deleted.

+ = k + a = ka

+ =

k + = k + =

k + i = ki

+ = k + = k

+ =

k + u = ku + =

k + = k

+ = k + = k

+ = k + = k

+ = k + = k

+ = k + e = ke

+ = k + ai = kai

+ =

k + o = ko

+ =

k + au = kau

+ =

k + a = ka + =

k + a = ka


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Writing practice see the example and fill in the blanks

consonant-vowel combination.

+ =

k + a = ka + =

. +a = + = ....

p + a =... + .... =

kh +.... = kha + =

. + a = ha .... +..... = . + a = pha

+ = .... g + a =....

.... + = . + a = a

+ .... = . + a = ba

+ = gh + a = gha

+ = . + a = ha

+ = .... . + a = bha

.... + = ..... + a = a

+ = ..... + a = a

+ = .... . + .... = ma

+ .... = c +.... = ca

+ = . + a = ta

.... + = . + a = ya

+ = ....

ch + a =.

.... + =

. + a = tha

+ =

. + a =....

.... + = . + a = ja

+ ... = da +.... = da

+ .... = l + a = ....

+ = jh +. = jha

+ = . + a = dha

.... + = . + a = va

.... + = . + a = a

+ = .... . +a = .

+ = .... + a =....

+ .... = ..... +.... = ....

.... + .... = . + .... = sa

.... + = . + a =....


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Writing practice of consonants with vowels

Note: All the vowel combinations are not possible for all

consonants. So they have been left out.The Gutturals

M M M M M M M M... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...a a a a a a a a a

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...


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b b b b b b b b b

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Xcombines with an other consonant for pronunciation. So it doesnot have these combinations.

The Palatals

c c c c c c c c c

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...N N N N N N N N

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...


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e e e e e e e e e... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...f f f f f f f f f f... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...gcombines with an other consonant for pronunciation. So it doesnot have these combinations.

The Cerebrals

O O O O O O O O

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...


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P P P P P P P P... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..R R R R R R R R... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..h h h h h h h h

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...


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The Dentals

i i i i i i i i i ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... j j j j j j j j j... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .S S S S S S S S S S ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...


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k k k k k k k k

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... l l l l l l l l l... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... The Labials

m m m m m m m... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..


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T T T T T T T T

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... o o o o o o o o... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .p p p p p p p p... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..


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q q q q q q q q

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... The Semivowels

r r r r r r r r r ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...U U U U U U U ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...


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s s s s s s s s s

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... u u u u u u u u... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...The Sibilants

z z z z z z z z z... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...


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w w w w w w w

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .x x x x x x x x ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...The Aspirate

W W W W W W W... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..


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Reading practice words with short vowel A a

CW iha

pubhava pebhaja

lna

cca

Lueva LMeka

kldhana

osbala

qllmanana ulvana

lpxnabhasa

lUnara

aqr gamaya Mszkalaa

xUssarala

cms capala

Ajatha zUharaa

qqmama

iutava

er jaya WUhara

lunava

Amerapajaya

mU para AmUapara

xWsaha

aal gagana

xMssakala phbhaa

xossabala

Uxrasa

lUMnaraka mS pada

pabhaga

chMcaaka

pUibharata mhu paava

mul pavana

ahM gaaka

Ts phala Aeaja

AMaka

zrlayana

MqPkamaha lOuUnaavara

CiUitara

cslcalana

ESUudara Arlayana

uSlvadana

sulava

zqama Sqdama

xqlsamana

srlaya

rq yama uUvara

usrvalaya

LMmSekapada

cUhcaraa vamana


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Reading practice words with short vowel a and endingwith generic consonants.

osqbalam Uexrajas

suhqlavaam

wOa

SSidadat xisat

Axiasat

Wsqhalam

ulqvanam xlsan

Uxlqrasanam

Mqsqkamalam

Ueiqrajatam

qlxmanas

Akxadhas

imxtapas rzx yaas

rix yatas

qrOmaya

CSqidam qbulmaghavan

ziqatam

iStad

AWqaham iqxtamas

lzna

Alxanas

xqsam

lpxnabhas

klqdhanam

qWimahat xUxsaras

puibhavat

ssilalat

Ezlxuanas Arqayam

ri yat

mUq param

prqbhayam xUOsara

xlsan

zqam

uwOvaa

Ujqratham


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Disjoin the letters into consonants and vowels as shown in the

example:

