saqartvelos damoukideblobis idea 1917-1918 wlebis qartul...

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis idea

1917-1918 wlebis qarTul presaSi

`saqarTvelo~, `saxalxo saqme~,

`alioni~, `erToba~

avtoris stili daculia

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

rusudan vaSakiZe

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis idea

1917-1918 wlebis qarTul presaSi

`saqarTvelo~, `saxalxo saqme~,

`alioni~, `erToba~

xelmZRvanelebi: prof. dali CikvilaZe

prof. manana kakabaZe

Tbi lisis

univ ersitetis

gamomcemloba

naSromi, wardgenili Jurnalistikis doqtoris akademi-

uri xarisxis mosapoveblad, ibeWdeba socialur da politi-

kur mecnierebaTa fakultetis sadisertacio sabWos reko-

mendaciiT. disertaciis stili daculia.

disertaciis sajaro dacva Sedga 2009 wlis 20 marts

© Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2009

ISBN 978-9941-13-124-0

5

sarCevi

Sesavali ............................................................................................... 7

I Tavi — saqarTvelos damoukideblobis idea da 1917-1918

wlebis gazeTi `saqarTvelo...........................................................14

26 maisi da `saqarTvelo~ ........................................................ 25

grigol robaqiZe ...................................................................... 32

tician tabiZe ..............................................................................41

giorgi leoniZe ..........................................................................47

mixeil javaxiSvili .................................................................. 50

II Tavi — gazeTi `saxalxo saqme~ eris uflebisa da Tavisuf-

lebis Sesaxeb (1917-1918ww.) ...........................................................62

26 maisi da `saxalxo saqme~ ......................................................78

konstantine gamsaxurdia ........................................................85

levan metreveli ........................................................................90

vaxtang kotetiSvili ...............................................................93

III Tavi — gazeTi àlioni~ politikuri avtonomiidan damou-

kideblobis deklaraciamde (1917-1918ww.) ..............................103

26 maisi da àlioni~ .................................................................118

ivane gomarTeli .......................................................................120

Taguna (Salva SaraSiZe) ..........................................................127

leo qiaCeli ................................................................................132

IV Tavi — 1917-1918 wlebis gazeTi èrToba~ saqarTvelos Ta-

visuflebis Sesaxeb .........................................................................146

6

26 maisi da `erToba~ .................................................................160

daskvna ................................................................................................171

damowmebuli literatura ...........................................................175

periodika ...........................................................................................178

7

Sesavali

qarTuli Jurnalistikis, literaturisa da istoriis

mkvlevarTaTvis XX saukunis pirveli oci weli ar aris mxo-

lod simbolizmis, realizmisa Tu politikuri pluralizmis

epoqa. maSin, roca pirveli msoflio omi mZvinvarebda, roca

ruseTis bolSevizmi dedamiwis erT meeqvseds gawiTlebiT

emuqreboda, qarTveli publicistebi, mwerlebi da sazogado

moRvaweni Tavisuflebis ideas qadagebdnen da saqarTvelos

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenas cdilobdnen.

1917-1918 wlebi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respubli-

kis daarsebis pirveli periodia. man dasabami misca demokra-

tiul principebze saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibebas. arCe-

vanis ufleba misca qarTvel xalxs da safuZveli Cauyara

qarTul parlamentarizms.

samocdaaTwliani komunisturi reJimisagan tabudade-

bul istorias pirvelad XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolos

dawyebulma erovnul-gamaTavisuflebelma moZraobam mohfi-

na naTeli. Seiqmna araerTi mniSvnelovani istoriuli narkve-

vi da gamokvleva am periodis Sesaxeb, daibeWda cnobil po-

litikosTa mogonebebi, qarTvel emigrantTa nawarmoebebi.

gansakuTrebulia es epoqa qarTuli Jurnalistikis isto-

riisTvis. 1917-1918 wlebis saqarTvelos demokratiuli perio-

duli presisa da qarTveli publicistebis da mwerlebis am

procesSi monawileobis Sesaxeb fundamenturi naSromi dRemde

ar Seqmnila. cxadia, rom am wlebis periodika TavisTavad Cveni

qveynis istoriis utyuari wyaroa, romelic gvacnobs imdroin-

del politikur ZalTa balanss, partiaTa moRvaweobas, qar-

8

Tul sazogadoebriv azrs, aseve, mTavar saerTaSoriso moTama-

Seebs, evropasa da ruseTSi mimdinare procesebs.

aTeulobiT gazeTi gamodis qarTul da rusul enebze

1917-1918 wlebis saqarTveloSi. presa exmaureba yvela poli-

tikur Tu sazogadoebriv movlenas, aris erovnuli saqmeebis

SuagulSi da ukompromisod mouwodebs arsebul xelisufle-

bas damoukideblobis gamocxadebas, im revoluciuri buru-

sidan gamosvlas, riTac qarTuli social-demokratia iyo

moculi.

1917-1918 wlebis qarTuli presa, romelSic, bunebrivia,

dominirebs partiuli interesebi da miznebi, asaxavs saqar-

Tvelos saxelmwifos mSeneblobis gzaze arsebul mraval

dabrkolebasa da xelis SemSlel faqtors. saqarTvelo ar

iyo erTiani da udides siZneles warmoadgenda qveynis mTli-

an saxelmwifoebriv erTeulad gadaqceva. qarTveli mwerle-

bi da publicistebi sxvadasxva politikur partiebTan Ta-

namSromlobdnen. maT sagazeTo publikaciebSi, statiebsa da

narkvevebSi naTlad Cans is siZneleebi, romlebic Tavisuf-

lebisaken saqarTvelos winsvlas aferxebdnen da es, mniSvne-

lovanwilad, politikuri Zalebis moqmedebisa da daqsaqsu-

lobis Sedegi iyo. miuxedavad amisa, am periodSi sami mniSvne-

lovani movlena moxda: aRdga qarTuli eklesiis avtokefa-

lia, daarsda qarTuli universiteti da Camoyalibda damou-

kidebeli qarTuli saxelmwifo 26 maisis aqtiT.

1917-1918 wlebis qarTuli presa naTlad adasturebs,

rom es umniSvnelovanesi movlenebi didi gansjis, cxare po-

litikuri da sazogadoebrivi debatebis Sedegia. presis

furclebze TvalSi sacemia politikur ZalTa Soris radika-

luri dapirispirebebi, araTanmimdevruloba, principebsa da

strategiul miznebs Soris mkveTri sxvaoba. gansakuTrebiT

es sxvaoba mmarTvel politikur Zalasa da umciresobas So-

ris SeiniSneba.

9

Cveni naSromis mizania, warmovadginoT oTxi wamyvani ga-

zeTi `saqarTvelo~, `saxalxo saqme~, `alioni~ da `erToba~ da

maT magaliTze vaCvenoT saqarTveloSi imxanad arsebuli

publicisturi mimarTulebebi, profesiuli standartebi,

taqtikuri midgomebi da gamovkveToT, ra tendenciebi War-

bobda wamyvan qarTul gazeTebSi, raze keTdeboda aqcentebi,

ramdenad pluralistuli iyo presa da SeeZlo Tu ara sazo-

gadoebas alternatiuli arCevanis gakeTeba; aseve, rogor

daiwyo politikuri debatebis istoria presis furclebze

da ramdenad adekvaturi iyo igi sazogadoebis moTxovneb-

Tan; ra rols asrulebdnen qarTveli publicistebi da mwer-

lebi 1917-1918 wlebSi da ra ideologiuri saqmianoba hqon-

daT gaCaRebuli.

kvlevis mizania, vaCvenoT ramdenad gamokveTilad aisa-

xeboda sagazeTo statiebSi qarTveli xalxis suliskveTeba

da miswrafebebi. naSromis hipoTezaa, damtkicdes, rom 1917-

1918 wlebis qarTuli presa im periodisTvis maRali profe-

siuli standartiT gamoirCeva da alternatiuli azrovnebis

saSualebas aZlevs mkiTxvels, rom 26 maisis damoukidebloba

qarTveli Jurnalistebis, publicistebisa da mwerlebis

udidesi damsaxurebiT movida. kvleva amtkicebs demokrati-

uli faseulobebisadmi erTgulebasa da evropuli orienta-

ciis ualternativobas.

bevri dawerila qarTveli publicistebis moRvaweobisa

da Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb, magram 1917-1918 wlebis presis ten-

denciebze, aqtiur sazogadoebriv poziciaze, arsebul po-

litikur diskusiaze naklebad msjelobdnen da Tu romelime

avtoris Semoqmedeba xdeboda kvlevis mizani, aRniSnuli pe-

riodi naklebad Seiswavleboda, an saerTod SeumCneveli iyo.

presis analizTan erTad mTavar avtorebzea yuradReba

gamaxvilebuli. aseTi konteqstiT maTi ganxilvac pirveli

cdaa. sainteresoa is profesiuli damokidebuleba, is msje-

10

loba da analizi, rasac grigol robaqiZis, tician tabiZis,

giorgi leoniZis, konstantine gamsaxurdias, Salva amireji-

bis, samson fircxalavas, vaxtang kotetiSvilis, leo qiaCe-

lis, Tagunasa da sxvaTa statiebSi vxvdebiT.

Tu qarTvelma istorikosebma, ase Tu ise, vali moixades

istoriografiis winaSe da Seavses es tabudadebuli perio-

di, miuZRvnes gamokvlevebi da Seiswavles imdroindeli po-

litikuri istoria, qarTuli Jurnalistikisa da literatu-

ris mkvlevrebi namdvilad valSi arian am gardasuli, erT

dros akrZaluli, metad sayuradRebo publicisturi mem-

kvidreobis Seswavlis mimarT. grigol robaqiZis, tician ta-

biZis, Salva amirejibis, samson fircxalavas, konstantine

gamsaxurdias, vaxtang kotetiSvilis, ivane gomarTelis, leo

qiaCelis, Tagunasa da sxvaTa Semoqmedeba SeuZlebelia war-

moidgino 1918 wlis 26 maisis aqtisa da im periodis presaSi

maTi moRvaweobis gareSe. rom ara zemoxsenebul avtorTa

statiebi da daJinebuli moTxovna saqarTvelos damoukideb-

lobis gamocxadebisa, saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba ver

SeZlebda damoukideblobis deklaraciis miRebas. qarTuli

presis mesveurebma didi ideologiuri samuSao gaswies am

mimarTulebiT.

am periods ukavSirdeba saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiris

daarseba, simbolistebis moRvaweoba. `qarTvel mweralTa

kavSiris~ erT-erTi iniciatori tician tabiZea. maSindel

ruseTis imperiaSi aseTi gaerTianeba pirveli iyo. qarTvelma

mwerlebma imTaviTve daisaxes miznad, TavianTi Semoqmede-

bisTvis erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi datvirTva mieniWebi-

naT, rac mkveTradaa gamoxatuli qarTveli mwerlebis mowo-

debaSi, romelic wamyvanma gazeTebma dabeWdes. es mowodeba

Seicavs brZolis koncefcias da darazmvis mowodebas saqar-

Tvelos Tavisuflebis ideis garSemo. saqarTvelos istori-

is xatovani eqskursis Semdeg mwerlebi ruseTis batonobis

11

dros ganadgurebul qarTul kulturas mistirian: `ise ma-

inc arasdros ar SemoRamebula, rogorc mTeli warsuli sau-

kunis ganmavlobaSi, rusTa batonobis dros. Seni taZrebi Ca-

moingra, saucxovo nagebi cixe-darbazi ganadgurda da gauq-

mda, kedlis Zvirfasi mxatvrobani waiSala da SeibRala. ...be-

qa opizarisa da misebr maRal-niWier xelovanTa mier naWedi

da Camosxmuli ganZeulobani gaibna da wartacebul iqna, sxe-

uli moxdenil da morgebul samos-samkauli miviwyda, simRe-

ra da cekvac gadagvarda. TviT enac wminda da faqizi Seir-

yvna da mwerlobamac iwyo azrovneba sxviseburi, ucxouri,

dahkarga Tavis-Tavadoba. xelovnebaSi mSvenebis RmerTis

nacvlad moZalade dezebiani vinme wamojda maRal kvar-

cxlbekze~(160).

qarTvel mweralTa gulistkivili aris is, rom saqarTve-

los damoukideblobis dakargviT qveyanam Tavisi saxe dakar-

ga da usaxuri gaxda, rac yvela mis mier gaRebul msxverplze

usaSinlesia. sulieri monoba — ai problema da tragedia qar-

Tveli eris: `imis garda, rom uzarmazar ruseTis damcire-

bul guberniad iqec, Sen sulieradac mis provinciad Seiqmen,

radganac Crdiloulis qusl-dalursmuli, tlanqi wara mox-

vda Sens axovan mkerds, wagaqcia da sakortnavaT TviT-mpyro-

belobis orTava arwivic mogenTo~(160).

swored es mwerlebi, romlebmac daaarses mweralTa kav-

Siri da airCies pirveli TerTmetkaciani sabWo tician tabi-

Zis, konstantine gamsaxurdias, grigol robaqiZis, kote ma-

yaSvilis (kavSiris pirveli Tavmjdomare), samson dadianis,

akaki papavas, leo qiaCelis, Salva dadianis (kavSiris pirveli

wesdebis Semdgeneli), paolo iaSvilis, pavle ingoroyvas, da-

viT lixel-suliaSvilis SemadgenlobiT, im periodis presis

furclebze moRvaweobdnen — iyvnen korespondentebi, poli-

tikuri mimomxilvelebi, gamomcemlebi da redaqtorebi.

maTma moRvaweobam presaSi gamoiwvia is, rom sazogadoe-

12

bis cnobierebaSi TandaTan ufro mZlavrad ikidebda fexs

TavisuflebisTvis brZola da dasavleTTan integraciis au-

cilebloba. es ki ilias gzis gagrZeleba iyo. isini aRviveb-

dnen brZolas damoukideblobis moTxovniT. qarTveli eris

TviTmyofadobis SenarCuneba da damoukidebeli saxelmwi-

foebrivi erTeulis Camoyalibeba iyo maTi mTavari mizani.

ratom SevarCieT es oTxi gazeTi? mizezi martivia — gaze-

Tebis reitinguloba, amasTan, oTxive gazeTi oTxi mTavari

politikuri Zalis mier gamoicemoda: `saqarTvelos~ gamos-

cemda erovnul-demokratiuli partia, `saxalxo saqmes~ — so-

cial-federalistebi, àlions~ — social-demokratebis àlio-

nis~ jgufi, xolo èrTobas~ mmarTveli politikuri Zala —

social-demokratiuli partia. romelime partiis organod

arseboba ukve akninebs presis Tavisuflebis ideas, magram Tu

mTlianobaSi ganvixilavT am periods, Tu vityviT, rom oTxive

gazeTi sxvadasxva rakursiT gadmoscemda da aRwerda ama Tu

im politikur movlenas, maSin 1917-1918 wlebi demokratiuli

presis ganviTarebis erT-erT seriozul etapad SegviZlia va-

RiaroT da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis im tradiciis gamgrZe-

leblad, romelic ilias Taobam XIX saukuneSi daiwyo. demok-

ratiuli Rirebulebebis damkvidreba iyo mTavari mizani,

rac damoukidebeli saxelmwifos gareSe ver miiRweoda.

vfiqrobT, qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoria gamdidrde-

ba kidev erTi saintereso da naklebad Seswavlili periodiT.

Cveni mizania, uyuradRebod ar darCes arc erTi periodi da

SevavsoT is sivrce, romelic komunistebma dagvixures da

luqi daades.

amasTan davamtkicoT, rom 1918 wlis 26 maisi ar aris mxo-

lod istorikosTa da politikosTa kuTvnileba, es TariRi

qarTuli presis, qarTveli Jurnalistebisa da mwerlebis

ukompromiso da dauRalavi moRvaweobis Sedegia. damouki-

deblobis deklaraciis momzadebaSi presam erT-erTi gadam-

13

wyveti roli Seasrula.

ambiciuri gancxadeba ar iqneba Tu davsZenT, rom 1917-

1918 wlebis qarTuli presis, kerZod, gazeTebis `saqarTve-

los~, `saxalxo saqmis~, `alionisa~ da `erTobis~ ganzogadeba

da kvleva aRniSnul konteqstSi siaxlea qarTuli Jurnalis-

tikis istoriaSi.

14

I Tavi

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis idea da 1917-1918 wlebis gazeTi `saqarTvelo~

saqarTvelos TavisuflebisTvis, damoukideblobisTvis

brZola gazeT `saqarTvelos~ irgvliv Semokrebil avtorTa

ideuri safuZvelia. mwerlisa da publicistis ideebis Ses-

wavlisas yovelTvis vaanalizebT, Tu ra epoqaSi da ra viTa-

rebaSi werda igi, vis interess emsaxureboda da ra damokide-

bulebas gamoxatavda istoriuli procesebisadmi.

gazeT `saqarTveloSi~ moRvawe mweralTa da publicis-

tTa jgufis memkvidreoba am konteqstSi unda ganvixiloT.

XX saukunis Jurnalistika da publicisturi azrovneba samo-

cianelTa principebidan yalibdeba. gazeT `saqarTvelos~

garSemo Semokrebil qarTvel mweralTa birTvs mravalmxriv

saintereso publicistebi, mecnierebi, sasuliero pirebi da

ilias Taobis memkvidreebi warmoadgenen.

ilia WavWavaZe mudam miuTiTebda: `Tu Jurnals unda ke-

Tilsindisierad aRasrulos Tavisi Zneli saqme, unda Tval-

gafacicebiT Tan ahyves awindel cxovrebas, raTa yovel aR-

moSobil faqtsa Tvali da goneba adevnos, yoveli azris sake-

Tilo moZraobas gza misces, yoveliferi SeniSnos da yoveli-

fers pasuxi gasces, erTi sityviT, uSvelos cxovrebas win

fexis gadadgmis gasamjobineblad, gasakeTeblad. ramdena-

dac cnobierad da vrclad... miagnobs da Seatyobs cxovrebis

majis cemasa da SeniSnavs im majis mciredsa cvlilebasa, ra-

modenadac naTlad ganarCevs cxovrebisagan mogubebul masa-

lasa, imodenad igi pativcemuli iqneba sazogadoebaSi da na-

15

yofieri cxovrebisaTvis ... RmerTma moapovebinos mravali

TanamSromeli, rom Cvenis qveynis da xalxis siyvarulis saxe-

liTa Zmurad urTierTs mxari miscen da ar daiviwyon, rom

xalxi dabali Tu maRali, yvela moyvasia Cveni, SeZlebisamebr

yvelas unda vuSveloT...~(66).

ilias mkvlelobis Semdeg ilias ideebis amsaxveli gaxda

yovelkvireuli sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri da literatu-

ruli Jurnali `klde~, romlis pirveli nomeri 1910 wlis 16

seqtembers gamovida. Jurnalis daarsebis iniciatori, Ziri-

Tadi damfinansebeli da organizatori daviT vaCnaZe iyo, xo-

lo oficialuri redaqtor-gamomcemeli, misi koreqtori,

saqmis mwarmoebeli, gamavrcelebeli revaz gabaSvili. Jurna-

li sajarod acxadebda, rom erovnuli idea sakiTxia `qarTu-

li enisa, qarTuli teritoriisa, qarTuli eklesiisa, qarTu-

lis kulturisa~.

gazeTi `saqarTvelo~ swored Jurnal `kldis~ safuZvel-

ze daarsda, ris Sesaxebac revaz gabaSvili werda: `marTalia

`kldis~ gamosvlisTanave gagviCnda darazmuli mteri da ma-

Ti razmic iseve izrdeboda, rogorc Cveni momxreebisa, mar-

Talia isic, rom arc `saqarTvelos~ moakldebian, magram es

ar gvaSinebs, vinaidgan Cvens eklian gzas vardni rwmenisani

alamazeben. iSviaTad gvxvdeba dafaseba, an madloba, maTra-

xiTac wamogvwvdebian, magram viT RvTis winaSe sanTeli gzas

ar dahkargavs, ise samSoblos wiaRSi wvrilmannic ar gahqre-

bian~ (74).

gazeT `saqarTvelos~ pirveli nomeri gamovida 1915 wlis

24 maiss sandro SanSiaSvilis redaqtorobiT. redaqcia Tbi-

lisSi, moskovis quCa 4-Si mdebareobda. gazeTi 4-6-gverdiani

iyo. pirveli nomris saredaqcio werilSi gazeTis mesveurni

mkiTxvels mimarTaven, Tu ra mZime viTarebaSi iwyeben isini

gamocemas. dasavleT evropa, ruseTi da saqarTveloc omis

alSia gaxveuli. `Cveni erovnuli energia, daqsaqsuli imTa-

16

viTve, dRes ulmoblad niavdeba omis asparezze... sadReiso

sakiTxi erovnuli Zalebis Tavmoyra da darazmvaa. xval maTi

amoZraveba dagvWirdeba diadi kulturuli SemoqmedebisaT-

vis... Cveni gazeTi ar iqneba arc viwro klasobrivi, arc viwro

jgufobrivi. is ecdeba kerZo interesebi erovnul intere-

sebs anacvalos, partiul marTlmorwmuneobas sulier xal-

vaTobas da mudmivs iWvianobas Tavisufali Zieba daupirda-

piros...~ — vkiTxulobT gazeT `saqarTvelos~ saprogramo we-

rilSi (iqve), romlis avtori Tavad redaqtori unda iyos,

radgan saredaqcio svetebs ZiriTadad sandro SanSiaSvili

werda. es iyo, faqtobrivad, gazeT `saqarTvelos~ koncefcia,

misi moRvaweobis mizani.

pirveli saredaqcio statia SeiZleba CaiTvalos gazeTis

saprogramo debulebad. gazeTi mTeli qarTveli xalxis mova-

leobad Tvlis qveynis teritoriis dacvas, erovnuli meurne-

obis, warmoebis da aReb-micemobis ganviTarebas, sulieri

kulturis amaRlebas, qarTuli enis dacvas, mwerloba-mxat-

vrobis, xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebas.

`Tanamedrove kulturosani eri gmir-devTa cixe-simag-

res hgavs, sxvadasxva lodisagan aSenebuls. es cixe-simagre

safrTxeSi Cavardeba, Tu romelime koSki moiSala... gaTviT-

cnobierebul ers fxizeli daraji unda hyavdes yovel adgi-

las~ (iqve), acxadebs gazeTi da Tavad cdilobs gaxdes `fxi-

zeli daraji~ saqarTvelos gaTavisuflebis gzaze. am ideals

`saqarTvelo~ ukanasknel nomramde emsaxureba.

1916 wlis pirveli ianvridan `saqarTvelo~ yoveldRiu-

ri `sapolitiko, saekonomiko da saliteraturo gazeTi~ gax-

da. mis furclebze ukve Cans cenzuris xeli, carieli adgi-

lebi nomridan amoRebul masalebze miuTiTebs. 1917 wlidan

`saqarTvelo~ oficialurad acxadebs, rom igi aris `erov-

nul-demokratiuli~ mimarTulebis.

gazeTs sakuTari korespondentebi hyavs saqarTvelos

17

ZiriTad daba-qalaqebsa da soflebSi, agreTve petrogradsa

da moskovSi. am periodisTvis TanamSromelTa ricxvi gaizar-

da. mis furclebze bevri cnobili qarTveli mwerlisa da

moRvawis gvari gamoCnda. sainteresoa redaqciis TanamSro-

melTa arasruli, magram mainc vrceli sia: arq. ambrosi xela-

ia, a. asaTiani, al. axmeteli, v. barnovi, ek. gabaSvili, r. ga-

baSvili, gandegili, g. gvazava, s. gorgaZe, g. gordeziani, v.

gunia, S. dadiani, z. edili, i. varTagava, gr. veSapeli, e. Taya-

iSvili, in. bani, p. ingoroyva, C. kapanaZe, d. kasraZe, p. karbe-

laSvili, d.g. kariWaSvili, episkoposi kirioni, s. kedia, dek.

k. kekeliZe, episkoposi leonide, n. lorTqifaniZe, t. margve-

laSvili, k. mayaSvili, dutu megreli, S. mRvimeli, n. nikola-

Ze, g. robaqiZe, T. saxokia, t. tabiZe, i. feraZe, S. qarumiZe, s.

qvariani, g. qiqoZe, n. yifiani, s. yifiani, g. yifSiZe, m. Salambe-

riZe, v. SalikaSvili, prof. a. cagareli, z. WiWinaZe, s. Wre-

laSvili, m. janaSvili, Salva amirejibi `farsman faruxis~

fsevdonimiT, aleqsandre yifSiZe `fronelis~ fsevdonimiT.

1917 wels `saqarTvelo~ kvlav sandro SanSiaSvilis re-

daqtorobiT gamodis, xolo 90-e nomris Semdeg gazeTis re-

daqtori grigol veSapeli xdeba. 1918 wlidan gazeTs geron-

ti qiqoZe redaqtorobs(56).

`saqarTvelo~ iwyebs yoveldRiur fiqrsa da msjelobas

erovnul sakiTxze, saxelmwifoebriv mowyobaze. r. ingilo

statiaSi `Zveli fiqrebi axal wels~ mwvaved ayenebs erovnul

sakiTxs da, mware istoriuli gamocdilebis miuxedavad,

imeds gamoTqvams, rom `omis Semdeg, romelmac Seiwira yvela-

feri, rac ram Zvirfasi ebada qarTvel xalxs, SeviqmnebiT im

Tavisufali cxovrebis Rirsi, romelsac patara erebs didi

saxelmwifoebi hpirdebian. ...fxizlad unda iyos qarTvelo-

ba, rom esoden gansakuTrebul dros ar iqnes uRirsi Tavisi

samSoblosi... am spetak azriT ganmsWvaluli, gulmodgineT

vemsaxuroT saqarTvelos didebas, da es iqneba uRrmesi mi-

18

locva, romliTac mivmarTavT qarTvel xalxs axali wlis da-

sawyiss~(75).

ruseTis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg gazeTis fur-

clebze gaCnda rubrika `qarTvelebo, SegnebulaT, SeerTebu-

laT, dinjaT!~ aq moTavsebul werilebSi isev da isev erTi mi-

zania — saqarTvelos Tavisufleba, gaerTianeba da xalxis da-

razmva qveynis gadasarCenad. `saqarTvelos saxeliT Sever-

TdeT! nuRar iqneba partiul-wodebrivi gansxvaveba. nuRar

iqneba muSa, burJua, Tavadi, aznauri, glexi, eriskaci da sam-

Rvdeloeba! iyos mxolod qarTveli da qarTveloba~(78).

`saqarTvelo~ ruseTis Tebervlis revolucias miesalma

saqarTvelos gaTavisuflebis imediT. gazeTs swams, rom Ta-

visufali ruseTi saqarTvelos Tavisuflebas moutans. gaze-

Ti Tebervlis revoluciis SefasebaSi misalmebasTan erTad

sifrTxilesac iCens. 1917 wlis 12 martis `saqarTvelo~ pir-

vel gverdze acxadebs: `gaumarjos Tavisufal ruseTs, gau-

marjos Tavisufal saqarTvelos!~(78).

spiridon kedia `saqarTvelos~ furclebze wers: `gasu-

li Tebervlis miwurulSi daemxo reJimi, romelic ase mtar-

valurad moeqca saqarTvelos, gandevnes dinastia, romelmac

fici da xelSekruleba daarRvia da saqarTvelo sisxlisagan

dacala. didi aqtia es aqti. Tavisufleba sityvisa, werisa,

krebisa da sindisisa, ai, ra moaqvs revolucias, sayovelTao,

faruli da sxva saarCevno ufleba, ai, ra aRiara revoluci-

am... moispo wodebrioba, saukunoebiT ganmtkicebuli. ar iq-

nebian dabadebiT uflebiTa da upiratesobiT mosilni, ar iq-

nebian dabadebiT damcirebulni da uflebaaxdilni... piradi

Rirseba, piradi kacad-kacoba, ai amieridan axali sazomi pi-

rovnebis mniSvnelobisa da gavlenisa... Cveni salami, Cveni aR-

tacebuli salami am revolucias. dRegrZeloba ruseTis

axal reJims. magram... da ai swored aq iwyeba gansxvaveba Cvensa

da rusebs Soris~(79).

19

irkveva, rom Tebervlis revoluciamde gazeTi `saqar-

Tvelo~ Tavs ikavebda erovnul-demokratTa partiuli saqmi-

anobis `gamJRavnebisgan~. cxadia, organizacia aralegalur

saqmianobas eweoda. erovnul-demokratiulma partiam dam-

fuZnebeli kreba mogvianebiT Caatara(11) da oficialurad

gaformda, rogorc politikuri organizacia, Tumca jer ki-

dev pirveli msoflio omis win social-federalistebis ri-

gebSi gamoikveTa erovnul-demokratTa birTvi. 1917 wlis

ianvarSi `saqarTvelo~ oficialurad acxadebs, rom erov-

nul-demokratiuli mimarTulebisaa. faqtia, rom gazeTis

TanamSromelTa umravlesoba politikuri organizaciis wev-

rebi iyvnen da isini saocar sifrTxiles iCendnen, raTa Tavi-

anT beWdviT organos problema ar Seqmnoda. spiridon kedias

sityvebidan irkveva, rom Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg

erovnul-demokratebma oficialuri politikuri moRvaweo-

ba daiwyes da gazeTi `saqarTvelo~ maTi perioduli organo

gaxda.

sainteresoa, ras gulisxmobs sp. kedia qarTvelebsa da

rusebs Soris gansxvavebaSi: `aq iwyeba gansxvaveba saqarTve-

losa da ruseTs Soris. es gansxvaveba unda SevignoT. Tavisu-

fali ruseTisTvis es moqalaqeobrivi normebi sakmarisia,

rom frTa gaSalos, rac rom faruli Zala, Semoqmedeba Ses-

wevs, uklebliv gamosTqvas. saqarTvelosTvis es ar kmara. mo-

qalaqeobrivi uflebrioba Tavisufal erSia SesaZlebeli.

Tu ers Tavisi sakuTari mTavroba ara hyavs, Tu eris samarTa-

li mis Svilebisagan ar iwereba, Tu eris marTva-gamgebloba

gadamTielis xelSia da ara mis Svilebisa, fuWia yovelgvari

moqalaqeobrivi ufleba. eris suli Seborkilia, misi arsebo-

ba SeboWili, misi Zala Semoqmedebisa sustia da warmateba Se-

uZlebelia... amitomac, rom Tanabrad keTilismyofeli iyos,

dRevandelma revoluciam uwinares yovlisa saqarTvelos

erovnuli Tavisufleba unda moutanos. revolucia mxolod

20

maSin iqneba sruli, roca Tavisufal saqarTveloSi qarTve-

li xalxi sakuTriv moawyobs da ganamtkicebs marTva-gamgeo-

bis demokratiul reJims. saqarTvelos ganaxleba moqalaqe-

obriv-uflebriv normebis gamocxadebiT ver daiwyeba, ara-

med misi erovnuli Tavisuflebis aRdgeniT. es unda moxdes

exla, an arasodes~(79).

gazeTi `saqarTvelo~ is mZlavri perioduli organo iyo,

romelmac ase mZafrad da naTlad, argumentirebulad daayena

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis sakiTxi.

gazeTis furclebze moTxovna saqarTvelos damoukideblo-

bis gamocxadebis Sesaxeb permanentul xasiaTs iZens.

1918 wlis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi politikuri movle-

nebi gamZafrda, rasac srulad gadmoscems gazeTis saredaq-

cio werili: `yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi aqvs gadasaWreli qar-

Tvel ers. ara wvrilmani angariSebisaTvis uxdeba mas sab-

rZolvelad darazmva, ara partiuli, jgufuri miswrafebi-

saTvis, aramed erovnuli miwa-wylis, erovnuli Tavisufle-

bisa da erovnuli arsebobisaTvis. osmaleTma arafrad Caag-

do amierkavkasiis mTavroba, misi seimi da sazavo delegacia.

osmaleTma arafrad miiCnia e.w. `amierkavkasiis demokratia~

(113). statiaSi mowodebaa erovnuli gaerTianebisa da erov-

nuli mTavrobis Seqmnisaken.

gazeTi `saqarTvelo~ aCqarebs xelisuflebas damouki-

deblobis gamocxadebas da mmarTvel social-demokratiul

partias bolSevikebTan kavSiris gawyvetasa da erovnul nia-

dagze dadgomisaken mouwodebs: `bolSevizmi ruseTSi gada-

iqca xulignobis, darbevis, aklebis da yovelive gonierebis

uaryofis sinonimad. igi gadagvarda, socialisturi ideisgan

iSva barbarosuli anarqia, romelmac sruliad daRupa ruse-

Ti menSevizmis sisustesTan erTad xelixelCakidebulma. da

ai... am dros Cveni `mmarTveli partia~ exveweba am jalaTs mo-

di da gviSveleo. es partia Cvens ers bolSevikebis mowveviT

21

umaspinZldeba... maT ara aqvT Cveni dacvis arc SeZleba, arc

saxsari, Tundac rom surdeT da es maT arca surT~(114).

sruliad naTelia, rom `saqarTvelo~ imTaviTve grZnob-

da bolSevizmis safrTxes Cveni qveynisTvis da realurad

afasebda movlenebs. Tumca, gazeTs isic gaazrebuli hqonda,

rom saxelmwifoebriobis dacva romelime Zlier qveyanaze

dayrdnobiT unda ganxorcielebuliyo. gazeTis TanamSrome-

li tite margvelaSvili Tavis publikaciaSi `Cveni orienta-

cia~ xmamaRla acxadebs — saqarTvelom unda aiRos germaniis-

ken orientacia, radgan `germaneTma sajarod ganacxada imave

brest-litovskSi, rom Cven gvcnobs damoukideblaT. sazavo

molaparakebis gamarTva trapezundSi zedmeti dadasturebaa

imave debulebisa. aqedan cxadia, rom Sua evropis saxelmwi-

foebis gegmas ar ewinaaRmdegeba Cveni damoukidebloba da

saxelmwifoebrivi arseboba... CvenTvis aucileblad saWiroa

germaneTis ekonomiur kavSirSi Sesvla da Cveni politikuri

damoukideblobis uzrunvelyofa~(115).

statiis avtoris azriT, inglissa da ruseTisken orien-

tacia saqarTvelos politikur Tavisuflebas ver moutanda,

radgan safrangeTi da inglisi Tavisi mokavSire ruseTis

qveSevrdomi patara qveynis damoukideblobas xels ar Seuwy-

obda. maTi qmedeba CaiTvleboda qveynis Sinaur saqmeebSi Ca-

revad, rac eris ekonomikur dauZlurebas udrida. darCeni-

li iyo germaniisaken orientacia, rac qveynis politikur da-

moukideblobas uwyobda xels da ekonomikuradac ukeTes pi-

robebs hpirdeboda. amitom gazeTi `saqarTvelo~ am mimarTu-

lebiT muSaobda da gadaudebel amocanad Tvlida qveynis da-

moukideblobis gamocxadebas.

Tavisufali saxelmwifoebrivi cxovreba maSin aris

erisTvis sasurveli da sasargeblo, rodesac is uzrunvel-

yofs qveynis mSvidobian ganviTarebas, rodesac daculia mo-

qalaqeobrivi Tanasworoba da Tavisufleba, rodesac qveya-

22

nas ganagebs kanoni, samarTali da ara Zalmomreoba da TviT-

neboba, rodesac uzrunvelyofilia eris ekonomikuri ganvi-

Tareba. SeeZlo ki saqarTvelos sakuTari ZalebiT samar-

Tlebrivi saxelmwifos Seqmna? redaqciis TanamSromeli a. asa-

Tiani statiaSi `germaneTis mfarveloba~ aRniSnavs, rom Zlie-

ri saxelmwifos SeqmnisTvis mravalnairi saxsaria saWiro —

gonebrivi, zneobrivi, qonebrivi, politikuri aRzrda da dis-

ciplina. `Cven vfiqrobdiT, rom yovelive es uxvad mogvepove-

boda... romeli gareSe Zala SeiZleba, rom davixmaroT Cveni

erovnuli Senobis asagebad da mosarTavad? is qveyana, rome-

lic daixmara am miznisTvis poloneTma, ukrainam, litvam da

finlandiam — germaniaa... dRes Cveni erovnuli cxovreba daq-

saqsuli da daSlilia. saqarTvelos erovnuli sxeuli Suazed

aris gankveTili da Cven ar viciT, kidev ramdens moundomeben

CamoWras saqarTvelos erovnul sxeuls... Cvens erovnul Tvi-

sebebze germanuli simtkicisa da disciplinis damyniT da da-

savleTidan Cvens qveynisaken momdinare ekonomiuri talRebis

CvenTvis sasurveli mimarTulebis micemiT, moemzadeba niada-

gi Zlieri saqarTvelosi da iqneba maxlobelma Taobebma ixi-

lon saqarTvelos meore oqros xana~ (116).

`saqarTvelo~ did imedebs amyarebda germaniaze da erov-

nul-demokratebisTvis, rogorc memarjvene opozicionere-

bisaTvis gansazRvruli iyo — saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebri-

vi mSeneblobis dasawyisi etapi germanias unda mindoboda. ma-

Sin, roca social-demokratebi amierkavkasiis federaciul

mowyobaze proeqtebs adgendnen, social-federalistebi da

social-revolucionerebi amierkavkasiis konfederaciuli

mowyobis gegmas amzadebdnen, erovnul-demokratiulma

fraqciam moiTxova saqarTvelos amierkavkasiidan gamoyofa

da damoukidebel saxelmwifod misi gamocxadeba. a. asaTianis

sagazeTo statiaSi `saqarTvelos politikuri wyobileba~

vkiTxulobT: `rogori saerTo sagareo politika SeiZleba

23

hqondes somxebs, TaTrebs da qarTvelebs, rodesac erTi

CrdiloeTisken miiwevs, meore samxreTisaken da mesame ki da-

savleTisaken? arc sasargeblo, arc sasurveli da arc SesaZ-

lebelia amierkavkasiis xangrZlivad erT konfederaciad ar-

seboba, ris magaliTs sakmaod iZleva erTi wlis moRvaweoba

amierkavkasiis mTavrobisa da seimisa. saqarTvelo unda moewy-

os calke suverenul saxelmwifod. man unda awarmoos sakuTa-

ri da damoukidebeli saSinao da sagareo politika...~ (117).

gazeTis mowodeba damoukideblobis dauyovnebliv ga-

mocxadebisa dRiTi dRe mZafrdeba da kritikis qarcecxlSi

atarebs damoukideblobis mowinaaRmdegeebs. am politikur

Tu sazogadoebriv debatebSi monawileoben cnobili qarTve-

li mwerlebi da sazogado moRvaweebi.

`gagonila sadme da odesme, rom damoukidebel saxelmwi-

fos ucxo saxelmwifos partia hmarTavdes?~ — samarTlianad

kiTxulobs gazeTi `saqarTvelo~(121).

amierkavkasiis damoukidebloba maSin gamocxadda, roca

es sakmaod dagvianebuli iyo. am droisTvis qarTvelebs, som-

xebsa da TaTrebs sakuTari saxelmwifo erTeulebi unda hqo-

nodaT. `amierkavkasiis politikuri xuxula dairRva da dai-

ferfla Tavis Tavad da male iSveba axali saqarTvelos sa-

xelmwifoebrioba, magram rodis?~(122).

gazeTi wuxs, rom dagvianebuli damoukideblobis gamo-

cxadebiT Zlier cota ram Tu gamoswordeba. TavianT uxerxu-

lobas ki xelisufleba erTi sityviT gaamarTlebs: `gvaiZu-

les~(iqve).

sayuradReboa 1918 wlis 18 maisis nomerSi gamoqveynebu-

li saredaqcio statia `damoukidebeli saqarTvelo~. avtori

aRniSnavs, rom saqarTvelos erovnuli da politikuri cxov-

reba axal etapze gadadis.

amierkavkasiis respublika udReuri gamodga da gareSe

Zalis zegavleniT iseve iSleba, rogorc aSenda. Tu amierkav-

24

kasiis respublikam, rogorc saxelmwifom, krizisi ganicada,

gazeTi amis mTavar mizezad osmaleTs asaxelebs, romelmac

Tavisi agresiiT TiTqmis mTeli samxreT amierkavkasia xiS-

tebze `wamoaskupa~.

gazeTi `saqarTvelo~ sworad gansazRvravs saqarTvelos

istoriul aucileblobas da saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideb-

lobis gamocxadebas erTaderT gzad saxavs: `sruli da dau-

yovneblivi damoukidebloba saqarTvelosi mainc is erTa-

derTi gzaa xsnisa, romelic gamoiyvans mas ukiduresi mdgo-

mareobidan... amierkavkasiis respublikas ukve hqonda omi os-

maleTTan. am omSi saqarTvelom waago. Tu somex-osmalTa omi

aucilebelia, saqarTvelom, Tavisi damoukidebloba rom ar

aRiaros, kidev waagebs. saqarTvelos sruli gamoyofa da da-

moukidebloba am axals gansacdels agvacdens~(123).

moulodnelad osmaleTis laSqari borCalos mazraSi Se-

iWra. sazavo molaparakebas baTumSi aWianurebdnen. amierkav-

kasiis respublikis damoukideblobis aRiareba centralur

saxelmwifoTa mier axal-axal dabrkolebebs xvdeboda. osma-

leTi da germania ar Cqarobda molaparakebis Sedegianad dam-

Tavrebas. am viTarebaSi gazeTi `saqarTvelo~ gangaSs texs:

`daxaneba SeuZlebelia, is jgufebi, romelTac Cveni qveyana

am garemoebamdis miiyvanes, valdebulni arian miiRon yovel-

gvari zoma da cxovrebis realur moTxovnilebebTan SeTan-

xmebiT, ixsnan Cveni xalxisaTvis da misi momavlisaTvis is,

risi xsnac kidev SeiZleba~(iqve).

redaqciis TanamSromeli s. imeri Tvlis, rom qarTveli

xalxi dgas udidesi safrTxis winaSe, SeiZleba erma dakargos

yovelgvari SesaZlebloba eris Tavisufali ganviTarebis,

politikuri da kulturuli aRorZinebis, yvelaferi is, risi

imediTac sunTqavda ruseTis monobisa da usaSinlesi erov-

nuli devnis dros eris saukeTeso nawili.

`saqarTvelos~ furclebidan sruliad naTelia, rom da-

25

moukideblobis aqtis gamocxadebis wina dReebSi xelisuf-

leba movlenaTa stiqiur msvlelobas miendo. gazeTi akriti-

kebs xelisuflebas da acxadebs, rom arsebuli mdgomareobis

SeqmnaSi mas ufro meti danaSauli miuZRvis, vidre osmale-

Tis laSqars da bolSevikebis amboxebas, rom mTavrobas ara-

viTari Zala ar aRmoaCnda Tavisi samSoblosa da erovnuli

Tavisuflebis dasacavad. `Sinauri Zalebis daSla da daqsaq-

sva, erovnuli mTlianobis darRveva, erTis mxriv, da Cvens

gareSe moqmed ZalTa angariSis gauwevloba — ai, ra axasia-

Tebda Cvens saSinao da sagareo politikas am erTi wlis gan-

mavlobaSi~ (124).

gazeTi partiebs sTxovs, uari Tqvan rusul politikaze,

radgan `swored rusul Zafebs mohyavs saqarTveloSi osma-

leTis jari, radgan osmaleTi iseve sdevnis am rusul poli-

tikas amierkavkasiaSi, rogorc ruseTis jarebs~(iqve).

mwvave kritikuli toni sul ufro Zlierdeba 26 maisam-

de. sruliad naTelia, rom `saqarTvelos~ irgvliv gaerTia-

nebuli jgufi sworad gansazRvravda Seqmnil politikur vi-

Tarebas da erTgvarad safuZvels hqmnida 26 maiss damouki-

deblobis gamocxadebisTvis.

26 maisi da `saqarTvelo~

1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos damoukidebloba ga-

mocxadda.

`saqarTvelo~ beWdavs aqtis teqsts da aRfrTovanebiT

esalmeba am faqts. saredaqcio statiaSi, romlis saTauria

`damoukidebeli saqarTvelo aRdga, gaumarjos saqarTve-

los!~ vkiTxulobT: `dReidan saqarTvelos damoukidebeli

saxelmwifoebrivi cxovreba aRdgenilia. gaumarjos saqar-

Tvelos, gaumarjos qarTvel ers! saqarTvelos yoveli nawi-

li, qarTveli eris yoveli sazogadoebrivi wre, jgufi qeds

26

moixris saqarTvelos aRdgenili Tavisuflebis winaSe... qar-

Tveli xalxi — soflis meurne, qalaqis muSa, xelosani, Tu va-

War-mrewvelni erTsulovnad unda Semokrben saqarTvelos

saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis aRmSeneblobisaTvis...~ (125).

gazeTis azriT, damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mTavroba

dauyovnebliv unda Seudges osmaleTTan da mis mokavSireeb-

Tan, yvela mezobel erebTan mSvidobiani urTierTobis dam-

yarebas.

gazeTi ar kargavs imeds, rom germania saqarTvelos po-

litikur mfarvelobas gauwevs da ekonomikuri da finansuri

problemebis mogvarebaSi daexmareba, rom gaZlierdeba saqar-

Tvelos jari da qarTuli mxedroba Rirseulad gaagrZelebs

saxelovan winaparTa gzas: mtkiced daicavs is saqarTvelos

miwa-wyals, mis Tavisuflebas da erovnul mTavrobas.

statia sakmaod omaxianad mTavrdeba:

`saqarTvelos mamuliSvilno! saSinel msoflio qarte-

xilSi, Sinaur da gareSe brZolaSi saqarTvelos Tavisufleba

iSva. SevikriboT yvelani mis dasacavad, asayvaveblad.

gaumarjos ganTavisuflebuls saqarTvelos, gaumarjos

qarTvel ers!~ (iqve).

gazeTi mouwodebs mTel ers saxelmwifo aRmSeneblobi-

saken.