AWq A + W + A + q Msz M + A + s + A + z + A Uxlq aqr uwO SSi cUh Ezlx qbul CiU suhq Akx

qWi qll xW Ujq mhu


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Example: k with abbreviated long vowel

M + A = Mk + = k

Reading practice words with long vowel

paulbhagavn

silat

Aaqgama

qlxmnas

zxM jsaka

kUhdhra

klqdhnam

Ukrdh

MMkka

isistaltala

lUSnrada

cqUcmara

qsml

lUrhnryaa

Mwrkya

Mskla

pulbhvan

qkumdhava

Dzlna

Uuhrvaa

Uerj

llnn

rj yath

WsWshlhala

eOkU jadhara

qrmy

Ampa

aell gajnana

xaUsgara

msr playa

Uqrhqrmyaam

mUrhq pryaam

Ubu rghava

M Z a b X c N e f i j S k l m T o p q


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Example: k with abbreviated short vowel i

M + C = Mk + i = ki

Reading practice words with short vowel i

zuiva

Eqmiumpati

xSzusadiva

uwrviaya

Alsanila

WUhari

qhmai

qimati

Uuravi

UxMrasik

ahmi gaapati

uMOvikaa

Mmskapila

ulrMvinyaka

lqqnammi

lknidhi

Mukavi

lsrnilay

puibhavati

qslmalina

aUe girij

Wihita

pauibhagavati

Mmslkaplin

ri yati

AkMadhika

lklnidhana

xqksamdhi

peqbhajmi

eOs jaila

MsSxklidsa

MUkiri

zzUiira

M Z a b X c N e f g O i j S k l m T o p q r U


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M + D = Mk + = k


lUnr

ssll

qUcmrca

SmUkldprdhan

Sldna

pqbhma

pulbhavn

lUelqnrjanam

pUirbhratya

lulnavna

sWUlahar

kUhdhara

zUUqsharram

ai gt

kqldhmn

eulq jvanam

kUdhra

Uarg

zz a

uUWvrh

lsnl

OMk

a g

lSnad

luliqnavantam

iQatag

mis ptala

oeqbjam

qlmna

McMkcaka

zistal

iSrtadya

uUhxvras

M Z a b X c N e f g O i j S k l m T o p q r U


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Reading practice words with short and long vowel i

Ui rti

lUzqniram

cUlcrin

MUOkirta

qUcMmarcik

qWwmahi

mmsM piplik

xqclqsamcnam

WUhhari

aUz girsha

pibhti

upwhvibhaa

qslmlin AlMlankin

SsUqdilram

umUiviparta

qlwman

Ssmdlpa

palbhagin

MUhkari

eaw jig

Skiddhiti

euM jvik

QMlkin Aeiajti

fUM jhirk

mQi pita

Mrikiyat

MsMklik

esMl jlakin

eul jvin

uWlvhin

Skcdadhci

Akiadhti

AiQlqatinam

mUhi parita

Apliabhinta

AsMlalkin

uhlvin

apUM gabhrik

ail gtin

lslnalin

uelWvijnhi

Aqqwiammiat

ulivinta

iOltain

pqlbhmin

uiUalvtargin

lsqnlim

Aziati

pwibhita

ujvthi


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Example: k with abbreviated short vowel u

M + E = Mk + u = ku

Note: ru the uis added in the side in the middle of the letter

Reading practice words with short vowel u

xZqsukham

SZqdukham

xqZsumukha

AxUasura

Mkuru

ruUe yuvarja

mUh pura

a guru

qSiuSlmuditavadana

pulqbhuvanam

SUidurita

zziu

qimarut

mUil purtana

kUhdhura

lMsnakula

rrkl yuyudhna

uSvidu

qjUmathur

qkUqmadhuram

uxMvsuki

uhvarua

Mhkaru

qMsqmukulam

iletanuj

uxkvasudh

AllxManunsika

lWwnahua

coMcubuka

istlu

iUaturaga

klxdhanus

kidhtu

M Z a b X c N e f

i j S k m T o p q r


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M + F = Mk + = k

Note: r the is added in the side in the middle of the letter Reading practice words with long vowel

lilntana

cQqhcmai

qsqmlam

qrUmayra qwMmaka

Wlqlhanmn

pwhbhaa

me pj kmqdhpam

zUra

qRmha

lmhqnirpaam

mUri prayit

AWihti mwl pan

Axrasy

ukvadh

kquidhmavat isMqtlakam

pbh

ciMctaka

SUqdram

Mmkpa

mil ptan pUbhri

Ammappa

xcMscaka

xqWsamha ujlvarthin

M Z b X c N e f g R h

i j S k l m T o p


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Reading practice words with short and long vowel u and xlsnu

cmcrurp

AlMsanukla

lmUqnpuram

MiWskuthala

Alpranubhya

pxUbhsura

Almanurpa

zcpiqucibhtam

xqSRsamudha

mUux purravas

WWxihhsuta

qkxSlmadhusdana

Fccu

ASSwi adduat


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Example: k with abbreviated short vowel

M + G = Mk + = k

Note: for the letter Ur the vowel G has been left out because itis impossible to pronounce. Reading practice words with short vowel

qwm

MmMUkpkara

Miraqktayugam

aWq gham

WSrqhdayam

iirtty

qamga

xMisakt

zhu

mj pthu

pibhta

Akiadhta

oWibhat

ihqtam

ppibhbht

SWiduhit

Aqiqamtam

lmnpa

xSRsudh

Mmhkpaa

biq ghtam

Wihta

lxinista

qhslmlin

pabhgu

ujvth

uwpvabha

M Z a b c N e f O m T o p q s u z w


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M + H = Mk + = k


There are not many words available. In the words that are given asexample as single consonants which are called dhtus or roots inSanskrit Grammar which form the basis for the entire gamut of theSanskrit language.

M k a g e j it

Sd kdh

ln m p qm uv z

M Z a b c N e f m o p q s u z w


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Example: k with abbreviated long vowel e

M + L = Mk + e = ke

Reading practice words with long vowel e

xWSusahadeva

Mzukeava

uxSuvsudeva

Sudev

uSved

SuUOdevar

uzwviea

xMzsuke

qbmegha

qwmea

sZllekhan

uhve

uhalqveugnam

xisetu

xqksumedh

Eqzumea

mUz parea

qWzmahea

pebhaje

Uuirevat

qmeru

AlManeka

mzs peala

elqer janamejaya

MoUkubera

auw gavea

iextejas

lcMinciketa

Miketu

luSlqnivedanam

cixcetas NSMchedaka Wqlheman

M Z a b X c N e f g i j S k l m T o p q r


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Example: k with abbreviated long vowel ai

M + L = Mk + ai = kai

Reading practice words with long vowel ai

isltailin

Msxkailsa

qjsmaithil

uvai

MMrkaikey

WWrhaihaya

uSMvaidika

uisvaitla

Suidaivata

zlanai

csqcailam

eur jaiveya

eql jaimini

Wquihaimavat

zsaila

iextaijasa

AkSuMqdhidaivikam

MzMqkaiikam

qkMOpmadhukaitabha

uUqvairam

M Z a b X c N e f i j S k l m T o p


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Example: k with abbreviated long vowel o

M + A = Mk + o = ko

Reading practice words with long vowel o

rzS yaod

Abogha

AUmropa

imsMtapoloka

AUWhrohaa

jQlqthoanam

iUklqtirodhnam

istola

cSlcodana

cwhqcoaam

ams gopla

Mqsqkomalam

qlWUqmanoharam

AzMulqaokavanam

MMstkokil

sWloha

AusMlqavalokanam

AmWapoha

Emraupayoga

Wqhoma

okbodha

bw ghoa

paqbhogam

Uaroga

qWlmohana

bhxi ghosuta

Awkoadhi

mUiw paritoa

xqlsoman

xUuUsarovara

cMUcakora

zpobh

MPUkaora

M Z a b X c N e i j S k l m T o p


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Example: k with abbreviated long vowel au