1918 wlis 26 maiss gamocxadebulma saqarTvelos damou-

kideblobam did aRfrTovanebasTan erTad uamravi sazruna-

vi gauCina yvelas. es faqti gazeTis furclebze ganixileba,

rogorc qedis moxra saqarTvelos droSis winaSe, dagvirgvi-

neba da dadastureba im azrisa da mimarTulebisa, romelsac

gansazRvravdnen da yoveldRe imeorebdnen `saqarTveloSi~

moRvawe publicistebi. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti

uzrunvelyofs yvela moqalaqis samoqalaqo da politikur

uflebebs.

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis deklaracia saqarTve-

27

los demokratiul reJimze gadasvlis winapirobad iqca. am

deklaraciiT saqarTvelo miuerTda dasavlur samyaros da

demokratiuli faseulobebi aRiara — saerTaSoriso poli-

tikaSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo icavs mudmiv neitrali-

tets. im periodSi ar arsebobda samxedro-politikuri ali-

ansebi, romelSic gawevrianebis politikuri survili gaC-

ndeboda. erTadaerTi, razec maSin qarTul politikur is-

tebliSmentSi politikuri neba gaCnda, erTa ligaSi moxved-

ra iyo, Tumca es survili survilad darCa da arc erTa ligis

idea aRmoCnda xangrZlivi saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis-

Tvis. vudro vilsonis keTilSobilur survils msoflio di-

di aRtacebiT ar Sexvedria.

gazeTi arCeuli parlamentis mTavar amocanad miiCnevs

konstituciis SemuSavebas da socialuri reformebis gan-

xorcielebas. `cxovrebam mTlad amoswura revoluciuri gza

da exla igi sityvas saparlamento kanonmdeblobas, evolu-

ciur Semoqmedebas aZlevs~(126).

am dRidan gazeTma `saqarTvelomac~ amowura revoluciu-

ri gza. miaRwia imas, risTvisac wlebis manZilze kalmiTa da si-

tyviT ibrZoda. cxadia, advili ar iyo es gza. aTasjer gazomi-

li da awonili sityvis ukan didi riski da gambedaoba idga.

1918 wlis 26 maisis Semdeg `saqarTvelo~ adgils uTmobs

saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis sakiTxebs, gansakuTrebiT, qvey-

nis ZiriTad kanonze — konstituciaze muSaobas. rogori un-

da iyos saqarTvelos konstitucia? amis Sesaxeb gazeTi jer

kidev damoukideblobis gamocxadebamde saubrobda da Sem-

degac araerTi saintereso analitikuri werili miuZRvna.

rogor gamoexmaurnen 26 maisis aqtis gamocxadebas qarTve-

li mwerlebi da publicistebi? am mxriv metad mniSvnelovania

giorgi leoniZis leqsis gamoqveyneba `saqarTvelos~ furcleb-

ze, romelic 6 ivnisis nomerSi gazeTma eqskluziurad dabeWda:

28

26 maisi

`vamayob rogorc gulzviadi meisrabari

dasisxlul marjniT iWedeba Cemi saxeli,

cxel armazidan atirdeba Savi Zaxili,

acecxlebula topazebiT amayi saxli.

mze perangs icvams yirmizisas — mTebSi nafari;

rkinis kvnesaSi xmalsa hkveravs meisrabari!

sawyal aCrdilebs, rom sdiodaT suni miwisa,

aRar acviaT turnirebze TeTri rZiana;

aRar anaxlebT xma solomon leoniZisa —

dgebian rogorc keisari vespasiane.

Svindis droSebiT gavagiJeb yomral moedans.

— dRevandeli mze saqarTvelos isev miitans.

neldeba cecxlis koSmarebSi odrikalebi —

TeTri fiqrebi maxvevia madrigalerad...

da gorgaslanis melandeba Savi suraTi.

misreTi... hindi... babiloni da asureTi...

Cemsken mohqrian ialqnebiT: sparsi, abaSi,

Cemi saxeli daixeva aRtacebaSi,

dRes sixaruli — viT cekvaSi mTvrali salome

rogorc eTeris sarecelze abesalomi!

qarTlosis landi brwyinvalebiT gameTareSa —

armazisaken!

nuRar wavalT lega zamTarSi!~ (127)

ai aseTi muxtiT sunTqavda `saqarTvelo~ 1918 wlis 26 ma-

isis dReebSi. es leqsi poetis sabWouri periodis krebuleb-

Si Setanili ar iyo. Cven piradad, pirvelad aTi wlis win, e.w.

`imelis~ biblioTekaSi dacul arqivSi wavikiTxeT leoniZis

`26 maisi~. es leqsi aris sazogadoebrivi manifesti da xmama-

Rali ganacxadi imisa, Tu rogor Sexvda da miesalma qarTuli

mwerloba damoukideblobis aRdgenas. giorgi leoniZe amayia

im faqtiT, rac saqarTvelos xelisuflebam da xalxma ga-

29

dawyvites. misi poeturi niWi da mxurvale emociaa Cateuli

am leqsSi, riTac `saqarTvelos~ erT-erTma erTgulma av-

torma mTeli qarTveli xalxis sixarulis yiJina gamoxata.

2000 wels gamoica giorgi leoniZis wigni `saqarTvelos

cremlebi~ (redaqtori da gamomcemeli giorgi qavTaraZe),

sadac Sesulia leqsi `26 maisi~(34). igive nawarmoebia Sesuli

2001 wels gamocemul krebulSic, romelic Seadgina filo-

logiis mecnierebaTa doqtorma Tamar barbaqaZem (35).

erovnul-demokratiuli partiis wevri da cnobili moR-

vawe revaz gabaSvili damoukideblobis gamocxadebasTan da-

kavSirebiT igonebs: `menSevikebi, rogorc yovelTvis, winaaR-

mdegi iyvnen, Cven, piriqiT, am didi xnis ocnebis, omiTa da re-

voluciebiT Seqmnil xelsayrel garemoebaTa gamo, daJine-

biT moviTxovdiT gamocxadebas. magram, rasakvirvelia, mar-

to Signidan dawoliT ver davZlevdiT inerciasa da menSevi-

kebis winaaRmdegobas, garedan germaniasa da osmaleTsac rom

ar moeTxova igive. am ormagma wnexma Signidan da garedan ai-

Zula menSevikebi 25 maiss daeyenebinaT es sakiTxi `erovnul

sabWoSi~. qarTveli xalxis sasiqadulod unda iTqvas, krebam

erTxmad (garda ramdenime `TavdaWerilisa~ da erTad erTi

`xelgasaxmobis~, mgoni geronti qiqoZe iyo, romelmac xeli

aswia winaaRmdeg) miiRo `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis ga-

mocxadeba — xval, 26 maiss~.

magram, rogor moxda, rom 36 — `social-demokratiis~, 10

— `social-federalistis~, 10 — `socialisturi revoluci-

is~ da mxolod 9 — `nacional-demokratis~ krebam miiRo ase-

Ti `ucnauri dadgenileba~?

naTelia, rom `sabWos~ dasawyisidanve, arc erTi sakiTxi

iq ara wydeboda, sanam `social-demokratiuli partiis~ sai-

dumlo kreba sadRac jurRmulidan ar moitanda Tavis saku-

Tar gadawyvetilebas. aq ki moxda saswauli. Cven verasodes

ver gavigebT, ra moxda imaT krebazed. vin iyo momxre, vin wi-

30

naaRmdegi?.. magram erTi araCveulebrivi ambavi ki momxdara:

pirvelad, rac ki es `teroristuli~ da àrademokratiuli~

partia arsebobs, neba miuciaT wevrebisaTvis, xma miecaT yve-

las Tavisi nebiT da ara ùmravlesobis~ damorCilebiT ùm-

ciresobisa~. im saRma umravlesobam, e.i. xalxma, èrovnul

sabWoSi~ moitana qarTuli individualuri xmebi, da ara `men-

Sevikuri partiisa~ da 26 maisi yvela am zemoaRniSnul rTul

garemoebaTa jami iyo.... uzeimod iyo damoukideblobis ga-

mocxadeba da es aRibeWda kidec, saubedurod, menSevikur

`damoukideblobis aqtSi~, saca aRfrTovanebis magier, tiri-

li da bodiSebia.... ruseTis winaSe~ (9).

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti

`mraval saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelo arsebobda,

rogorc damoukidebeli da Tavisufali saxelmwifo.

`meTvramete saukunis dasasruls yovel mxriT mtrisagan

Seviwroebuli saqarTvelo Tvisi nebiT SeuerTda ruseTs im

pirobiT, rom ruseTi valdebuli iyo saqarTvelo gareSe

mtrisagan daecva.

`ruseTis didi revoluciis msvlelobam ruseTSi iseTi

Sinagani wyobileba Seqmna, rom mTeli saomari fronti sru-

liad daiSala da rusis jarmac dastova amierkavkasia.

`darCnen ra Tvisi ZalRonis amarad, saqarTvelom da mas-

Tan erTad amierkavkasiam TviT idves Tavs sakuTari saqmeebis

gaZRola da patronoba da Sesaferi organoebic Sehqmnes,

magram gareSe ZalTa zegavleniT amierkavkasiis erTa Semaer-

Tebeli kavSiri dairRva da miT amierkavkasiis politikuri

mTlianobac daiSala.

`qarTveli eris dRevandeli mdgomareoba aucileblad

moiTxovs, rom saqarTvelom sakuTari saxelmwifoebrivi or-

ganizacia Sehqmnas, misi saSualebiT gareSe Zalis mier dapy-

31

robisagan Tavi gadairCinos da damoukidebeli ganviTarebis

mtkice safuZveli aagos.

`amisda Tanaxmad saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWo, 1917

wlis noembris 22-s arCeuli saqarTvelos erovnuli yrilo-

bis mier, dRes acxadebs:

1. amieridan saqarTvelos xalxi suverenul uflebaTa ma-

tarebelia da saqarTvelo sruluflebovani damoukidebeli

saxelmwifoa.

2. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos politikuri forma — de-

mokratiuli respublika.

3. saerTaSoriso omianobaSi saqarTvelo mudmivi neitra-

luri saxelmwifoa.

4. saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas surs saerTaSo-

riso urTierTobis yvela wevrTan keTilmezobluri ganwyo-

bileba daamyaros, gansakuTrebiT ki mosazRvre saxelmwifo-

ebTan da erebTan.

5. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika Tavis sazRvreb-

Si Tanasworad uzrunvelhyofs yvela moqalaqis samoqalaqo

da politikur uflebebs ganurCevlad erovnebisa, sarwmuno-

ebisa, socialur mdgomareobisa da sqesisa.

6. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika ganviTarebis

Tavisufal asparezs gauxsnis mis teritoriaze mosaxle yve-

la ers.

7. damfuZnebel krebis Sekrebamde mTelis saqarTvelos

marTva-gamgeobis saqmes uZRveba erovnuli sabWo, romelic

Sevsebuli iqneba erovnul umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebiT,

da droebiTi mTavroba pasuxismgebelia sabWos winaSe.

`saqarTveloSi~ moRvawe qarTvelma Jurnalistebma da

mwerlebma, udidesi wvlili Seitanes demokratiuli princi-

pebis damkvidrebaSi, gamoxatvis TavisuflebaSi. sagazeTo

publikaciebSi naTlad ikveTeba erTi mTavari principi: svla

CrdiloeTisken progress ar iZleva, maTi gezi dasavleTis-

32

kenaa mimarTuli. did evropasTan integracia ki politikur

cvlilebebTan erTad did Sinagan transformacias moiTxovs.

aris ki mzad saqarTvelo da TiToeuli moqalaqe Tavisi bedi

damoukideblad ganagos da misi wili pasuxismgebloba it-

virTos. isini ar iyvnen arsebuli reJimis mxolod dauZinebe-

li oponentebi, aramed qmnidnen im pozitiur Zalas, romelic

afuZnebda axal, mimzidvel alternativebs demokratiisa da

Tavisufali urTierTobebis saxiT da warmoadgenda evro-

pul struqturebTan kavSiris iniciators.

grigol robaqiZe

1917-1918 wlebSi grigol robaqiZe `saqarTvelos~ aqti-

uri avtoria da erovnul-demokratiuli partiis mimarTu-

lebas uWers mxars. gazeTis furclebze igi mTeli simZafriT

iwyebs `evropeizebuli~ kulturis warmoCenasa da reklami-

rebas. XX saukune saqarTvelos istoriaSi mniSvnelovani

uReltexiliT daiwyo, rac modernizmis ideologma grigol

robaqiZem qarTuli renesansis Casaxvad Seafasa: `mistiuri

simbolo qarTuli renesansis Casaxvis wiwamuris velia: qar-

Tvelma mohkla saqarTvelos mZlavri mxedari, xolo sis-

xliT Seferils xels ro daxeda, mkvlelma saqarTvelos saxe

dainaxa. ilia WavWavaZe msxverplia, Seucnoblad Sewiruli

saqarTvelos sayofelo saxis xilvisTvis. da marTlac: `mgo-

ni, arasodes ise mZafrad ar ugrZvnia qarTvels saqarTvelo,

rogorc am tragikul wams... qarTvelma igrZno saqarTvelo

da am grZnobidan isaxeba qarTuli renesansi~(95).

grigol robaqiZis dakvirvebiT, sxvadasxva Semosevebi,

monRoluri, arab-sparsuli, bizantiuri Tu rusuli, `met-

xorcad miekra~ qarTul kulturas da qarTuli renesansis

winaaRmdeg aRimarTa.

gr. robaqiZes eWvi ar epareba, rom saqarTvelo gaTavi-

33

sufldeba, gaerTiandeba da gamTliandeba. miuxedavad imisa,

rom qarTvelebi ufro impulsis xalxia, vidre grZnobis, ma-

inc swams, rom namdvili da Rrma grZnoba sxvagvar Semoqmede-

bas gaaRviZebs saqarTveloSi. `grZnoba ukanasknels wveTam-

de, — ai ra aris CvenTvis Tavi da Tavi. gansakuTrebiT axla,

qarTvelma unda igrZnos rainduli SemoqmedebiT saqarTve-

lo. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi ayvavildeba qarTuli renesansi.

aseT grZnobas, xan da xan mistiurobamde ayvanils, vera siZ-

nele ver gadaeRobeba win; igi yovels zRudes gadalaxavs,

gansakuTrebiT es hmarTebs qarTvel xelovans: igi Tanve ra-

indic unda iyos sulieri, rom mTeli qarTveloba amoswuros

mis istoriulobaSi da gamohkveTos misgan namdvili qarTu-

li stili~ (iqve).

`namdvili qarTuli stilis~ damkvidreba — grigol roba-

qiZis `saqarTvelos~ periodis mTavari kredoa. `nurca gonia

vinmes viTom damblis niSnebi iyos Cveni sxeulis xerxemalSi.

mankiersa da xinjians Cvensas Cvenve SevaCvenebT. arc sikvdi-

lis gveSinia, Tu raindulad xmalSi gagviwvies. SesaZloa,

`sisxlis gamoSveba~ gvWirdebodes: didi xania, rac aris da-

gubebuli. magram Tu gamouSves — qarTveli xmali maSin mzis

tevrebSi aprialdeba~(105).

sikvdilisa da `mravalJamieris~ Temas grigol robaqiZe

`saqarTvelos~ ramdenime nomerSi gamoqveynebuli werilebis

seriaSi gvTavazobs: `dionisos kulti da saqarTvelo~. sa-

qarTvelos istoria dionisuri misteriaa: `sikvdili da si-

cocxle, gaqroba da aRdgena — mgoni, Cvenze ufro mkveTrad

sxva xalxs ar ganucdia~, — wers igi(93).

saqarTvelo-evropa-azia — ase daiwyo robaqiZiseuli

kulturaTa uReltexili (36). aqvea ruseTic, romelic in-

stiqtebis anarqiiTaa moculi, sadac ar aris araviTari sim-

tkice: arc azris, arc rwmenis, arc idealis, arc zneobis. es

mware sinamdvile CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken moiwevs:

34

`mTeli ruseTis cxovreba im magidas mogvagonebs, saca baqqa-

ras TamaSoben. ramdenad ufro Zlierdeba es TamaSi, imdenad

ufro simZrafiT imarTeba `SemTxveva~, mTeli energia kul-

turisa, pirovnebaSi Tavmoyrili ingreva da ibneva, moTamaSe

aTaswlobiT ukan ixevs da biologiurs saSinelebas uaxlov-

deba, iRviZebs masSi namdvili `mxeci~, xolo ramdenad ufro

mZvinvardeba es saSineli `mxeci~ moTamaSeSi, imdenad ufro

Zlierdeba ukanasknelSi TamaSis Jini: `SemTxvevis~ gamowveva,

`bedis~ SebrZoleba...~ (76).

mwerali `saqarTvelos~ mkiTxvels da mTel sazogadoe-

bas piradi talantis gamosavlenad mouwodebs, mxolod dawe-

rili programebi gzas ver gvapovninebs. `Tu mogebuli ver

gamovalT, Tavs mainc gadavirCenT~, —ambobs igi.

`anarqiis stiqioni~ ki CrdiloeTSia, rac saqarTvelos

gaTavisuflebas xels uSlis. n. berdiaevis debulebaa, rom

`ruseTis istoriis gul-neba apokalipsia, misi suli mimar-

Tulia absoluturisa da ukanasknelisken. realitikursa da

saSvaloSi igi piriqiT, sustia da umweo...~ v. ivanovis azriT:

`ruseTis xalxs, naxevrad Tavxeduri da naxevrad bundistu-

ri Secnoba axasiaTebs. ruseTis suls swyuria mxolod uTuo

ram, saTuos ki gverds uxvevs yovelTvis~(91).

dostoevskis sityvebia, rom `rusis xalxs uyvars pirRia

ufskrulTan TamaSi~, rac saTavea ruseTis tragediis. abso-

lutizmisaken da `uTuosken~ swrafvaSi ruseTma Tavisi suli

daadgina. Zveli tragikosebisa da Seqspirisagan gansxvave-

biT, dostoevskim danaSaulis problema sxvagvarad wamoaye-

na. es tradiciebi andrei belim ganagrZo. Tu absoluturis

ZiebaSi da apokalipsuri sulis damyarebaSi ruseTma vaJka-

curi Zala gamoiCina, `saSualos SeqmnaSi~ susti aRmoCnda.

didi TviTmpyrobelobidan did anarqiaSi gadavarda. `misi

suli exla mxolod qaosis frTebze qanaobs~ (iqve).

ruseTis Tema sakmaod farTodaa gaSlili grigol roba-

35

qiZis werilebSi. bolSevikebis ajanyebidan dawyebuli esere-

bis partiiT damTavrebuli, avtori exeba da ganixilavs yve-

lafers, rac ki qarTul sinamdvilesTan kavSirSia. ruseTis

sulieri ganwyoba — politikur gadawyvetilebamde `saqar-

Tvelos~ ganxilvis Temaa. amitom gr. robaqiZe sxva mwerleb-

Tan erTad gviCvenebs, erTi mxriv, dostoevskisa da andrei

belis ruseTs da, meore mxriv, anarqistebis xelSi myofs. es

ori ruseTi yovelTvis winaaRmdegobaSi modioda erTmaneT-

Tan, an erTmaneTs avsebda.

`rusi dabadebiT `bolSevikia~. ramdenadac es maqsima-

lizmi sulis manifestaciaSi cnaurdeba, imdenad rusis eri

niWieria da Zlieri. magram kultura marto sulis cnauro-

biT ar aris: igi nivTTa da socialur nakvTTa Semoqmedebaa...

rusi gvagonebs im adamians, romelmac avtomobili uarhyo,

mxolod misTvis, rom haeroplani ar SesTavazes, da axla ur-

miT mixoxavs. es magaliTi, mgoni, amoswuravs ruseTis umweo-

bas saxelmwifo SemoqmedebaSi. ruseTi dRes anarqiulia da

qaosis frTebiT ufskrulis piras dafrinavs. Zlier saeWvoa

gamarjvebuli gamovides am saSineli gansacdelidan~(91).

maSindeli ruseTis sam faqtors gamohyofs mwerali: ka-

deturs (burJuaziuli demokratia), bolSevikurs (socia-

listurs) da menSevikurs. yvelaze Zalismierad am elemen-

tebSi bolSevikuri miaCnia da Tan afrTxilebs qarTvel sa-

zogadoebas: `nu viqnebiT ubralo morCilni im fantaziebisa,

raic petrogradis nislSi moelandaT. Cven Cveni sakuTari

gza gvaqvs da vecadoT Zalebis Semokrebas, rom revoluciaSi

Sobili erovnuli ganTavisuflebis gza anarqiiT ar movis-

poT~(92).

revoluciis Semdeg peterburgi misTvis `fantasmebis qa-

laqad iqca~, yoveli dRe iq raRac axali zmaneba ibadeba da am

zmanebiT undaT ara marto ruseTis, aramed mTeli samyaros

gardaqmna. am wadilSi uTuod aris erTgvari fsixozi, ruse-

36

Tis sulis qaosiT naSobi, sinamdvilis grZnobis dakargva da

socialuri fantaziis cieb-cxeleba~(iqve). aseTia robaqiZis-

Tvis peterburgi, `Waobis nislebisgan Sobili qalaqi~. petre

didma peterburgiT `ruseTis stiqioni~ gamokvera. peter-

burgi ki dostoevskis gareSe warmoudgenelia.

gr. robaqiZisTvis socialistur ideals yalbi safuZve-

li aqvs. erovnul-demokratiuli partia yvelaze erovnul

Zalad miaCnia. dasavluri kulturac misTvis imitom aris

mimzidveli, rom adamianis `me~ metad ikveTeba. dasavlur

cnobierebaSi gabatonebulia individualisturi momenti.

`Tu gind aTasma bogdanovebma gvimtkicos, rom warmoebis

gansazogadoebasTan erTad viTom adamianis fsiqikac ganzo-

gaddes da aRar iqnes `Sen~, `me~, `is~ da iqmnes mxolod upiro-

bo `Cven~, klasikur pasuxad darCeba yoveli socialistis mi-

marT klemansos sityva Joresisadmi: Tqveni koncepcia erT

muxlSi scdunebs: adamiani, romelic dagWirdebaT Tqveni

ideis gansaxorcieleblad, jer ar arsebobs, Tu gind Tqveni

Teoria kidec ganxorcieldes~... (102).

`me~ ar unda gardaiqmnas `Cven~-ad! aseTi saswaulis gri-

gol robaqiZes ar sjera. erovnul-demokratiuli partiis

ideali ufro marTebulad miaCnia da, amdenad, ar sWirdeba

socialuri saswauli. misi mTavari sagani iseTi pirobebis

Seqmnaa, sadac yovel individs SeeZleba gamoamJRavnos da ga-

namtkicos individualuri potenciuri simdidre. individua-

luri Tavisufleba — socialuri idealis mizania.

gr. robaqiZisTvis socializmis fsiqologiiT saxelmwi-

fos marTva SeuZlebelia. qarTuli social-demokratiis ak-

vans guriaSi moiazrebs. `ingoroyva-ninoSvili, noe Jordania,

maxaraZeebi — oTxi ramiSvili, cincaZeebi, lomTaTiZe, sili-

bistro jiblaZe, benia CxikviSvili, doliZeebi~... es gr. roba-

qiZis arasruli CamonaTvalia werilidan `guria da socializ-

mi~ (97). werils guriis xatovani bunebis aRweriT iwyebs.

37

guriis mxatvruli dasuraTxatebis Semdeg avtori poli-

tikuri datvirTvis Strixebze gadadis. misTvis ucnauria,

rogor Tavsdeba aseT bunebaSi socializmisaTvis mzaoba.

Tumca, gurulebi socialisturi samoseliT gveCvenebian, ma-

Ti fsiqika mainc aznaurulia: `yvelaferi SeiZleba amoSa-

loT gurulSi, magram `warCinebulobis~, `rCeulobis~

grZnobas maTSi veravin amoSlis: gurulis siamaye — `paTosia

manZilis~ (igulisxmeba: `Cemsa~ da `sxvebs~ Soris) (iqve).

gazeT `saqarTvelos~ furclebze grigol robaqiZem ara-

erTi saintereso werili uZRvna cnobil qarTvel moRvawe-

ebs, mwerlebsa da istoriul gmirebs. misi araCveulebrivi

esse `Tamar!~ `saqarTveloSi~ daibeWda damoukideblobis ga-

mocxadebamde ramdenime dRiT adre. Tamar mefe, besiki, aleq-

sandre WavWavaZe, giorgi SarvaSiZe, arCil jorjaZe, tician

tabiZe, niko firosmani da sxv. grigol robaqiZis `saqarTve-

los~ periodis Semoqmedebis mTavari gmirebi arian. maTi gax-

seneba ki erT mTavar mizans emsaxureba — erovnul ideas, Ta-

visuflebas, rogorc individualizmis arssa da fundaments.

Tamaris saxeli idumalia qarTvelTa warmodgenaSi. es sa-

xeli aerTianebda eris sxeulis gawyvetil suls. Tamari qar-

Tuli sulis gamaerTianebeli maradiuli sawyisi, RvTaebrivi

aRmafrenaa, rac Seucnoblad, `uxilavad~ aerTianebs saqar-

Tvelos erovnul, istoriul rkals. Tamar mefis pirovneba

`jadosnuri Zalis nakadulia, romlis Zliereba Znelad gad-

mosacemi da gadauTargmnelia~.

Tamaris RvTaeba da Tamaris epoqa dResac asxivebs saqar-

Tvelos istorias. XII saukune kulturuli Tu politikuri

mniSvnelobiT miuwvdomeli rCeba aqamde. es is rainduli sa-

qarTveloa, romelic ase Zalian enatreba grigol robaqiZes

26 maisis damoukideblobamde cota xniT adre, Tamaris xsene-

bis dReebSi. amitomac simboluria misi wvdoma XII saukunis

RvTaebasTan, romlis jadosnuri Zalis gasaRebs mis `marad-

38

qalwul~ bunebaSi poulobs: `Tamar qalwuli iyo bunebiT da

mTeli misi arsi naTel WurWels warmoadgenda RvTiurobis

nakadisTvis, swored marad qalwulobis sxiviT iqca Tamari

TvalismomWrel legendad~(118). Tamari robaqiZisTvis `TeT-

rgula lotosia~. `lotosi~, igive wylis SroSani, qristianu-

li xedviT, siwmindis simboloa da mefe-qalis, viTarca qal-

RmerTis, sispetakeze miuTiTebs.

`rainduli saqarTvelos~ Temis gagrZelebaa grigol ro-

baqiZis narkvevi `aleqsandre WavWavaZe~. aleqsandre WavWava-

Ze is adamiania, romelSic samive saxis aristokratoba iyrida

Tavs — `gvareuli, biologiuri da sulieri... igi namdvili

dendi iyo qarTul-aRmosavleTuri dardimandobiT~...

al. WavWavaZes gr. robaqiZe besikis memkvidres uwodebs.

man sparsulTan erTad qarTul poeziaSi evropulic Semoi-

tana da daamkvidra. Tumca, besiki aRmosavleTis Svilia. is

saleqso teqnika, rac besikma ganaviTara, robaqiZis dakvirve-

biT, erTi saukunis Semdeg frangma simbolistebma principad

aiRes. es ki mwerals srul uflebas aZlevs, rom besikSi aRmo-

savleTis macocxlebelica da Tanamedrove evropeli poe-

tic dainaxos.

qarTuli leqsis principebs miuZRvna grigol robaqiZem

araerTi literaturul-mxatvruli kvleva gazeT `saqarTve-

los~ furclebze. ra aris `samkauli~, ritmi da riTma? vin

ufro virtuozia — griSaSvili Tu tabiZe? ra aris qarTuli

sonetis nakli da mSveneba? — gr. robaqiZis mTavari sakamaTo

Temebia.

`rainduli saqarTvelos~ Temas ganagrZobs grigol ro-

baqiZe literaturul narkvevSi `giorgi SarvaSiZe~(104), ro-

melic man qarTveli raindis gardacvalebas miuZRvna.

`cxenosani namdvili mxedari: moxdenili jdoma, — TiTqo

mbrZanebeli mgrZnobiare cxovelis, magram TiTqo mas Zalas

arc ki atans, — marjve dakaveba sadavis, xolo, siarulia Ta-

39

visufali, — ritmiT miSveba cxenis siarulis, garna arc Tu

ZarRvebdaWimuloba mxedris: yoveli, rac rom samxedro ji-

Sis memkvidreobiT gadaucia adamianisTvis. gamaxsenda arCil

jorjaZis sityva: qarTveli beletristisTvis isic aris sak-

mao, rom romelime abxazis cxenosnoba asweroso.

gadmoxta, gavicani: `giorgi SarvaSiZe, Svili abxazeTis

ukanaskneli mTavrisa~ (iqve).

mwerals moswons am moxdenili da ganaTlebuli vaJkacis

mTavari unari — Tavisuflebis SegrZneba da aucilebloba.

`araviTari kompromisi, sruli Tavisufleba~ — es sityvebi

SarvaSiZis msgavsi raindebisgan ufro mniSvnelovania da ami-

tomac gansakuTrebiT aJRerebulia igi qarTveli mwerlis

narkvevSi.

aseTive Tbili da saintereso aRwera miuZRvna man kita

abaSiZes (99). misTvis warmoudgenelia Zlieri saqarTvelo

Zlieri da SemoqmedebiTi qarTvelebis gareSe. kitasTan Sex-

vedrebi iseTive paTosis da emociis matarebelia, rogorc

arCil jorjaZesTan audiencia. mwerali maSin estumra sazo-

gado moRvawes, roca arCil jorjaZe mZime seniT iyo daava-

debuli. yvela drois, yvela Taobis adamianebis fiqri erTi

sakiTxis irgvliv trialebda, ra moxdeba xval? ra moelis sa-

qarTvelos? qarTveli Semoqmedi mudmivad idga SiSnarevi

alternativis winaSe: `an exla an arasodes!~ saqarTvelos Ta-

visufleba ar iyo Sors, magram mteri iyo Zlieri. es ki gar-

kveulwilad Trgunavda yvelas, miuxedavad maTi mxridan su-

lieri udrekelobisa da samSoblosadmi Tavganwirvis demon-

strirebisa. `Sevedi. wevs. sicxe aqvs neli. Camovarda lapara-

ki `wyeul sakiTxebze~, uecrad warmosTqva: Tu piradi ukvda-

veba ar arsebobs, im SemTxvevaSi sisulelea yvelaferi, — si-

sulelea saqarTvelos Tavisuflebac. gavkvirdi Zlier. Se-

saZloa, es mxolod erTi amoZaxili iyo mis sulSi warmoebu-

li brZolisa, saintereso iyo aq ara es dabejiTebiTi mtkice-

40

ba: ara: aq iyo sulis wamebis amoTqma, romelic rCeulTa

xvedria (yvelaferi gadaWrili mxolod idiotebisTvis Tu

arsebobs). SesamCnevi iyo aq saqarTvelos moyvana: Tuki yve-

laferi sisulelea, maSin rasakvirvelia saqarTvelos sisu-

lelec igulisxmeba da misi dasaxeleba saWiro ar aris, — mag-

ram aq albaT sillogizmis Camosxmas misi suli ar eZebda: sa-

Sinels gadawyvetaSi pirveladve yvelaze ufro sayvarelma

arsebam ielva mis fiqrSi, — da es sayvareli arseba misTvis

xom saqarTvelo iyo~ (110).

`sayvareli arsebis~ damoukideblobis dRes verc arCil

jorjaZe moeswro, verc kita abaSiZe da verc giorgi SarvaSi-

Ze. Tumca, 26 maisi, rogorc Tavisuflebis dResaswauli, maT-

ma rwmenam da brZolam moitana.

`cremlebis Rvrisa da qviTinis paTetika damRupvelia

qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebisTvis~, — werda arCil jor-

jaZe (73), romelmac grigol robaqiZes qarTul literatura-

Si dasamkvidreblad erTgvari dasturi misca. 10-iani wlebi-

dan qarTuli literaturis ganaxlebisa da evropeizaciis

procesi daiwyo, saidanac qarTuli modernizmis istoriac

aiTvala. axleburi azrovneba da axleburi xedva literatu-

raSi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis paralelizmSi mimdinareob-

da. novatorebisTvis ki Tavisuflebis idea umTavresi muza

iyo axali Sedevrebis Sesaqmnelad. arCil jorjaZe grigol

robaqiZes `axleburi azrovnebis~ Semomtanad miiCnevs: `gri-

gol robaqiZe, adamiani niWiT dajildovebuli, xolo amasTan

imgvari tipisa, romelic dRemde gamoucnobi rCeba qarTveli

sazogadoebisaTvis, gamoucnobeli mistikuri filosofiis

wyalobiT, romelsac aRiarebs igi da romelic Cveni sazoga-

doebisTvis sruliad axali da dRemde TiTqmis ucnob movle-

nad CaiTvleba~ (iqve).

`saqarTvelos~ periodi robaqiZis axleburi azrovnebis

realizaciis periodia. individualuri Tavisufleba, stere-

41

otipebis mZime tvirTis daZleva, kriticizmis damkvidreba,

azrisa da ideebis pluralizmi, warsulis gaanalizeba ara

imisTvis, rom mas mivejaWvoT, aramed axleburad SevafasoT

da gadavafasoT, sruli reformacia da cvlilebebi — aseTia

grigol robaqiZe gazeT `saqarTvelos~ furclebze.

tician tabiZe

1917-1918 wlebis gazeT `saqarTveloSi~ aqtiurad moRva-

weobs tician tabiZe. gazeTSi ibeWdeba misi leqsebi, litera-

turuli narkvevebi, publicisturi werilebi. sagazeTo ko-

respondenciebs ticiani specialurad `saqarTvelosTvis~

moskovidanac agzavnis. swored iq, moskovSi wers metad mniS-

vnelovan werils ruseTis Tebervlis revoluciaze, sadac

xazs usvams ruseTis erTferovnebasa da gasaocar unars is-

toriuli faqtebis gayalbebis Sesaxeb. Zieba da lodini axa-

li, ufro liberaluri ruseTisa aisaxa ticianis literatu-

rul-publicistur werilebSi. `ruseTi yovelTvis iyo ra-

Rac gamourkvevlobis mistiur SiSis nislSi. yvela ucxoeli,

visac gauvlia am qveyanaSi, scdilobs misces ruseTs zRapru-

li ieri. rasakvirvelia, ruseTi moklebulia zRapris im

brwyinvas, romlis sxiviT anaTebs Zveli arabuli stili. aq

ar aris siWrele saxeebis, saRebavebis kivili, magram mudam

mosawyeni Tovlis udabno velebi CrdiloeTis ganaTebiT da

mkvidris xalxiT aRadgens xsovnaSi da damatebiT xatavs is-

toriis fragmentebs skviTebis gadasul yofidan, romelsac

emateba monRoluri niaRvris nawveTebi. Tu sazogadod mesi-

anizmi xelovnuri SerCevaa saRebavebis da xandisxan gul-

wrfeli gayalbeba istoriuli faqtebisa, ruseTis mesianizms

am SemTxvevaSic upiratesoba aqvs~ (84).

ticiani ironiulad wers, rom ise arsad ar daaxloebia

istoria zRapars, rogorc ruseTSi. arc gasakvirad miaCnia,

42

rom `evropelebisTvis ruseTi erTi ulamazesi sfinqsia, mok-

lebuli saidumloebis im poezias, romelic egviptelebma da-

marxes TavisTavTan~(iqve).

ticiani fiqrobs, rom ruseTi TviTon rusebisTvisaa amo-

cana. `skviTuri daJinebiT cdilobs rusi mwerali Cawvdes

mis siRrmes da gaanaTos mRvrie suli... magram aq meordeba

Zveli da mtanjveli ambavi, roca ufskrulSi Caxedav, uf-

skrulic Segxedavs TvalebSi. am ufskrulis sabediswero Se-

xedviT arian gagiJebulni, visac bevri ufiqria ruseTze.

petre Caadaevs ver uSvela fxizelma Wkuam da frangulma

skepticizmma, sigiJiT gaaTaves gogolma, dostoevskim da

Cvens Tvalwin amTavrebs am cikls andrei beli, romelmac

omis win iwinaswarmetyvela dRevandeli ambebi. `Tujis mxe-

dari~ iqca axali ruseTis simbolod~ (iqve).

tician tabiZe grZnobs, rom ruseTSi katastrofas ise

moelian, `rogorc Ramis Semdeg dRes~. Tebervlis revolu-

ciis kraxi TandaTan bolSevikuri oqtombris revoluciis

aCrdils aaxloebda. ruseTs gamocdis periodi edga, rasac

qarTveli poetic suliT xorcamde ganicdida, radgan icoda,

rom moskovSi dawyebuli procesebi saqarTvelos bedTan iyo

dakavSirebuli. didi interesiT akvirdeboda axali ruseTis

dabadebas da safrangeTis komunis dReebs ixsenebda. safran-

geTis revoluciebs ticiani araerTxel igonebs Tavis weri-

lebSi, maSinac ki, roca igi qarTvel mwerlebs Ria baraTiT

mimarTavs (84) da mouwodebs, aiRon frangi poetebis, mwerle-

bisa da mxatvrebis magaliTi. samasze metma yvelaze niWierma

frangma Semoqmedma Tavisi sicocxle revoluciebSi galia

da safrangeTSic SeeCvivnen azrs, rom 50 weli iqneboda sam-

werlo krizisi.

ticiani eris saxeliT saubris uflebas mwerlis saRvTo

movaleobad Tvlis da qarTvel mwerlebs brZolisa da dau-

morCileblobisaken mouwodebs (64). ticianis SeZaxili sakma-

43

od omaxiania da revoluciuri. Tavisufleba — ai, mizani,

romliskenac TiToeuli qarTveli mwerali unda miiwevdes.

`dRevandelma sastikma omma gamoaCina, rom ar ari sityva uf-

ro wminda da Zvirfasi, rogorc sityva `samSoblo~... monoba-

Si dabadebul da aRzrdil qarTvelebs gveZleva dRes saSua-

leba gavimeoroT winaTqma, romliTac mematiane iwyebs `qar-

Tlis cxovrebas~ da romelsac grZel istoriul cxovrebaSi

amarTlebda qarTveli eri.

— aravis veymoT, arc vemonoT gareSe RvTisa dambadeblisa...

Tavisufali da bednieri saqarTvelo Cven SegvaerTebs~ (85).

ufskrulis Temas kidev ufro aviTarebs tician tabiZe

Tavis literaturul werilSi, romelic man andrei belisa da

`peterburgs~ miuZRvna. `ramdenime dRis win andrei belim Ta-

namedrove cxovreba Seadara im matarebels, romelsac gau-

giJda memanqane da ufskrulisken SeuCerebliv mihqris... zog

mgzavrs es ver SeumCnevia, magram zogi ixedeba fanjaraSi, da

giJdeba SiSiT, fanjaraSi mohqris aryofnis qari da sdgas ko-

rianteli saSineli. iman ukanaskneli Semoqmedebis Jestad mi-

iCnia gagiJebuli gogolis buxarSi dawva Tavis sulis

`mkvdar sulebTan~ erTad.

SeiZleba es daskvna iyos marTla ruseTis sulis?

andrei belim miiCnia is efemerobad. aq iman gaimeora

dostoevski, mxolod, rogorc darwmunebuls slavianofils,

dostoevskis ruseTis sjeroda. andrei belim ruseTic miiC-

nia efemerobad, es daskvnaa misi wignis... Zalian tragikulia,

es wigni danacrebuli Segnebis~ (89).

ticiani SeZrulia andrei belis tragizmiT savse ganwyo-

bilebis gamo. ruseTSi mcxovrebi mwerlebis uimedo mdgoma-

reoba ticiansac uimedod ganawyobs da qarTvelebs sifrTxi-

lisken mouwodebs.

`mtrisgan yoveli mxriv garemoculi ruseTi miagavs ajan-

yebul garnizons, romelic SiSisagan da SimSilisagan garete-

44

buli mirbis ukve gaRebuli WiSkrebidan da mterTan Sesaxved-

rad gamzadebuli razmebi erTi-meores esevian da mospobas

upiroben... petrograds ukve asdis `damwvari xaxvis~ suni, ro-

gorc erTxel garemocul parizze ambobda bismarki~ (94).

sagazeTo statiaSi `wina azia~ ticiani saqarTvelos arCe-

vanze msjelobs. misi dafiqreba pirveli erovnuli krebis Sem-

deg daiwyo da lazTa saero yrilobas gadaswvda, romlis

Sesaxeb cnobebi bizantiel mwerals agaTia sqolastikoss Se-

mounaxavs. mefe aieti momxre iyo sparselebis orientaciis,

magram krebaze sityva moiTxova moxucma fartazma, romelmac

upiratesoba misca Zvel mokavSire bizantielebs, radgan isini

kulturulad aRmatebulni iyvnen sparseTze da Tan erTi re-

ligiisani. àm istoriul ofortSi gasaocaria sityvis Zala da

oratoruli figurebi... am ofortSi iSleba mTeli istoria

qarTvelTa eris, mudmivi Zieba axali orientaciis, roca damo-

ukidebeli cxovrebis SesaZleblobis imedi ar iyo. ase udgaT

sakiTxi saqarTvelos ukanasknel mefes da mis kanclers so-

lomon leoniZes~ (96).

saqarTvelos pirvel saerTo yrilobazec ase daayena sa-

kiTxi noe Jordaniam. ticiani Tavs ikavebs sakiTxi politiku-

rad daayenos da saerTo kulturuli TvalTaxedvidan api-

rebs gamosavlis povnas, romelsac igi mainc politikur ga-

dawyvetilebamde mihyavs. tician tabiZisTvis mTavari kvanZi

dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis dapirispirebaSia. ès maniake-

bi revoluciisa sakmaod Tanamedrove (barbarosebi) arian

amisaTvis da udidesi galiucinati Cveni dReebis leninis-

Tvis revoluciur paroqsizmSi uaxlovdeba nacnob saxeebs

rusul xlistebisas... ruseTSi ukve gadawyda evropis da ru-

seTis damoukideblobis bedi. ìs `patara fanjara~, romelic

ruseTma gamosWra evropisaken, ar iZleoda sakmao sxivebs,

maSinac, roca gaRebuli iyo. da Cven mudam vikvebebodiT im

surogatiT, romelic ruseTidan mogvqonda~ (iqve).

45

`saqarTvelo warsulSi wina aziis gaRebuli kari iyo.

bevri sxvadasxva kulturis gavlenam ver moSala damoukide-

beli Semoqmedeba. eri daRupulia, Tu imas ara aqvs sakuTari

orientacia da Tavisi Semoqmedebis imedi. Tqma ar unda, `na-

Teli aRmosavleTiT~ xSirad dabnelebula. `CrdiloeTis ga-

naTeba~ poliusis siciveSi hqreba, Cven veliT sakuTar mzes,

sakuTar naTels~(iqve).

ticiani ioane kesarielis xvlikis analogias iSveliebs,

romelsac kbilebi dascvivda da 100 welia mRvimeSi sZinavs,

xolo mzeze gamosuli axalgazrdavdeba. saqarTveloc asi

welia damwyvdeulia mRvimeSi da `kbilebic dascvivda, magram

axal mzeSi isic axalgazrdavdeba~, am gaaxalgazrdavebas ki

bevri resursi sWirdeba. maT Soris pirveli jaris reorgani-

zaciaa, — Tvlis tician tabiZe (128). susti jari menSevikebis

udides naklad miaCnia. wiTeli konduqtorebisagan Sedge-

nilma wiTelma gvardiam baTumi damarcxebamde miiyvana.

poetis azriT, menSevikebi ar swyaloben arc xelovnebas.

revoluciis dawyebidan saqarTveloSi wigni ar gamosula. Tu

ruseTSi lunaCarski maiakovskisTan erTad muSebs leqciebs

ukiTxavs, menSevikebis propagandistebi modernist poets poe-

ziis saRamos mowyobas ukrZalaven... xalxi mocdebao(130).

`arasdros ar yofila aseT mdgomareobaSi qarTveli mwer-

lebi da artistebi, rogorc dRes, uamravi fuli ixarjeba sub-

sidiebis saxiT sxvadasxva saqmeebze da xelovnebaze araferi.

qarTuli parlamenti menSevikebis davalebiT aTi-aTass maneTs

aZlevs amierkavkasiis universitets da qarTuli universite-

tisTvis ki imarTeba latarea, uniWoebs eZaxian qarTvel profe-

sorebs... saswauliT ukan davibruneT javaxeTi, imedi aris ba-

Tumic davibrunoT, magram rogor dabrundes mwerloba, rome-

lic gaaZeves menSevikebma saqarTvelodan, radgan TavianT wre-

Si ara yavT xalxi, romelTac hqondeT Taosnoba da niWi ramis

garigebis, sxvebs ki keTrovaniviT ar ikareben~(iqve).

46

es `sxvebi~, visac menSevikebi ar ikareben, swored is Zalaa,

romelsac arsebobis udides Tvisebad eris Rirseba miaCnda,

qarTveli eris didi potencialis ideas TavgamodebiT icav-

da. simbolisti tician tabiZe Zalian mkveTri iyo procesebis

SefasebaSi. Rrma analiziT gamoirCeva misi werilebi. erov-

nuli yofis problemebi da literaturuli cxovrebis ganax-

lebis aucilebloba — es ticianis TviTmizania. tician tabi-

Zis dokumenturi narkvevebi, literaturuli werilebi da

socialur-politikuri Sexedulebebi gaJRenTilia samSob-

los sevdiT, erovnuli Tavisuflebisa da TavisTavadobis

ideiT. `cisferyanwelebi~ ambiciurad Semovidnen qarTul

literaturaSi, sakuTari idealebi da individualuri paTo-

si Semoitanes.

ticians did pativs scemda grigol robaqiZe da leqsic

(`pani~) miuZRvna, romelic gazeT `saqarTveloSi~ gamoqveynda.

pani berZnul miTologiaSi mwyemsebis mfarveli RmerTia. leq-

si simboluria da literaturul asparezze arsebul Widils

ukavSirdeba. rogorc panis gamoCenam

~mTebze kecili aTasTvali ferTa xaliCa

aafriala sadroSed, ahkra, `gaxliCa~,

ise gaapo literaturuli siCume `cisferyanwelTa~ gamoCe-

nam da mkveTri individualizmi da Tavisufleba Semoitana:

`SrialiT, TareSiT,

Sig gadaveSviT...

aiwva wyali, asxlta taniT: gvaxrCobs — acofda,

ha, CaviZireT, —

TavmokveTili dasisxluli mze barbacobda~ (100).

1917-1918 wlebi saintereso periodia tician tabiZis Se-

moqmedebaSi. ilias da akakis Semdeg, me-20 saukuneSi, mxolod

ramdenime poetma Tu SeZlo sakuTari didi gancdiT, didi aR-

tacebiT, axleburad moetana qarTveli mkiTxvelisTvis es

grZnoba:

47

`davbadebulvar, rom viyo mona

da saqarTvelos medgas uReli~(50).

giorgi leoniZe

gazeT `saqarTvelos~ furclebze aqtiurad TanamSrom-

lobs giorgi leoniZe Tavisi maRalmxatvruli literatu-

ruli narkvevebiTa da leqsebiT. `26 maisi~, `saqarTvelos

mze~, àrmazi~, àboboqrebuli aragvi~, `qarTli~ da bevri

sxva misi nawarmoebi amSvenebs gazeTis furclebs. avtori

`mzis gamoCenas~ da `naTel sxivebs~ sulmouTqmelad elode-

boda, gansakuTrebiT im dReebSi, roca saqarTvelos damou-

kideblobas dReebi da wuTebi aklda. gansxvavebiT misi me-

gobrebisgan, giorgi leoniZes didi imedebi ar daumyarebia

ruseTis revoluciaze: àndre Senie ityoda: `revolucia aq-

robs xelovnebis CiraRdanso~. es ki ruseTis revoluciazed

aris gamokveTili... mravalsaukunovani Zalaa dagrovili da

elis ayvavileba-afeTqebas. saqarTelos bneliT naTlisad

gasvla sul axlosaa. bedisweriT ivno saqarTvelo da dRes

mzevdeba TavisuflebiT, usaTuod sulic daubrundeba saku-

Tar sxeuls, rogorc nazamTari mercxali gazafxulidan sam-

Soblos.

ainTeba armazi...

ainTeba qarTuli suli...~ (90).

giorgi leoniZe wuxs imis gamo, rom ruseTis mier damo-

nebulma saqarTvelom èsTetiuri svindisic~ dakarga, ramac

samudamo dacemis simptomebi Seqmna. SemoqmedebiTi indivi-

dualizmi, rasac igi grigol robaqiZis msgavsad udides

mniSvnelobas aniWebs, `nestaniviT miemwyvda bnel dilegSi~

da Tu xarks adre mefeebi gaiRebdnen, axla mwerlebic maT

ricxvSia. misTvis miuRebelia yvela is xelovani, vinc `ruse-

TiT daibnida~. igi qarTveli poetebisgan originalobas iTx-

48

ovs, gansakuTrebiT, Ziebis survils.

giorgi leoniZis àragvielni~ `saqarTvelom~ patara fe-

letonis rubrikiT dabeWda. gazeTi xSirad mimarTavda am

xerxs da cnobili avtorebis mniSvnelovan narkvevebs patara

feletonis `quds~ ukeTebda. àragvielni~ — literaturuli

SeZaxili da `niSnismogebiTi~ mzaobaa saqarTvelos dasaca-

vad. bolSevikebis revolucia ukve momxdaria, saqarTvelos

damoukideblobac gamocxadebulia, magram mteri ar isve-

nebs. giorgi leoniZe grZnobs mtris av zraxvebs da boboq-

robs. àragvi~ is amboxebuli sulia, romelsac verc erT

dros ver gatexen, romelic jiqur miemarTeba sawadelisken.

aragvis protestantuli suli ver egueba mtris survils —

saqarTvelo xelaxla daaCoqos.

`saqarTveloSi mxolod aragvis simReraa sxvanairi;

sevdismCqefi, neli, mimwuxri bibliuri tirili dakar-

gul samSobloze... aragvze meored hkvdeboda saqarTvelo,

roca igi kubos moacurebda da `mTebSi garboda bagratio-

ni~... mere Sav jvarTan mesamed mohkles saqarTvelo da roca

meoTxed moindomes misi sikvdili — `Zma aRsdga Zmazed~.

saqarTveloSi wleuls mravali samxedro asparezi aSiS-

vlda — àragvis asparezi~ ki, yvelas azrialebda... axla arag-

vze isev janyi ikrifeba, radganac wvimebis droa da es wvimebi

sisxlisa iqneba...

`terori dadis wiTeli CoxiT...~ (129).

wiTel terorTan sabrZolvelad giorgi leoniZe mzadaa,

òRondac ki mdevarma ikivlos~.

imave emociiTaa datvirTuli misi literaturuli Cana-

xati `qarTli~, romelic TeTri leqsis stils ufro mogvago-

nebs. `qameleoniT dakbenili SuadReebi~, `mzeSi nazeli udab-

noebi~, `gveliviT awivlebuli tramalebi~, `SxamiT amwvari

sivrce~ — es leoniZiseuli qarTlia. igi Sedarebebis virtu-

ozia. samSobloze Seyvarebuli poeti 26 maisis gamoZaxils

49

kidev ufro mZafrad gvawvdis:

`daviwyebuli aragvis wylebi gidgamen taxtebs keTrovan

CrdilTa siCumeSi; Sen gaxval warsul dReTa jiriTze da ar

ici, vin waiRebs Sen silamazes. mkerdi Seni vrcelia cxel ru-

SebSi da vin awivlebs Sen tuCebs... bedi Seni daakres qaris fa-

fars da saracini ukivis Sen sarecels...

iqneba Samqori da iqneba nuqardini...

xalifas droSiT ainTeba Seni qoxebi SiSiT mziralni sa-

fironiviT. Seni nazi qusli Casveldeba sisxlSi da Tvalwin

gagitareben droSiT jvarcmul mouravs.

mindvrebidan mova mTvrali suni da mruSi sunTqva Segiw-

vavs saxes~(132).

giorgi leoniZe sicocxlis, ganaxlebis motrfialea. mi-

si yoveli fraza qarTul sinamdvileSi Rrma wvdomis survi-

liTaa savse. bolomde inaCrunebs erovnuli siamayisa da

Rirsebis SegrZnebas. rutinuli atmosferos Sezanzareba da

mudmivi gamofxizleba — aseTi Zala aqvs giorgi leoniZis Ti-

Toeul frazasa da sityvas (28). misi mizani erovnuli meobis

amaRleba, TavisuflebisTvis brZola da gaerTianebaa. sxva

leqsebTan erTad `saqarTveloSi~ daibeWda `soneti qarTvel

husarebs!~ igi umReris maT, vinc saqarTvelos damoukideb-

loba unda moitanos(106).

sainteresoa giorgi leoniZis literaturul-kritikuli

werili qarTul modernizmsa da simbolistebze. werilSi

`promeTe~ da `aisi~(112) misi mxridan mcdelobaa daasabuTos

`cisferyanwelTa~ da simbolistTa adgilis mniSvneloba da

nakli qarTul literaturaSi. statia wminda literaturuli

kvlevaa, sadac leoniZes SeiZleba moedavo kidec, Tumca mis

mier moyvanili argumentebi sainteresoa specialistebis-

Tvis. Cemi Temis mTavari mizani ki aris simbolizmic 1917-

1918 ww. Tavisuflebis ideasTan mimarTebaSi ganvixilo. axa-

li qarTuli stili, romelic `cisferyanwelebma~ daamkvid-

50

res erTgvari protesti iyo arsebuli sinamdvilis winaaR-

mdeg da manifesti ufro maRali literaturuli gemovnebis

dasafuZneblad.

mixeil javaxiSvili

sainteresoa mixeil javaxiSvilis moRvaweoba gazeT

`saqarTvelos~ furclebze, sadac igi ZiriTadad fsevdoni-

mebiT werda. àli~, m.ad-li, m adamaSvili, m. a., m.j.— mixeil

javaxiSvilis fsevdonimebia (69). gazeTSi qarTveli mwerali

aqveynebda korespondenciebs saomari moqmedebebis Sesaxeb,

msjelobda fineTsa da saberZneTSi mimdinare procesebze,

germaniis politikasa da osmaleTis ganzraxvaze. òmis me-

oTxe weli~, `Cveni damfuZnebeli krebisaTvis~, àxali feo-

dalizmi~, `naadrevi sixaruli~, — sul ocdaTxuTmetamde we-

rili gamoaqveyna mixeil javaxiSvilma 1917-1918 wlebis `sa-

qarTveloSi~.

werilSi `Senic me da Cemic meo~ igi exmianeba `kavkazi

slovos~ 24 martis nomers somxeTis sakiTxebze. werilSi xaz-

gasmulia da naTlad Cans, Tu rogor araerTgvarovani damo-

kidebulebaa amierkavkasiis qveynebSi, gansxvavebiT baltiis-

pireTisa. `Tu somxeTi moiTxovs avtonomias — xeli moumar-

Tos, ratom uSlis xels igive xalxi meore ers — qarTvel ers

— ganaxorcielos da daamkvidros Tavisi ufleba Tavis isto-

riul teritoriaze? SevadaroT Zala am ori uflebisa. som-

xebma ufleba dahkarges eqvsis saukunis win, xolo qarTve-

lebma — erTi saukunis win; somxebi TavianT istoriul qveya-

naSi erT meoTxeds Seadgenen, qarTvelebi ki sam-meoTxeds;

osmaleTma daipyra somxeTi maxvilis uflebiT, saqarTvelo

pirobiT Seekra ruseTs da am pirobas exlac Zala aqvs~ (83).

mixeil javaxiSvils ver gaugia, somxeTis survili saqar-

Tvelos winaaRmdeg ratomaa mimarTuli. igi locavs somxebis

51

miswrafebas, oRond mouwodebs, rom saqarTvelos nu SeuS-

lian xels.

mwerlis yuradRebas iqcevs ruseTis politikuri gan-

zraxvebic. javaxiSvili fiqrobs, rom ruseTi rTul diplo-

matiur da strategiul qselSi gaeba. `pirvel xanebSi Tavi-

suflebiT damTvralma ruseTma TviTonve daijera Tvisi me-

sianoba. igi arwmunebda Tavis Tavsa da mTels qveyanas, rom

mze msoflio simarTlisa ruseTSi amovida da Tavisufali

ruseTi mianiWebs mTels kacobriobas im Tavisuflebas da im

mudmiv mSvidobas, romelsac daRlil-daqanculi msoflio

natrobs~ (69).

marTalia, socialisturma da demokratiulma evropam

gulwrfelad miuloca ruseTs ganTavisufleba, magram tax-

tebis dangrevaze uari uTxra. ruseTSi ukve sxva viTarebaa,

igi Tavis Tavis gadarCenas cdilobs. ruseTis daSlam ramde-

nime saxelmwifos aRmoceneba gamoiwvia. mixeil javaxiSvili

amitom wers: `saxelmwifosTvis da erisTvis ar arsebobs

umaRlesi da udidesi kanoni, Tvinier Tvisi fizikur arsebo-

bis dacvisa. advilad icavs da inaxavs Tavis Tavs is eri da is

saxelmwifo, romelic bunebriv CarCoSia moqceuli. udidesi

boroteba iqneba winaSe Cvenis erisa da misi momavlisa am bu-

nebriv CarCos darRveva mxolod imitom, rom mis ama Tu im

mcire kuTxeSi qarTveli umciresobas Seadgens. am mTlian

CarCo-sazRvrebis Sesaqmnelad Cvens winaprebs zRva sisxli

dauRvriaT da mravali Taoba misTvis SeuleviaT. da Tu exlan-

del Taobas ar dahkargvia idumali alRo Tavis dacvisa da

Segneba udidesi valdebulebisa winaSe momavalisa, igi neba-

yoflobiT ver gadauxvevs aTasi wlobiT gakaful gzas~ (69).

mixeil javaxiSvili gadamwyvet sityvas erovnul sabWos

uTmobs. igi darwmunebulia, rom Tu eri erobs, Tu mas SerCe-

nia sicocxlisa da ganviTarebis unari, igi Tavisas gaitans.

avtori Zlier samoqalaqo sazogadoebaze akeTebs aqcentebs

52

da darwmunebulia, rom demokratiuli reJimebi Zlieri samo-

qalaqo sazogadoebis gareSe ver miiRweva.

`saqarTveloSi~ moRvaweobiT mwerali gansxvavebuli am-

pluiT warmogvidgeba. igi saerTaSoriso politikis analizi-

Taa dakavebuli da saqarTvelos mdgomareobas saerTaSori-

so konteqstidan gamomdinare gvixsnis. mixeil javaxiSvils

ainteresebs yvelaferi, rac evropaSi, ruseTsa Tu aziaSi

xdeba. Tamamad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom mixeil javaxiSvilma

politikuri diskusiisa da msjelobis formebi daxvewa da am

mxrivac saintereso gaxda es periodi CvenTvis.

* * *

`saqarTvelos~ erT-erTi TvalsaCino avtoria Salva ami-

rejibi. igi iyo didi patrioti, poeti da erovnuli moRvawe.

is 1924 wlis SeTqmulebaSi monawileboda, ris gamoc iZule-

buli gaxda daetovebina samSoblo da emigraciaSi daesrule-

bina sicocxle. Salva amirejibi ruseTSi dawyebul proce-

sebs Tavidanve eWvis TvaliT uyurebda da varaudobda, rom

rasac ruseTi kakasiaSi dagegmavs, `SeuZlia cud avantiuraSi

CaiTrios kavkasiis rusi mosaxleoba~ (109). Salva amirejibi

sixaruliT gamoexmaura saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefali-

is aRdgena, Tumca qarTul samRvdeloebaze Tavisi mosazreba

hqonda. werilSi `avtokefalistebi~ vkiTxulobT: `yovel

`Tavisuflebas~ is Tviseba aqvs, romlis gagonebaze Sileris

rollers TaxTaxi mosdioda. ase xdeboda `yaCaRebis~ viwro

wreSi da me veravin damarwmunebs, rom revoluciis dros da

revolucioner demokratias sindisis Tavisufleba ar aT-

rTolebdes~(86). amirejibi udides mniSvnelobas aniWebs ek-

lesiis gaTavisuflebas da ambobs, rom gaTavisuflda qar-

Tuli kultura, qarTuli arqiteqtura, qarTuli mxatvroba,

xatebi, rogorc `umaRlesi nimuSni xelovnebisa da yoveli

53

wvrilmani nivTi, romelzedac istoriam xalxis Semoqmedeba

aRbeWda~ (iqve).

mwerali kiTxulobs, ra daemarTeboda miqelanjelos uk-

vdav qmnilebebs, da vinCis, rafaels da mTel italiur rene-

sanss, `romelmac Tavi eklesias Seafara — es eklesia rom

tyved waeyvana vinmes?!~ (iqve).

Salva amirejibs miaCnia, rom Tu eklesia Tavisufalia,

e.i. sulic gaTavisuflebulia. sulierad gaTavisuflebuli

xalxi ki ufro did qveyanas Seqmnis. sulis Tavisufleba ki is

citadelia, romelmac kargi perspeqtiva unda gansazRvros.

Tumca amirejibic, tician tabiZesaviT, mudam sifxizlisken

mouwodebs qarTvelebs, radgan icis, rom Tavisuflebas Za-

lian bevri mteri hyavs saqarTveloSi da ara marto aq.

`Cveni eklesia im lamazs hgavda, romelic yvela Tavisi

samkaulebiT tyved iyo wayvanili.

dRes es lamazi Tavisufalia!

dRes es samkaulebi daxsnilia!

da saWiroa sifxizle, rom Tavisuflebis mtrebma isev ar

daatyvevon isini!~ (86).

Salva amirejibs Tavisufali saqarTvelo Tavisufali

adamianebis asparezad miaCnia. damoukidebel qveyanas mxo-

lod Zlieri, energiuli da mcodne patriotebi unda emsaxu-

rebodnen. rac ufro metia Zlieri pirovnebebi, miT Zlieria

saxelmwifo. aseT Zlier pirovnebad miaCnda mas valerian gu-

nia, romelsac araCveulebrivi literaturuli Canaxati mi-

uZRvna. Salva amirejibis moqnili kalami, mwerlisa da pub-

licistis erTdrouli niWi mis sagazeTo moRvaweobas Zalian

sainteresos xdis. Salva amirejibis werilebi gaJRenTilia

patriotizmiT. Zlieri qarTvelebis CvenebiT, igi priori-

tets aniWebs WeSmarit Semoqmedebaze saubars, miaCnia, rom

sazogadoebam unda icodes maTi fasi, maTi moRvaweobis nam-

dvili suliskveTeba da is Rirebulebebi, riTac Zlieri qar-

54

Tvelebi cxovroben. maT Sorisaa valerian gunia.

gunias moRvaweobaSi igi xedavs Tavisuflebis gamarjve-

bas, xolo Tavisufleba is STagonebis wyaroa, romelic SeuZ-

lebels SegaZlebinebs:

`mokvda Zveli ruseTi!

mokvda Zveli saqarTvelo!

cocxalia mxolod Tavisufleba!

da mec mxolod amas vulocav!~ (87).

Salva amirejibi gamorCeulad scemda pativs individua-

luri niWisa da siZlieris pirovnebebs, aqtiur adamianebs,

romlebsac niWi iliasaviT yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi amoqme-

debda da acocxlebda. aseTi individualebi sakuTar niWs

mxolod muzeumad da uZrav eqsponatad rodi aqceven, aramed

yoveldRiurobis ferxulSi rTaven da sazogadoebas asaz-

rdoeben. mxolod aseTi adamianebi miiyvanen saqarTvelos

damoukideblobamde da Tavisuflebamde.

Salva amirejibi aseTi moqmedebisken mouwodebda ara mar-

to qarTvel Semoqmedebs, aramed xelisufalT. man jer kidev

damoukideblobis gamocxadebamde 10 dRiT adre dawera Zalze

saintereso statia `konstitucia~(86), sadac bevr gamoCenil

qarTvel politikosze adre iwinaswarmetyvela momavalSi

ganviTarebuli procesebi. Salva amirejibi guldawyvetilia

im faqtze, rom saqarTvelos erovnul sabWoSi konstituciis

ZiriTad safuZvlebze ufro iZulebiT da uRimRamod saubro-

ben, `vidre Tavisuflebis xartiis Seqmnis surviliT nakarna-

xevi gabeduli azrebi~ amoZravebdeT~(iqve).

mas es arc ukvirs, radgan saqarTvelos damoukideblo-

bas acxadebdnen is adamianebi, romlebsac erovnuli Tavi-

suflebisaken miswrafeba arc hqoniaT. amdenad, 26 maisi maTi

brZolisa da gamarjvebis brwyinvale Sedegi ki ar iyo, aramed

iZulebiTi nabiji. 26 maisi qarTveli SemoqmedebisTvis iyo

STagonebis wyaro, Torem moqmedi mmarTveli partia mis si-

55

diades verc ki grZnobda. `da is, rac damarcxebul revolu-

ciis naferflebze xdeba dRes — nacionaluri ganTavisufle-

ba erebisa — es yovlad kanonieri movlenaa CvenTvis, mxolod

`fiqcia~ maTTvis, gamomZvrali istoriul movlenaTa ganvi-

Tarebis procesSi, usiamovno meWeWi cxvirze, romelsac Za-

launeburad movla da patronoba sWiria...

rodesac wereTels SeekiTxnen, ra aris mizezi, rom ar

uxarian mas amierkavkasiis damoukidebloba, man upasuxa:

— ar mixarian, radganac es damoukidebloba ise movida,

rogorc Sedegi damarcxebisao... da Cven viciT, Tu vinme da-

marcxda, damarcxda menSevizmi, revolucia, ruseTi! saqar-

Tvelo jer kidev daumarcxebeli iyo. magram wereTeli da mi-

si megobrebi ukve sabolood ganicdidnen im ideis gavlenas,

rom saqarTvelos damoukidebloba unda mosuliyo, rogorc

Sedegi srulis da yovelmxrivi damarcxebisa, rogorc nayo-

fi reaqciisa da manamde ar Seudgnen saqarTvelos konstitu-

ciis weras, sanam TviT saqarTveloc ar damarcxda.

rodesac saqarTvelo baTumis fortebze daixvrita — ma-

Sin gviTxres:

— daswereT saqarTvelos konstitucia!

da me mesmis, ratom gaismian is mowyenili sityvebi,

ucecxlo da aRfrTovanebas moklebulni, romelTa mwuxare

kilo da xma rogorc muxlebi, magram `daCoqili muxlebi~, ise

unda Sevidnen Cveni konstituciis teqstSi.

erovnul sabWoSi exla sakiTxi ase dgas:

— federacia

— konfederacia

— Tu sruli damoukidebloba saqarTvelosi? albaT saWi-

roa kidev axali damarcxeba, rom gviTxran:

— aha, waiReT sruli damoukidebloba! magram, batonebo,

amdeni damarcxeba sad migviyvans?~ (iqve).

Salva amirejibi Zalian wuxs im moumzadebel da gauT-

56

vlel procesebze, romelic social-demokratiam moaxvia sa-

qarTvelos. `saqarTvelos~ irgvliv Semokrebil mweralTa

xma ar iyo sakmarisi qarTveli menSevikebis gamosafxizleb-

lad. social-demokratebi TavianTi mentaluri da sulieri

mdgomareobiT Sinaganad ar eTanxmebodnen saqarTvelos da-

moukideblobis ideas da amitomac sxvadasxva enaze mosaub-

reebs hgavdnen.

* * *

saqarTvelos sruli damoukideblobis ideis mniSvnelo-

ba kargad esmodaT saeklesio pirebsac. episkoposi leonide

wirvis dros sionis taZarSi ambobs, rom mas ver warmoudge-

nia eklesiis Tavisufleba saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis ga-

reSe. saqarTvelos eklesiis pirveli pirebi moqalaqeobrivi

poziciebidan mouwodeben xalxs gaerTianebisa da damouki-

deblobisken: rogor aRorZindeba qveyana, `Tu Cven, Tavisu-

fali eklesiis Svilebi, moqalaqeobrivad isev monebad dav-

rCebiT, Tu isev sxvis TvalebSi Semcqeralni viqnebiT, Tu

TviTon Cven ar gavxdiT Cveni bedis gamWedni, Tu mTeli sam-

Soblo ar gavaTavisufleT. Tavisufali eklesia monobaSi

myofi eriT, dameTanxmebiT, arabunebrivi movlenaa. aseT

mdgomareobaSi myofi eklesia verasodes ver ayvavdeba,

frTebs ver gaSlis da Zirs ver moimagrebs. Tavisufali ek-

lesia Tavisufal erSi..~ (81).

leonide mimarTavs samwysos, mTel qarTvel ers, msxver-

plad Seewiron samSoblos da gaaTavisuflon saqarTvelo.

`Tamaris drois saqarTvelo iyo damoukidebeli, TviT arsi

da Tavisufali. Tu gvsurs Tamaris sulis gaxareba, unda zva-

rakebad SevewiroT didi da patara da kvlav SevmosoT sam-

Soblo sanatreli TavisuflebiT~ (88).

rom ara saqarTvelos eklesiis myari gadawyvetileba,

57

SesaZloa, 26 maisis damoukidebloba kidev dagvianebuliyo.

gazeT `saqarTvelos~ 1918 wlis 57-e nomerSi gamoqveyne-

bulia mitropolit leonides sityva, romelic man avtokefa-

liis wlisTavze sveticxovelSi warmoTqva: `adamianTa sabed-

nierod ar arsebobs saRmrTo da Zvirfasi sityva Tavisufle-

ba, romlis marto gagoneba sixarulis frTebs asxavs da saamo

ocnebaTa fiandazad efineba gagebuli kacis sulsa da gone-

bas. dedamiwa ar iZleva meore Rirebulebas, meore iseT saun-

jes, rom gverdSi amoudges, daedaros da Seefardos Tavisi

mniSvnelobiT Tavisuflebas. Zvirfasia, magaliTad, swavla-ga-

naTleba, didi bednierebaa jansaRoba da dRegrZeloba, sag-

rZnobeli sikeTea simdidre, magram Tu kaci moklebulia Ta-

visuflebas, Tu misi arseba dafuZnebuli ar aris Tavisuf-

lebis saRmrTo niWze... — Rirsebas moklebulia misTvis swav-

lac, simdidrec da janmrTeloba-dRegrZelobac~(108).

mitropolit leonides sityva Tavisuflebaze gulis-

xmobs ara marto eklesiis Tavisuflebas, aramed adamianis

Tavisuflebas, xolo konkretul istoriul aspeqtSi, igi

swored yvelaze metad erovnuli Tavisuflebisa da damouki-

deblobisTvis brZolis gamoxatulebaa.

`SevqmnaT kaci xatad da msgavsad Cvendao~, — brZana Rmer-

Tma da ai, swored es RvTisadmi msgavseba da xatebaa is Tavi-

sufleba, romliTac kaci kacobs, is madliani Zala, romelic

adamians ganacdevinebs qveyanaze mefobas, aziarebs ukvdave-

bas da miafrens ganusazRvrel winsvlasa, goneba-zneobrivi

ganviTarebasa da sisrulisaken. amitom srulebiT bunebrivi

da gasagebia, rom kacis gulsa da gonebas ase Zalumad swyu-

ria Tavisufleba da im naTel wams, rodesac igi (kaci) xelT

gdebulobs am qveyniur saunjeTa Soris uZvirfases saRi-

rals, ubrwyinvales da usaRmrToes dResaswaulad isaxavs

TavisTavsa da Tavisi modgma-CamomavlisaTvis~ (iqve).

oda Tavisuflebas — ase SeiZleba ewodos mitropolit le-

58

onides araCveulebriv sityvas, romelic, qarTveli mwerlebisa

da politikosebis brZolasTan erTad, safuZvlad daedo 26 mai-

sis damoukideblobis aqts.

* * *

cnobilma kritikosma da publicistma ipolite varTaga-

vam `saqarTvelos~ fuclebze gamoaqveyna ornawiliani vrce-

li werili `suli axali saqarTvelosi,~ romelic nikoloz

baraTaSvils miuZRvna. gazeTi `saqarTvelo~ Tavisuflebisa

da damoukideblobis ideas exmianeba. `n. baraTaSvili er-

Tgvari gonebriv-zneobrivi kvanZia, sadac sakvirvelis si-

cocxliT da sicxadiT Tavmoyrilia is nebisyofa, is TviT-

Segneba da sicocxlis uSreti Zala, alRo, romelsac ara er-

Txel uxsnia ganwiruli saqarTvelo sikvdilisagan, mospobi-

sagan. igi simboloa saqarTvelosi... n. baraTaSvili saqarTve-

los mTawmindaa, saqarTvelos wminda `locvaa~ — `qarTvlis

bedis~ `mzeebr cxoveli varskvlavi~ (103).

ruseTis mier saqarTvelos damorCileba n. baraTaSvilis

yvelaze didi tkivilia. ip. varTagava paralels avlebs XX sau-

kunis 20-iani wlebis Semoqmedi Taobis suliskveTebasTan da

amayobs didi winapriT, romlis cxovreba da moRvaweoba aqam-

de aRelvebs da aforiaqebs qarTvel xalxs. `igi saqarTvelos

sxeulSi istoriulad anTebuli mogizgize sicocxlis wyur-

vilis alia, romlis grZnobiT aRsavse gulic saqarTvelos sa-

bediswero mdgomareobaSic sasicocxlo majiscemas eZiebs da

`gancecxlebuli `mwvelis gulis ZgeriT, mowadinebulia

`CrdiloeTis udnobi yinuli~ Tavis ocnebiT da giJur survi-

lebiT gaadnos (`saflavi mefis iraklisa~) (iqve).

`CrdiloeTis udnobi yinulis~ galRobas cdilobdnen

`saqarTvelos~ garSemo Semokrebilnic, magram Zlieri aR-

moCnda `Crdilos~ susxiani qari, jer kidev XIX saukunis da-

59

sawyisSi moberili, romelmac `saqarTvelo gayina da sasik-

vdilod ganamzada~...

werili mTlianad dakavSirebulia im periodis saqarTve-

los viTarebasTan. awmyodan da misi ganwyobilebebidan uyu-

rebs avtori baraTaSvilis poezias da xedavs iq misi mamuli-

sa da erovnuli ideis brZolisaTvis gamamxnevebel striqo-

nebs. ukvdav qmnilebebs ganixilavs awmyosTan da saqarTve-

los damoukideblobis ideasTan kavSirSi (17).

baraTaSvili misTvis didi moqalaqeobrivi JReradobis

poetia, romelmac am mxriv gavlena iqonia mTel Semdgom qar-

Tul mwerlobaze. misi sityviT, qarTvel poetTa `Semoqmede-

bis baRi~, sadac adre bulbulis stvenisa da SezarxoSebul

udardel moqeifeTa Taris xmis meti araferi ismoda, gadaiq-

ca `sevdis baRad~, sadac iWedeboda saqarTvelos bedi da Tan-

daTanobiT imsxvreoda amiranis jaWvebi; `aq izrdeboda is oq-

ros akvani, romelSic iwva yrma — es CvenTvis sanatreli da sa-

ocnebo erovnuli Tavisufleba. ai, vin iyo nikoloz baraTaS-

vili — es gonebis Ziebis da gulis gancdis udidesi romanti-

kosi, ai vin Seitana da vin gabeda Cvens mwerlur filosofiur

pesimizmTan erTad saRi moqalaqeobrivi motivi~ (103).

* * *

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis ideiT arian moculi mo-

winave mwerlebi da xelovani adamianebi. Tavisuflebis ideas

emsaxurebian TeatrSi reJisorebi da dramaturgebi, mwerlo-

baSi — saukeTeso qarTveli korifeebi. didi qarTveli reJi-

sori al. axmeteli werilSi `tyis Zmebi~(82) aRwers, Tu ro-

gor aRmoCnda igi kaxeTSi, sadac Sexvda Telavis mitingidan

wamosul xalxs. `tyis Zmebs~ rogorc ki gaegoT Zveli mTav-

robis damarcxeba, maSinve gadaewyvitaT, TavianTi moqmedeba

SeeCerebinaT da xeli aRaravisTvis exloT. al. axmetelma sa-

60

kuTari iniciativiT inaxula sofel winandalSi dabanakebu-

li `tyis Zmebi~. qarTvel xelovanTan Sexvedram isini sul

sxva enTuziazmiT aavso, maT saqmianobas sul sxva siZliere

mieca.

qarTuli sazogadoeba raRac diads elodeboda, yvela

grZnobda, rom saqarTveloSi sxva dro dgeboda, ufro didi

moqmedebebisa da gardatexis. daviT kasraZe sTavazobs yve-

las, rom `droSaze gaCndes devizi — èxla, an arasodes!~ (80).

èxla, an arasodes~ — TiTqmis saqarTvelos yovel epoqa-

Si gaismis. werilSi èris tribuna~ daviT kasraZe wers: `sama-

radiso ideaTa Soris ukvdaveba wilad hxvedria ers, erov-

nul ideas, rogorc koleqtiur pirovnebis cocxal azrs. Se-

giZliaT mospoT SurduliT ara Tu patara, aramed didi eric

ki, magram mis dasamareba ar gulisxmobs erovnuli ideis Cak-

vlas, rogorc pirovnebis movaleoba ar hgulisxmobs adamia-

nis zogad arsebobis usafuZvlobas. udidesi mizani erovnu-

li ideisa eris jan-saRobaa, eris gaRoniereba, gaZliereba,

gaspetakeba... odesRac Cveni qveyana ar iyo moklebuli am sa-

zogado msvlelobis ferxuls, vidre ruseTTan saSvelad gaw-

vdenils xelze monobis borkili ar gamouWedes yofilma sat-

rapebma. sruli asTeqvsmeti welia am Seborkilebis qveS hkvne-

sis samSoblo Cveni... iTmens vaebas, Seuracxyofas...~ (iqve).

Tavisufali da damoukidebeli saqarTvelos ideiTaa

gaJRenTili kote mayaSvilis leqsi `misalmeba~. wamyvani Te-

ma saqarTvelos qeba da qarTveli mwerlebis miznebsa da amo-

canebze msjelobaa. mayaSvili aq gvevlineba rogorc winam-

ZRoli da tonis mimcemi mTeli qarTveli mwerlebisa. misi

azriT, qarTveli mwerali samSoblos samsaxurSi unda idges

da Tavisufal saqarTvelos unda emsaxurebodes. kote mayaS-

vilis erovnuli pozicia daadastura drom. misma asulma, ma-

ro mayaSvilma kojris brZolebSi miiRo monawileoba da 1921

wels daiRupa ruseTis jarTan Setakebisas.

61

`saqarTvelo edemia, akvania xmaTa;

Cvensa anbans viT edaros alfabeti sxvaTa!~ (111)

mweralTa kavSiris pirveli Tavmjdomare suliT xorcam-

de SeZrulia Tavisi qveynis mdgomareobiT. misi kalami er-

Tgulad exmianeba yvela im mniSvnelovan movlenas, romelsac

adgili hqonda maSindel saqarTveloSi. `misalmeba~ mTav-

rdeba Semdegi sityvebiT:

`gaumarjos axal RmerTsa

mSromel xalxis guliT Sobils

cis da qveynis SemaerTsa

mzis gvirgviniT turfad mkobils!

gaumarjos ers mSveniers,

erovnulsa sammarTvelos,

gaumarjos suliT Zliers

Tavisufal saqarTvelos!~ (iqve)

ai, aseTi tribuna iyo gazeTi `saqarTvelo,~ romlis

furclebze daufaravad etrfodnen axali saqarTvelos da-

moukideblobas, romelmac saSualeba misca qarTul sazoga-

doebas, gabedulad efiqra Tavisuflebaze da politikuri

Zalebi politikuri Tavisuflebis aRiarebamde mieyvana. ma-

Ti Segnebuli miswrafeba Tavisuflebisken dagvirgvinda ki-

dec 26 maisis deklaraciiT. „saqarTvelom~ sazogadoebrivi

azris sruli konsolidacia moaxdina da yvelaze adre iwinas-

warmetyvela mniSvnelovani politikuri procesebi saqar-

TveloSic da msoflioSic.

62

II Tavi

gazeTi `saxalxo saqme~ eris uflebisa da Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb

(1917-1918 ww.)

qarTuli politika qarTveli publicistebisa da mwer-

lebis mTavari gansaxilveli Tema aRmoCnda. aqedan gamomdi-

nare, presis tribuna politikuri brZolis asparezad gada-

iqca. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dakargvam poeturi ka-

lami mwerlebs politikuri deklarirebiT Seacvlevina.

gazeTi `saxalxo saqme~ socialist-federalisturi par-

tiis organo iyo. igi gamosca cnobilma qarTvelma publicis-

tma samson fircxalavam, romelic, amave dros, partiis mTa-

vari komitetis rwmunebuli iyo (54).

`saxalxo saqmis~ pirveli nomeri gamovida 1917 wlis 16 iv-

liss. socialist-federalistebs manamde ramdenime periodu-

li organo hqondaT, magram wminda partiuli, oficialuri

organo maT ar gaaCndaT. partiuli gazeTis arseboba gulis-

xmobs partiis intensiur muSaobas, azrTa mkafio Camoyalibe-

basa da ganmtkicebas, erTgvari taqtikis damkvidrebas, parti-

ul tradiciebs. yovelive es 1917 wlisTvis moepovebodaT so-

cialist-federalistebs. politikuri viTarebis Zirfesvia-

nad Secvlam bunebrivi gaxada partiuli gazeTis gamocema.

`saxalxo saqme~, marTalia, partiuli mimarTulebisaa,

magram, rogorc TviTon gansazRvravs, `igi ar daaxSobs ko-

legebis Tavisufal azrs... gazeTi qveynis yoveldRiur mov-

lenebs gamoexmaureba. Cveni beWdviTi sityva unda iyos —

`sindisis da simarTlis metyveli~ — iuwyeba pirveli nomris

mowinave statia (133).

63

`saxalxo saqmeSi~ TanamSromlobdnen saxelganTqmuli

qarTveli moRvaweni: Salva nucubiZe, dimitri uznaZe, kon-

stantine gamsaxurdia, vaxtang kotetiSvili, samson dadiani,

Tedo Rlonti, akaki papava, grigol rcxilaZe, levan metre-

veli, samson fircxalava, borCeli, mebrZoli, arCil jaja-

naSvili, al. mdivani da sxvebi.

1903 wels parizSi daarsda gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, romel-

sac mohyva socialist-federalistTa gamosvla saqarTve-

los politikur asparezze. am gazeTis pirvel nomerSive dai-

beWda `Ria werili ruseTis liberalTa da socialistTa mi-

marT~: `Cveni survili damoukidebeli saxelmwifos aRdgena

ar aris. naTlad da aSkarad vambobT: Cven politikuri sepa-

ratizmis momxreni ara varT. Cveni wadili da miswrafeba —

gansakuTrebuli, saqarTvelos pirobebTan Sesaferi konsti-

tuciis mopovebaa. Cven gvsurs davrCeT ruseTis politikur

organizmis CarCoebSi, mxolod amasTan Sinaur saqmeebSi

gvinda viyoT sruliad damoukidebelni. erTi sityviT, Cven

gvsurs erovnuli avtonomia movipovoT~(155).

es sityvebi 15 wliT adre daweres socialist-federa-

listebma. vin arian isini 1917 wlisTvis?

`mSromeli xalxis muSaTa da glexTa partia, mebrZoli

qarTveli eris uflebisaTvis; is, vinc pirvelad aafriala

droSa erovnuli ganTavisuflebisa da moiTxova saqarTve-

los erovnul-teritorialuri avtonomia~(134).

ra aris federacia?

gazeTi Tvlis, rom federacia — es aris kavSiri, Sinaur

saqmeebSi Tavisufali da damoukidebeli olqebis SenaerTi,

SekavSireba saerTo saqmeebis gasakeTeblad. `federacia — Se-

Tanxmeba, SekavSirebaa, Tanasworoba da Tavisuflebaa. is mo-

iTxovs patar-patara TviTmmarTvelobebis Seqmnas. magram

pataras da uZlur saxelmwifos advilad moereva didi sa-

xelmwifo, gasress mas. amitom federaciuli moZRvreba auci-

64

leblobad Tvlis patara saxelmwifoebis SekavSirebas da sa-

erTo wesebis Seqmnas. 1917 wlisTvis ruseTi guberniebad

aris danawilebuli. federaciuli respublika aseT danawi-

lebas Secvlis. erTeulebi, Statebi an e.w. federaciebi pata-

ra saxelmwifoebis suraTs Seqmnian. am erTeulebSi xalxs eq-

neba sakuTari parlamenti, kanonmdebloba da yovel saSinao

saqmes adgilobrivad moagvarebs~(134).

gazeTi msjelobs, rogori mowyoba unda hqondes federa-

ciul saxelmwifos. demokratiul respublikaSi arsebobs

parlamenti (saTaTbiro), romelic ganagebs saxelmwifos

cxovrebas, aris xalxis arCeuli prezidenti, romelic lapa-

rakobs mTeli qveynis saxeliT. parlamenti da prezidenti ga-

moxataven mTeli eris survilebs. xalxi, ganurCevlad sqesi-

sa, qonebrivi mdgomareobisa, erovnebisa, sarwmunoebisa da

ganaTlebisa, sargeblobs sayovelTao, pirdapiri, faruli

da Tanaswori kenWisyris uflebiT. am uflebis ZaliT xalxi

irCevs parlamentis wevrebs da prezidents. amgvarad, saxel-

mwifos umaRlesi uflebis matarebeli da gamomxatveli xde-

ba mTeli xalxi. am safuZvels icavs federalizmi, moZRvreba

saxelmwifos federaciebiT Seqmnisa, magram federalizmi ki-

dev ufro Sors midis da moiTxovs saxelmwifos farglis ise

SezRudvas, rom xalxis Zala ufro TvalsaCino iyos cxovre-

baSi. did saxelmwifoSi advilad ikargeba xalxis xma. federa-

ciis dros qarTvel xalxs ufleba eqneba, wminda qarTuli

saqmeebi moagvaron qarTul seimSi, qarTul sakanonmdeblo,

sammarTvelo da sasamarTlo dawesebulebebSi. magram amave

dros qarTvel ers ufleba eqneba ruseTis sxva erebTan er-

Tad Tanaswori xmiT warmomadgenlebi gagzavnos ruseTis fe-

deraciul parlamentSi, sadac yvela erisaTvis saerTo sa-

kiTxebi sabolood gadawydeba. wminda demokratiul wesebze

agebuli federacia, maSasadame, gulisxmobs TiTopalatian

or parlaments: erovnuls da saerTos.

65

samson fircxalava akonkretebs Sexedulebas, Tu rogor

esmodaT socialist-federalistebs `erovnuli~ da `socia-

luri~.

gazeTi ase gansazRvravs federaciis ideas: `Tu eri Seg-

nebulia da fxizeli, Tu ara aqvs Cakluli erovnuli grZnoba

da Semecneba, aqvs Tavisi kultura, Tavisebureba, saxe da ar

dasdgomia gadagvarebis gzas, Tu unda ganviTareba mSobli-

ur niadagze da enaze, Tu eri aris marTla Tavisuflebis moy-

varuli da misi Rirsia, Tu swams mSromel xalxis — demokra-

tiis interesebi, Tu unda iqonios keTili ganwyobileba me-

zoblebTan, erebTan, maSin mas unda mieniWos uflebamosile-

ba da damyardes saerTo interesebis mixedviT federa-

cia~(135).

ukrainelebis radam saqarTveloSi partniorad social-

federalistebis partia aRiara, rasac gazeTi imiT xsnis, rom

is erTaderTi partiaa, romelic erovnul mTlianobas aRia-

rebs, yvela eris Tavisuflebas icavs.