M + A = Mk + au = kau

Reading practice words with long vowel au

rulq yauvanam

MOMkautika

qlqmaunam

RMlqhaukanam

Awkqauadham

xSqlsaudmin

a gau

aU gaur

lMnauk

aiq gautama

ah gaua

iwUtaura

MUukaurava

aUuq gauravam

qsmauli

Mmlkaupna

sMMqlaukikam

aQSzq gauadeam

MqSMkaumodak

elb janaugha

Mzsqkaualam

xUpsaurabha

MqSkaumud

MiMqkautukam

kidhauta AmcUMaupacrika SuMxdivaukasa

AkpiMqdhibhautikam

M Z a b X c N i j S k l m T o


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Example: k with anusvra

M + A = Mk + a = ka

Reading practice words with anusvra a

xra | xuS | xzr | AWx Uqrh qWpUiq CiWx m

mlUm ell mlUm qUh ml

zu zuMU xxU lzMU xS

AiSlq Cq mUmsr qq | iu esq Aqs rl lmi mUqm

Ua zM im mm WU q p

AUaiq ASwi xxWi Em

xUS xZS ahz ahz pe qWSuSu qWSupu qWSu

qWz Msz xUz mUz lUz

M Z a b c N e f O i j S k l m T o p


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Disjoin the letters into consonants and vowels as shown in the

example:

vowel Word Letters splitA lrlq l + A + r + A + l + q A Ubu U + A + a + A + u + A A aal A pxMlq

C WqaU

D xis C D MUO E xqZ F mUux E F Alpr G Aqiq H lhq L Suz L WWrA pelqA AwkqA xxUA Uqh


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Pick up words from the reading practice word list and write

them in the columns as shown in the example:

vowel Signs Words words words wordsAA

C D C D

E F E F G H L L A A A A


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xrY AUhsayukta akari

Conjunct Consonants

In this chapter we are learning to recognise the forms of conjunctconsonants, meaning - when two consonants are placed next toeach other.How to pronounce and write when letters are compounded?They are written in the order in which they are pronounced.

The combination is always Consonant + consonant + vowel.

M + l + AK + n + a = kna /

The first consonant is always written in the generic form beforecompounding. The last consonant is always a svarayuktta akara,the abbreviated form of the vowel is appended or combined. Varnm atyanta smpyam(when the letters are placed next toeach other) is calledsahita in the Veda. In Paninian languagealso it is used in the same thinking sahitym.What happens to the letters when there is atyanta smpyam,placedclose to each other?They either remain as they are or they undergo some change in theform and there is phonetic change too. This issamhita. Thepreceding letters generally lose their nether stroke and theperpendicular strokes when compounded.


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Rules for writing conjunct letters:

1. If there is a vertical line in the first consonant, remove the vertical

line and the nether stroke and add the second letter with a vowel.e.g xirsatya x + i + r + Ais written as x i r = xir

Aqoab A + q + o + Ais written as A q o = Aqo

2. If there is no clear vertical line in the first consonant, there arethree possible ways of writing these forms:a. The first letter can be written in the generic form

e.g. Mskla = M + s + A k + l + ab. Truncate the first letter and write the second

e.g. Yskla = M + s + Ak + l + a c. Write the second letter under the first letter

e.g. kla = M + s + A k + l + a

3. There are three ways of writing the consonant U r

a. If U r or the vowel G is the first letter of the conjuct letter,

it will be written as a hook on top of the second letter. It isnecessarily calledUTrepha.

e.g. Mrka = U + M + A r + k + a


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b. If U r is the second letter of the conjunct letter, it will bewritten as a stroke in the left side beginning from the middleof the first consonant.

e.g. kra = M + U + A k + r + a

c. For the letters which have a rounded shape, when Ur is the

second letter it will appear like a carrot symbol below theletters.e.g. + + =Nchra + + =Ora = = =Pha

+ + =Qra + + =Rhra

4. Regarding Nasals

The class consonants or thevargyaconsonants take the nasal of itsclass while coining a word.The difference in the pronunciation is identetified by the form.