`saxalxo saqme~ imedovnebda, rom ruseTis revoluciuri

mTavroba erovnul politikas daeyrdnoboda, magram moty-

uvda. revoluciur mTavrobas Tavidanve daetyo im politi-

kuri mimarTulebis gavlena, romlis wiaRSic axali Zalebi

ganviTardnen, maT nihilisturi damokidebuleba gauCndaT

erovnuli politikis mimarT. maTTvis arsebobdnen mxolod

teritoriebi da teritoriaze mosaxle sxvadasxva modgmis

adamianebi. erovnuli sakiTxi, maTi SexedulebiT, unda gair-

kves ara eris cxovrebis TvalsazrisiT, aramed teritoriis

mixedviT.

ruseTis revoluciis xelmZRvaneloba istoriam social-

demokratias daakisra, swored aq Caisaxa misi tragizmi. yove-

li eri, ragind mcire unda iyos, politikuri sruluflebia-

nobisaken miiswrafvis.

ukrainaSi, poloneTSi, litvaSi da sxvagan social-

66

demokratebi erovnul niadagze dadgnen. `saxalxo saqme~

acxadebs: `gamonakliss marto saqarTvelo Seadgens. Cvenebu-

ri social-demokratia kvlavindeburad ruseTis partiis na-

wilad aRiarebs Tavs da Tavisi moRvaweobis TiToeul nabijs

saerTo ruseTis masStabiT zomavs; moqmedebs ara marto qar-

TvelTa Soris, mas Tavis samoqmedo sarbielad mTeli kavka-

sia da ruseTi miaCnia~(136).

naTelia, rom `saxalxo saqme~ imaves wers, rasac `saqar-

Tvelo~. umTavresi mizezi amgvari damokidebulebisa is aris,

rom revoluciis xanaSi ruseTSi gabneulma qarTvelma soci-

al-demokratebma aucileblobad ar miiCnies Tavis samSob-

loSi dabruneba, maT iq gaaCaRes moRvaweoba da zogi maTgani

ruseTis social-demokratiul partiasac ki moeqca saTaveSi.

isini rusebis erovnul-politikur interesebs icavdnen da

velikorusebis saxeliT fineTsa da ukrainasTan marTavdnen

molaparakebebs. maT ar SeeZloT qarTuli saqmis warmoeba. ga-

zeTi ixsenebs, rom roca saqarTveloSi moqmedma social-de-

mokratebma erovnuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb fiqri daiwyes, maT sa-

qarTvelos sakiTxi rodi wamoayenes, isini saerTod kavkasiis

mowyobis Sesaxeb msjelobdnen da erovnul proeqtSi saqarTve-

los swored imdeni adgili dauTmes, ramdenic somxeTs an kavka-

siis sxva ers. xolo, roca social-demokratebma saqarTvelos

politikuri TviTmmarTveloba aRiares, samson fircxalava

werda: `didad, didad Semcdara yvela, visac es garegnuli qar-

Tveluri gamoxatuleba miaCnia qarTveli erovnebis arsebis sa-

xed. ar unda movaxvioT Tavs Cvens social-demokratias, rac

mis bunebas srulebiT ar eTviseba. misi moqmedebis sarbieli sa-

qarTvelo araa... qarTuli saqme misTvis ar arsebobs, erovneba

sasxvaTaSoriso movlenad miaCnia, romelic SeiZleba kidec ga-

daalagos, Tu win gadaeRoba mis partiul moRvaweobas~ (137). av-

tori SeSfoTebas ver faravs, rom erovnebis uarmyofeli moZR-

vreba farTod aris saqarTveloSi fesvgadgmuli.

67

akaki papava Tavis statiaSi `mesame rgoli~ mkveTrad ga-

moxatavs social-federalistebisa da gazeT `saxalxo saq-

mis~ pozicias. misTvis mTavaria erovnuli sakiTxi (138).

gazeTis furclebze sainteresoa vaxtang kotetiSvilis

werilebis seria: `social-federalizmi, rogorc aucileb-

loba social-demokratiisaTvis~. `dRes marqsizmi arsebobs,

rogorc ekonomiuri moZRvreba mxolod, sxva mxriv igi karga

xania damarcxebulia~(140).

kotetiSvili wers: `marqsizmis `istoriis filosofia~

mxolod inglisis da ukidures SemTxvevaSi evropis cxovre-

baze aris agebuli. ruseTSi gadmonergili marqsizmi iseTsa-

ve pirobebSi iyo, rogorc tropikuli mcenare, cimbiris

tundrebSi gadanergili. ruseTSi marqsizmi Camoiqna `xal-

xosnur~ mimdinareobasTan brZolaSi da marqsizmis genezisi

ruseTSi mkafiod gviCvenebs, Tu rogor iRuneboda is soci-

al-ekonomiuri moZRvrebis Rero, romelic germaniaSi Tama-

mad aiSolta. marqsizmi, social-demokratiis saxeliT, po-

litikur da socialur partiad gamocxadda. sinamdvilem am

partias bevri sakiTxi dauyena, ganyenebul azrTa samyarodan

Zirs, saqmeTa qveyanaSi Camoiyvana da Teoria ver miudga si-

namdviles. sityva saqmisTvis ucxo gamodga da marqsizmic

danawilda... yvelaze didi sakiTxi, romelmac Searyia ekono-

mikur-materialisturi gageba, es erovnuli sakiTxia.

erovnuli grZnobis politikur ZowiT Semosva safrange-

Tis revoluciis Sedegia. safrangeTma aswavla xalxs erov-

nuli TavisuflebisaTvis brZola. iqidan germaniaSi gadmo-

varda erovnuli aRorZinebis cecxli da fixtes pirovneba

iqca im jadosnur Zalad, romelmac gamoiwvia germaniis aR-

dgoma. fixteseuli nacionalizmis gageba samagaliTo iyo.

man erovneba gamoiyvana, rogorc Semdgomi xana Zveli klasi-

kuri kosmopolitizmis ganviTarebisa. fixtes nacionalizmi

iyo kulturuli, demokratiuli da socialuri~(140).

68

amgvarad, gazeTi `saxalxo saqme~ angrevs marqsizmis ide-

ologias. vaxtang kotetiSvils sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi

mniSvnelovani koreqtivi Seaqvs. misi azriT, klasobrivi Seg-

nebis gansamtkiceblad erovnebis mospoba ki ar yofila saWi-

ro, aramed misi ganmtkiceba.

plexanov-lenin-trocki ki kongresebze aramcTu erTa

avtonomiis, aramed imis winaaRmdegac ki ilaSqrebdnen, rom

pirveldawyebiT da saSualo saswavleblebSi ucxo erTa So-

ris mSobliur enaze yofiliyo swavleba. Tumca, rac gasage-

bia ruseTis social-demokratiis moqmedebaSi, gaugebaria

qarTvel social-demokratTagan. erovnuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb

SesaZloa ver imsjelos man, visac ar gamoucdia erovnuli

Cagvra da Seviwroeba. erovnul sakiTxze isaubrebs mxolod

is, vinc `samSobloSi samSoblos daeZebs~. amdenad, v. kote-

tiSvili sayvedurobs qarTvel social-demokratebs, rom

maT ar airCies avstrielTa gza. `rogorc ruseTSi marqsizmi

Camoyalibda xalxosnebTan brZolaSi, iseve saqarTveloSi,

social-demokratebis partia Camoyalibda socialist-fede-

ralistebTan brZolaSi~(iqve).

dimitri uznaZe erT-erT Tavis publikaciaSi qarTul

partiebs SeerTebisaken mouwodebda: `eris sinidisi, eris ko-

leqtiuri xeli unda Seexos eris udides saqmes, eris ganTa-

visuflebas, amisaTvis brZolas, rom Rirseuli saxe miiRos

Rirseulma mizanma, dauyovnebliv unda moxdes qarTul par-

tiaTa SeTanxmeba da damfuZnebel krebaze erovnuli saxiT

gamosvla~(144).

grigol rcxilaZe Tavis statiaSi `erovnuli moZraoba

da erovnuli TviTSegneba~(146) wuxs, rom saqarTvelos cxov-

rebis zedapirze erovnuli moZraobis talRebi ar Cans. sa-

qarTveloSi revoluciamde gabatonebuli azrovneba speci-

fikuri qarTuli social-demokratiuli azrovneba iyo, ro-

melic Tavis upirveles movaleobad qarTul erovnul-poli-

69

tikuri azrovnebisTvis xelis SeSlasa da dabrkolebaTa ga-

Cenas miiCnevda.

koki abaSiZe erovnul-demokratebis Tvalsazriss erov-

nul sakiTxSi yalbad da usafuZvlod miiCnevs. erovnul-de-

mokratebi misTvis `burJuaziuli klasis mosarCle Sovinis-

tebi~ arian (147).

`saxalxo saqmes~ miaCnia, rom erovnul-demokratebma Ta-

vianT programaSi mxolod aRiares erovnul-teritoriuli

avtonomia da aq SeCerdnen. maT ar gadadges meore nabiji,

romlisaken bunebrivad miiswrafvis saxelmwifos konstruq-

ciis ganviTareba. avtonomia da federacia ori sawinaaRmde-

go mxares gamwevi Zalaa: `avtonomia TiToeuli eris miswra-

febaa damoukideblobisaken, federacia erTmaneTisken mis-

wrafebaa. rogorc ar iyo sasurveli erTi centralisturi

ruseTis saxelmwifos arseboba, agreTve ar aris sasurveli

patar-patara damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa arseboba, radgan

pirveli usamarTlobisa da Zaladobis niadagzea aRmocene-

buli da meore, dauSreteli wyaroa erTa Soris dausrulebe-

li SuRlisa, brZolisa da sisxlis Rvrisa~(149).

avtoris azriT avtonomia, rac unda vrceli kompetenci-

isa iyos, ar aris saxelmwifo, radgan im erTeuls, romelsac

cotaTi mainc SezRuduli aqvs suvereniteti, saxelmwifoeb-

rioba, uzenaesoba, ar aris ukve saxelmwifo. rogorc konsti-

tuciuri monarqi ar aris monarqi, aseve avtonomiuri erTeu-

li ar aris sruli suverenuli saxelmwifo.

da gazeTis reziume: `vinc icavs politikur avtonomias

erisas, cxadia, igi ar aris momxre damoukidebeli naciona-

luri saxelmwifosi. aseTi avtonomiuri erTeuli, cxadia,

rCeba isev mTlian saxelmwifos sazRvrebSi~ (iqve).

erTaderTi Zala, romelsac unda davemyaroT, aris erov-

neba, erTaderTi organizacia, romelsac SeuZlia yvelaze me-

tad SegvaerTos, aris eri, erTaderTi moqmedeba, romelic

70

gviCvenebs gonivrul gzas, aris erovnuli Semoqmedeba. ise

arasodes yofila CvenTvis Zvirfasi da saWiro erovneba,

erovnuli Segneba, erovnuli kavSiri, rogorc dRes aris —

aseTia gazeTis pozicia.

maSindel mmarTvel partias — social-demokratebs, ga-

zeTis sityvebiT, didi seni sWirdaT — erovnebis SiSi, erov-

nuli arsebobis SiSi, rac damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba iyo maT

Teoriul da praqtikul muSaobaSi. isini ers angariSs ar

uwevdnen, yuradRebis Rirsad ar miiCnevdnen. zogi Seugnebe-

li da uvici imasac ki fiqrobda, rom erovneba ganviTarebas,

Tavisuflebas abrkolebs. roca garemoeba Seicvala, soci-

al-demokratebmac daiwyes fiqri erovnebaze. Tu srulad

ara, daaxloebiT mainc aRiares is, rac jer kidev pirveli in-

ternacionalis xelmZRvanelebma ganacxades, rom `saerTaSo-

riso muSaTa moZraoba emyareba yvelgan Tavisufals da

sruls erovnul ganviTarebas, rom yovelma erma Tavis sax-

lSi unda gaswmindos Tavisi kera, gadawyvitos Tavisi erov-

nuli sakiTxi, daamkvidros moqalaqeobrivi Tavisufleba da

moipovos erovnuli damoukidebloba~(153). miuxedavad yve-

lafrisa, social-demokratebs bolomde gahyvaT erisadmi

undobloba.

`federalizmi — es is principia, romelic saSualebs

gvaZlevda Segverigebina ori ukiduresi mimdinareoba Cveni

sazogadoebrivi azrisa — ukiduresi nacionalizmi da ukidu-

resi uaryofa nacionaluri idealisa~ — werda `saxalxo saq-

me~(155).

vaxtang kotetiSvilis werilebis seria `eris ufleba da

saqarTvelos sakiTxi~(156) TviT redaqciaSi iwvevda winaaR-

mdegobebs. idea eris uflebisa qarTvel publicists yvela-

ze amaRelvebel idead miaCnia da surs, sazogadoeba gaacno-

bieros eris uflebebis raobaSi. avtoris azriT, eri aris

konkretuli sazogadoeba, cocxali socialuri individua-

71

loba, aRmocenebuli gansazRvrul adgilze da SeduRebuli

bunebrivi da kulturuli erTobiT. ra zRvari hyofs ersa da

saxelmwifos? `eri sazogadoebaa, anu pirovnebaTa jgufi,

Tavisi sakuTari socialuri SinaarsiT. sazogadoebis ele-

mentebi mis fizikur safuZvelSi imalebian. es fizikuri sa-

fuZveli mosaxleobaa. saarsebo brZolis procesSi, esa Tu is

mosaxleoba TandaTanobiT amuSavebs moqmedebis tips, rasac

Sedegad mosdevs gansakuTrebuli xasiaTis Seqmna, anu Seqmna

Tavisuflebisa. am procesis Sedegia ena, cxovrebis wyobile-

ba da sxva... Cemi eris mdevneli Cems warmodgenaSi Cemi mdevne-

lia, Cemi eris moyvare — Cemi mokeTea. amboben, rom saxelmwi-

fom Seqmna eri. saxelmwifo aris garegnulad mowesrigebuli

ram organizacia da vidre momwesrigebeli ram saSualeba Se-

iqmnebodes, xom unda arsebobdes is, rasac mowesrigeba, anu

gareorganizacia eWirveba. saxelmwifo erTi, mTavar saSua-

lebaTagania, romelic amtkicebs erovnul Segnebas~ (156).

v. kotetiSvili avazakobas uwodebs didi saxelmwifos

mier warmarTul msjelobas eris uflebis Sesaxeb, xolo rac

Seexeba e.w. `erTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebas~, es misTvis ab-

surdia: `jer absurdia Tavisi Sinagani winaaRmdegobiT da

Semdeg TviT sakiTxia ugunurad dayenebuli. visgan eZleva

ers TviTgamorkvevis ufleba? erisganve. ityvian, ara, saxel-

mwifosagano. es igivea. saxelmwifo politikuri formaa eri-

sa, da dResdReobiT ki gabatonebuli erisa. es batonymobaa~

(iqve).

avtori aRSfoTebas gamoxatavs da askvnis, rom parlamen-

tis gziT da saerTaSoriso samarTlis wyalobiT ganTavisuf-

lebuli eri ar axsovs istorias. kanonebi qaRaldebze rCeba,

xolo kongresebi mxolod maSin ixilavdnen ama Tu im eris sa-

kiTxs, roca moZraobas seriozul kbils daunaxavdnen. avto-

ri guldawyvetiT ambobs, rom fineTi da ukraina revoluci-

is gziT axorcieleben TavianT uflebebs, qarTvelebi ki ru-

72

seTis damfuZnebel krebas Sescqerian, romelic SeiZleba su-

lac ver Sedges. qarTvelebi ara marto fizikurad, suliera-

dac sustebi aRmoCndnen. erovnuli sakiTxis gadaWra dam-

fuZnebel krebas miakuTvnes. ruseTis damfuZnebeli krebis

saqme mxolod rusTa cxovrebis mowesrigebaa. `erTa cxovre-

bas ki moawesrigebs saerTaSoriso damfuZnebeli kreba, sa-

dac yvela eri sworuflebianad iqneba warmodgenili, eris

raodenobis mixedviT. raodenoba Rirseba ar aris~(iqve).

dabolos, avtoris reziume: `Cven ufleba ki ar unda veZe-

boT, radgan igi gvaqvs, aramed unda SevebrZoloT imaT, vinc

am uflebebs Trgunavs, da am brZolaSi unda viyoT mudam Seu-

rigebelni~ (iqve).

gaugebari iyo `saxalxo saqmis~ mxardaWera oqtombris

revoluciisadmi. `SeuZlebelia, arsebiTad uaryofa bolSe-

vikebis programisa. SeuZlebelia ar TanaugrZnoT imaT, ro-

melTac udidesi Tavisufleba da samarTlianoba moaqvT... Se-

uZlebelia davgmoT maTi dRevandeli Tavganwirva, maRali

suliskveTeba da gavixaroT imaT saflavebze, romelnic ka-

cobriobis udides idealebs emsaxurebian~ (80).

oqtombris revoluciis Semdeg ramdenime dReSi saqar-

TveloSi erovnuli yriloba gaixsna, romelsac aseve aR-

frTovanebiT Seegeba `saxalxo saqme~: `qarTveli eris yri-

loba qarTveli eris arsebobaa~ (161).

`saxalxo saqmes~ verc ruseTis damfuZnebelma krebam ga-

umarTla imedebi. kreba bolSevikebma garekes. politikurma

qaosma moicva mTeli ruseTi. kavkasiis politikuri cxovre-

bis horizontze axali politikuri Zala isaxeba — seimi.

gazeTi interesdeba seimisa da erovnuli sabWoebis ur-

TierTobiT. amierkavkasiis seims mxolod unda gamoexata

erovnebaTa SeTanxmeba; mas, rogorc droebiT organizacias,

xeli unda Seewyo erovnul damfuZnebel krebaTa mowvevasa

da avtonomiur erTeulebis SeqmnaSi. gazeTi mouwodebs yve-

73

las, rom dauyovnebliv Sedges qarTuli mTavroba da `ga-

mocxaddes sruli diqtatura erovnuli organizaciisa sa-

qarTvelos teritoriaze~(163).

seims, rogorc gardamaval dawesebulebas, unda moemza-

debina niadagi SeTanxmebisa da erovnul-teritoriuli er-

Teulebis Camoyalibebisa. am saqmis Sesrulebis Semdeg mas

adgili unda daeTmo amierkavkasiis federaluri sabWosTvis,

rogorc amierkavkasiis mudmivi organosTvis.

amasobaSi osmaleTi baTumSi SemoiWra. gazeTi wuxs, rom

aseTi gansacdelis Jams, qarTvel xalxs gonebiT ara aqvs Seg-

nebuli da grZnobiT gancdili saqarTvelo, rogorc erTi

mTeli sxeuli. saqarTvelos erTi nawili raRac pasiuri

gulgrilobiT ekideba meore nawilis darRvevasa da daSlas.

osmaleTma gamoaaSkarava namdvili suliskveTeba: mTeli

amierkavkasiisa da saqarTvelos xelSi Cagdeba. igi rkaliviT

Semoertya saqarTvelos: `osmaleTis mizani mxolod erTi Se-

iZleba iyos: dapyroba qveynisa, romelic ise Zalian daeca

suliT, ise gaTaxsirda da gaixrwna, rom aRaraviTari unari

ara aqvs Tavis dacvis. Cven kargad viciT, rom qarTveli xal-

xis farTo massa advilad ver Seurigdeba osmaleTis mono-

bas... magram ers ar SeuZlian Tavis sakuTar monobas TiTon

moaweros xeli. qarTveli xalxis saukeTeso Svilebi zvara-

kad Seewirebian samSoblos Tavisuflebas~(167).

gazeTi gamoxatavs Tavis uaryofiT damokidebulebas

brest-litovskis xelSekrulebis mimarT da fiqrobs, rom am

xelSekrulebiT ruseTi germaniis imperiis kolonia xdeba.

aseTi gadawyvetilebis miRebiT da damorCilebiT ki amier-

kavkasiis mosaxleobis interesebi gaiyideba.

amierkavkasiis damoukideblobas rom niadagi ar gamoe-

calos, gazeTi acxadebs, rom amierkavkasiis damoukidebeli

saxelmwifos orientacia erTa sayovelTao orientacia unda

gaxdes. `saxalxo saqme~ aSkara ukmayofilebas gamoxatavs so-

74

cialist-revolucionerebisa da social-demokratebis mi-

marT. socialist-revolucionerebi mudam iyvnen rusuli na-

cionalizmis matarebelni. igi Zveli ruseTis naSTiT saz-

rdoobs da rus moxeleTa umravlesobas emyareba. sanam sa-

qarTveloSi ruseTis jari idga, isini mas Sescqerodnen ime-

diT da yoveli reformis ganxorcielebas ebrZodnen, rome-

lic qarTvel xalxs erovnul ganTavisuflebas moutanda.

osmaleTis Semosvlis Semdeg socialist-revolucionerebis

liderebma Seqmnes rusuli erovnuli sabWo, sadac aSkarad

da daufaravad ismoda kontrevolucionerTa mowodebebi.

saqarTveloSi aseT gaWirvebis Jams isini acxadeben, marTa-

lia, bolSevikebi ruseTs Rupaven, magram amierkavkasiaSi ise-

Ti pirobebia Seqmnili, rom bolSevikebTan erTad unda vimu-

SaoTo. isini ynosviT xvdebian, rom omma, romelsac mxolod

qarTveli xalxi ewireba, sargebloba unda moutanos ruseTs

da ganamtkicos ruseTis nacionalizmis poziciebi. da radgan

ruseTis erTaderTi gamaerTianebeli Zala am periodisTvis

bolSevizmia, rusi nacionalistebi, kontrrevolucionerebi

da Sovinistebi, winaaRmdeg TavianTi Sexedulebisa da rwme-

nisa, ukavSirdebian bolSevikebsac ki. `dRes vibrZviT osma-

leTTan, radgan igi safrTxes umzadebs Cvens damoukideblo-

bas, magram es imas ar niSnavs, TiTqos Cven vibrZodeT ruse-

Tis saxelmwifoebrivi idealebisaTvis. CvenisTana patara

eri dRevandel pirobebSi aseT miznebs ver daisaxavs. vinc

qarTvel ers aseT miznebs dausaxavs, is politikuri speku-

liantia da Cven mas mTelis Cvenis ZalRoniT SevebrZolebiT~

(iqve).

roca social-demokratebi bolSevizms brZolas ucxa-

debdnen, gazeTi darwmunebuli iyo, rom isini gulwrfelad

iyvnen aRSfoTebulni im veraguli saqcieliT, romelmac Cve-

ni qveynis saukeTeso kuTxe osmaleTs misca da amiT didi

xniT amierkavkasiisa da saqarTvelos ekonomikur da politi-

75

kur keTildReobas Ziri gamouTxara. gazeTi fiqrobda, rom

mmarTveli partia amierkavkasiis damoukideblobis gzas da-

adga. omis Semdeg gamoCnda, rom amierkavkasiis orientacia

maTTvis diplomatiuri xerxi yofila da ara mizani. social-

demokratiuli gazeTi `borba~ (f. maxaraZe) mouwodebs yve-

las, saqarTvelom omi awarmoos, raTa ruseTis mzem gamoaSu-

qos da dangreul-damsxvreuli ruseTi qarTveli xalxis sis-

xliT aRsdges.

`saxalxo saqme~ bolomde imeds ar kargavs, rom amierkav-

kasiis orientaciis gansamtkiceblad saerTo ena gamoiZebne-

ba da aucileblobad miiCnevs amierkavkasiis damoukideblo-

bis sakiTxis dasmas. amierkavkasiis orientacia gamoiWeda

msoflio omis oTxi wlis wiaRSi, aman SegvaerTa qarTveli

eris sxvadasxva Zalebi, amierkavkasiis yvela eri da am udi-

des safuZvels ki erTi xelis dakvriT dRes angrevs sruliad

usafuZvlod `borba-edinstvo-izvestia-erTobas~ publi-

cistika~(168).

`saxalxo saqme~ gegeWkoris mTavrobas `omis mTavrobas~

uwodebs da ambobs, rom mas surda, sisxlis ukanasknel wve-

Tamde ebrZola ruseTis miznebisTvis. gegeWkoris mTavroba

Secvala akaki Cxenkelis mTavrobam, romelic mowadinebulia

ganamtkicos amierkavkasiis damoukidebloba. `Tavisufleba

da damoukidebloba iseTi Zvirfasi ganZia yoveli erisTvis,

rom ar SegviZlian ubrZolvelad davTmoT igi. mTelis Cvenis

ZalRoniT davexmarebiT akaki Cxenkelis mTavrobas, vecde-

biT moaxerxos da gaanaRdos dasaxuli miznebi: Tu Tavisuf-

lebis mtrebi ufro Zlierni aRmoCndnen, Cven mzad varT da-

vixocoT TavisuflebisTvis brZolaSi~(170).

amierkavkasiis demokratiuli federaciis gamocxadeba

or movlenas gulisxmobs: sakuTari da saerTo cxovrebis

mogvarebas, avtonomias da federacias, damoukideblobas da

damokidebulebas. amierkavkasiis federaciaSi saqarTvelos,

76

rogorc erT federalur saxelmwifos, sakuTari parlamenti

da kanonmdebloba eqneba. es ki socialist-federalistTa

ideebis gamarjvebaa.

ra sWirdeba dRes qarTvel ers arsebobis SesanarCuneb-

lad? am kiTxvas Salva nucubiZe svams statiaSi òri gza~.

mimdinare etapze erovnuli Segnebisa da realuri Zalis

ararseboba yvelaze cud mdgomareobaSi agdebs saqarTve-

los. ès aris pirveli saSineli Sedegi erovnul mesaflaveTa

moRvaweobisa saqarTveloSi. erovnul tragediad unda CaiT-

valos is usakvirvelesi movlena, rom qarTvelma erma 200

aTasi meomari samsxverplod ganmzadebuli moitana miTiuri

mamulis dacvis koconze da rodesac safrTxe mis sakuTar

mamuls sikvdilis aCrdilad moevlina, ar sCanan mamulis

damcvelni da amaod gaismis SegnebulTa gamwvevi naRara. qar-

Tvelma erma samagaliTo niWi gamoiCina sxvis dacvaSi, is sama-

galiTo uniWobas iCens Tavis dacvaSi — eris bralia es? —

ara~ (166).

Salva nucubiZe pasuxs sTxovs yvelas, vinc qarTveli

xalxi erovnul gzas aacdina da Tavisi Tavis uaryofis gza

uCvena.

mariam gariyuli literaturuli CanaxatiT `vedreba!~

RmerTs daxmarebas sTxovs. mas arsebuli realoba uimedoba-

Si agdebs. xelisufalTa umravlesobaSi ar aris gancda, qar-

Tveli xalxi Tavisuflebas aziaros. erTaderTi mxsneli

ufalia, romelmac unda gadmoxedos qveyanas:

ùfalo! ufalo!

gesmis Tu ara sisxlTa mdinareebis Sxuili, jojoxeTis

cecxlis guguni da umweoTa godeba? ra Tqma unda, Sen gesmis

yovelive, magram, sdumxar, sdumxar raRac mosazrebiT, al-

baT Tu hfiqrob gamoscado adamianis siZliere. Sen gaxsovs,

rom jer kidev guSin, Sen gepotinebodnen, Sen geZebdnen, gi-

axlovdebodnen da dRes es sisxliT damTvrali orgia fex-

77

qveS gTelavs Senc da yovelive Sens Semoqmedebs...

Cven ararani, movdivarT da mivdivarT viT gazafxulis

foTolni, Sen ki yovelTvis xar ucvlelad uZlevelo mara-

disobav, hqmni aTas ferovan istorias, aravin uwyis dasawyisi

Seni da vin gazomos dasasruli?~(165).

gazeTis furclebze ukve Cans germaniis orientaciisad-

mi interesi. Tu germania sabolood aRiarebda kavkasias bu-

ferad, bunebrivia, igi iTxovda saqarTvelos am buferis

dacvas da Cveni qveyana nebsiT Tu uneblieT germaniis gavle-

nis qveS aRmoCndeboda.

1918 wlis maisisTvis is niSnebi Canda, rom amierkavkasias

meore balkaneTad gadaqceva emuqreboda. aramcTu osmaleTi

da germania, inglisi da TviT `socialisturi~ ruseTic ki mas

ucqerdnen, rogorc `gemriel lukmas~. am periodisTvis ga-

zeTi `saqarTvelo~ ukve moiTxovs saqarTvelos damoukideb-

lobis gamocxadebas, xolo `saxalxo saqme~ qarTvel xalxs

SeiaraRebisaken mouwodebs da masSi xedavs qveynis Tavisuf-

lebisTvis moqmedebas. Tu `saqarTvelo~ ufro politikuri

gadawyvetilebis miRebiT fiqrobs `madamosuli~ saxelmwi-

foebis SeCerebas, `saxalxo saqme~ aq ufro konkretuli nabi-

jisagan Tavs ikavebs da wers: `iaraRi, iaraRi da Rrma rwmena

imisa, rom Cveni Tavganwiruloba unayofod ar Caivlis da ad-

re Tu gvian, Cvens gvamebze amobrwyindeba saqarTvelos Tavi-

suflebis mze!~(172).

26 maiss 5 saaTze saqarTvelos damoukidebloba gamo-

acxades, xolo manamde, imave 26 maisis dilas, `saxalxo saqme~

kategoriulad acxadebs: `dadga dro, roca saqarTvelom Ta-

vis Tavs unda uSvelos da politikurma partiebmac moixadon

vali qarTveli xalxis winaSe, radgan saqarTvelom moixada

vali ruseTisa da amierkavkasiis winaSe. igi sruliad Tavisu-

falia yovelgvari pasuxismgeblobisagan. man scada yovelna-

iri gza, romelsac ki SeeZlo amierkavkasiis mTlianoba gada-

78

erCina, magram arcerTma maTganma nayofi ar gamoiRo, radgan

amierkavkasiis erebs erTnairad ar surdaT es mTlianoba.

dRes saqarTvelo valdebulia Tavis damoukidebel gzas da-

adges da damoukideblad eZios axali gzebi Tavisi xsni-

sa~(173).

saqarTvelos cxovrebaSi axali xana iwyeba. xalxi, rome-

lic Zlier SeeCvia bedis cvalebadobas, daiRala kidec misi

ukuRmarTobiT da aRaraferi axarebs TiTqos. magram saqar-

Tvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis aqtma. gazeTis az-

riT, daamtkica, rom kidev yofila qarTvel xalxSi enTuzi-

azmi. es dRe stimulia daZabunebuli sazogadoebis amoZrave-

bisTvis. aqtiuri adamiani, ufro metad momTxovni sazogado-

eba da ukompromiso brZola — aseTia `saxalxo saqmis~ publi-

cistikis dedaazri.

26 maisi da `saxalxo saqme~

1918 wlis 26 maiss gazeTi `saxalxo saqme~ didi aRfrTo-

vanebiT gamoexmaura. meore dResve, 27 maiss, gazeTSi daibeW-

da ioseb griSaSvilis leqsi miZRvnili saqarTvelos damou-

kideblobisadmi, romlis teqsts aqve movixmobT:

saqarTvelos zadiki

me dRevandlamde — yvelam icoda —

mejavreboda wiTeli feri;

bevrjer muzamac xom Semicoda:

ar momca leqsi gadasaweri.

meubneboda, ucade drosa

da roca aRsdges eri qarTveli,

maSin momixme! da Seni droSa

aRar darCeba aumarTveli.

da, wamovisxi glovis porfiri,

79

da vsvTqvi: `aw, marTlac ra memgosneba?~

mZulda CrdileTi flidi, orpiri,

mZulda TviT qarTlis patiosneba...

magram dRes, roca mze Ramec mnaTobs,

roca dascvivda mTas yinvis Tvlebi:

Cemi azric ki sxlteba, kamaTobs,

rom qarTvel mgosnad mec CaviTvlebi.

miyvarda tuCi! — da SeviZage,

TviT alerssac ki vetyvi uarsa.

rad minda vardi! rad minda bage!

dRes saqarTvelo jvars iwers, jvarsa.

da mec damkocnis sxva angelosi

da mec dReidan dameufleba:

Tavisufleba saqarTvelosi

da Cemi leqsis Tavisufleba!~

i. griSaSvili dedaqalaqi, vardisTve, 26~(174)

ai, aseT leqss miuZRvnis saqarTvelos damoukideblobis

gamocxadebas ioseb griSaSvili, romelic pirveli gamoexmau-

ra 26 maiss leqsiT. am nawarmoebs poetis SemoqmedebaSi erT-

erTi metad mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs, rogorc Tavisi

maRalmxatvruli RirebulebiT, ise istoriuli mniSvnelobi-

Tac. poetisadmi miZRvnil uamrav gamokvlevaSi, romlebic

sabWoTa periodSi iqmneboda, es leqsi ar figurirebda, misi

arsebobis Sesaxeb ar icodnen. igi ar ibeWdeboda poetis sab-

WoTa periodis krebulebSi. leqsi gamoqveynda 1994 wels

krebulSi `daubeWdavi leqsebi~, romelic Seadgina nodar

grigoraSvilma.

27 maiss gazeTi `saxalxo saqme~ pirvel gverdze didi ze-

imiT acxadebs: `gaumarjos saqarTvelos respublikas~. gaze-

Tis mowinave statiaSi vkiTxulobT: `seimma Tavisi Tavi daS-

80

lilad gamoacxada da misi adgili daiWira saqarTvelos

erovnulma sabWom, romelmac Tavis pirvel istoriul sxdo-

maze sasaxlis darbazSi gamoacxada saqarTvelos damouki-

debloba~. aqvea (gazeTis I-II gverdebze) werili àmierkavka-

siis seimSi~, sadac 26 maisis seimis sxdomis zogadi suraTia

warmodgenili. moxmobilia gamomsvlelTa sityvebi, warmoCe-

nilia cxare kamaTi da vnebaTaRelvani, romelsac seimis am

istoriul sxdomaze hqonda adgili. ir. wereTeli, noe ramiS-

vili, g. lasxiSvili, ak. Cxenkeli da sxva politikosebi aq er-

TmaneTs cvlian. xolo statiaSi èrovnuli sabWos sxdoma~

aRwerilia saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqtis miReba:

`naSuadRevs 4 sT. 30 wT. erovnuli sabWos Tavmjdomare

noe Jordania Tavmjdomaris adgils iWers. mas mTeli darba-

zi mxurvale taSiT xvdeba. mis garSemo prezidiumis magidaze

Tavis adgils ikaveben Tavmjdomaris amxanagebi giorgi las-

xiSvili, pavle sayvareliZe, grigol veSapeli da erovnuli

sabWos mdivani ilia zurabiSvili~.

movixmobT SemoklebiT noe Jordanias sityvas am werili-

dan: `Tqven iyaviT dRes mowme erTi istoriuli, iSviaTi aqti-

sa. dRes am zalaSi mokvda erTi saxelmwifo da ai, axla imave

zalaSi edeba safuZveli, eyreba niadagi meore saxelmwifos...

axali saqarTvelos saxelmwifo, dRes daarsebuli, ar iqneba

mimarTuli arc erTi eris, arc erTi saxelmwifos winaaR-

mdeg. misi mizania, rom dRevandel istoriul qartexilSi da-

ifaros Tavisi Tavi, da mere is daexmareba maT, vinc dRes gan-

sacdelSia Cavardnili... n. Jordania kiTxulobs àqts saqar-

Tvelos damoukideblobisas. mTeli darbazi fexze dgeba da

ismens am aqts. pirvel muxls — àmieridan saqarTvelos xalxi

suverenul uflebaTa matarebelia da saqarTvelo sruluf-

lebovani damoukidebeli saxelmwifo~ — erovnuli sabWos

wevrebi da mravalricxovani damswre sazogadoeba Zlieri

taSiTa da `vaSa~-s ZaxiliT xvdeba. yoveli muxlis wakiTxvas

81

taSiT ajildovebs mTeli darbazi~(174).

am werils iqve mohyveba saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aq-

tis teqsti. gazeTis amave nomerSi saqarTvelos droebiTi

mTavrobis Semadgenlobaa gamocxadebuli. sul rva ministri:

noe ramiSvili, akaki Cxenkeli, grigol giorgaZe, giorgi Juru-

li, noe xomeriki, Salva mesxiSvili, ivane lorTqifaniZe. Semdeg

nomrebSi gadmocemulia aRfrTovaneba da sixaruli saqarTve-

los damoukideblobis gamocxadebis gamo. ibeWdeba levan met-

revelis literaturuli xasiaTis werili `aw ganusvene!~ dauo-

kebeli yiJinaa da aRtaceba Tavisuflebis misamarTiT: `Tavisu-

fali saqarTvelo! mwyuris aRvide mwvervalzed ialbuzis da

iqedan vasmino garemos mTelsa xma Cemis sixarulisa. minda

vquxde, minda vgrgvinavde sivrcis morevSi, rom vagrZnobino

yovelsa msmenels saswaulTa saswauli — mkvdreTiT aRdgena.

elvis nawnavad msurs gavstyorcno Cemi gulis Zgera, rom dava-

naxo yovels mxilvels udides natvris Zleva da xorc-sxma. aR-

vmarToT mTebzed droSa qarTlisa? davrekoT zarni caTa sas-

menad! gazafxulis sazeimod gaSlil mkerdzed aRvanToT ko-

coni netarebisa! mTidan mowyvetil amay arwivebs davabaroT

Soridan Sored

dResaswauli qarTveli eris!...

dabneldes mTvare! Cahqren varskvlavni! mzem aifaros Sa-

vi pirbade! sinaTlis momfen sxivad gveyofa bednierebis Wia-

kokonac!

rwmenis ufskrulSi damarxuli natvra, glovis himnad

qceuli natvra, wamebis jvarzed gakruli natvra dRes xorc-

Sesxmula da win midgas TvalmWrel qandakebad, RvTaebriv

qandakebad... TvalT ar vujereb am sinamdviles, azri ver

swvdeba mis saswauls, magram gulSi vgrZnob sixarulis Wia-

kokonas da bageni Cemni uwmindes locvad imeoreben, mxolod

or sityvas:

`Tavisufali saqarTvelo!~ (175).

82

levan metrevelis werilis teqsti nawilobriv ritmuli

proziTaa Sesrulebuli. Cans am werilma didi gavlena moax-

dina, radgan gazeTis momdevno nomrebSi qveyndeba am xasia-

Tis literaturuli werilebi.

imave suliskveTebiTaa gaJRenTili vaxtang kotetiSvilis

werili `qarTlis cxovreba~, sadac avtori mRelvared da xa-

tovnad gadmogvcems Tavis STabeWdilebebs saqarTvelos da-

moukideblobis aRiarebis gamo da ers mis dasacavad brZoli-

saken mouwodebs. movixmobT amonaridebs am werilidan:

`daixa farda da qveyniur scenaze kiskasi saqarTveloc

gamoCnda. ra uyoT, rom irgvliv xmlebs ulesaven, ra uyoT,

rom cecxlsac unTeben, rom mis kvamlSi gamoaxrCon Zveli

raindi. sul erTia. istoriuli monologi mainc iTqva, ganax-

lda `qarTlis cxovreba~. iwyoba saqarTvelos istoriis axa-

li xana. qarTveli eri, aqamde koleqtiur cnebad anu loRi-

kur abstraqciad gadaqceuli, dReidan iqneba cocxal Semoq-

medebiT dasabamad, sulier organizmad, romlis wiaRSic yove-

li wevri macocxlebel kavSiriT SeduRdeba da Sesxeuldeba.

amieridan Cveni qarTuli suli stiqiurad unda gamomJRavndes

erovnuli Semoqmedebis mravalsaxeobiT, da unda ipovos Tavi-

si logosi. amas moiTxovs Cveni eris istoriuli procesi. aqeT

aris mimarTuli Cveni Segnebuli saqmianobac~ (176).

v. kotetiSvili aRtacebulia, rom didi xnis pasivobis

Semdeg qarTvelobam kvlav moZebna Tavisi arsebobis `tan-sa-

buri~, saxelmwifo. `Tu 15 saukunis win qarTveli eri moinaT-

la religiis embazSi, dRes kulturul embazs gaviCenT da mo-

vinaTlebiT~ (iqve).

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebiT gamowveu-

li emociebiTaa savse viqtor asaTianis literaturuli xasi-

aTis patara werili: `ar momkvdara, gaiRviZa~ (177) da ucnobi

avtoris `Tavisufal saqarTvelos...~ orive werilSi ismis

xotba-dideba gaTavisuflebuli saqarTvelosi:

83

`Cemi netareba, Cemi uaRresi ltolvani, ganuSorebeli

fiqrebi, imedebi, romelic saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis

garSemo trialebda, amisrulda!

vixile saqarTvelos ganTavisufleba!

Tavisufali saqarTvelo!..

da es sanetaro xma guls Camwvda...

Cemis yuriT vismine,

Cemis TvaliT vixile

da Cemis mTeli arsebiT vigrZeni.

Tavisufal saqarTvelos xeli Sevaxe!..

qarTvel ers Tavisufals vxedav, romelsac upyria ami-

ranis droSa...

saqarTvelos eris yiJina mesmis:

`gaumarjos Tavisufal saqarTvelos!~

duSiko~ (178).

1918 wlis 26 maiss eZRvneba i. mWedliSvilis leqsi `meT-

vramete gazafxulze Cemi samSoblo~ da i. vadaWkorias leqsi

`gaumarjos saqarTvelos!~ damoukideblobam qarTveli poe-

tebis SemoqmedebaSi axali etapi daiwyo — optimizmis etapi.

gaTavisuflebis sixarulma sevda gafanta da igi STagonebis

wyaro gaxda. yvela namdvili xelovanisTvis im dReebSi mTa-

vari muza 26 maisi iyo.

`magram mainc aRar vkvnesi,

guls ar vitex Sav fiqrebiT

da samSoblos Tavs vevlebi

laR ocnebis laRi frTebiT.

da viZaxi: gaumarjos

amay mTebs da turfa mdelos,

gaumarjos Cems samSoblos,

gaumarjos saqarTvelos!!!~(180).

84

gazeTis furclebze grigol rcxilaZe wers: `saqarTve-

lo damoukidebel saxelmwifod gamocxadda im dros, roca

mas yvela mxridan mtris razmebi awvebian. aseT gamwvavebul

sagareo mdgomareobis pirobebSi metad Znelia Sinauri sa-

xelmwifoebrivi Semoqmedebis gaRviveba, magram Tu Sin wesie-

reba ar aRsdga, sagareo politika, rac unda niWieri diploma-

tebi awarmoebdnen mas, mainc qveyanas ver ixsnis. sagareo poli-

tikis Zala saxelmwifos Sinagan Zlierebazea damyarebuli.

mTavroba saxelmwifoebrivi aqtivobis elementia~(179).

`saxalxo saqme~ iwyebs saubars damoukidebeli saqarTve-

los saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis Taobaze.

gazeTi daarsebidan 1918 wlis 26 maisamde sazogadoebis-

Tvis erTgvar SemecnebiT funqcias asrulebda. vaJas, ilias,

akakis ers mainc sWirdeboda sakuTar TviTmyofadobaze sau-

bari, identurobaze zrunva, erovnuli grZnobis gaRviveba,

Tavmoyvareobis aRdgena, uflebis gacnobiereba, imdenad

mZime iyo social-demokratTa da Semdeg bolSevikTa mier

Tavsmoxveuli burusi, rom misi gafantva mxolod WeSmarit

publicistikas Tu xelewifeboda. am azriT, `saxalxo saqme~

ar iyo mxolod partiuli gazeTi, igi swored im `moRvawis

tipi~ gaxda, romelsac gazeTis Semqmnelni pirvel nomrebSi

miznad isaxavdnen. „saxalxo saqmem~ seriozuli analitikuri

saqmianoba gaswia da mkiTxveli TavisuflebisTvis brZolis

Tanamonawile gaxada.

gza 1917 wlis 16 ivlisidan 1918 wlis 26 maisamde `saxal-

xo saqmem~ warmatebiT gaiara, zogjer winaaRmdegobebiT, po-

ziciebis daTmobiT, magram mTavars igi arasodes Ralatob-

da: yoveli movlena Tu faqti misTvis imdenad iyo misaRebi,

ramdenadac masSi qarTuli erovnuloba aisaxeboda. rac sa-

qarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv interesebsa da strategiul

principebs ar emsaxureboda, gazeTi calsaxad uaryofda.

`saxalxo saqme~ zneobrivi politikis momxre iyo. misi gamom-

85

cemeli samson fircxalava araerTxel miuTiTebda amis Sesa-

xeb: `qarTvel xalxs aklia politikuri gawvrTna, kulturu-

li tradicia da Cveni politika Zalian xSirad Sordeba zneo-

bas. politikas ar vuyurebT farTod, ar vukavSirebT sazo-

gadoebriv ganviTarebas, pirovnebaTa damarcxeba ufro gva-

interesebs, vidre gansazRvruli sazogadoebrivi wesis dam-

yareba da araviTar saxsars ar veridebiT, oRond ki Cveni ga-

vitanoT~(154).

aq samson fircxalava qarTuli politikuri Zalebis sa-

zogado ubedurebaze werda, rac ase damaxasiaTebelia TiT-

qmis yvela drois qarTveli politikosebisaTvis.

konstantine gamsaxurdia

STambeWdavia konstantine gamsaxurdias moRvaweobis pe-

riodi gazeT `saxalxo saqmeSi~. mwerlis maxvil Tvals ar ga-

morCenia arc erTi politikuri Tu kulturuli movlena,

romelmac saqarTvelos istoriaSi gardamtexi roli Seasru-

la. `troaneli cxeni~, `velikorusebi da ararusebi~, `xelov-

neba Tu politikanoba~, `kulturuli muSaobisTvis!~, `qar-

Tul artilerias~, `eri Tu rassa?~, `qarTvel mwerlebs~ — es

arasruli CamonaTvalia misi publicistur-literaturuli

werilebisa, romlebic 1917-1918 wlebis `saxalxo saqmis~

furclebze ibeWdeboda.

yvelaze mTavari, rasac konstantine gamsaxurdia gaze-

Tis saSualebiT amkvidrebda, iyo is, rom mwerlobas sTxovda

politikisgan zomier distancirebas da iSveliebda fridrix

nicSes magaliTs: 1870-71 wels, roca elzas-lorenSi frang-

germanelTa zarbaznebi grgvinavdnen, nicSe werda `tragedi-

is warmoSobas~.