X g h ln q Mua = X = XM XZ Xa Xbwritten as (stacked) cua = g = gc gN ge gfwritten as gc gN ge gf

Oua = h = hO hP hQ hR hhwritten as hO hP hQ hR iua = ln = li lj lS lk llwritten as li lj lS lk mua = q = qm qT qo qp qqwritten as qm qT qo qp


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5. If z is the first letter, it optionally gets a special form z + c = ca

z + U = ra z + u = va + + na

6. Special conjuct characters

M + w = ka

M + i + i = Yi / kta i + i = tta i + U = tra S + S = dda S + r = dya

e + g = ja

7. Reverse pronunciationPronunciation of

W + h = should be reversed while pronouncing as h + W W + l = should be reversed while pronouncing as l + W

W + q = should be reversed while pronouncing as q + W


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xr uh sayukta var combinations

urgelq + urgelq + xuU = xr Avyajanam + vyajanam +svara = sayukta akar

Consonant + consonant + vowel = conjunct Consonant The possible combinations of conjucts with M K as the second letter

1. --- + M + A

M+ M + A = kka X + M + A= ka c + M + A = cMcka O + M + A = OMka i + M + A = iMtka U + M + A = Mrka

s + M + A = sMlka w + M + A = wMka x + M + A = xMska

M K as the second letter

M O - kukkua AU - akura xcM -scka wOM -aka iiMsM -ttklika AM -arka

zsMq -ulkam lwMq -nikma xxMU -samskra

2. --- + Z X + Z + A = kha

i + Z + A = iZtkha x + Z + A = xZskha

Z Kh as the second letter z q -akham

EiZllq -utkhananam xZslq -skhalanam


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3. --- + a a + a + A = aa gga X + a + A = ga Q + a + A = ga S + a + A = dga U + a + A = arga

s + a + A = salga

a g as the second letter aaas - guggula a - gag Zq - khadgam qs -mudgala aa - garga Tsal - phlguna

3. --- + b X + b + A= gha S + b + A = Sbdgha U + b + A = brgha

b gh as the second letter slq - laghanam ESbOlq- udghanam Ab -argha

5. --- + c c + c + A= cca

g + c + A = gcca U + c + A = crca z + c + A = ca

c c as the second letter E - uccai mgc - paca Acl -arcan mi - pact

6. --- + N c + N + A = cNccha g + N + A = gNcha U + N + A = Nrcha

N ch as the second letter CcN -icch ugN -vch qN -mrch


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7. --- + e e + e + A= jja g + e + A = geja Q + e + A = Qeja o + e + A = oebja U + e + A = erja

e j as the second letter El - ujjaini xger -sajaya wQe -aja Aoe -abja Ael -arjuna

8. --- + f e + f + A = ef jjha g + f + A = gfjha U + f + A = frjha

f jh as the second letter fsefs - jhalajjhala fgflq - jhajhanam ffU - jharjhara

9. --- + g c + g + A = cgca e + g + A = ja

g as the second letter rcg - yc lq - jnam

10. --- + O O + O + A = a h + O + A = hOa m + O + A = mO pa w + O + A = a

O as the second letter O l -aan bhO - gha AmO -pe Aq -aama

11. ---+ P P + P + A = hha

h + P + A = hPha w + P + A = ha

P h as the second letter us - vihhala uMhP -vaikuha Mq -kham


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12. --- + Q Q + Q + A= a h + Q + A = hQda

Q as the second letter Ez - ua mhQu - pdava

13. --- + R Q + R + A = h

h + R + A = hRha

Rh as the second letter zh - ih whR -aha

14. --- + h h + h + A = hha U + h + A = hra w + h + A = wha

h as the second letter

uwhh -viaa Mh -kara Mwh -ka

15. --- + i i + i + A = tta l + i + A = linta m + i + A = mi pta U + i + A = irta

x + i + A = xista

i t as the second letter Eq -uttama

Sli -danta Ami -pta ai - garta Wxi -hasta

16. --- + j i + j + A = ijttha l + j + A = ljntha U + j + A = jrtha x + j + A = xjstha

j th as the second letter

Eijlq -utthnam mlj - panth Aj -artha

xjlq -sthnam


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20. --- + m O + m + A = Ompa i + m + A = imtpa m + m + A = mm ppa q + m + A = qmmpa U + m + A = mrpa s + m + A = smlpa w + m + A = wmpa x + m + A = xmspa

m p as the second letter wOmS -apada iimSq -tatpadam mmms - pippal mUqmU - parampar xm -sarpa Asmq -alpam

mwmq - pupam xmW -sph

21. --- + T i + T + A = iTtpha q + T + A = qTmpha s + T + A = sTlpha x + T + A = xTspha

T phas thesecond letter EiTh -utphaa aqT - gumpha asT - gulpha xTOMq -sphaikam

22. --- + o

q + o + A = qomba U + o + A = orba

s + o + A = solba

o b as second letter

sqoSU -labodara Sos -durbala Esohq -ulbaam

23. --- + p S + p + A = bha

q + p + A = qpmbha U + p + A = prbha

s + p + A = splbha

p bhas second letter xul -sadbhvan zqp -ambho ApM -arbhaka

asp galbha


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2 4. --- + q M + q + A = Yqkma X + q + A = Xqma c + q + A = cqcma i + q + A = iqtma S + q + A = dma k + q + A = kqdhma l + q + A = lqnma m + q + A = mq pma q + q + A = qqmma U + q + A = qrma s + q + A = sqlma z + q + A = zqma w + q + A = wqma x + q + A = xqsma W + q + A = hma

q mas second letter Yqh -rukmi urq - vmayam ucq -vacmi Aiq -tm

mui - padmvat Skq -dadhmau qlqj -manmatha mmq - ppm qqqO -mammaa kq -dharma

asq - gulma Azql -aman

Fwqh -ma xqUhq -smaraam e - jimha

25. --- + r M + r + A = Yrkya Z + r + A = Zrkhya a + r + A = ar gya b + r + A = br ghya c + r + A = crcya e + r + A = er jya O + r + A= ya

r yas the second letter uYrq -vkyam AZrlq -khynam parq -bhgyam

qbrq -maughyam crulq -cyavanam Uerq -rjyam zrlq - yyanam


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R + r + A= hya h + r + A = hrya i + r + A = irtya j + r + A = jrthya S + r + A = dya k + r + A = krdhya l + r + A = lrnya m + r + A = mr pya o + r + A = orbya p + r + A = prbhya q + r + A = qrmya r + r + A = rr yya U + r + A = rrya

s + r + A = srlya u + r + A = urvya z + r + A = zrya w + r + A = wrya x + r + A = xrsya W + r + A = hya

qq - mauhyam mhrq - puyam xirq -satyam mjrq - pathyam aq - gadyam krlq -dhynam

Mlr -kany xqmrq -smpyam zor -aibya AUpr -rabhya

xqr -saumy zrr -aiyy Ar -rya

osrq -blyam urMUhq -vykaraam zrqs -ymal mwr - puya xxr -sasya aq - guhyam

26. --- + U M + U + A = kra a + U + A = a gra b + U + A = b ghra e + U + A = e jra

U r as the second letter uq -vikrama aq - grma bh - ghra ueq -vajram


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i + U + A = tra S + U + A = Sdra k + U + A = kdhra m + U + A = m pra o + U + A = obra p + U + A = pbhra q + U + A = qmra u + U + A = uvra z + U + A = ra x + U + A = xsra W + U + A = hra

m - putra xpS: -saubhadra Ulk: -randhra mMz - praka Aoui -abravt pqhq -bhramaam Aqq -ram

uil -vratin uhq -ravaam

xWxq -sahasram S hrada

27. --- + s M + s + A = Yskla a + s + A = as gla m + s + A = ms pla q + s + A = qsmla s + s + A = sslla z + s + A = zsla W + s + A = hla

s l as the second letter zYs -ukla asl - glni msua - plavaga qsl -mlni ussM -vallak zsblq -lghanam ASM -hldaka

28. --- + u M + u + A = Yukva a + u + A = au gva e + u + A = eu jva i + u + A = iutva S + u + A = dva

u v as the second letter mYuq - pakvam GauS gveda, gvla euslq - jvalanam iuq -tvam Uq -dvram


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k + u + A = kudhva l + u + A = lunva U + u + A = urva

s + u + A = sulva z + u + A = va w + u + A = wuva x + u + A = xusva W + u + A = hva

kul -dhvani xklu -sudhanv EuMq -urvrukam osu -bilva DU -vara Mwu -kuruva xurq -svayam e jihv

29. --- + z U + z + A = zra

z as second letter

mUqz - parmara 30. --- + w

M + w + A = ka O + w + A = Owa U + w + A = wra

w as second letter q -moka wOw -aati Aw ra

31. --- + x M + x + A = Yxksa i + x + A = ixtsa m + x + A = mx psa x + x + A = xxssa

x s as second letter

uYxU -vksra uixs -vatsal AmxU -apsar

SxxW -dussaha

32. --- + W U + W + A = Wrha

s + W + A = sWlha

W h as second letter

AW -arha usWh -vilhaa


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Conjunct consonanat with three or more letters