`dRes Cveni kulturis erTi tragikuli naskvTagani is

gaxlavT, rom qarTveli eris sulieri Zala umTavresad po-

86

litikaze ixarjeba. TviT Cveni `maSenebeli~ winaprebis an-

derZic gvikarnaxebs da gvaswavlis — politikur aurzaurSi

kulturuli muSaobis weraqvsa da yalams xeli ar gauSvaT.

ase rom ar yofiliyo, qarTveli eris nerviani politikuri

warsuli nebas ar miscemda qarTvel xelovansa da kultu-

rul muSaks cxovrebis yru da uxmo labirinTSi Cumi kultu-

ruli muSaoba ewarmoebina. roca mxedarni mamulis bWeebze

werdnen sakuTaris sisxliT erovnuli arsebobis garantias,

xelovanni da moZRvarTmoZRvarni mtvrian foliantebs aba-

rebdnen sulisa da espris qmnilebaT~(148).

gamsaxurdias gulistkivili gamowveulia xelovnebis as-

parezze arsebuli sicarieliT. misTvis ar aris sakmarisi ar-

sebuli literaturuli Tu publicisturi moRvaweoba. `xe-

lovans Tavisi sarbieli aqvs, xelovans Tavisi sakuTari me-

teorebi eguleba cis alionze da nu uSliT mas iqiTken

qrolvas~ (iqve).

k. gamsaxurdia Tvlis, rom Tavisufal qveyanas ganaTle-

bul adamianTa pleada dasWirdeba. igi saubrobs wignebis,

rukebis, leqsikonebis Seqmnaze, ganaTlebis sakiTxebze da

wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis daarsebaze. am

werilis paToss tician tabiZec exmianeba, romelmac mogvia-

nebiT `saqarTveloSi~ menSevikebs brali dasdo qarTuli xe-

lovnebisa da kulturis uyuradRebobaSi. imave gulistki-

vils gamoxatavs konstantine gamsaxurdia werilSi `troane-

li cxeni~(142), romelic akademikos n. maris pasuxad dawera.

mwerali ekamaTeba mars, romelic kavkasiuri da internacio-

naluri universitetis daarsebas emxroboda. internaciona-

luri universiteti rom aseTi mniSvnelovani yofiliyo, go-

nier da gamWriax evropelebs veravin daaswrebdao, fiqrobs

avtori. `Sveicariis universitetic ki ar eyrdnoba kultu-

rul universalizms. iqaur universitetSi mxolod iseTi ene-

bia gabatonebuli, romelzedac uaxloes kantonebis umrav-

87

lesoba laparakobs da wers. es rom sxvanairad yofiliyo,

erT kaTedras mainc dauTmobdnen dRemdis `rusul mecniere-

bas~ an bazelSi, an JenevaSi, an lozanaSi. kulturulma uni-

versalizmma daaxSo qristianuli aRmosavleTis erebis Se-

moqmedebiTi energia, imave universalizmma aamRvria romisa

da bizantiis bastarduli kulturis wyaro~(142).

`kulturuli kontrabanda~ — ai, ras ewinaaRmdegeba kon-

stantine gamsaxurdia. es ki, upirveles yovlisa, im `xunde-

bis~ bralia, romelic àra-rus erebis majebze~ devs. Tu Se-

darebiT Tavisuflad amoisunTqa rusma erma, samagierod

xelSi SerCa ìs tormazi, romelic dRemdisac abrkolebs

sxva erebis winsvlasa da ganviTarebas~. velikorusebis ini-

ciativiT agebuli ruseTis saxelmwifos struqturis daxa-

siaTebaSi igi germanel profesors iSveliebs, romelmac sa-

gazeTo werilSi `moskovitelebis~ saTauriT dawera, rom àm

veeberTela teritoriis centrsa da ganapirebs TiTqmis ara-

feri aerTianebs tlanqi, uxeSi Zalis meti... kavkasiaSi mosko-

vitelebma isRa moaxerxes, maTraxebisa da rusifikatoruli

politikis SemweobiT aqa-iq rusuli Jargoni SemoiRes da

Tvalwarmtac, werwet qarTul taZrebs xaxvis Taviseburi

gumbaTebi wamoadges~(143).

ruseTis politikis daxasiaTebisas konstantine gamsa-

xurdia iseve mkacri da daundobelia, rogorc misi kolegebi.

`1801 wlidan qarTvelobis politikur orientaciaSi gaikvan-

Za fataluri ìdee fiqsi~ movaleobisa. am ìdee fiqsma~ gawe-

wa dimitri yifianis guli. yifiani manamdis inaxavda am fici-

sa da ama erTgulebis siwmindes, vidre bneli avazakis xelma

qvis satex lomiT ar gaupo Tavi. am saSineli ficis jadosnu-

ri Zala amagrebs dResac rusis poziciebze qarTvel meom-

rebs~ (152).

konstantine gamsaxurdia qarTvel mweralTa pirvel yri-

lobasac miesalma, Tumca mxari ar dauWira konstantine bal-

88

montis Tavmjdomared gayvanas, ramac gr. robaqiZeSi didi

gaRizianeba gamoiwvia. robaqiZem gamsaxurdias `Sovinisti~

da `kaciWamia nacionalisti~ uwoda. igi gamsaxurdias akri-

tikebs, rom is brZola, romelic cxovrebaSi arsebobs erTa

Soris, xelovnebaSi ar unda gadavides. Tu mefeebi erTmaneTs

ebrZvian, mwerlebi da xelovanni Zmurad uwvdian erTmaneTs

xels.

`roca ori eris, ori kulturis, ori samyaros brZolaa,

iq usaTuod mweralTa banakSic cecxli anTia... erTi meores

ebrZvis ara marto diplomatiis da zarbaznebis piriT, ara-

med mTeli kulturuli sistemiT, wignebiT, gazeTiT, kalmi-

Tac da maxviliTac~(158). amiT k. gamsaxurdia asabuTebs, ra-

tom iyo balmontis Tavmjdomareobis winaaRmdegi.

gamsaxurdia zogadad emxroba mwerlebis mier mimdinare

procesebze azris gamoTqmas: `yvelaferi sivrcesa, dros da

garemoebas eqvemdebareba, da amasTan mweralic. me mgonia

uxucesi yvela mgosanTa da apolos msaxurTa Soris homeri,

usaTuod monawileobas iRebda ilionis winaSe atexil omSi...

dante ara marto didi poeti iyo, imave dros fanatikuri ka-

Tolike, hiugo respublikaneli, lessingi frangofobi. kor-

neri da arnedi ar iyvnen xmaliT da simReriT rom miuZRvod-

nen germanelebs mamuliSvilur omebSi?.. belgiis aoxrebis

dros TviT mudam sevdianma mistikosma meterlinkma dastova

Tavisi mSvenieri baRi da samSoblodan ganltolvili belgi-

is jarTan da ubedur gvirgvinmoxdil mefesTan erTad ganag-

rZo maxviliTa da kalmiT brZola Tavis gaCanagebul mamulis

aRsadgenad~(158).

amiT k. gamsaxurdia asabuTebs, rom yvela dros yvela

mwerali eris winamZRolobas eweva da nuravis egoneba poli-

tika mxolod politikosTa saqme. `Jamianobis~ dros `muxam-

bazobis~ SesaZlebloba ar aris. 19 noembers gamarTulma

erovnulma yrilobam imedi misca mwerals da daarwmuna, rom

89

qarTvelobas 117 wlis monobaSi yvelaferi ar daukargavs. im

dRes gaorebuli saqarTvelo SeerTda. 1917 wlis 19 noembris

erovnuli yriloba ruseTis bolSevikuri revoluciis wina-

aRmdeg mimarTuli protesti da ganacxadi iyo, sadac monawi-

leobas iRebdnen saqarTvelos inteleqtualuri Zalebi.

sainteresoa k. gamsaxurdias werili `eri Tu rassa~(169),

sadac igi erisa da rasis raobebs erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs,

asimilaciis problemaze saubrobs, romelic zogjer saWi-

roa energiis gasaumjobeseblad: `didi sakiTxia~, ambobda

erTi germaneli mecnieri, `saberZneTma Seqmna homeri Tu ho-

merma saberZneTio~. aTasisa da aTi-aTasis nagrZnobs, nafiq-

rsa da namRers Tu rogor mReris erTi pirovneba, es ise rTu-

li amocanaa, rogorc problema genialobisa... damokidebu-

leba rassasa da mis pirmSos Soris iseTia, rogorc piramidis

mwvervalis umaRles samkuTxed qvasa da piramidis kedlebis

lodebs Soris. pirvelis simaRle ukanasknelT emyareba. uka-

nasknelni pirvels umagreben wels. mxolod siWarbe Sehqmnis

sidiades. es is siWarbea, romelic usesxebia frangis ers hiu-

gosTvis, germanels — kantisTvis da qarTvel ers rusTve-

lisTvis... rassa im gansakuTrebul ersa da TvalisCins niS-

navs, romliTac arabuli cxeni gansxvavdeba yabardulisa-

gan~(169).

k. gamsaxurdia evropuli kulturis siZlieres maTi xal-

xebis energias ukavSirebs: germanul-romaul rasaTa SeduRa-

bebam italielebi da frangebi mogvca, mocartis samSoblo,

Svabebis qveyana, dasaxlebulia naxevrad keltur da naxevrad

germanul xalxTa sisxlis warmomadgenlebiT. prusia, emanu-

el kantis samSoblo, Seicavs slavianurs, da germanuli sis-

xlis elementebs. `igive prusia samiode saukunis Svilia da man

kacobriobas meti misca, vidre 150 milionianma velikorusma...

aRmosavleT slavianebisa da monRolebis sisxlis Serevam mog-

vca yovelive saxelmwifoebriv cxovrebisa da civilizaciur

90

iniciativisTvis gamousadegari rusis eri, romelsac erTma

germanelma mecnierma `idioti eri~ uwoda~(iqve).

amiT k. gamsaxurdia amZafrebs brZolis survils Tavi-

suflebisken da ruseTis politikisgan daSoreba surs. misi

areali evropa da is dasavluri civilizaciaa, sadac qarTve-

li ufro SemoqmedebiT cxovrebas SeZlebs(47).

mas germanelTa erovnuli TviTSegneba samagaliTod mi-

aCnda. germaniidan wamosulma qariSxalma qarTul azrSi didi

pativiT daimkvidra adgili.

`mzera germaniisken!~ — es iyo `saxalxo saqmis~ devizi,

iseve rogorc gazeT `saqarTvelosi~. germania aRmoCnda da-

uSreteli sulieri rezervuari, saidanac mTeli evropa

iRebda sulier sazrdos, maT Soris qarTveli moRvaweebi.

1918 wlis agvistodan konstantine gamsaxurdia Tavis sa-

Tayvanebel germaniaSi miemgzavreba sadiplomo naSromis da-

sawerad. 26 maisis aqtze igi mogvianebiT dawers statias

`sityvebi qarTveli erisadmi 26 maiss~, romelic saqarTve-

los gasabWoebamde, 1921 wlis 25 maiss daibeWdeba. statiaSi igi

gamoxatavs Tavis damokidebulebas am TariRisadmi da aanali-

zebs saqarTvelos gzas 1801 wlidan 1918 wlamde. statia iwye-

ba fixtes sityvebiT: `vin damoukideblobas dahkargavs, igi

amasTanave dahkargavs SesaZleblobas, wili daidvas drois

mimdinareobaSi da mas Taviseburi forma misces~. mas Semdeg

mohyveba pirveli sityvebi: `saqarTvelos istoriaSi me ar

vicnob ufro didmniSvnelovan dRes~(48).

levan metreveli

levan metreveli gazeT `saxalxo saqmeSi~ moRvawe erT-

erTi saintereso mweralia. misi literaturul-publicis-

turi werilebi gamoirCeva samSoblos sevdiT, misi stili ko-

loritulia da xatovani, didebiT mosavs Zvel saqarTvelos

91

da elodeba mis gaTavisuflebas, gabrwyinebas. erovnuli me-

obis amaRleba levan metrevelis mTavari Zaxilia.

`salami samSoblos~(141) — levan metrevelis es litera-

turuli Canaxati TiTqos ilias `mgzavris werilebis~ Temas

agrZelebs.

`hoi, samSoblov! CrdiloeTiT momavali ialbuzis mwver-

valze daveZeb SenTvis aRnTebul Tavisuflebis kelaptars

da pirvel salams imas movuZRvni. Seni Svili, Seni mona, Seyva-

rebuli Sensken moviltvi, rom Sens ganTiads, Sens aRdgenas

mec mivegebo muxlis CoqiT, natvra-vedrebiT; da sasoebani

Cemni Cavadno msxverplad Tavisuflebis brwyinvale mzis

pirvel sxivebSi... saflavSi iryevian mama-papaTa Zvlebi.

guls anaTeben xsovnani uwmindes dedaTa, romelTac aRages

sami udidesi taZari saqarTvelos aTaswlovan mkerdze, taZa-

ri sulisa, didebisa da wamebisa; abjar-Sesxmulni saukuneni

saqarTvelosi sisxl-nadenni, daqanculni, keTilSobilni,

TiTqos axlad wamoiSalen bedis winaSe da iwodeben saqarTve-

los axal sityvad, axal sicocxled, axalsa brZolad~(141).

aseve sainteresoa misi werili, romelic `qarTul enas~

miuZRvna. avtoris azriT, mSobliuri ena saxelmwifos umTav-

resi burjia, eris sulieri cxovrebis udidesi simagrea, misi

saSualebiT eri `ebaaseba kacobriobas, cas, samyaros, Tavis

Tavs~.

`gagizomiaT odesme sidiade Cveni patara qveynisa?

...qarTuli ena es qarTvelis mkerdia mtris winaSe Seu-

povrad mdgomi... is kacTa mqrolavi arwivia, romelsac jer

ver miswvdomia bedis isari. magram vah, ramdenia qarTvelisa-

ve ZuZuTi aRzrdili, visac qarTuli metyveleba ucxoTa

xmad miaCnia... magram me maT siwiTles vera vxedav. Cvens cxov-

rebaSi — sCans aRar aris aRarc sircxvili, aRarc Segneba...

miswvdiT sxvadasxva enaTa ulamazes mwvervalebs! adiT qar-

Tuli enis ialbuzze da iq, zevidan, cidan mainc mogesmiT

92

udidesi qarTveli sityvad genacvale~(147).

ruseTis saukunovanma politikam qarTuli enis kultu-

razec Zlier imoqmeda. miuxedavad ilias Taobis udidesi

brZolisa enis gadasarCenad, me-20 saukunis dasawyisSic iy-

vnen qarTvelebi, romlebsac qarTul enaze saubari uWirdaT

da zogjer esircxvilebodaT. levan metrevelis es litera-

turuli SemoZaxili swored maT gamosafxizlebladaa mimar-

Tuli. aseTi damokidebulebiT mwerali ilaSqrebda eris uf-

lebisa da Rirsebis Selaxvis winaaRmdeg.

Semdeg mwerali ixsenebs agreTve solomon leoniZes, ro-

melmac erekle mefes winaaRmdegoba gauwia da saqarTvelos

damoukideblobas bolomde icavda.

`solomon leoniZe — es ukanaskneli sityvaa Tavisufali

saqarTvelosi. droTa siRrmeSi, caTa-SemboWav pirquS Rru-

belTa Soris saqarTvelos Tavisuflebis napralze udides

qandakebad gamokveTilia mSvenieri saxe solomon msajulisa.

da samSoblos Camavali mzis ukanasknelni sxivni oqros fere-

bad masze stydebian, mas ganabrwyinven. uTvalav brZolaTa

Soris mravaljer dakodila Cveni qveyana, magram ar dasaxiC-

rebula ki. da masSi marad hborgavda amayi da nugeSis mimniWe

Zlieri suli qarTvelobisa. suli erovnulis Tavisuflebisa

da ukvdavobisa, romelic daZabunebul tanSi mainc aRanTebs

wyurvils brZolisas da Tu Rirseul sicocxled veRar

aRadgens, Rirseul sikvdilad mainc gadaaSlevinebs mkerdsa

Tavisas~(157).

es suli ukanasknelad solomon leoniZis mkerdSi aenTo,

magram veRar ixsna ruseTisken gadaxrili saqarTvelo. so-

lomon leoniZe aRmoCnda erTaderTi pirovneba, romelmac

ganWvrita qarTvelis bedi. igi grZnobda, rom ruseTTan dame-

gobreba niSnavda damonebas. `saqarTvelos beds da momavals

is ufro Tavisuflad andobda saqarTvelosve daqancul mar-

jvenas, vidre ruseTis ganusazRvrel Zlierebas~(iqve).

93

metreveli gakvirvebulia imiT, rom, rac 120 wlis win

ganWvrita solomonma, bevri axlac ver grZnobs. daundobe-

lia im adamianTa misamarTiT, romelTac saqarTvelos Tavi-

suflebaze xmis amoRebis eSiniaT da Rrmad swams, rom solo-

monSi dRevandeli situacia `aRSfoTebis qariSxals gamoiw-

vevda da gaswiravda mTel saqarTvelos axal sasowarkveTil

brZolad, Tundac sikvdilad, mxolod Tavisuflad, damou-

kideblad... solomon leoniZe es aris gedis simRera damouki-

debeli saqarTvelosi~ (iqve).

levan metreveli akritikebs yvela im qarTvels, vinc sa-

qarTvelos Tavisuflebis natvras ar Seupyria da ironiu-

lad dasZens: `mxolod qarTvels SeuZlian Seqmnas aseTi

mcneba: siyvaruli mtrisa da siZulvili megobrisaTvis... `Se-

iyvare Tavi Seni — viTarca mteri Seni!~(159) — mimarTavs igi

Tavis Tanamemamuleebs da ar moswons is partiuli dapirispi-

reba, romelsac adgili aqvs qarTvelTa Soris.

vaxtang kotetiSvili

vaxtang kotetiSvili — qarTuli literaturis istori-

kosi, kritikosi, xelovnebaTmcodne da folkloristia. `sa-

xalxo saqmeSi~ misi moRvaweobis periodi gajerebulia fi-

losofiur-politikuri, literaturul-mxatvruli xasia-

Tis werilebiTa da statiebiT. samecniero-kvleviTi muSao-

bis paralelurad kotetiSvili sazogadoebriv da pedagogi-

ur moRvaweobasac eweoda. `saxalxo saqmis~ erT-erT pirvel

nomerSi giorgi zdanoviCisadmi (maiaSvilisadmi) miZRvnili

weriliT gamoCnda. `didi katorReli~ — ase hqvia im werils,

romelic v. kotetiSvils zdanoviCis gardacvalebam daawe-

rina. cnobil sazogado moRvawes igi `cxovrebis cocxal wya-

rosa~ da `Suqmfen CiraRdans~ uwodebs. is epoqa, roca zda-

noviCi moRvaweobda, iyo epoqa `mZime gamocdebis, yovelgva-

94

ri Zalmomreobis, monisluli cxovrebis, rodesac ruseTis

inteligencia daavadda gleb uspenskis Tqmisamebr guliTac

da sindisiTac...~(139)

1918 wlis maisSi vaxtang kotetiSvili werda: `pirovnebis

ganTavisuflebis filosofias daudga kidev axali xana... axa-

li gza da axali Segnebaa saWiro. midis xelovnebis wiTeli

etli, romelzedac cxovrebis yoveli nawilia moTavsebuli.

gardiqmeniT, gaixadeT Zveli tan-samosi, fex-samosi da ise

midiT masTan, rogorc aroni mivida cecxlovan jagTan! wina-

aRmdeg SehbilwavT da dairisxebiT. moemzadeT. xelovnebis

vulkanic male amoxeTqs da cecxlis lava walekavs Zvel na-

gebs. haerSi cecxlis suni ukve trialebs~(171).

es sixaruli male auxda v. kotetiSvils. am werilis gamoq-

veynebidan erT kviraSi saqarTvelos damoukidebloba gamocx-

adda. v. kotetiSvili ruseTis biurokratias saqarTvelos

erovnul damaxinjebaSi adanaSaulebs. `erovnuli TviTmkvle-

lobis procesi jer ar Senelebula. cocxalTa sasaflaod ga-

daqceula Cveni kiskasi qveyana. jer ar dasdgomia gamofxizle-

bis gzas didi xnis monobiT gadagvarebuli Cveni xalxi. magram

ukeTesi iyo, rom amoucnob sfinqsad mainc darCeniliyo saqar-

Tvelo. is saqarTvelo, romelmac ruseTis revoluciisTvis

yvelaze didi cecxli Tavis lamaz mkerdze daanTo, magram sa-

qarTvelos ganTavisuflebisTvis ki daiferfla da daiSala.

mxolod 26 maisis TariRi Rirseulad aRibeWdeba Cveni matianes

furclebze. am dRes wertili daesva qarTveli eris Seugnebel

xetials, am dRes gairRva is mojadoebuli wre, romelSic qar-

Tveli eri iyo momwyvdeuli, da iq, sadac qarTuli sulisTvis

faruli giliotina iyo aRmarTuli, iq aRimarTa saqarTvelos

damoukideblobis elvare droSa~(183).

v. kotetiSvilis SefasebiT, dasrulda qarTuli trage-

diis xangrZlivi antraqti da daiwyo ukanaskneli moqmedeba.

scenaze ki gamodis Zveli raindi, saqarTvelo, moRlili, mo-

95

qanculi, mtrebiT garSemortymuli. yvelas unda cecxlis

SenTeba, rom kvamlSi gamoaxrCon fexze damdgari Zveli rain-

di. amitom, finali gaurkvevelia. rogor dasruldeba es uka-

naskneli moqmedeba, aravin icis. `viciT mxolod, rom Zvel

rainds saqarTvelos wamozrdili Svilebi unda dairazmon

yovelmxriv da Tavisuflebis samsxverploze daanarcxon yo-

veli misi mteri.

rusuli andazaa: `eSmaki arc ise saSiSia, rogorc hgonia-

To~. maS, revoluciis wiTel etlgadavlil qarTvelobas yva-

vilovan mkerdze nu gadavatarebT Savi imperializmis mZime

guTans~(iqve).

vaxtang kotetiSvilma `saxalxo saqmeSi~ mTeli filoso-

fiur-mxatvruli koncefcia Camoayaliba da saqarTvelos da-

moukideblobas istoriuli da fsiqologiuri safuZveli Se-

uqmna. misi politikuri publicistika da analizi mkiTxvels

movlenebis gansxvavebul aRqmasa da konteqsts sTavazobs.

* * *

gazeT `saxalxo saqmis~ furclebze mwerlobis rolze

saubrobs giorgi WumburiZe. miuxedavad amisa, mweralTa

pirveli Tavyriloba naadrevad miiCnia, razec sakadrisi pa-

suxi miiRo konstantine gamsaxurdiasgan. `saxalxo saqmeSi~

igi ilia WavWavaZis cxovrebasa da moRvaweobas ixsenebs, ro-

melmac `miznad daisaxa eris xsna, misi aRdgena~. igi sazoga-

doebas kidev erTxel moagonebs ilias wvlils qarTveli

eris miZinebuli sulis gamofxizlebaSi da miaCnia, rom erov-

nul gaTviTcnobierebas iliasTan erTad akaki wereTelmac

Seuwyo xeli— `TviTcnobierebasTan erTad saWiro iyo uwmin-

desi da umaRlesi siyvaruli. erma Seiyvara Tavisi Tavi da sa-

qarTveloc~, wers igi(150).

giorgi WumburiZe am werils 29 agvistos nomerSi aqvey-

96

nebs, anu ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis dRes da didi mwerlis

xsovnas uZRvnis. igi Tvlis, rom sazogadoebam ilias revo-

lucioneroba mosTxova, rac misTvis bunebrivad SeuZlebeli

iyo. aseTi misiis dakisreba naCqarevi nabiji iyo qarTveli

xalxis mxridan — esaa WumburiZis daskvna. aRsaniSnavia, rom

ilia WavWavaZis cxovreba da moRvaweoba revoluciuri iyo

Tavidan bolomde. sityvis, kalmis novatori saxelmwifoeb-

riv saqmeebSic novatori iyo. araCveulebrivad esmoda eko-

nomikuri sakiTxebi. aseTi universaluri da mravalmxrivi

profesionalis deficits ganicdida 1917-1918 wlebis saqar-

Tvelo. ilias sidiades ki ver xvdebodnen xelisuflebaSi

myofTa umravlesoba. iliasi esmodaT da grZnobdnen isini,

romlebic partiul umciresobas warmoadgendnen.

* * *

1917 wlis 29 agvistos nomerSi ibeWdeba arCil jorja-

Zis werili — `ZiriTadi motivebi ilia WavWavaZis publicis-

tikisa~. marTalia, werili 1913 wels daiwera m. gedevaniSvi-

lis SekveTiT i. WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa sruli krebulis ga-

mocemisTvis, magram pirvelad 1917 wels `saxalxo saqmem~ da-

beWda. werili ZiriTadad exeba ilia WavWavaZis azrovnebis

xasiaTs. arCil jorjaZes surs, bolomde Cawvdes da erTmane-

Tisgan ganasxvaos realisti ilia da idealisti ilia. qveynis

sakiTxebiT moculi ilia WavWavaZis azrovnebas `ainteresebs

ara marto is, rac aris, aramed isic, rac unda iyos. realizmi

WavWavaZis materialisturi mimarTulebisa ar aris, piriqiT,

igi xSirad romantiul-idealisturi samoseliT imoseba... igi

arafers ar angrevda winaswaris ganzraxviT. ukiduresoba ar

egueboda mis bunebas. masSi, rogorc did auzSi, Segrovili

iyo Tavis drois da epoqis zraxvani da igi TiTqos ufrTxil-

deboda, eloliaveboda masSi Tavmoyril saganZes, ar imeteb-

97

da gasaxleCad da gasarRvevad~(151).

arCil jorjaZis TvalsazrisiT, filosofiaSi ilia po-

zitivistia, gaurbis saidumloebasa da bundovanebas. mas uy-

vars xiluli da xelSesaxebi sagani, miuwvdomeli sidiade mas

ar xiblavs. amis dasabuTebaa `mgzavris werilebi~, sadac

ilia gulgrili rCeba myinvaris winaSe.

` igi sdevs cxovrebas kval-da-kval, aRniSnavs mis av-kar-

gianobas, xolo arasodes Tavisad ar hxdis sxvis azrs da

sxvis ideals, Tu es sxvisi azri da sxvisi ideali saxifaTo da

gamousadegar sagnad miaCnia~(iqve).

arCil jorjaZis literaturuli kvlevis gamoqveyneba

`saxalxo saqmeSi~ kidev erTi qedis moxraa didi mwerlis

cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis winaSe. `saxalxo saqme~ ki xazs us-

vams mis memkvidreobiTobas 60-ianelebis ideebTan.

rogorc cnobilia, arCil jorjaZeca da kita abaSiZec

federalistTa partiis Tavkacebi iyvnen. ilia WavWavaZis

Semdeg `saxalxo saqme~ kita abaSiZis xsovnasac exmianeba. da-

viT kldiaSvili kita abaSiZes axasiaTebs, rogorc qarTveli

eris did moamagesa da qomags, romelic ver urigdeboda ve-

raviTar monobas da daCagvras da mTeli Tavisi arsebiT ib-

rZoda qarTveli eris gaTavisuflebisTvis. gr. qvarians ki

kita abaSiZe miaCnda did esTetad, romelic advilad ver

urigdeboda uxeS materialistur da utilitarul msof-

lmxedvelobas. mSveniereba ki misi kulti iyo, romliskenac

usazRvro gatacebiT miiswrafvoda (162). ilia WavWavaZeca da

kita abaSiZec saqarTvelos Tavisuflebis ideiT anTebuli

ori didi mamuliSvilia.

`saxalxo saqme~ kidev ufro ganamtkicebs Tavis poziciebs

mwerlobis misiis mimarT samson fircxalavas werilSi `erovne-

ba da erovnuli Tavisufleba~, sadac mwerlobis raobasa da

mwerlis movaleobebzea saubari. werili sam nomerSi grZel-

deba. avtori Tvlis, rom mwerloba eris sarkea, romelSic sa-

98

zogadoeba xedavs Tavis Tavs da arkvevs Tavis vinaobas.

`mwerloba arsebiTad erovnulia, erovnuli imitom, rom ga-

moxatavs eris sulsa da guls, imitom, rom misi sicocxle

eris sicocxlea. evropis saSualo saukuneebis mwerlobis ay-

vaveba daiwyo im dRidan, roca saerTo `sakacobrio~ laTi-

nur enis mwerlobas gamoeyo erovnuli mwerlobani, yovelma

erma sakuTari mwerloba gaiCina. am dRidanve iwyes damouki-

debeli arseboba am erebma, Sehqmnes sakuTari kulturuli

wreebi. italiis eri Seqmna dantes `RvTaebrivma komediam~.

qarTveli eris SegnebisTvis aucilebeli piroba iyo mTawmin-

delebis, efrem mciris, petriwis da sxvebis samwerlo moRva-

weoba X-XI saukuneebSi. Cveni erovnebis umTavres simtkices

`vefxistyaosani~ warmoadgens~(182).

Semdeg iyo monobis didi periodi. XVIII saukuneSi mwer-

loba aRorZinebas iwyebs da saqarTveloc viTardeba. XIX sau-

kuneSi ki, sayovelTao monobis dros, qarTveli eris erTa-

derTi TavSesafari mwerloba iyo. Tumca, saerTo miwa-wyali,

saerTo ena, saerTo istoria da mwerloba jer kidev ar qmnis

erovnebas, ar warmoSobs ers. erisa da erovnebis Sesaqmnelad

ki samson fircxalava erovnul Segnebas miiCnevs. iq aris eri

mtkice, Zlieri Semoqmedi, sadac misi Svilebi ganmsWvalulni

arian imis Rrma SegnebiT, rom mzad arian daicvan da Seinar-

Cunon Tavisi buneba, ena, xasiaTi, Cveuleba Tu kultura.

`siyvaruli, Segneba da siamaye~ — ramdenadac Zlieria es Seg-

neba, imdenad srulia da Zlieri erovneba, imdenad ufro Se-

moqmedia eri.

samson fircxalvas utopiurad miaCnia socializmisa da

erovnebis dapirispireba. socializmma, romelic agebulia

klasTa winaaRmdegobasa da brZolaze, unda mospos eri da

erovnuli adamiani. maT nacvlad warmoSvas universaluri

adamiani, usaxo, erTferovani kacobrioba. `Tavisuflebis sa-

mefoSi~, sadac iSleba mTeli sulieri agebuleba adamianisa,

99

Semoqmedad gamodis is erTeuli, romelic saukuneTa ganmav-

lobaSi erTad cxovrobda da SeimuSava erTi ena, erTi xasia-

Ti, erTi saxe da metyveleba, sityva, leqsi, simRera, taZari

simSvenierisa, rwmena, ocneba — yvelaferi es gamosaxavs, rac

ganucdia, ugrZvnia da Seuqmnia mTels erTeuls, yvelaferi

nacionaluri geniis warmoSobilia~(182).

s. fircxalava filosofiur rakursSi ganixilavs sakiTxs

da literaturuli magaliTebiT warmoaCens eris bunebas da

misi Tavisuflebis aucileblobas amtkicebs. sakiTxi saim-

drooa, igi sazogadoebis cocxal interess ukavSirdeba.

eris Tavisuflebis idea gaZlierebulia da dRedReze xalxi

moelis damoukideblobis gamocxadebas. aseTi sazogado gan-

wyobilebis fonze iwereba s. fircxalavas werili da misi

beWdva iwyeba kidec 26 maiss. avtori cdilobs istoriis maga-

liTebiT gviCvenos erTa warmoSobis specifika da garemopi-

robebis gamo sxvadasxvagvarad Camoyalibeba. amis Semdgom

igi exeba adamians, rogorc sazogadoebis wevrs da kulturis

nayofs. igi wers: `adamiani bunebis da kulturis nayofia, xo-

lo kultura sazogadoebaa, sazogadoebrivi atmosferoa,

romelSiac vcxovrobT da vizrdebiT. adamiani kvdeba, ro-

gorc ki moswydeba bunebas, magram iRupeba maSinac, rodesac

gankveTilia sazogadoebisagan. adamiani, kerZo pirovneba,

rac unda mdidari da maRali iyos, hqreba, midis, sazogadoeba

ukvdavia. adamianis fiqri da grZnoba waiSleba, sazogadoeb-

rivi Segneba da kultura mudam arsebobs... adamiani mokvda,

wavida, magram is momxiblavi xma, romelic amRerda mis guls,

nazi simRera, moxdenili misi cekva, gmiruli saqme, saTno

moqmedeba, madli, sikeTe? ara. yvelaferi es aRbeWdilia mo-

mavlis gulis ficarze~ (iqve).

samson fircxalavas es sityvebi erTgvari gafrTxilebaa

da mowodeba kargi saqmeebis sakeTeblad, radgan araferi uk-

valod ar hqreba, miT umetes qveynis samsaxurSi galeuli

100

dReebi. avtori calsaxad emxroba Zlier samoqalaqo sazoga-

doebas da ufro meti aqtiurobisken mouwodebs.

samson fircxalavam literaturuli moRvaweoba gazeT

`iveriaSi~ daiwyo. ip. varTagavas mogonebiT, mas `wmindans~

eZaxdnen. ramdenjerme wavida emigraciaSi da ramdenjerme

daatusaRes kidec. sxvaTa Soris, rodesac man gamosca n. ba-

raTaSvilis krebuli, etlSi mjdom patimrisTvis sasignalo

egzemplari ioseb griSaSvils miuwodebia. sabWoTa periodis

50-ian wlebSic daapatimres sxva emigrantebTan erTad. gior-

gi leoniZe amaod sTxovda sabWoTa xelisuflebas fircxala-

vasTvis pensia daeniSnaT. `saxalxo saqmis~ redaqtoroba misi

moRvaweobis erT-erTi saintereso periodia.

* * *

`saxalxo saqmeSi~ gamoqveynda aleqsandre wereTlis sa-

intereso literaturuli kvleva `ivane karamazovi~, rome-

lic man megobrebs miuZRvna. dostoevskis periodi is perio-

dia, rodesac Zveli msoflmxedveloba axlis winaSe pozici-

ebs sTmobda. dostoevskis suls ki `mwared seravda Zlieri

eWvi, namdvilad Rrma urwmunoeba im axal moZRvrebisadmi,

adamianTa mravaltanjul arsebobis gamaciskrovnebel ime-

dad rom Seqmniliyo~(164). religiisa da socializmis pirve-

li didi konfliqti ivane karamazovSi warmoiSva da am mxriv,

metad mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda es gmiri qarTuli realobis-

Tvisac 1918 wels. `yvelasTvis savaldebuloa Tu ara is zne-

obrivi moTxovnileba, romelic gvavalebs adamianTa bednie-

rebis samsxverploze mivitanoT piradi bedniereba da piradi

interesebi (karamazovis azriT, Tu ar arsebobs RmerTi, su-

lis ukvdaveba, maS raRas aqvs mniSvneloba am qveynad?), samar-

Tliania Tu ara is debuleba, viTomc momavali Taobis bedni-

erebas SeuZlia gamoisyidos exlandeli Taobis ubedureba

101

(aqac karamazovi imave kiTxviT mogmarTavs: arsebobs ukvda-

veba?) da dasasrul, gana ar aris kacobriobis is momavali,

romelsac amdeni msxverpli ewireba: ai umTavresad is sa-

kiTxebi, romelTac sulis simSvide daurRvevia dostoevsk-

karamazovisTvis~(iqve). socializmis problema viwro ekono-

mikur Tvalsazriss scildeba da zneobrivi, eTikuri msof-

lmxedvelobis mixedviTaa aRZruli nawarmoebSi.

al. wereTeli ganmartavs adamianis raobas, rom igi mza-

daa is moZRvreba aRiaros, romelsac meti sulieri tanjva da

mwuxareba Seswira da romelic miiRo xangrZlivi kritikisa

da mravali gzis awon-dawonis Semdeg, xolo sadac goneba

erT wertilzea gayinuli, sadac adamiani gaurbis rwmenis

cxare kritikas, iq adamianis sulieri cxovreba sicocxles

moklebuli da erTferovania. avtori amkvidrebs sakiTxisad-

mi pluralistuli midgomis kulturas da kritikuli azris

aucileblobis ideas, rac demokratiuli sistemis ganuyofe-

li atributia.

`amgvaradve, mTis mwvervalze modudune nakadi xSirad

miwaSi ikargeba moulodnelad, rom qveviT, mTis ZirSi cxov-

rebis tvirTisagan moqanculT wyurvili daucxros. da moZ-

raobas moklebuli, aSmorebuli tba ki mraval qvewarmavalTa

da binZur cxovelTa bunagia, romelTac yovelgvari moZrao-

ba simSvides urRvevs da maTi daxavsebuli stomaqidan sa-

zizRar Rriancels iwvevs~(iqve).

al. wereTeli Semdeg ganixilavs im mimdinareobebs, rom-

lebmac istoria Secvales da sxvadasxva adgilas sxvadas-

xvagvari samoseliT Seiburnen. ivane karamazovis mware da ka-

eSniani fiqrebi — saidan movediT? saiT mivdivarT? ra mizani

gvaqvs? — qarTvel SemoqmedTa mTavari fiqri iyo XIX sauku-

neSic da mTavari fiqria 1917-1918 wlebSic.

karamazovi uaryofs ara RmerTs — Semoqmeds, aramed mis

mier Seqmnil qveyanas da arc surs miiRos iq gamefebuli wes-

102

rigi. misi sasowarkveTa SemdegSia:

`me RmerTs ki ar uarvyof, aramed mas umorCilesad bi-

leTs vubrunebT, — ambobs igi.

— es buntia! — wynarad warmosTqvams alioSa.

— warmoidgine, — upasuxebs ivane, — rom Sen TviTon aSeneb

adamianis xvedris Senobas, rom sabolood bednier hyo igi,

misce mas mSvidoba da mosveneba, magram amisaTvis aucileb-

lad saWiro rom iyves mxolod erTi patara arsebis, Tu gind

ai im bavSvisa, gulSi muStebs rom icemda, datanjva da mis

aunazRaurebel cremlebze dafuZneba am Senobisa, daTan-

xmebodi Tu ara am pirobebSi arqiteqtorobaso, sTqvi da nu

icrueb!~(iqve).

ase dasva sakiTxi dostoevskim da safiqrali gauCina ara

marto Tavis saukunes, aramed am saWirboroto kiTxviT igi

XX saukunesac gadaswevda. bolSevikur ruseTSi ki sakuTar

religias amkvidrebdnen, romelic arc patara bavSvs indob-

da da arc did adamians. bolSevizmi musravda yvelas, visac

ki mis mimarT SekiTxva gauCndeboda. axali ivane karamazovi

rom dabadebuliyo ruseTSi, SeiZleba im saSinelebas ascde-

nodnen isinic da misi mezobeli erebic. is, rac ivanes aRel-

vebs, yvela drois progresuli adamianis safiqralia. al. we-

reTelic usvams am SekiTxvebs Tavis Tavs da Tavis megobrebs,

romlebsac miuZRvna es werili. `saxalxo saqmemac~ amitom

gadawyvita misi gamoqveyneba.

amrigad, `saxalxo saqme~ Tavisi suliskveTebiT qarTve-

li xalxis mxares dgas da TavisuflebisTvis ibrZvis. iq moR-

vawe publicistebisa da mwerlebisTvis sxva alternativa ar

arsebobs. politikuri Tu literaturuli kritika erT mi-

zans emsaxureba — saqarTvelos dakarguli damoukideblo-

bis dabrunebas. im identurobis aRdgenas, romelmac saqar-

Tvelos Tavisi bunebrivi mdgomareoba unda daubrunos da

evropuli samyaros nawili gaxados.

103

III Tavi

gazeTi àlioni~ politikuri avtonomiidan damoukideblobis deklaraciamde (1917-1918 ww.)

`qarTuli sapolitiko da saliteraturo social-demok-

ratiuli~ gazeTi àlioni~ pavle sayvareliZis redaqtoro-

biT 1917 wlis pirvel maiss gamovida. gazeTi iwodeboda ru-

seTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis organod. 1918

wlidan àlioni~ gaxda qarTuli social-demokratiuli jgu-

fis àlionis~ perioduli gamocema. gazeTs pirveli nomri-

dan ukanasknel nomramde lozungad hqonda: `proletarebo,

yvela qveynisa, SeerTdiT!~

àlionSi~ TanamSromlobdnen: i. gomarTeli, l. qiaCeli,

S. SaraSiZe (Taguna) s. taifuni, s. abaSeli, v. burjanaZe, d.

CxeiZe (Turdospireli), d. suliaSvili (lixeli), v. ruxaZe, f.

ruSaveli, i. ruxaZe, n. saqareli, n. CxikvaZe, s. WanturiSvili,

i. jafariZe, i. xelaZe, v. malaqiaSvili, g. tabiZe, q. SaraSiZisa,

T. ianeli, al. ruxaZe da sxv.

àlionis~ gamomcemeli gaxldaT l. sanaZe. gazeTi oTx-

gverdiani iyo da gamodioda kviraSi orjer, xuTSabaTobiT

da kviraobiT. sul gamovida àlionis~ 101 nomeri (1917 wlis

maisidan 1918 wlis oqtombramde) da yoveli nomris ZiriTadi

sakiTxi, ZiriTadi sadiskusio Tema erovnuli sakiTxi iyo. ga-

zeTis publikaciebiT TvalsaCino xdeba social-demokrati-

ul partiaSi erovnuli sakiTxis formirebis procesi. àlio-

nis~ jgufi TandaTan, frTxilad da damajereblad aviTareb-

104

da azrs erovnuli sakiTxis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. gazeTi

cdilobs amoavsos is Ria adgili, romlis arseboba social-

demokratiis moRvaweobas aferxebda. Zalze sainteresoa, Tu

rogor mivida gazeTi àlioni~ saqarTvelos saxelmwifoeb-

riv damoukideblobamde, ramdenjer ganicada `feriscvale-

ba~, ris gamoc araerTxel Serisxula Tanapartielebisagan.

erovnul sakiTxs qarTveli social-demokratebic bur-

Juaziis monagonad Tvlidnen. daarsebis pirveli dRidan qar-

Tul social-demokratias mwvave brZola hqonda erovnul

moZraobasTan. noe Jordaniasa da ilia WavWavaZes Soris 1900

wels gamarTuli polemika amis dasturia. erovnul ZalebTan

brZoliT gatacebulma social-demokratiam uaryo yoveli-

ve, rasac erovnuli Sinaarsi hqonda. erovnuli sakiTxisadmi

qarTvel social-demokratebSi nihilizmi gabatonda. soci-

al-demokratebi darwmunebuli iyvnen, rom socializmis, de-

mokratiuli respublikis, rvasaaTiani samuSao dRisa da ag-

raruli sakiTxis garda, problema ar arsebobda. rodesac

qarTvelma federalistebma erovnuli sakiTxi daayenes, so-

cial-demokratia amas RimiliT Sexvda: ra saWiroa erovnuli

sakiTxis wamoyeneba, Tu revoluciam gaimarjva, erovnuli sa-

kiTxic gadawydebao(13).

amdenad, qarTvel social-demokratebs ar aintereseb-

daT erovnuli sakiTxi, mas klasobrivi sakiTxis nawilad

Tvlidnen da misi calke wamoyeneba nacionalizmad miaCndaT.

miuxedavad amisa, dro nel-nela amwifebda erovnuli TviTga-

morkvevis ideas qarTuli social-demokratiis erT nawilSi.

aseTi ideuri memkvidreoba daxvda gazeT àlions~, ro-

melsac ukve hqonda gamomuSavebuli sakuTari koncefcia sa-

qarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis mimarT.

àlioni~ pirveli nomris saredaqcio statiaSi esalmeba

1917 wlis ruseTis Tebervlis revolucias da did imedebs

amyarebs masze: `Cvens gazeTs didebul dros uxdeba gamos-

105

vla, ruseTis xalxma revoluciis koconi aanTo, sulTamxu-

Tavi TviTmpyrobelobiTi wyobileba daamxo da axali Tavisu-

fali cxovrebis Senebas Seudga~ (184).

revoluciis procesSi warmoiSva, erTis mxriv, droebiTi

mTavroba. gaCnda ori centri, ori Zala, ori darazmuloba.

male maT Soris Tavi iCina winaaRmdegobam, rasac gazeTi Sem-

degnairad xsnis: `mTavroba warmoadgens liberaluri da de-

mokratiuli burJuaziis interesebs. revolucionuri demok-

ratia sabWos saxiT mas mxars uWers, ramdenadac is aRTqmuli

gziT ivlis da revolucias ar uRalatebs... yvela mcire da-

Cagruli eri energiulad da SekavSirebulad unda gamoeqo-

magos maT taqtikas, maT gamosvlebs, rom mere gaxdes SesaZ-

lebeli erovnuli Tavisuflebis sayovelTao aRiareba. qar-

Tveli eri, darwmunebuli varT, am gzas ar gadascdeba da ro-

desac uzrunvelyofili revolucia damfuZnebel krebaze

sxvadasxva erTa bedis gadawyvetas Seudgeba, igi ver daiviwy-

ebs qarTveli eris sakiTxsac da mas erovnul-teritoria-

lur TviTmmarTvelobas mianiWebs~ (184).

erovnul-teritoriuli TviTmmarTveloba — ai, gazeT

àlionis~ mTavari Tema da samuSao programa. aqve davsZenT,

rom àlionelebi~ vladimer (lado) darCiaSvilis mimdevrebad

Tvlian Tavs. lado darCiaSvili pirveli social-demokrati

iyo, romelmac jer kidev XX saukunis damdegs xmamaRla ganacx-

ada saqarTvelos farTo avtonomiis saWiroebis Sesaxeb.

lado darCiaSvilis mimdevarTa, anu àlionistTa~ pub-

licistika erovnul-teritoriuli avtonomiis irgvliv

trialebda.

gazeTis pirvel nomerSi sainteresoa kal. qavTaraZis

statia `ruseTis revolucia da Cveni taqtika~. avtori aR-

niSnavs, rom brZola romanovebis reJimis winaaRmdeg jer ki-

dev dekabristebidan modis, xolo mas Semdeg xdeba sistemu-

ri da Seupovari, rac CvenSi kapitalisturi meurneoba Semo-

106

iWra. statiis avtors burJuaziis moqmedeba ar akmayofi-

lebs: `burJuaziis politikuri programa radikaluria su-

liT, magram moqmedebiT es klasi susti da mSiSara gamodga.

safrangeTSi burJuaziam warmoSva mirabo, robespieri, dal-

toni, CvenSi ki saqmianoben miliukov-maklakovebi, raSia saqme,

ram gardaqmna ase Cveni burJuazia, Sescvala misi psixika~ (185).

àlionis~ pirvel nomerSi iwyeba statiebis seria — `ru-

seTi da mcire erebi~, romelic daibeWda fsevdonomiT `p.q~.

statiis SesavalSi saubaria, Tu rogor aamoZrava da CaiTria

yvela klasi, yvela wodeba, yvela sazogadoebrivi jgufi re-

voluciam. Zvelis nangrevebze unda aSendes Tavisuflebis

taZari, iSvas axali ruseTi. am movlenam, avtoris azriT, sxva

mraval sakiTxTan erTad warmoSva erovnuli sakiTxi. marTa-

lia, yvela erma unda Seitanos Tavisi wvlili im diad saqmeSi,

`xalxis Tavisufleba rom hqvia~, magram amave dros èrs ar

SeuZlia daiviwyos sakuTari erovnuli tkivilebi, ugule-

belhyos sakuTari Wir-varami da ar ecados TviTve moawyos

Tvisi gansakuTrebuli saqme erovnuli aRorZinebisa~(186).

am statiebis seriali exeba poloneTis, fineTis, ukrai-

nis, aseve litvelebis, latvielebis, estonelebis, beloru-

sebis, somxebis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas.

àlionis~ pirvel nomerSi iwyeba gazeTis redaqtoris

pavle sayvareliZis werilebis seria rubrikiT `revolucia

da erovnuli sakiTxi CvenSi~. avtoris Sexeduleba Tamamad

SeiZleba CaiTvalos gazeTisa da qarTuli social-demokra-

tiis àlionistTa~ jgufis koncefciad, moRvaweobis mTavar

mimarTulebad.

pavle sayvareliZis pirvel statiaSi vkiTxulobT: `ru-

seTis mravali damorCilebuli eris mdgomareobis Secvla,

maTi kulturul-politikuri ganTavisufleba, saerTod na-

cionaluri sakiTxis farTeT da radikalurad gadaWra, ru-

seTis didi revoluciis morig mTavar sakiTxTagania. demok-

107

ratiuli respublika, glexTa sakiTxis gadaWra, rva saaTiani

samuSao dRe, erovnuli sakiTxis mowesrigeba. ai, ra unda

mogvitanos revoluciam... Tavisufal ruseTSi Tavisufali

erebi — am pasuxs ar acdeba ruseTis gamarjvebuli revolu-

cia... Tu revolucia damarcxda, reaqciam gaimarjva, Tavi-

suflebas sisxlSi CaaRrCoben, maSin erTa ganTavisuflebasa

da avtonomiaze fiqrsac didi xniT unda gamoveTxovoT~(187).

pavle sayvareliZe aRiarebs, rom social-demokratiul

partiaSi erovnul sakiTxs almacerad uyurebdnen, an aCqare-

bulad da orazrovnad wyvetdnen. erovnuli sakiTxis garkve-

vis saWiroeba arasodes yofila iseTi aucilebeli, rogorc

dRes. pavle sayvareliZe miiCnevs, rom lado darCiaSvili

sword amas Tvlida partiis defeqtad da yvelas afrTxileb-

da nacionaluri programis mowesrigebis aucileblobis Se-

saxeb: èrovnuli sakiTxi mTeli Tavisi savsebiT ar gadag-

vqonda partiis gulSi mzgavsaT sxva didi sakiTxebisa, is

TiTqos gamocxadebuli iyo ramodenime piris Tavsatexad da

sadavidarabod; ama Tu im viwro dawesebulebis kuTvnilebad

da `sarezoluciod~, raRaca erTob aferxebda kiTxvis ga-

farToeba-gansazogadebas da uwyobda xels erTxelve gaba-

tonebul Semcdars da primitiul azrovnebas~ (iqve).

amasobaSi revoluciamac ifeTqa, qveynis winaSe gadasaW-

relad daisva politikuri, socialuri da erovnuli sakiTxe-

bi. qarTul social-demokratiaSi erovnuli sakiTxis wamoye-

nebas kvlav udrood Tvlidnen imis SiSiT, rom saerTo revo-

luciuri brZola ar Seferxdeso. gazeTi àlioni~ gabedu-

lad acxadebs: èrovnuli sakiTxi an axla unda gairkves da

gadaiWras an arasodes. amas gvikarnaxebs Cveni social-de-

mokratiuli movaleoba. amas Txoulobs sworad gagebuli

eris interesebi da demokratiis momavali~ (iqve).

pavle sayvareliZis azriT, saerTaSoriso demokratiaSi

erisa da erovnulobis Sesaxeb ori mimarTuleba warmoiSva:

108

erTi, nihilisturi, uarmyofeli da meore, saerTaSoriso, in-

ternacionaluri. isini, vinc uaryofdnen erovnebasa da

erovnul sakiTxs, umTavresad emyarebodnen `komunisturi

manifestis~ cnobil sityvebs: `proletarebs samSoblo ara

aqvT~. avtoris azriT, `manifestSi~ es fraza moyvanilia po-

lemikis mizniT burJuaziuli ideologebis winaaRmdeg, rom-

lebic qadagebdnen, muSebs samSoblos mospoba undaTo, isini

ojaxsac spobeno.

statiaSi avtori erisa da samSoblos damoukideblobisa

da Tavisuflebis ganmartebisTvis ixseniebs cnobili socia-

listebis bebelisa da Joresis politikur werilebs, sapar-

lamento da saagitacio sityvebs. pirveli marTlmorwmune

marqsisti iyo, meore ara. am sakiTxSi ki isini erTmaneTs em-

sgavsebodnen. proletariatis valdebulebaa, daicvas sam-

Soblos damoukidebloba, ambobda bebeli, unda daicvas imi-

tom, rom maT undaT samSoblos — Sromis samSoblod gadaqce-

va. `Cveni samSoblos da Cveni eri unda davicvaT gansacdelis

dros. Cven gvinda Cveni eri da Cveni samSoblo iyos sxvebi-

saTvis mSvenierebis da samarTlianobis magaliTi~ (187).

`ganzogadebuli samSoblo, ganTavisuflebuli eri gan-

Tavisuflebul kacobriobaSi~ — ai bebelis pasuxi. statiis

avtoris azriT, Joress swamda, rom eri da samSoblos damou-

kidebloba da socialuri emansipacia ganuyofelia. muSaTa

klasi yovelTvis daicavs samSoblos, magram is ar gaxdeba

imaTi `mosatyuari~, vinc viwro klasobrivi interesebisaT-

vis samSoblo ideas yvlefs. muSaTa klass swyuria Tavisi eri

Tavisufali, Tavisi samSoblo ganzogadebuli da socialis-

turi iyos. rac unda Zlieri iyos klasobrivi ganxeTqileba,

werda noe Jordania, aris iseTi sazRvari, `sadac mebrZolni

erTaT dgebian, erT kulturul da istoriul uRelSi ebmian.

es qmnis imas, rasac ewodeba eri, erovnuli Zala. aq aris saer-

To fargali, amas gareT sxva eria, amas SigniT klasebia, ir-

109

gvliv ki erovnuli kultura, erovnuli Senobaa~(189).

pavle sayvareliZe qarTul social-demokratiaSi erov-

nuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb sam mTavar mimdinareobas ayalibebs.

pirveli mimdinareoba bunebiT nihilisturia. misi mimdevre-

bi erovnul sakiTxs burJuaziul azrovnebas da politikas

akuTvnebs, dauJinia erovnuli sakiTxi burJuaziuli sakenkia,

ar gavekaroTo. es mimarTuleba partiul-fraqciuli tradi-

ciebis didi moTayvanea, partiuli disciplinis Rrmad moyva-

ruli (f. maxaraZe da misi Tanamoazreni `kavkaski raboCis~ re-

daqciidan). maTi azriT, Tanamedrove kapitalizmisa da klas-

Ta brZolis gamwvavebis pirobebSi patara erebi kvdebian.

meore mimdinareoba avstriel swavlulTa, bauerisa da

Springeris, Sexedulebas iziarebs eris eqsteritoriulobis

Sesaxeb da erovnuli sakiTxis gadaWris gzad erovnul-kul-

turuli avtonomias miiCnevs (n. Jordania). erovnul-kultu-

ruli avtonomia programad gaixada amierkavkasiis social-

demokratiuli organizaciebis konferenciam. es iyo mimdina-

reoba daselTa Soris. isini aviTarebdnen gansxvavebul Sexe-

dulebas: erebi ki ar qrebian, ki ar kvdebian, aramed ifante-

bian. gazeTi `alioni~ ar iziarebs Springeris Sexedulebas,

romlis mixedviT, eri wminda kulturuli movlenaa da teri-

toriasTan ar aris dakavSirebuli. eri sulieri kavSiria da

ara teritoriuli. nariZis azriT (n. Jordanias fsevdonimi),

adre qarTveloba, rogorc eri, ganuyreli iyo saqarTvelo-

sagan. magram saqarTveloSi kapitalizmis Semosvlam mdgoma-

reoba Secvala: `qarTveloba gavida saqarTvelos gareT, mo-

edva kavkasias, Savi zRvis piras, TviT Soreul aRmosavleT-

sac. meore mxriT, saqarTveloSi Semovida mravali ucxo ere-

bi. gaaCaRes didi aReb-micemoba da muSaoba, xolo Zveli Se-

moxiznulni gamoeyvnen nacionaluraT qarTvelT da Tavisi

sakuTari kultura SeimuSaves... qarTvelebi aiTqvifnen sxva

erebSi da sxva erebi qarTvelebSi. saqarTvelo aRar faravs

110

qarTvelobas, qarTveloba aRar faravs saqarTvelos~(189).

es mimdinareoba pirvelisagan gansxvavdeba imiT, rom eri

ar kvdeba. ekonomikurad erebi ìTqvifebian~, xolo kultu-

rulad erTdebian da viTardebian. nariZe daaskvnis: `nacio-

naluri interesebis gamoyofa saxelmwifo interesebisagan

erTaderTi saSualebaa nacionaluri brZolis Sesasusteb-

lad da nacionaluri kulturis TavisuflaT gasaviTareblad~

(189). aq Tavisuflad SegviZlia miviCnioT, rom qarTveli mo-

azrovne momavali globalizaciis sawyisebze winaswarmety-

velebs.

erma saxelmwifosgan gamoyofil erovnul-kulturul

saqmeebs TviTve unda upatronos da gauZRves avtonomiurad.

es aris erovnul-kulturuli avtonomia. àlionis~ Sexedu-

lebiT, aseTi avtonomia erTob sust garantias iZleva eris

uflebis dasacavad da misi kulturul-sazogadoebrivi gan-

viTarebis uzrunvelsayofad. nariZe Semdgom Tmobs Tavis

Zvel pozicias da aRiarebs teritoriul-erovnuli mmarTve-

lobis aucileblobas.

mesame mimdinareobas, romlis saTaveSic vladimer (la-

do) darCiaSvili dgas, safuZvlad udevs teritoriuli prin-

cipis aucilebloba erovnuli sakiTxis gadasaWrelad. amasve

icavdnen ruseTis social-demokratiul partiaSi yofnis

dros da merec ivane gomarTeli da akaki Cxenkeli. anCini (aka-

ki Cxenkeli) wignSi èri da Cven~ aRiarebs meoTxe mimdinareo-

bis arsebobasac. es mimdinareoba farTo TviTmmarTvelobas

icavs, xolo kulturul-erovnuli anu personaluri principi

mas Seaqvs Tavis gegmaSi, rogorc koreqtivi erovnul umcire-

sobaTa uflebebis uzrunvelsayofad. anCinis erovnul prog-

ramaSi eris teritorializmi da eris Sinauri saqmeebis TviT-

gamgeblobis principi mTavar da gadamwyvet rols asrulebs.

teritoriuli mowyobis sakiTxi aerTebs lado darCiaS-

vils, akaki Cxenkels (anCins) da àlionis~ jgufs. bolos maT-

111

Tan dadga noe Jordaniac (15). am mimdinareobis mixedviT, ka-

pitalisturi urTierTobis ganviTarebasTan erTad, patara

erebi viTardebian, iRviZeben, erovnul-kulturulad Zli-

erdebian da cdiloben TviTon moawyon, moawesrigon Tavisi

erovnuli cxovreba, gauZRvnen sakuTar erovnul saqmeebs.

lado darCiaSvili srul politikur avtonomias iTxovs.

akaki Cxenkeli ar eTanxmeba lado darCiaSvils am sakiTxSi.

igi `bundovans~ uwodebs lado darCiaSvilis Sexedulebas da

anaTesavebs mas social-federalistebis mimarTulebasTan.

pavle sayvareliZe ar eTanxmeba akaki Cxenkels, radgan

erovnuli TviTmmarTveloba gulisxmobs kulturuli sa-

kiTxebisadmi saxelmwifoebriv princips.

amierkavkasiis muSaTa da glexTa warmomadgenlebis yri-

lobaze (1917 wlis ivnisi) erovnuli sakiTxis Taobaze moxse-

nebiT gamovida noe Jordania (14). yrilobam miiRo rezolu-

cia, romelic aRiarebda amierkavkasiaSi erebis teritoriul

TviTmmarTvelobas. am movlenis gamo àlioni~ ukmayofile-

bas gamoTqvamda da rezoluciiT gansazRvrul avtonomias

`morcxvs~ da `Sekvecils~ uwodebda. gazeTi acxadebda: `Cven

ki vicavT da davicavT demokratiul avtonomias ufro far-

Tos da sruls~. miuxedavad amisa, social-demokratiis pir-

vel nabijs gazeTi miesalma meore, ufro samarTliani da de-

mokratiuli nabijis molodinSi.

pavle sayvareliZe Tavis statiaSi uryevad icavs gazeTis

mier arCeul gzas da ambobs: `Cven raRa Tqma unda, uarvyofT

gamoyofas da vaRiarebT saqarTvelos erovnul-teritoria-

lur TviTmmarTvelobas anu avtonomias demokratiul res-

publikanur ruseTSi~ (iqve).

pavle sayvareliZem Tavis statiaSi `revolucia da erov-

nuli sakiTxi CvenSi~ naTlad Camoayaliba, Tu ras uwevda ga-

zeTi propagandas, ras iTxovda da risTvis ibrZoda àlio-

nis~ social-demokratiuli jgufi. àlioni~ SiSobda da mo-

112

iTxovda revoluciis moRvaweTagan ufro efeqtur moqmede-

bas. grZnobda, rom leninizmis gabatonebis safrTxe realuri

xdeboda. amdenad, gazeTi partiaTa Soris erovnul sakiTxze

atexil polemikas demokratiuli wyobilebis damkvidrebis

Semaferxebel faqtorad miiCnevda. `partiebi valdebulni

arian, rac SeiZleba male SeTanxmdnen am sakiTxSi da raime sa-

zogado, arsebiTad yvelasaTvis misaRebi da damakmayofile-

beli gadawvetilebiT warsdgnen qarTveli eris winaSe. xalxi

swored maSin amoisunTqebs normalurad da mTel Tavis yu-

radRebas demokratiul aRorZinebas miaqcevs~(189).

1917 wlis 25 oqtombers ruseTSi bolSevikebis mier gan-

xorcielebulma kontrrevoluciurma saxelmwifo gadatri-

alebam imedi gaucrua àlions~. erTaderT imedad ki darCa

ruseTis damfuZnebeli kreba. àlions~ kargad esmoda, rom

erovnuli sakiTxis gadawyveta jer social-demokratTagan

unda momxdariyo, rac gaaadvilebda partiaTa Soris SeTan-

xmebas. amis gamo bevri winaaRmdegoba hqonda gazeTs rogorc

Tanapartielebis, ise mkiTxvelebisagan. vinme meTunuqe vano

werda: àvtonomist social-demokratebo, gazeTis Tavze weria

`proletarebo, yvela qveynisa, SeerTdiT!~ werilebi ki marto

saqarTvelos yivis~. arc àlionis~ pasuxi iyo urigo: `Seer-

Tdnen yvela TavianT qveyanaSi, amas gulisxmobs lozungi!~(193).

social-demokratebi nel-nela Tavisufldebodnen dog-

maturi azrebisagan. saqarTvelos erovnul-teritoriuli

TviTgamorkveva aerTianebda qarTuli sazogadoebis yvela

wres — social-federalistebs da erovnul-demokratebs,

aseve social-demokratiis warmomadgenlebs. uTanxmoeba av-

tonomiis sakanonmdeblo organos kompetenciis Sesaxeb ro-

di arRvevda qarTuli politikuri speqtris principul er-

Tobas (bolSevikebis garda) erovnul-teritoriuli TviT-

mmarTvelobis sakiTxSi. gazeTi qarTuli erovnuli azris

udides gamarjvebad Tvlida am faqts. àlioni~ presas, gansa-

113

kuTrebiT ki gazeT èrTobas~ mouwodebda, ufro efeqturad

gaewia erovnuli sakiTxis propaganda.

bolSevikebis Sesaxeb saubari ar surda àlions~, radgan

maT TavianTi programac ki aviwydebodaT, roca saqarTvelo-

ze iyo laparaki.

gazeTis furclebze saintereso da mniSvnelovania ivane

gomarTelis statiebi: èrovnuli da saerTaSoriso politi-

ka~; èris ufleba da Tavisufleba~; èrovnuli sakiTxi da

revolucia~; àmierkavkasiis erebi da seimi~; `qarTvel ers!~

`gareuli da Sinauri mteri~, `mware sinamdvile~, `Cveni mdgo-

mareoba~, `lenini~, `mTavarsardali krilenko,~ àfxazebi da

Cven~, àWara~. ivane gomarTelis publicistika calke gamok-

vlevis sagania. ivane gomarTeli werda gasagebi eniT, lama-

zad, ubralod da Rrmad. sakuTar azrs icavda Tavisuflad

da profesionalurad. SeuZlebelia, ar SevexoT mis weri-

lebs, radgan gazeTma pavle sayvareliZis saintereso inter-

pretaciebiT daiwyo gamosvla da ivane gomarTelis aranak-

leb saintereso publikaciebiT daasrula.

ivane gomarTelma erT-erTma pirvelma àlionis~ fur-

clebze kerenskis mTavrobis uniadagoba daasabuTa, erT-er-

Tma pirvelma iwinaswarmetyvela ruseTSi momavali samoqa-

laqo omi: `vinc WeSmariti demokratia da social-demokra-

ti, misTvis cxadia da eWvs gareSea Semdegi ram: dRevandels

garemoebaSi aris iseTi kiTxvebi, romelTa gadawyvetaSi uka-

naskneli sityva ekuTvnis mTel ers da ara romelime partias,

rac unda Zlieri iyos es partia. partia aris partia da ara

mTeli eri...~ (202).

ivane gomarTeli momxre iyo saqarTvelos erovnuli yri-

lobis mowvevisa, raTa qarTvel xalxs miscemoda saSualeba,

gamoeTqva Tavisi azri. ivane gomarTels miaCnda, rom `SesaZ-

lebelia romelime partia avtonomiis winaaRmdegi iyos, mag-

ram mainc erovnul politikas awarmoebdes, SesaZlebelia

114

romelime partia avtonomiis momxre iyos, magram is araviTar

erovnul politikas ar awarmoebdes~(38). ivane gomarTelis

azriT, amis magaliTi iyo menSevikuri partia, romelmac mii-

Ro erovnul-teritoriuli TviTmmarTveloba, magram aravi-

Tar erovnul politikas ar awarmoebda. arada es didi par-

tia ndobiT iyo aRWurvili.

`rogor unda gvesmodes dRes erovnuli politika?~ —

kiTxulobs iv. gomarTeli da dasZens: `dRevandel pirobebSi

erovnuli politika warmoadgens yvela im saSualebasa da

Tan gzas, romelTa SemweobiTac SeiZleba qarTveli eris ga-

darCena da gamarjveba; yvela im moTxovnas, romelTa dakma-

yofileba qarTveli eris keTildReobisaTvis aucilebelia.

SesaZlebelia revoluciam gaimarjvos, magram qarTveli eri

damarcxdes. rogor? erovnul urTierTobaTa uflebaTa

uaryofiTa da anarqiis SemweobiT~ (97).

statiis avtori bolSevikebs ganumartavs: `erTa Tanas-

woroba aris moqalaqeobrivi ufleba, erTa erovnuli Tavi-

sufleba aris saxelmwifoebrivi ufleba... me imis Tqma ki ar

minda, rom qarTvelma erma revoluciis bed-iRbali erovnul

uflebebs anacvalos, ara, qarTveli eri unda erTgulad em-

saxuros revolucias, radgan revoluciis gareSe misi xsna da

saSveli ar aris. magram amave dros Tavisi Tavic unda kargaT

axsovdes, Torem SesaZlebelia, is aRar gaaxsendeT...~ (202).

rogor unda esmodeT qarTvelebs erovnuli Tavisufle-

ba? kiTxulobs iv. gomarTeli da xatovnad pasuxobs: `moga-

gonebT fridonis sityvebs: Zali Semwevdes qadilisao. sru-

li damoukidebloba erTgvari qadilia yoveli damokidebu-

li erisaTvis. qadilis sisruleSi mosayvanad ki Zalaa saWi-

ro: ers unda Seswevdes Zala, moipovos sruli damoukideb-

loba. marto esec ar kmara. ers unda Seswavdes Zala icxov-

ros damoukideblad~ (202).

statiis avtori saqarTvelos srul gamoyofas sasurve-

115

lad ar miiCnevs, rasac qarTvelebis mcirericxovnebiT xsnis.

ivane gomarTeli arc damoukidebeli kavkasiis respublikas

emxroba, radgan kavkasielebi erTmaneTisagan kulturiT,

zne-CveulebiT, sarwmunoebiT gansxvavdebian. ivane gomarTe-

li askvnis: `qarTvelma xalxma unda miiRos sruli politiku-

ri avtonomia da amave dros unda darCes ruseTis mfarvelo-

bis qveS... qarTvel ers aqvs erTi udidesi da upirvelesi mo-

valeoba: brZola erovnuli TavisuflebisaTvis da am Tavi-

suflebis mopoveba~ (98).

ivane gomarTeli 1917 wels miiCnevs erovnuli gaTviT-

cnobierebis, erovnuli aRdgenis periodad. muSa xalxi, misi

azriT, yvelaze erovnuli klasia, xolo `lenin-trockis

mTavroba Tavisi moqmedebiT sruli uaryofaa demokratiuli

mimarTulebisa. ruseTs nikolozi eyoleba TviTmpyrobelad

Tu lenin-trocki erTi da igivea. marTalia, lenin-trockis

TviTmpyrobelobas `socializmis~ qurqi asxia, magram am

qurqis qveS iseTive Zalmomreoba da xalxis nebis Cawixvla

swarmoebs, rogorc es nikolozis dros iyo~(202).

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis sa-

kiTxi 1918 wlidan nel-nela Semodioda `alionis~ furcleb-

ze, Semodioda Seqmnili viTarebis kvaldakval. ruseTi dai-

Sala, bolSevikebma damfuZnebeli kreba garekes, daxvrites

manifestaciebi, bolSevizmi ZaladobiT imagrebda pozici-

ebs. `ruseTi daiSala da saerTo centri aRar aris, SeiZleba

iZulebuli gavxdeT saqarTvelos damoukidebloba gamo-

vacxadoT. es Cveni survili araa, radgan saqarTvelos damo-

ukideblad cxovreba exla ar SeuZlia. magram cxovreba xSi-

rad mogaxvevs Tavs imas, rac Sen ar gsurs~(205).

`alioni~ aucilebel pirobad Tvlida moewviaT saqar-

Tvelos damfuZnebeli kreba, romelic Caibarebda qveynis

beds: `Cveni qveynis, Cveni eris interesi gvikarnaxebs, rom

Cven TviT vixsnaT Cveni Tavi gansacdelisagan, TviT davic-

116

vaT Cveni Tavisufleba, wesiereba, Cveni miwa-wyali, dadga Ja-

mi, rodesac erma TviT unda upatronos Tvis Tavs, Tvis sur-

vilisamebr moawyos Tavisi Sinauri cxovreba, warmomadgen-

lebis saxiT TviT Caudges saTaveSi erovnul cxovrebas~(206).

gazeTi gvian, magram mainc mivida im daskvnamde, rom sa-

qarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis sakiTxi

qarTvelma erma unda gadawyvitos.

ivane gomarTeli saWirod miiCnevda amierkavkasiis seimis

mowvevas, xolo erovnuli cxovrebis mowesrigebas yoveli

eris erovnuli damfuZnebeli krebis kompetenciad Tvlida.

1918 wels `alionis~ furclebze axali lozungi gaCnda:

`Tavisufal amierkavkasiaSi Tavisufali saqarTvelo~. ivane

gomarTeli SesaniSnavad asabuTebda Tavisuflebis arss, mis

aucileblobas: `...rodesac Tavisufleba ar aris, erovnuli

cxovreba dundeba, Clungdeba, eris suli sneuldeba, eri

nel-nela ispoba da bolos kvdeba... mTeli Cveni istoria

brZolaa TavisuflebisaTvis da qarTvel xalxs araviTari

RmerTisaTvis ar Seuwiravs amdeni msxverpli, ramdenic man

Tavisuflebas Seswira. qarTvel xalxs aravisaTvis ar uZR-

vnia amdenaT Zlieri siyvaruli, rogorc man Tavisuflebas

uZRvna... dadga udidesi Jami Cveni istoriisa, udidesi wami

Cveni arsebobisa, Cveni yofna-aryofnisa, an unda davrCeT

isev monebad da movispoT, movkvdeT, an ar gavuSvaT xelidan,

aravis davaneboT is Tavisufleba, romelsac bedi da isto-

ria gvaZlevs... Cven unda SevqmnaT, movipovoT erovnuli Ta-

visufleba, qarTveli eri Tavis sakuTar miwa-wyalze srule-

biT Tavisufali da damoukidebeli unda iyos. Cven unda

avafrialoT droSa, SemovkrbeT yvela am droSis qveS da gan-

vucxadoT mosuls, rom Cven movipoveT Tavisufleba da dRes

ukve Tavisufali damoukidebeli eri varT~ (211).

ivane gomarTelis statiam gardatexa moaxdina gazeTis

mimarTulebaSi. `alionma~ ufro medgrad daiwyo brZola

117

qveynis damoukideblobisaTvis. ivane gomarTelma Tavisi

sityvebiT TiTqos gaarRvia wlebis manZilze aRmarTuli je-

birebi, erTbaSad ifeTqa Tavisuflebis wyurvilma. qarTul-

ma social-demokratiam sabolood daiwyo `feriscvaleba~

da es, upirveles yovlisa, àlionis~ jgufis damsaxurebad

unda CaiTvalos.

amierkavkasiis seimma ver gaumarTla imedebi àlions~. mov-

lenaTa SefasebebSi gazeTi `saqarTvelos~ daemsgavsa. àlioni~

ufro momTxovni da kategoriulic gaxda, moiTxovda amier-

kavkasiis politikuri damoukideblobis dauyovnebliv ga-

mocxadebas~ (215).

àlions~ qveynis gadarCenis mTavar sakiTxad politiku-

ri orientacia miaCnda. gazeTi miiCnevda, rom ruseTis saxel-

mwifos daSlis Semdeg mas „niadagi gamoecala~. àlions~ sa-

qarTvelos damcvelad germania warmoedgina, radgan msof-

lio omma gazarda germaniisa da misi mokavSireebis Zlevamo-

sileba, rac aixsneba germaneli eris erovnuli xasiaTiT, am

xalxis araCveulebrivi nebis simtkiciTa da discipliniT. àli-

onis~ azriT, germaniam unda itvirTos saqarTvelos fiziku-

ri da politikuri arsebobis uzrunvelyofa.

osmaleTTan molaparakebis gaWianurebam (1918 wlis mai-

si) bevr politikoss auxila Tvali. saqarTvelos xelisuf-

leba da amierkavkasiis respublika uxerxemlo politikas

awarmoebda. ivane gomarTeli werda: `SeiZleba eri damar-

cxdes TavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi, magram Tu ers ver Seug-

nia, rom is valdebulia TavisuflebisaTvis ibrZolos, Tu

eri ar ibrZvis TavisuflebisaTvis, aseTi eri ar aris Rirsi

Tavisuflebisa, SeiZleba eri damarcxdes damoukidebeli ar-

sebobisaTvis brZolaSi, magram Tu mas ver Seugnia, ra mniS-

vneloba aqvs misTvis erovnul damoukideblobas, Tu is ar

ibrZvis am damoukideblobisaTvis, aseTi eri ar aris Rirsi

arsebobisa; is unda moispos, aRigavos dedamiwis zurgidan,

118

rom uRirsma Rirseuls dauTmos adgili~(214).

rogorc vxedavT, friad mZime sasjeli gamoitana àlion-

ma~. Cans, rom àlioni~ eris arsebobis mizans mxolod Tavi-

suflebisTvis brZolaSi xedavs. gazeTma sakmaod saintere-

sod Camoayaliba Tavisi politikuri Sexedulebebi da moqni-

li poziciac aCvena, roca amis saWiroeba dainaxa.

26 maisi da àlioni~

1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos damoukidebloba gamo-

cxadda.

1918 wlis maisis TveSi àlioni~ ar gamosula. mizezi aux-

snelia.

8 ivlisis nomerSi gazeTi aRfrTovanebiT esalmeba am

faqts. n. eliani Tavis statiaSi `Cveni mdgomareoba~ ambobs:

`Cveni droebiT iZulebiTi literaturuli siCumis dros

moxda qarTveli xalxis istoriul cxovrebaSi udidesi amba-

vi. gamocxadda damoukidebloba... roca imeoreben saqarTve-

los Tavisufleba da damoukidebloba ar gvindoda, igi mxo-

lod damarcxebam mogvaxvia Tavzeo, amiT nebsiT Tu uneblieT

amcireben damoukideblobis aqtis mniSvnelobas, asusteben

axali saxelmwifoebrivi sxeulis Zalasa da gavlenas, abaTile-

ben TviTgamorkvevis xelSeuxebel uflebas. saqarTvelos da-

moukideblobis gamocxadeba istoriuli aucileblobaa~ (216).

Semdeg avtori mTavar sazrunavze saubrobs — ra gziT da

ra saSualebiT unda SenarCundes Cveni damoukidebeli arse-

boba. igi miuTiTebs im anarqiaze, romelic saqarTvelos

sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi mZvinvarebs, rac safrTxes uqmnis damo-

ukideblobas. n. elians miaCnia, rom bolSevikur-Savrazmuli

moZraoba da Savi janyi mimarTulia saqarTvelos damouki-

deblobis da Tavisuflebis winaaRmdeg. igi uaryofs repre-

siebs da xelisuflebas dadebiT da gonier saxelmwifoebriv

119

Semoqmedebas urCevs.

gazeTs etyoba 26 maisiT gamowveuli sixaruli. giorgi

quCiSvili leqsiT esalmeba wiTel gvardias, romelmac, misi

azriT, saqarTvelos damoukidebloba unda ganamtkicos:

dideba da qebaT-qeba

droSa dauxrelebs,

Tavisuflebis darajebs

mterTa SiSis mgvrelebs!

sikvdili da damarcxeba

yvela Sav-razmelebs;

sicocxle da gamarjveba

wiTel gvardielebs! (217)

s. parTenaSvili am dRes uZRvnis literaturul Canaxats

`gacocxlebuli taZari~. eris Tavisufleba saukuneebgamov-

lilma taZrebmac igrZnes, xavsmokidebulni ufro gacocx-

ldnen da bunebis trfials daewafnen: `deda bunebis da kac-

Ta cxovrebis yru udabnoSi, sadac adamiani monobis da jo-

joxeTis ufskrulSi umweoT farTxalebda, sadac cxovrebis

WaobSi adamianobis damamSvidebeli da amayvavebeli sulieri

samkaulebi ixrwneboda, sadac cxovrebis simaxinjes adamia-

nis saRi da maRali bunebac daemaxinjebina da borotebasac

RrmaT gaedga Tavisi Sxamiani fesvebi, netareba — bunebis am

xelTuqmnel taZris wiaRSi idga saukuniT dauqmebuli, Zvel-

Ta-Zveli taZari~ (218).

es taZari avtoris alegoriiT `saqarTveloa~, romelsac

droTa srbolam waarTva Rirseba da Camoangria misi kedlebi;

CrdiloeTis civ qars daengria misi sarkmeli, Zirs Camoegdo

misi wkriala zari da ena moetexa. taZridan devnilni eris qu-

rumni asketurad cxovrobdnen da gulSi iklavdnen Tavis

grZnobebs da ocnebebs. ase eloda tanjul-wamebuli qveyana

ganTiads. didma grigalma qveyana Searyia da Tavzari dasca

kacobriobas. buneba isev aforiaqda. sabediswero grigalma

120

gauqmebul taZarsac gadauqrola da Zir-fesvianad Searyia.

am saerTaSoriso Weqa-grgvinvaSi saswaulebriv aRsdga eri.

`da aRmdgari eris xeliT taZris ganaxlebuli samrek-

vlodan kvlav gaisma zaris xma, romlis natvraSic ramodeni-

me Taobas amoxda tanjuli suli. da erma kvlav iwyo Tavisu-

fali RaRadisi... eris erTgulni qurumni, misi sve-bedis mWe-

delni mis cxovrebas aSeneben, kalatozoben, eris cocxal

sxeuls Tavisuflebis farglebSi aqceven da ayalibeben...

aRorZinebul taZarSi misi erTgulni qurumni kvlav RaRade-

ben, rom Zmoba-erTobas siyvarulis taxti daudgan~ (iqve).

aseTia àlionis~ ganwyoba da is sixaruli, romelic 26

maisma daagvirgvina. amgvarad mivida gazeTi àlioni~ saqar-

Tvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenamde

brZoliT, moqnili, sakmaod lavirebuli politikuri mosaz-

rebebiT. gazeTma diskusiis, debatebisa da profesiuli stan-

dartebis sakmaod maRali done aCvena. demokratiisTvis brZo-

la da saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba misTvis paralelu-

ri procesi iyo. amitom àlionelTa~ politikuri analizi uf-

ro argumentirebulad SeiZleba CavTvaloT, sadac naklebia

deklarirebis tonaloba da metia Tavisufali gansja.

ivane gomarTeli

eqimi, swavluli, literatori, sazogado moRvawe da di-

di partioti, ivane gomarTeli 1918 wlis 26 maisis saqarTve-

los damoukideblobis aqts xels awers rogorc damfuZnebe-

li krebis wevri (3). igi social-demokratTa àlionis~ jgu-

fis erT-erTi sulis Camdgmeli da aqtivisti iyo. politiku-

ri statiebis garda, ivane gomarTeli gazeT àlionis~ fur-

clebze literaturul narkvevebsa da samecniero xasiaTis

werilebs aqveynebs. TanaugrZnobs `Sromis Svilebs~ da poli-

tikur angariSs usworebs yvelas, vinc saqarTvelos Tavi-

121

suflebas ewinaaRmdegeba. mas ar surs ixilos damoukidebe-

li qveyana iseTi, sadac adamians dafaseba ar eqneba, sadac mi-

si Sromis nayofi ukvalod Caivlis. werilSi `Sromis Svils~

avtoris TiToeuli sityva gaJRenTilia sevdiT, TanagrZno-

biT. pirvel etapze ivane gomarTelisTvis politikuri avto-

nomia ocneba iyo, radgan verc warmoidgenda misi qveynis

srul damoukideblobamde raRac erTi weli aSorebda. dar-

wmunebuli iyo, rom politikuri avtonomiis pirobebSi ada-

mians ufro meti saSualeba miecemoda da amoisunTqavda:

`rodesac pirvelad gaCnda mona, is Sen iyavi, Sen, sabra-

lo mona, ubeduri mona, romlisTvisac adamianis saxels ara-

vin imetebda qveyanaze.

pirvelad rom gaCnda uReli, is SenTvis gaCnda. Sen da-

gadges kiserze am qveynis batonebma, rom Senis SromiT maTi

Zliereba gagemtkicebina.

rodesac pirvelad gaCnda ofli, is Sens Sublsa da gul-

mkerds daasxa autanelma bedma.

rodesac pirvelad gaCnda cremlebi, is Seni Tvalebidan

gadmoyara sevdam... pirvelad rom saxrCobela amarTes, is

SenTvis amarTes, radganac Sen aujanydi, Sen aumxedrdi, Sen

SeebrZole usamarTlobas, Zalmomreobas~(195).

iv. gomarTelis fiqri swvdeba yvela im adamians, romel-

mac aqamde samarTali ver ipova, romelmac daRvara umanko

sisxli.

`uricxvma saukuneebma ganvles, — Sen ar iyavi; uricxvi

saukuneebi gavlen da Caivlian, — Sen aRar iqnebi.

maS ra aris sicocxle?

dRis sizmari.

Ramis sizmariviT male hqreba is.

aqamdin es dRis sizmari maxinji, mware, bneli iyo Sen-

Tvis. dReis Semdeg is unda gaxdes lamazi, momxibvleli,

tkbili.

122

Sen SegiZlia, es sizmari spetakis sxivebiT — bednieri qar-

Tveli eris simReriT Semosil CarCoSi Casva da unda Casva!

es CarCoa qarTveli eris politikuri avtonomia~ (iqve).

ivane gomarTelis TiToeuli winadadeba transparantis

funqcias iZens da qarTvel kacs valdebulebas axsenebs. arc

erTi xelisufleba xalxze zrunviT Tavs ar iklavs, Tu Tavad

sazogadoebam ar mosTxova pasuxi da ar moiTxova sakuTari

uflebebis dacva. uflebaayril saqarTveloSi ki nebismier

mis moqalaqes uuflebobis gancda hqonda. ivane gomarTeli

ar indobs aravis, vinc saubrobs, TiTqos mas sakuTari sam-

Soblo ar swams da internacionalistad moaqvs Tavi. Tu ru-

seTis mSromel xalxs da germaniis muSebs TavianTi samSoblo

gaaCniaT, qarTvelebs ratom ar gaaCniaT? — kiTxulobs avto-

ri. `gaaCniaT, gaaCniaT da metsac getyviT. rodesac arc ru-

seTis, arc germaniis eri ar arsebobden, rogorc eri, qar-

Tveli eri arsebobda Tavisi kulturiT, Tavisi istoriiT!..

bednieri eri mxolod Tavisufali eria.

Cveni Tavisufleba — Cveni avtonomiaa~(196).

ivane gomarTeli Tvlis, rom xalxs mudmivi Sexseneba

sWirdeba imisa, Tu ra gamoiara da ra SeemTxva istoriis man-

Zilze, ra magaliTebi dagvitova warsulma. misTvis ar aris

damakmayofilebeli qarTveli sazogadoebis mzaoba Tavi-

suflebisTvis. maSin, roca evropa udidesi gansacdelis wi-

naSe idga da omis alSi iyo gaxveuli, bevri ram saqarTveloSi

Tavad qarTvelebze iyo damokidebuli. mravalsaukunovani

istoria ki uflebas gvaZlevs Rirseuli pasuxi gavceT yve-

las. 1917-1918 wlebSi is saxifaTo, is gadamwyveti Jami idga,

roca mTeli SegnebiT da Zal-RoniT unda moetrialebinaT

istoriis Carxi. qarTvel moRvaweebs ki sityvisa da kalmis

garda sxva berketi ar hqondaT xalxSi samSoblosa siyvaru-

lis gasaRviZeblad. ivane gomarTelis literaturuli Cana-

xati `deda samSoblo~ sxva araferia, Tu ara siyvarulis, Tav-

123

dadebisa da Tavisuflebis qadageba. `balRi viyavi, umweo,

ususuri da rodesac gonebis kari pirvelad gameRo, rode-

sac vixile mSveneba mzisa, uzomo, uZlieresi siyvaruli vig-

rZen Sendami. mwyuroda damenaxe, mwyuroda Seni saxe mexila.

mwyuroda, gulSi Cagkvrodi, dameZaxa, dameyvira: deda,

deda-meTqi...

Sen arsad iyavi; me vitanjebodi...

me vxatavdi Cems ocnebaSi Sens saxes...

me simRera mwadia, me unda vumRero Tavisufal deda-sam-

Soblos! am furclebzed ukve dawerilia wauSleli asoebiT:

Tavisufali saqarTvelo!

ganTavisuflebuli deda samSoblo mobrZandeba, simRe-

riTa da ferxuliT SevegeboT!~ (204).

metad sagulisxmoa ivane gomarTelis literaturuli

portreti vl. leninze. im periodis politikosebi ver Seafa-

seben lenins ise, rogorc amas gomarTeli axerxebs. igi qar-

Tvel xalxs garkveviT uxsnis, leninis saxiT Tu ra did ube-

durebasTan da rogor liderTan gvqonda saqme.

`vin aris lenini? — misi sityva da saqme, mizani da moqme-

deba ar eTanxmeba erTmaneTs. ebrZoda TviTmpyrobelobas da

imis nangrevebze namdvili TviTmpyrobeloba daamkvidra. mi-

iswrafvoda Tavisuflebisken da Semdeg mospo, gaanadgura,

fexqveS gaTela da gaaniava Tavisufleba. xalxis bednierebi-

sa da keTildReobis nacvlad anarqiis qarcecxli, rbeva-awi-

okeba gaamefa. ocnebobda samarTlianobaze, Tumca saSineli

usamarTloba da Zalmomreoba daatriala.

Tavisi moRvaweoba daiwyo mecnieruli realizmiT da da-

abolova utopiiT. sakuTari mzis amosvlas Sexvda marqsis sa-

xeliT da Casvlas ki blankiT. misi buneba savse iyo winaaR-

mdegobebiT. mis saxels Tavs afarebdnen ukiduresi memar-

cxeneni, ukiduresi memarjveneni, ukiduresi socialisti da

ukiduresi monarqisti. mas ukan mohyvebodnen rogorc uki-

124

duresi idealistebi, ise namdvili xulignebi, Sav-razmelebi.

daCagrulebi ocnebobdnen, lenini ganaxorcielebs saerTo

bednierebebs da gvixsniso, damCagvrelebi erTmaneTs ulo-

cavdnen: leninis wyalobiT isev Cveni dro dadgebao~ (207).

gomarTeli miiCnevs, rom lenins undoda monarqiisa da

burJuaziis ganadgureba da Tavisi moRvaweobiT respublika

gaanadgura. leninis Tvisebebis ganxilvaSi ivane gomarTeli

xazs usvams, Tu ra SeiZleba mohyves axirebuli da uvici ada-

mianebis gadawyvetilebebs. leninis moqmedebam ruseTi saso-

warkveTamde miiyvana, xolo misi socializmi ruseTma mowina-

aRmdegeebis uazro da mxecuri xocviT gaigo. ivane gomar-

Telma erT-erTma pirvelma amoicno leninis fsiqologiuri

saxe da yvelaze saRad Seafasa ruseTis `beladis~ mier Cade-

nili qmedebebi. avtori grZnobs, rom verc saqarTvelo as-

cdeba wiTel terors da afrTxilebs Tavis Tanamoazreebs.

Tumca, leninma mainc ipova dasayrdeni Zala saqarTveloSi.

aseTive xasiaTis literaturuli narkvevia ivane gomar-

Telis `mTavarsardali krilenko~. es werili ufro metad

ironiulia da sarkazmebiT nazavi. avtori saubrobs krilen-

kos rolze ruseTis politikaSi da xazs usvams im uRirss

saqciels, riTac mTavarsardalma daamaxsovra Tavi.

`safrangeTis revoluciam warmoSva mTavarsardali na-

poleoni;

ruseTis revoluciam warmoSva mTavarsardali krilenko.

deda-miwis zurgze ara hyofila jer amis mzgavsi mTavar-

sardali, arc iqneba arasodes, Tu isev rusebma ar gamoigo-

nes. yvela qveyanam da yvela erma rame Seqmna; ruseTma kri-

lenko Seqmna da isaxela Tavi. aseTi gamogonebis Semdeg Rirs

dasveneba! samagierod krilenkomac asaxela ruseTi: daamar-

cxa, miwasTan gaaswora is, ise mZlavraT, ise sastikaT, ise da-

uzogavaT, rogorc arc erT sardals arasodes aravin dau-

marcxebia jer... ubeduri ruseTi! imis istorias erTi kri-

125

lenko aklda da amieridan esec miemata~(212).