M + i + i + A = ktta pbhaktta

M + s + r + A = Msrklya zMsrqauklya

M + w + h + A = hka xShsudk M + w + q + A = qkma sqhlakmaa M + w + r + A = rkya srqlakya M + w + u + A = ukva CuMikvku a + k + r + A = akr gdhya qakrqmaugdhya a + p + r + A = apr gbhya Saprqdigbhym a + U + r + A = ar grya Aarqagryam X + M + U + A = Xkra xXqhq

sakramaam X + M + w + A = Xka AMXkk X + a + r + A = Xargya AsXarligya X + b + r + A = Xbrghya EssXbrullaghya c + N + U + A = cNcchra McNqkcchram h + P + r + A = h hya Mh kahy h + Q + U + A = hQra mhQ paura h + Q + r + A= h ya qhq mauyam i + i + u + A = uttva iuqtattvam i + l + r + A = ilrtnya mr patny i + q + r + A = iqrtmya Aiqrtmya i + U + r + A = rtrya rqoMtryambaka i + x + l + A = ixltsna Mixlqktsnam i + x + r + A = ixrtsya qixrmatsya S + k + r + A = Skrddhya oSkrbuddhy


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S + p + r + A = Sprdbhya mSprq padbhym S + U + r + A = drya SUq dridryam l + i + r + A = lirentya Slirdanty l + i + U + A = lntra qlqmantram l + i + u + A = lieuntva xliulqsntvanam l + S + r + A = lndya Apulabhivandya l + S + U + A = lSndra ClSindra l + k + r + A = lkrndhya xlkrsandhy l + l + r + A = rnnya xrxsannysa

o + k + u + A = okubdhva sokulabdhv

q + m + r + A = qmrmpya mMqmr prakampya q + o + r + A = qormbya Asqorlambya U + b + r + A = brrghya Abrqarghyam U + X + a + A = rga zq rgam U + i + r + A = irrtya kirqdhaurtyam U + k + l + A = klrdhna qklmrdhni U + q + r + A = qrrmya Wqrqharmyam U + k + u + A = kurdhva Fkurdhva U + w + h + A = whra Mwh:kri s + M + r + A = sYrlkya rusYr yjvalkya z + c + r + A = rcya ricyuta w + O + r + A = w ya uw veya

w + O + U + A = ra Fra w + O + u + A = wOuva CwOuiv w + P + r + A = w hya Aw ohya x + i + r + A = xirstya Aaxiragastya x + i + U + A = xstra zxqstram


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Section 4


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xXZr Numerals

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


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xpwil

zzl c lz lzr c zz zzl lzr c upi lp |

mrx Mqs Mqsl mr

mrx Mqsl upi xU ||


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mUq AmU AlS xurgeri mUrhq Akr em im ii E zq Sq xq

uUarq uuM lq xqmSr xa xji msr xwmi xuml ulqr qlqr mgcM mhqr AllSqr Aqr MOxj iOxj xum m lq hM

Ysz Sw r SAUq urq Uxm zMU uh clS xr iUq

ClS ui xxU qW sp k qS xqmi


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Pick up the words from the word list and write them in the boxes

given below

AACDEF

GLLAAMZabXcNefgO


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PQRhijSklrUsuz

wxW


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Inspirations

Munakopaniad, Part 1 by Pujya Swami Dayananda Saraswati

Taittiriya Bhashya Talks 2012, Anaikatty, Coimbatore by PujyaSwami Dayananda Saraswati

Higher Sanskrit grammar by Shri M R Kale.

High School Sanskrit Grammar by Vidvan Srinivasa Deshikacharand Mrs. Prabha Sridhar

Teach Yourself Sanskrit, Varaml, Rashtriya Samskrita samsthan,New Delhi

Sanskrit Level 1 - Published by Sanskrit Academy Bangalore

My Skype students from Portugal - Joana, Mafalda Megre, MafaldaSouza, Catia, Innes and Claudia for whom these lessons werecreated.

sanskrit grammar for beginners by swamini svatmabodhananda

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