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba sul ufro

aqtualuri xdeboda. ruseTs Tavisi gasaWiri hqonda da jer-

jerobiT ver iclida sxva erebisTvis. àlionis~ jgufi `sa-

qarTvelos~ msgavsad damoukideblobis gamocxadebas aCqa-

rebs xelisuflebas. ivane gomarTelma pirvelma gaaJRera es

sityvebi social-demokratiuli xasiaTis gazeTSi da, amde-

nad, saubari daiwyo partiuli orientaciis cvlilebebzec.

misi literaturuli narkvevi `qarTvel ers!~ aris òda Tavi-

suflebas~. SeiZleba gagaxsendeT beThovenis mecxre simfo-

nia, rodesac ivane gomarTelis am narkvevs waikiTxavT. medi-

taciuri, musikaluri JReradobis werili retrospeqtulad

gvTavazobs saqarTvelos bunebis mTavar Strixebs, qarTveli

eris heroikuli warsulis mimarT reveranssa da momavlis

imeds, romelsac saqarTvelos Tavisufleba unda daerqvas:

èrTi udidesi WeSmariteba Tavisuflebaa.

monoba, borkilebi, uReli gamogonilia.

bunebam monoba ar icis, buneba Tavisuflebas qmnis.

pirvelidgan iyo Tavisufleba...

da Semdeg gaCnda sicocxle...

Tavisufleba mze aris mTeli erisa, misi erovnuli cxov-

rebisa. is aZlevs ers sinaTles, siTbos, Zalas...

qarTveli xalxis guli arafers ar auZgerebia ise mZlav-

raT, rogorc mas Tavisufleba aZgerebda.

ram gaxada gmiraT qarTveli eri?

Tavisuflebam —

ram gaanaTla da daawinaura qarTveli eri?

Tavisuflebam

ram aayvava saqarTvelo?

Tavisuflebam...~ (211).

ivane gomarTeli Semdeg ufro xatovnad amZafrebs qar-

Tveli eris mdgomareobas da swrafvas Tavisuflebisaken. mo-

126

nis uRels saqarTvelo asCvidmeti weli atarebda da iyo

gulCaTxrobili, Tvalcremliani da umweo. Tumca, ocnebis-

Tvis Tavi arasodes miunebebia da saqarTveloSi ki ocnebisa

da natvris asrulebis dro dadga:

`saqarTveloSi ar SeiZleba, ar frialebdes Tavisufle-

bis droSa!

saqarTveloSi unda frialebdes droSa Tavisuflebisa!~

(iqve).

aseTia ivane gomarTelis verdiqti. Tu is 1917 wlis weri-

lebSi ufro mokrZalebulad saubrobs saqarTvelos damou-

kideblobaze, 1918 wlidan TviTonac Tavisufldeba partiu-

li doqtrinis marwuxebidan da Tavad aZlevs `alionelebs~

axali gadawyvetilebis miRebis sababs da darwmunebulia,

rom devgmirebad iqcevian, Tu samSoblos dasWirdeba maTi

Tavganwiruli brZola.

ivane gomarTelis aseTi sulieri ganwyoba akaki were-

TelTan da giorgi wereTlis ojaxTan siaxlovemac ganapiro-

ba(53). g. wereTelma ivane gomarTels `kvalis~ kritikis gan-

yofileba Caabara. `kvali~ 1898 w. `mesame daselebis~ legalu-

ri organo iyo. gomarTeli, g. wereTlis msgavsad, ar eTanxme-

boda imaT, vinc gaiZaxoda: `raki me socialisti an social-

demokrati — dasisti da sxva var, CemTvis erovnuli sakiTxi

ar arsebobso~ (`Temi~, 1913, 1, gv. 150).

social-demokratebTan siaxlove iv. gomarTels ar uS-

lida xels Tergdaleulebis ideebiT esazrdova. eqimi go-

marTeli xalxis janmrTelobaze zrunavda, xolo literato-

ri da publicisti gomarTeli xalxis sulier mdgomareobas

aumjobesebda. sinamdvile Tavis asparezad miaCnda da yvelas

mouwodebda ewera ise, rom sargebeli enaxa sazogadoebas

maT naSromebSi. miiCnevda ra daviT kldiaSvils Zlier mwer-

lad, meore mxriv, akritikebda simbolistebs: `sicxadis nac-

vlad — bundovaneba; sinamdvilis alagas — qimerebi; silama-

127

zis alagas — simaxinje; jansaRobis nacvlad — sneuleba; si-

cocxlis siyvarulis nacvlad — sicocxlis siZulvili da

uaryofa; saRi adamianis nacvlad — SeSlilebi, Tavis mkvle-

lebi~ (12; 65). simbolistebze ambobda, rom maTi poezia reaq-

ciulia da burJuaziuli suliskveTebis gamomxatveli.

iv. gomarTelis Sexedulebebmac bevrjer ganicada

transformacia, gansakuTrebiT 1917-1918 wlebis Semdeg.

Tumca, erT-erTma pirvelma aRmoaCina, rom social-demokra-

tebi erovnul sakiTxSi araswor gzaze idgnen da mogvianebiT

ityvis: `Tavisufleba sruli, Tavisufleba yovelmxrivi, Ta-

visufleba ganusazRvreli~(3).

1918 wlis 26 maisis Tavisuflebas ki man uSualod moawe-

ra xeli.

Taguna (Salva SaraSiZe)

Tagunas fsevdonimiT `saxalxo saqmeSi~ saintereso fe-

letonebi ibeWdeboda. avtoris arCevani, rom iumoriTa da

satiriT gviCvenos imdroindeli movlenebi, sakmaod origi-

naluria. Taguna ZiriTadad saqarTvelos politikur mowyo-

baze akeTebs aqcents da literaturulad anadgurebs yve-

las, vinc saqarTvelos damoukideblobis ideas ewinaaRmde-

geba, vinc ar eTanxmeba qarTuli niSniT SerCeuli struqtu-

rebis arsebobas. Taguna, iseve rogorc misi kolegebi da me-

gobrebi, Tavdapirvelad federalizmis princips emxroboda.

`saTvalianebi da usaTvaloebi~ mogviTxrobs orad gayo-

fil krebaze, rac qarTuli interpartiuli biuros arsebo-

bam gamoiwvia. `saTvaliani amxanagebi afTrebiviT ekveTnen

interpartiul biuros, xolo usaTvalo amxanagebi, Tumca

gaubedavaT, magram mainc aSkarad icavdnen mas. Tavdapirve-

lad ver mivxvdi, ra kavSiri unda hqonoda TvalTaxedvis si-

sustes am saganTan da saTvale raT gaxda niSnobliv atribu-

128

taT interpartiul biuros uarmyofelTaTvis. magram kamaTi

rom gaCaRda da saTvalianebma mTeli Tavisi sabuTebi daala-

ges uklebliv, maSin ki davinaxe, rom sibeces diaR didi gav-

lena moexdina maT azrovnebaze am sagnis farglebSi~ (200).

Taguna pretenziebs ucxadebs xelisuflebaSi myof so-

cialistebs, romlebmac partiebis SeTanxmeba gadawyvites.

Tumca partiebi siaxloves ar miikares.

Taguna axsenebs maT, Tu rogor miiRes erovnuli progra-

ma iZulebiT. sajarodac daiZaxes `gaumarjos erovnul-te-

ritoriul TviTmmarTvelobaso~, xolo saqmiT adgilidan ar

daZrulan. `saTvalian amxanagebSi~ igi erovnulobisagan

daclil ususur adamianebs xedavs, romlebic sityviT erTs

hyvirian, saqmiT ki sxvas akeTeben:

`WeSmaritaT im kedlis saaTs daemsgavsnen, isrebiT rom

pirvelis naxevars aCvenebs da Tormets ki rekavs am dros~.

Tagunas xeli aqvs Caqneuli `saTvalian amxanagebze~ da

fiqrobs, rom isini erovnul niadagze verasodes dadgebian.

Tagunas kalami `moxvda~ social-demokratebis sxva

jgufsac. literaturul narkvevSi — àgreTve avtonomiste-

bi~ Taguna social-demokratebis sam jgufs gamohyofs. sami-

ves samnairi damokidebuleba aqvs erovnuli sakiTxis mimarT.

eseni arian `niRilistebi~, àlionelebi~ da èrTobelebi~.

maT Soris gansxvavebas Taguna martivi ostatobiT gvixsnis:

è.w. — `niRilistebi~.

eseni dResac kaWkaWebiviT imeoreben ZvelisZvel ganyene-

bul frazas, da vinaidan frazeologia revmatizms, anu qa-

rebsac hgavs, maTi tvinic isea Seborkili, rogorc qarebi

Sehborkavs xolme romelsame saxsars. eseni gaiZaxian:

momwons kalina, malina,

mZuls vardebi da iao!

samSoblo rasa miqvian,

mewyersac wauRiao!.. amaTi wirva gamosulia. eseni saf-

129

lavSi misaRebi arc arian da arc vinme iRebs.

meore — e.w. àlionelebi~ —

eseni amboben: `kalina da malina~ RmerTma axaros da ga-

furCqnos, magram, modi nurc vardsa da ias davCagravT: iyos

saerTo didi baRi. — gaumarjos ruseTis respublikas da

wvrili erebis (maT Soris saqarTvelos) srul avtonomiaso.

amaT wirva axla iwyeba. saflavSi jerjerobiT arc amaT

agdeben...

mesame — èrTobelebi~.

eseni Zalian hgvanan `kanSi mwolar~ abreSumis Wias; zogs

rom daugviandeba kanis gamocvla viTom, ha, kidec amodis,

magram verc amodis da amgvar wvalebasa da WapanwyvetaSi rom

iklakneba dausrulebliv.

eseni viTom niRilistebsac hgmoben, magram avtonomiste-

bisganac imijnebian, oqros Suaguls eZeben da, hamletis

Tqmis ar iyos, sartyelTan miugniaT bina, `sadac yvelaze uf-

ro wyalobis gamcemi adgilia~ (iqve).

avtori miiCnevs, rom maT erovnuli sakiTxi ar aRelvebT da

iaponuri zRapris gmiriviT arian, romelsac arc cxviri hqonda,

arc piri da arc Tval-warbi, aramed brtyeli, Semzaravi sitit-

vle, romelic SiSis Jruantels hgvrida yvelas. aseT usaxurobas

warmoadgenen TagunasaTvis social-demokratebi, romlebsac

surT, teritorialur TviTmmarTvelobis niRbiT daifaron sa-

xe, Tumca rogorc ki saqme praqtikul nabijebze da erovnuli

politikis warmoebaze midgeba, es niRabi imwamsve vardeba. Tagu-

nas aseTi gabrazeba gamoiwvia gazeT èrTobis~ (177, 1917) weril-

ma, sadac social-demokratebma saxelmwifoebriv mowyobis mo-

delad, sxva modelebTan erTad, ganixiles àgreTve avtonomia~

da es sakiTxi umalve striqonebs Sua miafuCeCes.

dabolos, Taguna urCevs àgreTve avtonomias~ CamoaSo-

ron pirveli `cbieri~ sityva da moiTxovon erebisaTvis mxo-

lod `SiSveli~ avtonomia (203).

130

Taguna upasuxod ar tovebs `brZolasa~(bolSevikebis

organo) da `alions~ Soris atexil konfliqts.

sainteresoa bolSevikebis Tagunaseuli daxasiaTeba:

`gasWeriT romelime bolSeviki, sul erTia — vinc iyos,

alal-bedze, ai Tund Cveni Tedore kalandaZe (Tu, ra Tqma

unda, saerTaSoriso proletariati gasaWrelad gaimetebs

mas) da Tedores RviZlis qvemoT, zed naRvlis buStTan, na-

xavT karga mozrdil organos, romelic Cveulebriv adamians,

ara bolSeviks, ar moepoveba. rogorc adamianis RviZli amza-

debs naRvels da kuWs — e.i. kuWis wvens, ise bolSevikis es axa-

li organo gamoscems lanZRva-ginebas da am Tvisebis gamo mi-

si mniSvneloba bolSevikisaTvis bevrad ufro didia, vidre,

vTqvaT, filtvis, gulis da tvinisac ki. am organos ewodeba

`SekurTxebis~ organo da ramdenadac ufro ganviTarebulia

is, imdenad ufro warCinebulia bolSeviki~(206).

am sityvebiT Tagunam aCvena is safrTxe, rac momavalSi sa-

qarTvelom bolSevizmis damkvidrebiT ixila. man miuTiTa,

bolSevizmze, rogorc saerTaSoriso da saxalxo ubedurebaze.

`— amxanago, socializmis barZimi wmindaa CvenTvisac da

TqvenTvisac, modiT, nu gadascemT socializmis barZims

mTvral jariskacs da sanaxevrod velur muJiks, Torem isini

fexqveS gaigdeben mas, gaTelaven, Seagineben da `aRavseben

yovelTa ara wmindebiTa~.

amis pasuxad bolSeviki aamuSavebs SekurTxebis organos

da getyvis: — Sen kargad gicnob, ra mutrukic agdixar: namusi

Sen ara gaqvs, Wkua da patiosneba, Seni sidedri kudiania da

qveyanam icis, rom Sens rZals wina kbilebi Cayenebuli aqvs.

momSordi Seni...~ (iqve).

social-demokratebis liders noe Jordanias miuZRvna

man patara feletoni, romelSic didi ostatobiT gamoZerwa

Jordanias portreti. social-demokratebis meTauri mis-

Tvis tipuri araqarTvelia, romelic sakuTari samSoblos

131

gayidviTa da mokvliTaa dakavebuli, romelic ar aRiarebs

da ar scnobs warmatebul qarTvels. noe Jordanias didi miz-

nebi mxolod socializmis gamarjvebas gulisxmobs. avtori

xazs usvams Jordanias mzakvrul Canafiqrs saqarTvelos da-

nawevrebis Sesaxeb: `rodesac moaxlovda noe Jordanias daba-

debis dRe, ruseTis imperatorma aleqsandre meorem brZane-

ba gasca, rom saqarTveloSi ori wlis vadiT SeeCerebinaT

yrmaTa dabadeba. magram noe Jordaniam windawinve Seityo me-

fis ganzraxva, daaswro mis gamoqveynebas da aralegalurad

daibada erTi TviT adre kanonier vadamde... noe Jordanias

SeSurda qarTvelebis aseTi mwyobri da harmoniuli cxovre-

ba, xeli aiRo swavlaze, dahyo mTliani saqarTvelo ramode-

nime sazogadoebriv klasebaT da maT Soris daundobeli kla-

sobrivi brZola astexa. Semdeg gaaRataka qarTveli glexebis

didi nawili... am gaRatakebul glexebs proletariati daar-

qva da yovlad uwyaloT, nadirebiviT miusia danarCen kla-

sebs. esec rom ar ikmara, miangr-moangria da miwasTan gaaswo-

ra saqarTvelos yvela istoriuli naSTebi, dalewa Zveli

taZrebi da eklesiebi da saqveynod gamoacxada, saqarTvelos

istoria ar gaaCniao~(191).

aseT mZime braldebebs uyenebs Taguna social-demokra-

tebis liders, romelsac pasuxs aravin sTxovs saqarTvelos-

Tvis saziano saqmeebis gakeTebis gamo. `istoriis mospobis

Semdeg man daaarsa yovlad ucnauri seqta da msgavsaT ebrae-

lebis cnobil seqtisa, erTi barbarosuli wesi SemoiRo — sa-

ukeTeso qarTvel mamuliSvilTa ritualuri mkvleloba.

n. Jordania amtkicebda, qarTvel mamuliSvilTa sisxli

socializms gvaaxloebso da ise verc erT publicistur we-

rils ver dawerda, windawin rom erTi Rvinis Wiqa namdvili

qarTuli sisxli ar daelia TbilaT~ (iqve).

aseTia Tagunas mier gamoZerwili noe Jordanias portre-

ti. avtoris ena sakmaod gamokveTili StrixebiTaa savse.

132

werilSi `Cveni parnasi~(201) Taguna exmianeba mweralTa

yrilobas. igi aRaSfoTa zogierTi qarTveli mwerlis saqci-

elma, romelTac winaaRmdegoba gauwies balmontis Tavmjdo-

mareobas. avtori ar asaxelebs, Tu vin aRaSfoTa igi, magram

cnobilia, rom balmontis winaaRmdeg gamovidnen konstanti-

ne gamsaxurdia da ioseb griSaSvili. Taguna Tvlis, rom mwer-

lebi ar unda axarisxebdnen erovnebis mixedviT adamianebs,

rom `muzebs politika mainc da mainc ar ainteresebs~. ès

`qarTveli dendi~ (am saxeliT mogvevlina simwriT daweril

erT leqsSi, romelic Cems mets, mgoni, arc ki waukiTxavs vis-

me) iseT àgitacias~ eweoda muzebSi, rom apolons, albaT, je-

rac ver Seuwyvetia xarxari da am wuTSic umweoT dagoravs

isteriuli siciliT Sepyrobili.

— amxanago muzebo! miafurTxeT rusis mwerals bal-

monts, qarTveli xalxis am dauZinebel mters, da CaewereT

saqarTvelos socialist-federalistTa sarevolucio par-

tiaSi!.. `qarTveli dendis~ metiCrul provokacias mTeli

yriloba ahyva~(iqve).

Tagunas gulistkivili gasagebia maSin, roca politikuri

partiebi erTmaneTTan kinklaobiT erTobian da dros karga-

ven. publicistebisa da mwerlebis mxridan SeuTanxmebeli qme-

deba Tagunas guliswyromas imsaxurebs.. avtorma ver dainaxa

mweralTa yrilobaze is Zala, romelic yvelas gaaerTianebda

da politikuri Zalebis daqsaqsulobas niadags gamoaclida.

maSindeli mwerlebic sxvadasxva partiul dajgufebebs ekuT-

vnodnen da swored am dapirispirebam ifeTqa yrilobaze.

leo qiaCeli

`tariel guluas~ avtori socialisturi realizmis fu-

ZemdebelTa rigebSi aRmoCnda. sainteresoa misi moRvaweoba

àlionis~ furclebze. SeuZlebelia misi publicisturi we-

133

rilebis gareSe leo qiaCelis, rogorc Semoqmedis, warmoCe-

na. àlionSi~ igi 1917 wels aqveynebda werilebs. Tebervlis

revoluciam arc qiaCeli datova uimedod da saxelmwifoeb-

riobis aRdgenis survili gauRviZa. àlionelebTan~ erTad

isic avtonomiis mopovebaze saubrobda. Tavis kolegebTan

erTad am ideis aqtiuri da mizanmimarTuli mxardaWera da-

iwyo. Tavdapirvelad saWirod Tvlis xalxisTvis ganemartaT,

ras niSnavda avtonomia, ras moutanda igi qveyanas da TiToe-

ul moqalaqes.

àlionis~ gamocemidan ramdenime nomris Semdeg leo qia-

Celi beWdavs werils `gza da gza,~ romelSic igi iwyebs avto-

nomiis ideis qadagebas. amisTvis sakmaod efeqturi formac

moiZebna — diliJansSi Svid TanamgzavrTan erTad iwyebs

mgzavrobas. maT Soris umetesoba glexebi arian. simravliT

ki qalebi Warboben. Cans, mdedrobiTi sqesi maSinac politi-

zirebuli iyo. leo qiaCelma Tanamosaubrenic Taviseburi

principiT SearCia. avtonomiaze saubaric glexs daawyebina.

amiT xazi gausva, rom sazogadoebis yvela fena adevnebs

Tvalyurs partiis SigniT mimdinare procesebs da daintere-

sebulia, ras niSnavs avtonomia, romelic aseT ganxeTqile-

bad iqca social-demokratebSi. glexma ikiTxa, avtonomia ras

niSnavso da àvtonomiis gagonebaze yvelam yuri cqvita, si-

Cume Camovarda da saerTo smena me momapyro~(190).

leo qiaCelma martivi msjeloba gadawyvita, raTa amgva-

rad aexsna mgzavrebisaTvis TviTmmarTvelobis mTavari

principi: sofeli irCevda mamasaxliss, mis TanaSemwes, mosa-

marTles. iwvevda yrilobas, Rebulobda gadawyvetilebas,

romelic sisruleSi mamasaxliss unda moeyvana. Semdeg mwe-

ralma meore problema wamoWra — saqmeebis ucxo enaze warmo-

eba: `gana TiToeulma Tqvenganma ar icis, Tu ra ubedurebaa

`perevodCikebTan~ saqmis daWera? esec rom ar iyos, xom yove-

li moqalaqe valdebulia kanonebi icodes. vinmem rom danaSa-

134

uloba Caidinos, Tavs imiT ver imarTlebs, aqaoda me kanoni

ar vicodi da amitom Sevcdio! kanoni rom xalxma icodes, sa-

Wiroa es kanoni xalxis enaze iwerebodes, amis garda saWiroa,

rom kanonis SedgenaSic xalxmac miiRos monawileoba~ (iqve).

Semdeg avtori isev ganagrZnobs: `yovels sofels aqvs

Tavisi mijna, sazRvari, romlis iqiT sxva sofeli iwyeba.

Cvens qveyanasac, saqarTvelos, aqvs Tavisi sazRvrebi, rom-

lis iqiT sxva xalxi saxlobs; rogorc soflis TviTmmarTve-

loba moqmedebs soflis sazRvrebSi, ise saqarTvelos TviT-

mmarTvelobac imoqmedebs Tavis sazRvrebSi... es imas ar moas-

wavebs, rom igi mTeli saxelmwifodan iqneba gamoyofili. sa-

xelmwifo saqmeebi saxelmwifodve darCebian, xolo saSinao,

adgilobriv — Sinaurul saqmeebad~ (iqve).

sakuTari mosazrebis naTelsayofad igi konkretuli ar-

gumentebiT saubars irCevs, riTac man sasurvel sazogadoeb-

riv azrs efeqturi reklamireba gauwia: `Tu me Sen giwer ka-

nons da miT geubnebi, ase icxovre Sensa da ise meTqi, me uTu-

od Seni batoni var. Tavisuflebas ki es ar Seefereba~(iqve).

msmenelTa mxridan reaqciamac ar daayovna da Tanamosaubre-

ni avtonomiis ideis mebrZolebad iqcnen.

nawarmoebis meore nawilSi ruseTis parlamentSi qarTu-

li deputaciis aucileblobaze saubrobs. ormilionian sa-

qarTvelos asi deputati mainc unda waredgina petrogradSi.

aseTi midgomiT ki verc erTi Senoba ver daitevda sxvadasxva

adgilebidan da qveynebidan warmodgenil deputatebs. leo

qiaCelmac ipova gamosavali: `is asi deputati, romlebsac

Cveni xalxi amoirCevs, aqve darCnen Cvens qveyanaSi adgilob-

riv saqmeTa sawarmoeblad, imsjelon Cvens gasageb enaze saq-

veyno gasaWirze da ikanonmdeblon adgilobriv pirobebis mi-

xedviT~(190).

sainteresoa dasasrulic, sadac erTma glexma Tavis me-

zobels mimarTa. mis sityvebSi naTlad Cans leo qiaCelis `ga-

135

marjveba~: `mercxlebi erTad mofrenen ucxo qveynidan, er-

Tadve mifrenen ucxo qveyanaSi. aqac rom arian, erTad scxov-

roben... magram TiToeuls Tavisi bude aqvs, sakuTari ojaxi!

tyvila nuravin ifiqrebs mis budes xeli cudad Seaxos! Tavs

Segaklavs!... asea kacobriobac! erTia misi cxovreba, magram

yovels xalxs calked Tavisi bude aqvs, da igi xelSeuxebeli

unda iyos!..~(iqve).

meore, igavis formiT daweril nawarmoebs leo qiaCelma

`beri da yorani~ daarqva. berSi idealisti mebrZoli igulis-

xma, yoranSi — imperiuli ruseTi.

advilad morwmune, gulubryvilo da patiosan adamianebs

swamT yornis (imperiis) gaTeTrebis SesaZlebloba. maSindel

qarTvelebSi Tebervlis revoluciam ruseTis imperiis huma-

nisturi idealebisaken Semobrunebis rwmena gaaRviva. poli-

tikuri gulubryviloba aRmoCnda esec. leo qiaCelma arakis

tragikuli finaliT saqarTvelos Zaladobrivi gasabWoebac

iwinaswarmetyvela (192).

`alionis~ imave nomerSi, pirvel gverdze daibeWda leo

qiaCelis: `Cemi sityva amxanagebisadmi~, romliTac social-

demokratiuli partiis saolqo yrilobis gaxsnis dRes mi-

marTa Tanamoazreebs. man xazi gausva saqarTvelos brZolas

TavisuflebisTvis: `qarTveli eric, Tqvens droSis qveS ib-

rZvis saxelmwifoebrivisa da saerTaSoriso Tavisuflebi-

saTvis...~ (iqve).

igi Tavis TanamebrZolebs eris ganTavisuflebis `kala-

tozebs~ uwodebs da arwmunebs maT, rom aqtiuri qmedebaa au-

cilebeli, radgan maT sityvas `gulisfancqaliT moelis eri.

igi unda iqnes Tamami da Tavisufali gamocxadeba qarTveli

xalxis politikur uflebaTa ruseTis demokratiul respub-

likaSi~(iqve).

leo qiaCeli daJinebiT iTxovs politikur avtonomias.

ra Tqma unda, es gamosvla bolSevikebs SeumCneveli ar dar-

136

CeniaT da gamoexmaurnen kidec. social-demokratebis meore

frTis gazeT èrTobaSi~ ki mwerali levan naTaZem gaakriti-

ka, romelmac àlionis~ erovnuli Tezisebi ar moiwona. naTa-

Zem qiaCelis gamosvla internacionalizmis kanonebis xelyo-

fad miiCnia. leo qiaCeli pasuxobs mas da Tavdapirvelad

xazs usvams naTaZis meryev bunebas. marTalia, àlionis~ re-

daqtori p. sayvareliZe Tavs imarTlebda da qiaCelis teqsts

beletristul nawarmoebs uwodebda, magram avtorma Tavad

ar damala Tavisi mosazreba. leo qiaCeli publicisturi me-

TodebiT amxels levan naTaZes, `misi azria, misi principia:

qarTvel xalxis batoni (suvereni) sxva xalxi unda iyos (sa-

xeldobr ruseTis xalxi)~(194).

leo qiaCeli aRSfoTebulia levan naTaZis antierovnuli

poziciiT da xan germaniis magaliTze esaubreba, xan italiis

da xan kidev Sveicariis. 1918 wlis 26 maisma avtonomiis mom-

xreTa da mowinaaRmdegeTa Soris arsebuli konfliqti damo-

ukideblobis gamocxadebiT daasrula.

* * *

taifuni àlionis~ furclebze 1917 wlis meTeqvsmete

nomridan Cndeba. misi vrceli leqsi `dila~ axali saqarTve-

losadmia miZRvnili. taifunis warmodgeniT, es axali saqar-

Tvelo ukve damdgaria.

taifunis Semoqmedeba àlionSi~ ZiriTadad gaJRenTilia

Tavisuflebis suliskveTebiT.

misi silueti `mzisken!~ — Tavisuflebisken swrafvis su-

liskveTebiTaa gaJRenTili.

taifuni Seurigeblad ebrZvis yvelas, vinc mas mzes stacebs

da Tavisuflebas ar anebebs. es nawarmoebic metaforebisa da Se-

darebebis nakrebia, rac sakuTari qveynis Sesafaseblad emeteba:

`da mxiblavda es sanetaro, ocnebiT savse mSvenebis wal-

137

koti...

mwared mtanjavda da Zalas milevda satusaRos viwro,

nestiani kedlebi, viwroT darkinuli rkinis fanjrebi...

da sicocxles marTmevda... suls mixuTavda... mzes mta-

cebda...

da davyurebdi zemodan mZvinvare, mamoZrav qalaqs, mis

quCebs, sadac uricxvma mdgarma mebrZolma dalia suli.

aq, quCas Sealia pirveli giJuri gatacebani, pirveli sai-

medo wadili Tavisuflebisa...

mec maTTan viyav, Cem erTgul ZmebTan Tavganwirul meb-

rZolTa Soris~(199).

taifuni Semdeg gadmogvcems, Tu rogor daerivnen cecx-

liTa da maxviliT yvela im Tavisuflebis mebrZolT, romel-

Tac mxolod qveynis gadarCenis survili amoZravebda. `aguz-

guzebuli xalxis imedovani koconi~ Caaqres da Caferfles.

samkvdro-sasicocxlo uTanasworo brZola mtris gamarjve-

biT dasrulda:

`uTvalavi Seiqmna mtris banaki da Rone mixdili daveSviT.

da mas Semdeg ganuyrel megobrebaT Seiqmnen es cixis ked-

lebi CemTvis...

Cem oqrovan, firuzovan siyrmes TeTri sibere Semoepara...

mwyuroda mze, mze Zmobis, ganaxlebis...~ (iqve)

silueti `mzisken!~ ornawiliania. meore nawilSi taifuni

xatovnad afasebs cixis kedlebs miRma momxdar movlenebs.

`Sors, mTebs iqiT, aRmobrwyinda axali cxovrebis

Suqmfinare mze da gaanaTa mTeli samyaro...

da daemxo oqros kerpi... xavsi borotebis kedlebi...

Tavisuflebis netar sxivebma Cem senakSi SemoanaTa.

xalxi aRudga mefis darajebs, Seangria cixis kedlebi.

mec SevuerTdi am mRelvare zRvas. medgraT Seutie bo-

rot mtarvalebs... miyvars es wami.

arvis mivscemT sisxliT mopovebul Cvens erTobas.

138

mze brwyinvalebs

mze elvarebs...

da Cvenc gavswieT saocnebo oqrovan mzisken...

— mzisken!..~ (iqve).

literaturuli eskizi `Tavisufleba~ mogviTxrobs, Tu

rogor Seikribnen qalaqgareT `momavali Tavisuflebis

Svilni~ da Semdeg rogor daapatimres:

`veTxovebodi sayvarel mTebs, Zvirfas samSoblos, wya-

ros likliks, giJmaJ mdinares, obol-xaverdovan mdelos,

nacnob-megobrebs da Cem kekluc maros, Zvirfas megobars...

da matarebeli ki mihqroda gamalebuli sadRac Sors

ucxoeTSi...~

megobrisadmi udidesi grZnobiTaa dawerili taifunis me-

ore literaturuli silueti `megobars~. igi imeds aZlevs mas

da sTxovs daijeros momavlis da nu miecema sasowarkveTas:

`da dadgeba firuzovani mxiblavi dRe...

uimedobas nu miecem... guls CaiwveTe!..~ (197).

Tu taifunis 1917 wlis periodis werilebi Tavisuflebis

dauokebeli wyurviliTaa aRvsili, 1918 wlis literaturu-

li nawarmoebebi ufro gaJRenTilia am Tavisuflebis Senar-

Cunebis grZnobiT.

`hei, gmirno, qarTvlis Svilno, Tqven geZaxiT saqarTvelo,

Tqven, Tqven gixmobT dakodili diad grZnebis Svebis

mdelo~(iqve).

taifunma gadawyvita, qalaqidan sofelSi gaxiznuliyo

da iq gaeRviZebina sofeli.

`Tavisuflebis netarma sxivebma uxvad SemoanaTes sof-

lis miZinebul zRva-gulSi da daafrTxo misi mudam erTfe-

rovani, miZinebuli cxovreba. xarbad daewafa sofeli am ma-

cocxlebel sxivebs da Sesva neqtari ukvdavebisa~(iqve).

taifuns ar ainteresebs partiuli orTabrZolebi da po-

litikosTa Soris arsebuli konfliqtebi. yvela misi nawar-

139

moebi, romelic 1917-1918 wlebis `alionSi~ daibeWda, saqar-

Tvelos Tavisuflebas da am TavisuflebiT gamowveul Sina-

gan muxts aRwers.

or weliwadSi saqarTvelos Tavs sami politikuri katak-

lizma daatyda: Tebervlis revolucia, bolSevikebis Zala-

dobrivi revanSi da damoukideblobis gamocxadeba. samive

movlenam ganapiroba gansjisa da analizis axali etapis

dadgoma publicistebisa da mwerlebis SemoqmedebaSi.

* * *

`ruseTis didi samsoni~, `CiraRdniT xelSi~, `qarTlis

bedis varskvlavs~, `suraTebi~ da sxva literaturul-publi-

cisturi werilebi, romelic sergo parTenaSvils ekuTvnis,

1918 wlidan Cndeba `alionis~ furclebze. mwerali damuxtu-

lia saqarTvelosa da mis farglebs gareT mimdinare proce-

sebiT. misi TiToeuli fraza gaJRenTilia samSoblos sevdiT

da daeZebs `qarTlis bedis varskvlavs~, romlis gamobrwyi-

nebas as Cvidmeti weli dasWirda. ruseTis revoluciebma di-

di tkivili dautova, ver xedavs imeds mdgomareobidan gamo-

sasvlelad. werilSi `ruseTis didi samsoni~ ruseTis poli-

tikur da sazogadoebriv ryevebze saubrobs:

`samson-Zlieri mTeli Tavisi Zal-RoniT CaeWida Sxamisa da

borotebis bWebs da svetebs; qveda sarTulis Wirisuflebi mas

afrTxilebdnen, rom Tu is mTel Senobas daangrevs, zeda sar-

Tulis gancxromis SvilebTan erTad qveda wamebulebic dai-

marxebian nangreveb qveS; emudarebian, emuqrebian, magram ka-

cobriobis siyvaruliT da siZulviliT gagiJebuli ruseTis

samson-Zlieri, udidesi donkixoti kvlav Tavisas ganagrZobs...

ruseTis sinamdviles Tavis ocnebas swiravs, anacva-

lebs...~ (208).

s. parTenaSvlma literaturul-publicisturi werili

140

`CiraRdniT xelSi~ universitetis gaxsnas miuZRvna. sakmaod

xatovani qarTuliT dawerili misi werilebidan Zlieri ener-

gia modis, rac mkiTxvelSi mZafr emocias iwvevs. rogor da

sad gaCnda saqarTvelo? s. parTenaSvilis alegoriul-Cu-

qurTmovani versia aseTia:

`mraval saukuneTa dausrulebel grexilSi da droTa

brunvaSi daibada. misi aRmzrdeli akvani iyo caT aziduli,

amayi da WaRara mTebi;

mas irgvliv mtrebi elaparakebodnen, margalit samSob-

lo akvanSi uxtebodnen da mospoba-ganadgurebiT emuqre-

bodnen... adreve daiwyo man Tavisi grZeli istoriis Tavisave

sisxliT wera, romlis wiTeli furclebi saukunoebiT iSle-

bodnen da erTi meores misdevdnen~(210).

avtori saqarTvelos mier saukuneebis win gamxelil sur-

vilze saubrobs. Tavisufali sicocxle da Tavisufali sunTqva

— ai, ra iyo da ra aris qarTveli xalxis bunebrivi survili.

s. parTenaSvili aRfrTovanebas ver malavs qarTveli

xalxis gadawyvetilebis gamo — gaixsnas qarTuli universi-

teti. swored am faqtSi xedavs igi im genias da sibrZnes, ri-

Tac qarTvelma xalxma saimedo iaraRi gamonaxa da drois Se-

saferisi, mizanSewonili gza ipova. `erT xelSi wiTeli droSa

da meoreSi mecnierebis didebuli CiraRdani, ai simbolo, ai

emblema ukvdavi eris!~ (iqve).

Zalze STambeWdavia s. parTenaSvilis literaturuli

suraTebi, romelic sami nawilisgan Sedgeba. Tu misi adrin-

deli werilebi, sadac saqarTvelos bedze, mis warsulsa da

momavalze saubrobs, patara feletonis rubrikiT ibeWdebo-

da, es samnawiliani nawarmoebi ufro gabeduli azris gamo-

xatva da siyvarulis axsnaa Tavisi samSoblos mimarT. damou-

kidebloba ukve gamocxadebulia da, rogorc Cans, cenzura

Serbilebulia. avtors ufleba aqvs mTeli grZnobiT umRe-

ros sayvarel samSoblos. pirvel nawils hqvia `TeTr dar-

141

bazSi~, sadac igi aRwers sasaxlis TeTr darbazSi mimdinare

erovnuli sabWos krebas (220).

s. parTenaSvili movaleobebs axsenebs qarTvel politi-

kosebs, rom isini arian ganaxlebuli cxovrebis darajni da

maTi partiuli brZola Tu jgufuri kinklaoba uwmindes da

udides movaleobaTa farglebSi unda brunavdes. avtori

sTxovs maT, rom partiuli Jinianoba erovnuli Tavisufle-

bisa da saxelmwifoebriobis grZnobas daumorCilon.

nawarmoebis meore nawilSi (`ganTiadi mTawmindaze~) av-

tori eris wmindanebis saufloSi midis. maT did saxeebs mia-

kiTxavs.

avtori monusxulia mTawmindis momxiblav-momajadoebe-

li suraTebiT da qveynis gasagonad gaiZaxis: `avWeqaquxildi:

dideba da dRegrZeloba ganTavisuflebuli amiranis samSob-

los, samudamo netareba sixarulis cremlebiT aqviTinebul

mTawmindas!~ (iqve).

nawarmoebis mesame nawils `ferxuli~ hqvia. aq gadmoce-

mulia, Tu rogori ferxuli gaumarTavT saqarTvelos sxva-

dasxva kuTxis Svilebs. avtori Tavadac xarobs saqarTvelos

sixaruliT. `da ai am Taigulis ucxo yvavilebze da maT fur-

clebze istoriul gariJraJ-ganTiadisas amravalferovane-

buls da amravalferadebuls netarebiT mTvrals qarTvel

ers diadi erovnuli ferxuli Caeba.

Cuqura tansacmelSi gamokvanwuli guruli bulbulsa-

viT akrimanWulebuliyo, Cerqezul tanisamosSi gamowkepili

imerel-megreli tkbilaT moZaxilobda, xolo Coxa gadakeci-

li, brZnoba-moreuli qarTlel-kaxeli bans Weqa-quxiliT

eubneboda... da es ganaxlebuli saqarTvelos ferxuli iyo,

rom mTeli samyaros da kacobriobis cxovrebis brunva-tri-

als simbolurad xatavda~(iqve) (222).

s. parTenaSvilis literaturuli Canaxatebi avsebs `ali-

onis~ politikur nawilSi civi gonebiTa da analiziTa gadmo-

142

cemuli, politikuri publicistikiT gadatvirTul fur-

clebs. gazeTis literaturuli nawili abalansebs àlionis~

tonalobasa da ferebs. es arCevani sakmaod warmatebuli ar-

Cevania gamocemis mesveurTa mxridan. mkiTxvels miewodeba

orive mimarTuleba, rac viTarebis aRqmasa da garkvevaSi

udavod exmareba.

* * *

giorgi quCiSvils(CxeiZe) literaturis kritikosebi

irodion evdoSvilis demokratiul poetur skolas akuTvne-

ben. Tavisi msoflmxedvelobiTa da politikuri Sexedulebe-

biT man ufro gaafarTova am skolis Tematika, mxatvruli pa-

litra da ideuri speqtri. àlionis~ furclebze igi pirve-

live nomerSi Cndeba leqsiT `Cems ers!~ Tavis xalxs, Tavis

samSoblos mimarTavs da aRdgenisken, Zalebis mokrebisken

mouwodebs. Tavisi uSualobiT, sisadaviT, laRi intonacie-

biT da eqspresiulobiT quCiSvilis leqsi gamorCeulia da

emociuri:

`kmara, rac monobaSi

cxare cremli gdenia!

aRzdeg! — modi cnobaSi!

geyo, rac giTmenia~ (188).

àlionSi~ igi noe CxikvaZesTan, varlam ruxaZesTan,

aleqsandre abaSelTan, daviT TurdospirelTan (CxeiZe — g. qu-

CiSvilis Zma), dutu megrelTan, Sio mRvimelTan, demna Sengelai-

asTan erTad ibeWdeba. quCiSvilis poeturi Semecneba saTaves

iRebs pirveli revoluciis periodSi, TanaugrZnobs daCagru-

lebs. misi poeziis buneba, brZolis paTosi, misi Semoqmedeba or-

ganulad ukavSirdeba TavisuflebisaTvis brZolis ideebs. g. qu-

CiSvilis leqsebi àlionis~ TiTqmis yovel nomerSia dabeWdili.

akaki papava giorgi quCiSvilis Sesaxeb werda: ìgi revo-

143

luciam gaxada poetad. mis muzas brZolis Weqa-quxilma,

gvrgvinvam Caudga suli... mas maSin Seuyvarda quCa, roca igi

brZolis asparezad iqca da sisxliTa da ofliT SeiReba.

brZoliT gatacebulma quCiSvilma mas himnebi SeuTxza. dam-

Svidebuli, normaluri mdgomareoba mas aranormalur mov-

lenaT miaCnia, imdenad SeeTvisa da Seeqsova igi brZolis su-

raTs~ (gaz. `kolxida~, 20, 1912).

g. quCiSvilis nebismieri leqsi aris protestis deklara-

cia, brZolis JiniT anTebuli manifestantis ganacxadi. ami-

tom misi àlionis~ periodis poezia gansakuTrebuli brZo-

lisunarianobiT gamoirCeva. Tu adreul nawarmoebebSi su-

lieri moqanculoba, sevda da kaeSani igrZnoboda, àlionis~

periodSi g. quCiSvilis leqsebi ufro didi vnebaTaRelviT

da optimizmiTaa savse:

`saqarTvelos mze amodis, Tendeba!

Tavs iyrian daqsaqsuli Zalebi!

dafleTili eris guli Tendeba!

misruldeba natvra idealebi!~ (209)

g. quCiSvils kargad esmoda qarTvelebis gayofis, daq-

saqsvis da danawevrebis safrTxe. igi SiSobda, rom sxva gamo-

iyenebda saqarTveloSi arsebul situacias da TanamebrZo-

lebs gaerTianebisken mudmivad mouwodebda:

`modiT, SekrbiT, Cemi qveynis erTgulno Zeno,

kmara daqsaqsva! eris nebiT, eris saxeliT,

brZanebasa vcem: `saqarTvelov gaerTiandi!~ (198)

àlionis~ avtorebi Zireulad gansxvavdebian socialis-

tTa meore frTisagan èrTobelebisagan~. àlioni~ ufro

fxizlobs da darajobs cxovrebas, svams uamrav kiTxvas. àli-

onelebis~ gadawyvetileba saqarTvelos gaTavisuflebis

mizniT miRebuli gadawyvetilebaa da, èrTobisgan~ gansxva-

vebiT, igi 26 maisis aqts zeimobs.

144

* * *

sergo yuruliSvili werilSi `saqarTvelos bedi~ wers:

`am msoflio omis qartexilSi, am sisxlis zRvaTa RelvaSi da

cecxlis alSi gamoiWeda saqarTvelos damoukidebloba, po-

litikurma msvlelobam da misgan gamomdinare mdgomareobam

warmoSva Cveni qveynis saxelmwifoebrivi forma da misca mas

realuri, mtkice da savse arsebobis saxe. 26 maisi oqros aso-

ebiT unda Caiweros saqarTvelos cxovrebis pirvel fur-

celze~(219).

sergo yuruliSvili gabedulad da pirdapir saubrobs

bolSevizmze, rogorc Sav Zalaze. avtori fxizeli TvaliT

adevnebs Tval-yurs saqarTvelos mtrebis saqmianobas da aR-

SfoTebas ver malavs. misi literaturuli werilebi drois

SuagulSi myofi pirovnebis aforiaqebuli gancdebiTaa savse:

`Tavisuflebis Tbili sxivebi uxvad moefina saqarTve-

los gul-mkerds da daadno saukunoebiT gaWedili misi mo-

nobis borkilebi. Tavisuflad amoisunTqa ganaxlebulma sa-

qarTvelom da mziT mowyurebuli xarbad daewafa mis ma-

cocxlebel sxivebs.

magram es mxolod wamiT iyo...

ca moiRrubla, ca damZimda.

mis uferul caze gamoCnda SavrazmelTa jari bolSevike-

bisa da maxvili sakuTar Tavis mSoblisken miaRerebina...

lenin-trockim Tavis ugvano demagogiiT daRupa ruseTi

da misi brwyinavi, SaravandediT mosili momavali... Cvenma de-

mokratiam unda Zirfesvianad aRmofxvras leninis mimdevar-

ni CvenSi, romlebmac qarTveli eris yofna-aryofnis sakiTx-

is gadawyvetis dros aRmarTes ZmaTa Soris brZolis da anar-

qiis droSa~(213).

avtori SiSobs da winaswarmetyvelebs 1921 wlis Teber-

vlis movlenebs.

145

zogadad, àlionis~ toni heroikulia. àlionelebi~

darwmunebulni arian, rom `gmiri marto is rodia, visac

aRafrTovanebs gamarjveba. gmiria isic, visac damarcxebac

ar gastexs~.

àlionis~ publicistur-literaturul werilebSi sa-

qarTvelos gaTavisuflebis procesi aisaxa metad mRelva-

red da STambeWdavad. àlionelebi,~ Tumca isini socialis-

turi banakidan modian, mgznebared ibrZvian saqarTvelos

damoukideblobisTvis. social-demokratebis àlionis~

jgufis saboloo gadawyvetileba damoukideblobis gamocx-

adebis Sesaxeb gazeT àlionis~ didi damsaxurebaa.

146

IV Tavi

1917-1918 wlebis gazeTi èrToba~ saqarTvelos Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb

gazeT èrTobis~ pirveli nomeri vladimer boboxiZis re-

daqtorobiT gamovida 1917 wlis 15 marts. rogorc cnobilia,

igi menSevikebis organos warmoadgenda. gazeTi iyo `Tanamed-

rove azris~ gagrZeleba da amierkavkasiis social-demokra-

tiuli muSaTa organizaciebis organo. saTauris zemoT ga-

zeTs amSvenebs warwera: `ruseTis social-demokratiuli mu-

SaTa partia~ da lozungi: `proletarebo, yvela qveynisa, Se-

erTdiT!~

gazeTi miesalma 1917 wlis Tebervlis revolucias da

mxari dauWira droebiT mTavrobas.

sainteresoa gazeTis pirveli nomris mowinave statia,

romelSic èrTobis~ redaqcia Tavis miznebsa da survilebs

amcnobs sazogadoebas: `Cveni èrToba~, romelic dRes iwyebs

gamosvlas, gaaskecebulis energiiT emsaxureba mebrZol

proletariats, revolucionuri jarisa da glexkacobis er-

Tobas. gaumarjos revoluciis medroSe mebrZol proleta-

riats. gaumarjos revoluciis cecxliT anTebul jarsa da

glexkacobas. gaumarjos am uZlevel ZalTa erTobas~(223).

èrTobaSi~ werilebis umravlesoba anonimuria. pirve-

live nomrebidan irkveva, rom gazeTis redaqcias saqarTve-

los Tavisuflebis sakiTxi naklebad aRelvebs, igi erTiani

ruseTis mexotbea, amitomac aq naklebad ixilavT masalebs,

romlebic saqarTvelos mdgomareobas exebodes, samagierod

bevr informacias iZleva igi petrogradisa da ruseTis sxva

147

regionebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.

erovnuli sakiTxi èrTobas~ arc ainteresebs da arc

aRelvebs. piriqiT, akritikebs yovel azrs, romelic ki sa-

qarTvelos Tavisuflebas exeba. aseTi iyo social-demokra-

tiuli partiis umravlesobis miswrafeba da gazeTic maTi Se-

xedulebis gamomxatvelad gvevlineba.

paradoqsia, magram faqtia — gazeTi èrToba~ erovnuli

sakiTxis uaryofiT, kritikiTa da qilikiT mivida 1918 wlis

26 maisamde. ufro metic, swored am gazeTis mesveurebma ga-

moacxades saqarTvelos damoukidebloba.

gazeTi ukmayofiloa qarTveli nacionalistebis moqme-

debiT da wers: `qarTvelma nacionalistebma veraferi iswav-

les. isini saqmiT mudam ebrZodnen ruseTis revolucias da

mTel Tavis imedebs diplomatiur kombinaciebze amyareb-

dnen. maT ruseTis xalxi kai xania daasamares da Sinauri Za-

lebiT ganaxlebis imedi savsebiT dakarges. rasakvirvelia,

rom ruseTis didma revoluciam maT Tavzari dasca da davTa-

ri aubnia; ruseTSi axali wyobilebis ganmtkiceba maT odnav

ar ainteresebs.

revoluciam unda gadaWras rogorc agraruli, ise erov-

nuli sakiTxic... qarTvel nacionalistebs ruseTis revolu-

ciis bedi fexebze hkidiaT, saqarTvelos sakiTxs utriale-

ben da dRidan Tavisuflebis gamocxadebisa, erovnuli sa-

kiTxis gadaWras Seudgnen. erovnuli sakiTxis gadaWras el-

tvian, xolo qarTvel ers axal borkilebs umzadeben. amito-

mac aris, am gziT social-demokratia ver ivlis~(223).

gazeTi saWirod Tvlis amierkavkasiis yvela eris winaswa-

ri TaTbiris gamarTvas da saerTo erovnuli platformis ga-

momuSavebas. èrTobisTvis~ erovnuli brZola rusi eris wi-

naaRmdeg wasvlas niSnavs da dasZens: `demokratia da nacio-

nalizmi erTad ver Tavsdeba. Cven vemxrobiT demokratias da

vebrZviT nacionalizms~ (224).

148

gazeTi federalistebis partias uwodebs gakotrebuli

Tavadebis, mRvdlebisa da Sovinisturi inteligenciis laS-

qars, romelic cdilobs gamoiyenos fraqciaTa dava (soc. de-

mokratebsa da àlionis jgufs~ Soris — r.v.): `ranairi sxva-

dasxva Sexedulebac sufevdes social-demokratiaSi — erTi

dResaviT naTelia: Cven — yvelani ganurCevlad fraqciisa na-

cionalistebis winaaRmdegi viqnebiT~ (iqve).

rodesac noe Jordania muSaTa da glexTa sabWoebis depu-

tatTa yrilobaze erovnuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb moxsenebiT ga-

movida da kulturuli avtonomia aRiara, gazeTma TandaTan

daiwyo msjeloba erovnuli problemebis Taobaze da aRniSna,

rom ruseTis revoluciam erTa TviTgamorkvevis ufleba

aRiara.

èrToba~ nacionalistebs abralebs erovnuli SuRlis

gamwvavebas da ùmankoTa sisxlisRvras~. igi gakvirvebulia,

rom nacionalistebma revoluciis xanaSic ver ìswavles~

Wkua da gaTiSvisa da ganawilebis politikas awarmoeben. uk-

rainis inteligencia damfuZnebel krebamde moiTxovs ukrai-

nis avtonomiasa da federaciul safuZvelze damoukidebeli

respublikis aSenebas. aseTsave damoukideblobas moiTxoven

litva, latvia, saqarTvelo da sxv.

sainteresoa levan naTaZis pasuxi gazeT àlionisadmi~,

romelSic avtori ayalibebs mkveTr gansxvavebas partiis

dajgufebebs Soris da miuTiTebs social-demokratTa erTi

nawilis, kerZod, èrTobelebis~ miswrafebasa da moqmedeba-

ze: `me darwmunebuli var, rom is gza, romliTac àlions~ un-

da Cveni wayvana (igulisxmeba teritoriuli avtonomia — r.v),

srulebiT ar varga, saxifaToa... Cveni partia arsebiTad in-

ternacionaluri organizaciaa. miuxedavad imisa, rom parti-

aSi qarTveloba sWarbobs, igi, rogorc dawesebuleba, qarTu-

li ar aris... Cven Cveni pozicia SevinarCuneT da davrCiT ru-

seTis partiis nawilad, ara-nacionalur partiad. mas nebac

149

ara aqvs marto erTi romelime eris interesebis dacvas da-

adges imisTana sakiTxebSi, romelic yvela erebs erTnairad

Seexeba~(225).

levan naTaZe ewinaaRmdegeba i. imedaSvilsa da iv. gomar-

Tels, romlebic moiTxoven qarTuli social-demokratiuli

partiis daarsebas. l. naTaZe akritikebs àlionistTa~ plat-

formas nacionalur sakiTxSi: `teritorialur erebs erov-

nul-teritorialuri avtonomia, uteritorio erebs — erov-

nul-kulturuli avtonomia~.

l. naTaZe uyuradRebod ar tovebs arc l. qiaCels, ro-

melsac `qarTveli eri raRac gansakuTrebul erad hyavs war-

modgenili~, romlisaTvisac qarTveli xalxis warsuli Sara-

vandediTaa mosili. zogadkacobriuli idealebisTvis Cven

bevri adamiani gagviwiravs da amitomac aseT Rirseul xalxs

farTo Tavisufleba unda mieniWos da social-demokratTa

yrilobam unda aRiaros qarTuli eris uflebamosileba sa-

qarTvelos teritoriaze~ (iqve).

Salva nucubiZe akritikebs marqsis Teorias, rasac gaze-

Ti èrToba~ aRSfoTebiT xvdeba. nucubiZis azriT, kapita-

lizmi TandaTan viTardeba, Zlierdeba, laxavs viwro nacio-

nalur sazRvrebs da msoflios epatroneba. gazeTi qarTveli

mecnieris Sexedulebas `koWls~ eZaxis: `nucubiZe mTavar

rols inteligencias akuTvnebs. nucubiZis SexedulebiT

kerZo mesakuTre glexi mdgomareobiTac da SegnebiTac so-

cialistia, e.i. kerZo sakuTrebis winaaRmdegi, xolo prole-

tari ki, romelsac kerZo sakuTreba ar gaaCnia, ara. komunis-

tur manifestSi sweria: mdgomareoba qmnis Segnebaso. prole-

taris mdgomareoba proletarulia, maSasadame misi Segnebac

proletarulia da ara socialisturio, daaskvna leqtorma,

daskvnac aseTi unda!~ (226).

èrToba~ akritikebs mecnieris meore Sexedulebasac,

rom revoluciis warmoSobaSi mTavar rols asrulebda naci-

150

onaluri idea; rom ruseTSi TandaTan vrceldeboda federa-

ciuli respublikis moTxovna, romelic kadetebma ukanas-

knel yrilobaze wamoayenes da rasac moiTxoven socialist-

revolucionerebi da glexTa yriloba; rom nacionaluri sa-

kiTxis gadaWraSi unda vxelmZRvanelobdeT erTa TviTga-

morkvevis principiT, e.i. TiToeulma erma Tavad unda gadaW-

ras Tavisi bedi da àra tamboveli glexi axvevdes Tavis sur-

vilebs mas Tavze~ (iqve). gazeTis mixedviT: `kargad xedaven

federalistebi, rom qarTveli xalxi winaaRmdegia federa-

lizmisa, magram maTi àxali kaci~ nucubiZe acxadebs, marTa-

lia Cvens moZRvrebas qarTvel xalxSi gasavali ara aqvs, qar-

Tveli xalxi ar moiTxovs avtonomias, magram Cvens imedebs is

garemoeba asxavs frTebs, rom petrogradidan Camoutanen mas

(qarTvel xalxs) federaciul konstituciaso... ase esmiT fe-

deralistebs erTa TviTgamorkvevis ufleba!~ (iqve).

gazeTis msjeloba calmxrivia. raSic kidev ufro dav-

rwmundiT, roca federalistebis organos, `saxalxo saqmes~

gavecaniT.

axla isev èrTobas~ mivyveT. qarTveli xalxis sakiTxis

calke sakiTxad gamoyofis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebs social-de-

mokrati l. naTaZe da igi edaveba àlionistTa~ jgufs, ker-

Zod, l. qiaCels: `yvela saxelmwifo ar aris suverenuli, ma-

galiTad Sveicariis kantonebi an aSS-s calke Statebi saxel-

mwifoebi arian, magram suvereniteti ara aqvT. Tu Tqven sa-

qarTvelosTvis suvereniteti gindaT, Tqven yvela qarTvel

Sovinistebze Sors wasulxarT, radgan es aSkara separatiz-

mia. saqarTvelos suverenitetis aRiareba niSnavs saqarTve-

los srul gamoyofas sruliad damoukidebel saxelmwifod,

me vici, amxanago, l. qiaCelo, separatisti Tqven ara xarT,

amitom Tqven ukan unda waiRoT Tqveni sityva ùfleba-mosi-

lobis Sesaxeb~... l. qiaCels Zval-rbilSi aqvs gamjdari sur-

vili, rom saqarTvelo uflebamosili iyos. igi miwis sakiTx-

151

ze wers: `Tu vityviT, mag. agraruli kiTxva ruseTSi mxolod

ruseTis xalxis saqmea da sxvisi aravisi, internacionalizms

ar vRalatobT; magram rogorc ki vityviT: agraruli kiTxva

CvenSi mxolod Cveni saqmea da sxvisi aravisi, — uTuod vco-

davT internacionalizms~. am sityvebiT sarwmuno xdeba, rom

àlionistebis~ ùflebamosileba~ suvereniteti marto wa-

mocdenili sityva ki ar aris, isini saqmiTac axorcieleben

mas, Tumca, imedia, Seugneblad; l. qiaCelma unda aiRos xeli

saqarTvelos suverenobaze an aRiaros, saqarTvelos avto-

nomia ki ara, calke saxelmwifod gamoyofa mindao~(227).

levan naTaZe im periodSi gazeT `borbas~ redaqtori gax-

ldaT da, cxadia, misi damokidebuleba saqarTvelos damou-

kideblobaze uaryofiTi iqneboda. amitomac, gazeTi èrTo-

ba~ adgils uTmobs naTaZis kritikul mosazrebebs. Tumca,

èrTobas~ saeWvod miaCnia damfuZnebel krebamde naciona-

luri sakiTxis farTod wamoyeneba, rac, misi azriT, ruseTis

kontrrevoluciuri Zalebis amoZravebas daaCqarebs da re-

voluciis gaRrmavebas xels SeuSlis(228).

droebiTma mTavrobam daiTxova `finlandiis seimi~, ro-

melmac damoukidebloba gamoacxada, amitomac èrToba~ Si-

Sobs erovnul-demokratebis moTxovnam saqarTvelos damou-

kideblobis Sesaxeb revolucias safrTxe ar Seuqmnas.

qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenas qarTuli

presa didi aRfrTovanebiT Sexvda, èrToba~ ki am faqtsa da

mis mexotbeebs arafrad agdebs:

`Cveni mamuliSvilebis da nacionalistebis gazeTebi si-

xaruliT da zeimiT egebebian am viTomda did nacionalur

movlenas... maT am eklesiis aRdgenaSi qarTveli xalxis erov-

nuli uflebebis aRdgena eCvenebaT, misi avtonomiuri arse-

bobis ganxorcielebas xedaven. eklesia Tavisufalia, ekle-

sia damoukidebelia, eklesia demokratiulia, gaiZaxian yove-

li fexis gadadgmaze TviT sasuliero wodebis pirni da maTi

152

amyol-damyolni. marTla Tavisuflebis da demokratizmis

gamomxatvelia dRes qarTuli eklesia, an aseTi darCeba igi

momavalSi? am kiTxvebze Cven uaryofiTi pasuxiT unda vupa-

suxoT~(230).

`svinidisis saqme isev politikur angariSs emsaxureba~ —

wers èrToba~ da dasZens, rom ìgi ar Seurigdeba arc qarTu-

li eklesiis politikur miznebs da politikur saqmeebSi Ca-

revas. igi kvlavindeburad energiulad ganagrZobs brZolas

sarwmunoebrivi burusis winaaRmdeg da Seecdeba xalxs im-

qveyniuri dapirebebis nacvlad, gza uCvenos amqveyniuri

bednierebisaken~ (iqve).

msgavsi ganxilva eklesiis rolisa ar unda iyos gasakviri

aTeistebisagan: èrisTvis erTi rwmenis, rogorc èrovnuli~

rwmenis Tavze moxveva — mxolod politikur miznebs emsaxu-

reba da ara sinidisis Tavisuflebas. es igive oficialuri ek-

lesiis arsebobaa da amas vewinaaRmdegebiT Cven~(231).

aseTi ideologiis gazeTs, imedia, saxelmwifoebrivi su-

vereniteti ar esmis, magram arsebuli viTarebidan gamomdi-

nare, zogjer iZulebuli xdeba, imsjelos erTa TviTgamor-

kvevis Sesaxeb. ruseTis sxvadasxva kuTxeebidan ismis gauTa-

vebeli moTxovnebi ruseTis federaciul respublikad Camo-

yalibebis Sesaxeb. ukrainis Zala, kievSi gamarTuli naciona-

luri partiebis yriloba, cimbiris saolqo yriloba, yazaxe-

bi da sxva yvelani miiswrafvian federalizmisaken, romelic

Tavis mxriv iTvaliswinebs winaT arsebuli ramdenime damou-

kidebeli saxelmwifos warmoqmnas da Semdeg maT Soris fede-

raciuli kavSiris damyarebas. gazeTisTvis, ra Tqma unda, ga-

ugebaria msgavsi moTxovna: `survili — msxverpli ar gaiRon

sazogado saxelmwifoebriv miznisTvis, survili — calke ga-

moyofis, sakuTar saqmeebis keTeba — ai, ra udevs safuZvlad

federaciisaTvis an farTo avtonomiisTvis mraval miswra-

febas... xelsayreli ar aris ruseTis nawil-nawilad dayofa.

153

aseTi dayofa Seasustebda proletariatis Zalas da Seafer-

xebda ruseTis ekonomiur ganviTarebas~(232).

kavkasiaSi moqmedma revoluciurma partiebma sagangebo

komitetis erovnuli principis mixedviT Sedgena uaryves da

miiRes socialuri warmomadgenlobis principi. èrToba~

Tvlis, rom erovnuli principiT mTavrobis Sedgena erTa qiS-

pobas, dausrulebel davas gamoiwvevs. ruseTis respublika

Tu daingreva, mis qveS gaisriseba saqarTvelos interesebi. ga-

zeTisTvis miuRebelia 1848 wlis avstriis revoluciis gza.

erovnuli sakiTxi „gansxvavebuli qveynis saxelmwifoebri-

obiT~ èrTobisTvis~ ekleqtikuri Sexedulebaa, `magram fede-

ralistebs da nacional-demokratebs es ase ar esmiT. isini yve-

lafers ebRauWebian, rasac qarTuli saxeli ewodeba, Tundac

is muwuki iyos qarTvel xalxis da ara saRi nawili~, fiqrobs

gazeTi (233).

gazeTi aqveynebs partiis saarCevno platformas, sadac

mesame sakiTxad nacionaluri sakiTxia Setanili: `social-

demokrati menSevikebi ecdebian ganamtkicon saxelmwifos

mTlianoba da amave dros moiTxoven mieces farTe TviTmmar-

Tveloba, agreTve avtonomia im erebs, romelnic gansxvavde-

bian ekonomiuraT an zne-CveulebebiT. am TviTmmarTvel er-

TeulTa teritoria ganisazRvreba realurad mosaxleobis

mixedviT~... (iqve).

qarTvelebs isini erovnul umciresobad Tvlian da kul-

turul-nacionaluri TviTmmarTvelobiT akmayofileben. ga-

zeTs aRizianebs qarTvel nacionalistTa moqmedeba da maT

gzas avantiuristuls uwodebs.

roca gazeTma `saxalxo saqmem~ ruseTis revoluciis

xsnis erTaderT gzad erovnuli Tavisuflebis sakiTxi aRia-

ra, èrToba~ gawiwmatebiT gahkivis: `maS agraruli sakiTxi

gadaWrila, maS muSaTa sakiTxi aRar yofila, maS klasTa

brZolas ar hqonia safuZvlad revolucia, an igi gamqrala da

154

darCenila mxolod erovnuli brZola da interesebi, igic

mxolod daCagrul erebSi. asea ara, brZeno politikosebo!

mxolod yvela eris nacionalistTa bedzea darCenili ruse-

Tis revoluciis bedi? daSnak ciutiuns, federalistebs,

TaTris da ukrainis nacionalistebs — ai vis unda daeyrdnos

Turme revolucia~(240).

gazeTi erovnuli yrilobis faqtsac uRimRamod Sexvda.

èrToba~ brals sdebs nacionalistebs yrilobis Sinaarsis

`gayalbebaSi~, da miaCnia rom isini ecdebian, mas damfuZnebe-

li krebis xasiaTi mieces da nacionaluri problemebi gada-

iWras.

erovnuli yriloba mniSvnelovani movlenaa saqarTve-

los istoriaSi. gazeTi TiTqos ar eloda msgavs erTsulov-

nebas da akritikebs gr. robaqiZis azrs (èri, romelic hqmnis

aseTs erTsulovan yrilobas, `Tavisufalia~) da mas `mcona-

re inteligenciis filosofias~ eZaxis (235).

gazeTma imTaviTve uaryo 1917 w. oqtombris revolucia.

igi wers, rom bolSevizmma gamoaCina namdvili saxe, igi sabo-

lood CamoSorda demokratizms da anarqizmis sabrZanebelSi

moikalaTa, sabolood gamoeTxova social-demokratias da

Tavze xelaRebul avantiuristTa saTamaSo moednad iqca. man

dahkarga yovelive dadebiTi, rac ram ebada da erT did uar-

yofiT, damrRvevel, gamxrwnel movlenad mogvevlina.

ruseTis mTlianoba irRveva, èrToba~ nel-nela rwmun-

deba, rom saqarTvelos gamoyofa ar aris mxolod miuwvdome-

li ocneba. damfuZnebeli krebis garekvis Semdeg qarTveli

xalxis winaSe iSleba axali perspeqtiva, sruliad Tavisufa-

li im crumorwmuneobisagan, romelic bednierebas ekonomi-

kur da politikur subordinatSi xedavda, iwyeba axali xana

erebis aRorZinebisa. èrTobas~ ar swams `saqarTvelos~ azri

eris aRorZinebis Sesaxeb da wers: `neta ramdeni xania mas Sem-

deg, roca `saqarTvelo~ Savrazmel Tavadebs esarCleboda

155

da miwebis CamorTmevis winaaRmdeg qveyanas ayruebda. albaT

eri memamuleebis muqTaxoraTa grovas ewodeba~ (236).

gazeTi ironiiT uyurebs federalistebis saqmianobasac

da iZaxis, rom federalistebma nacionaluri droSa aafria-

les da Zlieri burJuaziuli saxelmwifos Seqmna ganizraxe-

so. `tyuilad ki ar mouwodebda am ramdenime dRis winaT `sa-

xalxo saqmeSi~ Tedo Rlonti qarTvel muSebs — daiviwyeT

Tqveni interesebi, did qiras nu moiTxovT, Torem samSoblos

warmoeba amas ver aitanso. federalistebis mamamTavari, gan-

svenebuli arCil jorjaZe, romelic dRes maTi partiis wmin-

danaT iTvleba, yvela klasebis gaerTianebas iTxovda erov-

nuli droSis gasaZliereblaT. amisTvis damfuZnebeli kreba

mkvdraT gamoacxades da mis damarxvas Seudgnen~(237).

`erToba~ ambobs, rom is erTi wuTiTac ar iviwyebs ers.

eri — es muSaTa klasi, wvrili burJuazia da glexobaa da sa-

nam muSaTa klasis da wvrili moqalaqis cxovrebis pirobebi

ar gaumjobesebula, sanam glexs ar miuRia miwa da Tavisuf-

leba, manamde SeuZlebelia sxva rameze zrunva. zemoT Tqmu-

lis ganxorcieleba ki erTi demokratiuli frontis Semweo-

biT SeiZleba. federalistTa ideals, rom jer eri unda Camo-

yalibdes da Semdeg federacia Seiqmnas, gazeTi ar eTanxmeba

da centralizms icavs. `centralizmi srulebiT ar niSnavs

erovnul Cagvras, radgan sxvaa centralizmi biurokratiuli

da sxva centralizmi demokratiuli~ (iqve).

moskovSi leninis avantiura mZvinvarebs, social-demok-

ratebis imeds — damfuZnebel krebas — niadagi gamoecala.

maT daiwyes fiqri amierkavkasiis seimis Seqmnaze, xolo erov-

nul sabWoebs mxolod kulturuli saqmeebisTvis aarseben.

amierkavkasiis damoukidebel saxelmwifod gamocxadebasac

arsebuli mdgomareobiT xsnian.

statiaSi `erovnuli mTavroba~ gamokveTilia, Tu rogor

ar esmodaT erTmaneTis saqarTveloSi arsebul partiebs. ga-

156

zeTi ilaSqrebs erovnuli mTavrobis Seqmnis winaaRmdeg:

`demokratias unda saerTo mTavroba, misi interesebi mTlia-

nobisken miiswrafvian. nacionalistebs ki undaT cal-calke

mTavrobebi. maTi interesebi gaTiSvisken miiltvian. erovne-

ba da erovnuli mTavroba — ai, maTi xati, maTi RvTaeba, yov-

lisSemZle, yovlis ganmkurnavi~ (238).

avtori dabejiTebiT amtkicebs, rom arsebul istoriul

xanaSi patara erebis bedi metad unugeSoa. gamwvavebul brZo-

laSi, romlebsac didi saxelmwifoebi awarmoeben erTmaneTs

Soris bazrebis mosapoveblad, aseTi erebi advilad xelwamo-

sakravi erTeulebia, romelTa beds maT daukiTxavad erTi

kalmis mosmiT wyveten. ase gadawyvites evropis diplomateb-

ma balkaneTis saxelmwifoebis bedi, ase gadaWres kavkasiis

erebis momavalic brest-litovskis daxelovnebulma moWad-

rakeebma (iqve).

aseT pirobebSi, rac ufro didia saxelmwifo erTeuli,

miT ufro advilia misTvis ekonomikuri da politikuri da-

moukidebulobis SerCena, xolo rac ufro daqucmacebulia

igi, misi damoukidebeli aRorZinebis imedi miT ufro dakar-

gulia, mxolod fiqtiuria, Tvalis amxvevia, moCvenebiTia.

gazeTis azriT, mTliani amierkavkasia kidev warmoadgens ra-

ime Zalas, romelsac SeuZlia Tavisi arseboba uzrunvelyos

rogorc samxreTidan, ise CrdiloeTidan. xolo, amierkavka-

sia sam teritoriad dayofili, sam suverenul samflobelod

daWrili — es mxolod mezobeli didi saxelmwifoebisTvis

ioli gadasaylapavi lukma iqneba.

„erTobas~ miaCnia, rom nacionalistebisTvis amierkavka-

siis daqucmaceba politikuri mrwamsia, rasac gazeTi mxo-

lod gabatonebulTa klasobrivi interesebis dacvad naT-

lavs da iSveliebs akaki wereTlis sityvebs: `amierkavkasiis

erebi an erTad gadarCebian, an erTad daiRupebian~.

maTi azriT, politikuri damoukidebloba omis aspare-

157

zad aqcevs amierkavkasias. arc federacia moitans namdvil

Tanxmobas. èrTobas~ saukeTeso formad miaCnia avtonomiu-

ri erTeulebis (kantonebis) Seqmna da erTi centraluri

mTavrobis arseboba. teritoriuli gamijvnis sakiTxi umwva-

vesi sakiTxia, romelmac SeiZleba sayovelTao omi gaaCaRos.

d. oniaSvili statiaSi òmi Tu zavi?~ msjelobs ruseTisa

da osmaleTisken orientaciaze. rodesac esa Tu is eri ir-

Cevs romelime orientacias, aSkaraa xelmZRvanelobs im mo-

sazrebiT, Tu ramdenad sasargebloa es nabiji misTvis. Zveli

ruseTi istorias Cabarda, axali ki jerjerobiT ar Cans,

mdgomareoba ukeTesi iqneboda, rom ruseTis nacvlad modi-

odes meore saxelmwifo, ufro kulturosani da Zlieri (239).

d. oniaSvili ekamaTeba g. qiqoZes, romelic germaniisken

orientacias TavgamodebiT icavs da osmaleTSi parlamentis

arsebobasac dadebiTad uyurebs. oniaSvilis azriT, `marto

parlamentiT~ ar ganisazRvreba ama Tu im saxelmwifos poli-

tikuri simwife. `Tu baton g. qiqoZes davujerebT, òsmaleTi

ukeTes SemTxvevaSi mogvcems damoukideblobas, cudSi ki av-

tonomias~. es iqneba maSin, rodesac saqarTvelo Seadgens sa-

Wiro uflebebiT aRWurvil erovnul mTavrobas da damouki-

deblad gamarTavs osmaleTTan zavze molaparakebas. varwmu-

nebT baton g. qiqoZes, rom veraviTari èrovnuli mTavroba~

da `damoukidebeli molaparakeba~ ver uSvelis saqarTvelos,

vidre saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba ar Seicvleba Cven sasar-

geblod~(239).

unda aRiniSnos, rom 1918 wlidan gazeTi èrToba~ ufro

saintereso sakiTxavi gaxda, amasTan imravla politikur-ana-

litikurma werilebma. redaqtori miTiTebuli ar aris. èr-

Toba~ msjelobs qarTvel erze, erovnul cnobierebaze. rac

adre misTvis miuRebeli iyo, TandaTan ufro interesis saga-

ni xdeba.

amierkavkasiis damoukideblobis gamocxadeba erTi pi-

158

robiT moxda: osmaleTsa da mis mokavSireebs — germanias, av-

striasa da bulgareTs unda ecnoT amierkavkasiis damouki-

debloba da baTum-yars-ardaganze xeli aeRoT. roca osma-

leTma es pirobebi ar miiRo, social-demokratebma isev ru-

seTTan kavSiri arCies, magram gazeTi SeuZleblad ar Tvlis

germaniasTan kontraqtsac im SemTxvevaSi, Tu germania cnobs

amierkavkasiis damoukideblobas.

social-demokratiisTvis damoukideblobis sakiTxi ar

aris principuli. Seqmnili mdgomareobis mixedviT unda ga-

dawydes: saqarTvelo isev ruseTis sazRvrebSi darCeba, Tu da-

moukideblad iarsebebs. `Cven principialurad sruls damouki-

deblobasac ki vcnobdiT SesaZleblad, ara Tu avtonomias, mag-

ram imdroindel pirobebSi demokratiis daqsaqsva momakvdine-

bel codvad migvaCnda. Tebervlis revoluciis Semdegac ar

gviRalatnia Cven am gzisTvis... radganac Cven patara ers warmo-

vadgenT da damoukideblad arseboba ar SegviZlia~... (240).

ruseTma zavi Sekra oTxTa kavSirTan da osmaleTTanac.

amierkavkasias ara aqvs saSualeba sazRvrebi daicvas, ruse-

Tis axlandelma mTavrobam omi Sewyvita da sruli demobili-

zacia gamoacxada. `erToba~ Tvlis, rom Tu aseT pirobebSi

amierkavkasiam omi ganagrZo, igi ajanyebul provinciad ga-

mocxaddeba, rasac mohyveba tyveebis meamboxeebad Seracxva.

amitomac rCeba erTaderTi gza, amierkavkasiis damoukideb-

loba. `Cven axal orientacias ubrZolvelad ar miviRebT,

vibrZolebT im dromde, vidre Cvens axal orientacias Zlie-

ri da kulturuli saxelmwifo ar gamoesarCleba da misi uz-

runvelyofis garantias ar mogvcems... mivemxrobiT imas, vinc

Cvens arsebobas uzrunvelyofs da Cveni perspeqtiva, Cveni

momavlis xsnac aqeT aris~ (241).

d. oniaSvilis TqmiT, orientaciis Secvla ubralo poli-

tikuri sakiTxi ki ar aris, aramed sulieri gancdac.

9 aprils seimma amierkavkasiis damoukideblobis aqti mi-

159

iRo. `Zneli iyo aseTi nabijis gadadgma, erTob mWidro iyo

Cveni kavSiri ruseTis revolucionur demokratiasTan, mag-

ram saubedurod dRes es demokratia damarcxebulia da

Cvenc mis damoukideblad gvixdeba axali cxovrebis mowyoba.

es ar aris Cveni azriT Ralati ruseTisadmi, es aris mxolod

mware sinamdvile da cxovrebis ulmobeli kanonis cnoba da

Cven darwmunebuli varT, rom ruseTis sazogadoebis sauke-

Teso nawili gaigebs Cvens mdgomareobas da ecdeba megobru-

li ganwyobileba iqonios CvenTan~(242).

gazeTi Tvlis, rom ruseTi bolSevizmis usazRvro reaq-

ciis banakad iqca da rom SenarCundes revoluciis monapova-

ri, gadadgmuli nabiji aucilebelia da sagulisxmo.

èrToba~ erTgvarad Tavs icavs im amxanagebisgan, romle-

bic amierkavkasiis damoukideblobas marqsis da engelsis

moZRvrebis winaaRmdeg wasvlad Tvlian.

saerTaSoriso sarbielze Seqmnilma viTarebam, movlena-

Ta cvalebadobam gazeTi èrToba~ bevr rameze daafiqra. igi

ukve aRar uaryofs, rom `SesaZlebelia politikuri da saer-

TaSoriso pirobebi ise moewyos, rom Cven amierkavkasiis da-

nawilebac mogvixdes da saqarTvelos calke damoukidebel

respublikis gamocxadebas dauWiroT mxari~(243).

miuxedavad am sityvebisa, gazeTi sasargeblod ar miiC-

nevs konfederaciul mowyobas da ukve federaciisken ixreba.

konfederaciis is tipi, romelic seseciis uflebas gulis-

xmobs, èrTobisTvis~ miuRebelia.

msxvili kapitalisturi saxelmwifoebis tendencia ar

moswons gazeTs, radgan es tendencia Slis federaciul kav-

Sirebs da warmoqmnis damoukidebel saxelmwifoebs. gazeTis

azriT, qarTuli social-demokratia erideboda ZalTa daq-

saqsvas. roca ruseTis revolucia cocxlobda, ruseTis sa-

zomiT muSaobdnen, roca ruseTi daiSala, gamoacxades damo-

ukidebloba da iuridiulad CamoSordnen ruseTs. maTi sur-

160

vili iyo amierkavkasiis respublikis CarCoebSi mainc Senar-

Cunebuliyo erTi mTliani demokratiuli fronti, `magram

dRes, rogorc etyoba, pirobebi icvleba da Cvenc garemoebis

mixedviT unda SevcvaloT Cveni moqmedeba, Tu Cven dRemdis

TavgamodebiT vicavdiT amierkavkasiis mTlianobas, dRes Se-

iZleba garemoebam gvaiZulos calke movawyoT Cveni cxovre-

ba... mTlianoba ar iyo Cveni Jinianobis Sedegi, is gamomdina-

reobda Cveni demokratiuli principebidan~(246).

ruseTidan bolSevikuri muqara ismis, osmaleTi saqar-

Tvelos dapyrobaze ocnebobs. germania Tavis interesebs

icavs da am ZalTa Soris moiazreba saqarTvelo.

èrToba~ isev ubrundeba ruseTTan CamoSorebis faqts,

romelic gamoiwvia ruseTis mier brestSi saqarTvelos saar-

sebo interesebis uaryofam, xolo roca osmaleTis saf-

rTxisgan daxmareba sTxoves ruseTs, man muqariT ganacxada,

qvas qvaze ar davtovebo, Tu komisarTa sabWos mTavrobas ar

miiRebTo. komisarTa sabWo ki niSnavda socialisturi eqspe-

rimentebis ganmeorebas, ramac Tavad ruseTi daRupvamdis

miiyvana, misi ekonomikuri cxovreba awewa da barbarosul xa-

nas daubrunda. `Cven sabolood unda gamoveTxovoT ruseT-

Tan dabrunebaze fiqrs... momavalSi Cven SegviZlia megobru-

li urTierToba davamyaroT ruseTTan, Tu, rasakvirvelia,

gareSe Zalam xeli ar agvaRebina Cvens damoukideblobaze,

magram ruseTis nawilad gaxdoma CvenTvis SeuZlebelia da

amaze fiqrs erTxel da samudamoT unda gamoveTxovoT~(247).

26 maisi da èrToba~

1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos damoukidebloba gamocx-

adda, dRe, romlis moaxloebasa da aucileblobas ukiJineb-

dnen èrTobas~ konkurenti gazeTebi: `saqarTvelo~, `saxal-

xo saqme~ da àlioni~.

161

rogor Sexvda èrToba~ am faqts?

saqarTvelos damoukidebloba man demokratiis damar-

cxebad aRiara.

èrTobis~ 1918 wlis maisis nomrebSi, gansakuTrebiT meo-

re naxevarSi TandaTan imatebs sevdiani ganwyobilebiT gam-

sWvaluli literaturul-publicisturi xasiaTis werilebi,

mxatvruli eskizebi, narkvevebi da leqsebi, romelTa avto-

rebi mistirian ruseTTan CamoSorebas. èrTobis~ 97-e

nomerSi (16 maisi) daibeWda r. CixlaZis `saubari glexebTan~,

sadac vkiTxulobT: ìm ruseTs rom CamogvaSores, Cveni saq-

mec maSin waxda. iq TeTri puric bevri da iafiao — amboben,

Cven ki simSiliT vixocebiT. iq — farCa-samoseli bevri yofi-

la, aq ki Cveni col-Svili, Cveni qal-baRana SiSvel-titveli

daiareba. gzebi Segvikres, karebi Cagviketeso~(245).

gazeTis amave nomerSi dabeWdilia vrceli leqsi v. tuq-

siSvilisa — `Sors aris~, sadac gadmocemulia avtoris Wmun-

va da mwuxareba arsebuli situaciis gamo, romelsac igi sabe-

diswero sizmars uwodebs:

`sabediswero sizmari axda —

aris gangeba da saswauli:

mokvda, momavlis imedi waxda,

gaTavda Cveni dResaswauli.

glovis CaRana gvkidia yelze,

gadafenila win sisxlis tabla

da viT cxovarni gvalvian velze

vlamobT Tavebi davkidoT dabla~ (iqve).

aSkaraa leqsis avtoris pozicia, mas òcnebebi~ daengra.

misTvis Tavzardamcemia is faqti, rom saqarTvelos damou-

kidebloba mzaddeba da rom ukve aSkaraa am procesis Seuqce-

vadi xasiaTi. igi warmomadgenelia im partiisa da sazogadoe-

bis im nawilisa, romelTaTvisac saqarTvelos momavali ru-

seTTan erTobaSi moiazreba da ara mis damoukideblobaSi.

162

èrToba~ fsevdonimiT ànania~ ramdenime nomerSi aqvey-

nebs vrcel narkvevs `gza da gza (guriaSi)~, sadac Warbobs

revoluciisaTvis mebrZolTa daRupvisa da maTi gasvenebis

ambebis aRweriloba, rac gamiznulia imisaTvis, rom mkiTx-

velSi tragikuli da sevdiani ganwyobileba aRZras:

`— ase marguna bedma. Tofi miWeria xelSi. vfiqrobdi

mSvidobian cxovrebas da mainc ver moveswari, miTxra erTma

amxanagma...

saRamos oTxi saaTi iyo, roca SemoqmedSi mivediT. mTeli

Semoqmedi jariTaa aRvsili... kubo moasvenes... Cven dafiqre-

buli mivediT cxedarTan... Cems win saxe SemkrTali sdgas mo-

xuci isidore: kubos zedapiri aaRes.

movaleobis msxverpli, brZolaSi daRupuli, Cveni amxa-

nagi, axalgazrda mebrZoli guriis sagangebo razmis wevri

prap. m. WanuyvaZe, odesme momRimari, sicocxliT savse, samu-

damod dadumebulia~(244).

es vrceli narkvevi, `gza da gza~, qveyndeba agreTve 26 ma-

isis nomerSi, sadac mTel am sagazeTo nomris saerTo sevdian

suliskveTebas srulad Seesatyviseba:

`guriaSi Cven SevniSneT, rom moRalateebi da provoka-

torebi moqmedeben, TavianT saqmes akeTeben... Skolis ezoSi

Cven vnaxeT ramodenime gadmoxvewilni, romelnic daRone-

bulni isxdnen. Cven SekiTxvaze maT gvipasuxes: rom ZimiTSi

ltolvilni SimSiliT ixocebian. gaCnda saxadi, yvavili, yel-

Wirveba da sxvadasxva gadamdebi seni~(247).

aseTi pesimizmiT mivida èrToba~ 26 maisamde, xolo da-

moukideblobis gamocxadeba arc ki izeima. mowinave werili

`Cveni bedi~ TiTqmis samgloviaro xasiaTisaa: `mware beds ga-

nicdis amierkavkasiis demokratia. igi jer kidev mTeli xal-

xis bedis gamgea, magram am bedis gadaWra mas SeuZlia ara Ta-

vis survilisa da miswrafebis TanaxmaT, aramed im gareSe Za-

lebis karnaxiT da brZanebiT, romelic mas Semoseuli hyavs.

163

es Zalebi ki imperialisturi qveynebia, romelTac amierkav-

kasia Tavisi interesebisTvis surT gamoiyenon... Segnebul

demokratias, marTalia, aqvs erTi gza — TavganwirulaT

brZola da gmirulaT sikvdili... magram xelmZRvanel poli-

tikur partias ufleba ara aqvs mTeli xalxis bedi, arseboba,

sicocxlis sasworze dados, roca brZolis mogebis raime,

Tund mciredi garantia ar moepoveba. da ai es gansakuTrebu-

li mdgomareoba xelmZRvanel partias aiZulebs mis meTaurT

inatron TavisTavs katorRa... vimeoreb xsnis Zala Cvens

xelT araa. igi ucxo elementebs uWiravs... iseTi mdgomareo-

ba iqmneba, romelzedac ityvian: saiTac gaviqeci, iqiT waviqe-

cio~(247).

werilSi gamoxatulia SiSi im omis rkalisa, romelic

gars Semoertya saqarTvelos. ruseTi bolSevikur muqaras

agzavnis. osmaleTi dapyrobaze ocnebobs, germania Tavis in-

teresebs icavs. am Zalebs Sua ki, èrTobis~ SefasebiT, saqar-

Tvelo iWyliteba. germaniis mfarveloba `migvaCnia saukeTe-

soT am sam borotebaTagan. amitom Cveni partiis xelmZRva-

nelma organoebma miiRes dadgenileba saqarTvelos damouki-

deblobis gamocxadebis, Tu germaniis mxriv iqneba rame uz-

runvelyofa Cveni eris arsebobis... marTalia, Cven ar SegviZ-

lia, rogorc mcire ers, didi saxelmwifoebis gareSe Tavis

dacva. aqlemebis brZolaSi kozaki yovelTvis iWyliteba. am-

JamaT, Cven vfiqrobT gaWyletas germaniis aqlemTan Tavis

SefarebiT gadavrCeT~ (iqve).

èrToba~ Tavs imarTlebs da aRiarebs, rom social-de-

mokratebi iZulebulni arian aseTi nabiji gadadgan, gamo-

acxadon damoukidebloba germaniis daxmarebiT. àra Cveni

neba, aramed istoriuli aucilebloba gvikarnaxebs amas. da

Tu mainc ver gvixsna, ver gadagvarCina sruliad, Tu bedisa-

gan sabedoT ganwiruli varT, imas mainc vityviT, rom Cven ar

dagvitovebia arc erTi saSualeba, rom xalxisTvis ubedure-

164

ba Tavidan agvecdina~(iqve).

werili xelmouwerelia da, misi Sinaarsidan gamomdina-

re, vfiqrobT, noe Jordanias unda ekuTvnodes. werili dawe-

rilia 26 maisamde, savaraudoa, 25 maiss, da vis SeeZlo winas-

war ganecxadebina, rom `Cveni partiis xelmZRvanelma orga-

noebma miiRes dadgenileba saqarTvelos damoukideblobis

gamocxadebisa~, Tu ara partiisa da mTavrobis meTaurs?

werili gamoxatavs ara sixaruls saqarTvelos damouki-

deblobis gamocxadebis gamo, aramed glovas. es samglovia-

ro werilia da gazeTis mTeli nomeric, aseve, samgloviaro

ganwyobilebiTaa gamsWvaluli. aq gamoqveynebul werilTa

avtorebi uCivian beds, rom cxaddeba saqarTvelos damouki-

debloba. isini, partiis meTauris msgavsad, glovas gamoT-

qvamen, dastirian ìZulebiT~ gaTavisuflebas, aTasgvar li-

teraturul-publicisturi xerxebiT warmosaxaven am maT-

Tvis arasasurvel `sabediswero~ faqts.

èrTobis~ 26 maisis nomerSi fsevdonimiT èSmaki~ dabeW-

dilia ori vrceli satiruli leqsi, sadac gamoxatulia

mkveTri ukmayofileba saqarTvelos mdgomareobiT. leqseb-

Si baTumis dacemis da TurqTa Semotevis Temaa gamoyenebu-

li, magram avtoris mkveTri ukmayofilebisa da aRelvebis

mTavari mizezi, romelic striqonebs Soris aSkarad gamos-

Wvivis, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRiareba, erovnuli

poziciis gamarjvebaa, romelsac mudam brZolas ucxadebda

èrToba~, xolo axla iZulebiT Seurigda. movixmobT amona-

rids èSmakis~, poeziidan:

èsec meore aRdgoma... (Tavisuflebis xanaSi)

da dReni Cemni gavlian...

zmorebiT... Tavis fxanaSi...

ra vqna, baTumis ambebiT jer kidev mZimeT... orsul var,

vfiqrob da maTgan tyve qmnili gons karga verc ki movsulvar.

dRes, irgvliv Tvalebs vaceceb...

165

Svelas arsaiT ar veli.

Crdilodan rusi mibRveris, dasavleTidan alia,

lamis gamixdes samSoblo mxolod tyveobis galia.

vsinje jer amis, mere sxvis Zmoba, orientacia

es darCa `ZaRli mglis feri~

is namdvil mgeli... tacia

Cven mtacebelTa maT Soris ar gveyoleba mimferi

erTia, mgeli wagviRebs, Tu ZaRli SegvWams mglisferi.

Zmoba ar unda aravis, ymad yola yvelas swyuria,

(yvlefa, tyavisa gaZroba advili samsaxuria).

mtrad Tu ar vargxar, vin giZmobs? vis unda Seni moyvroba?

laCris da qalaCunasi sxvagvar ician mopyroba~(248).

rogorc Cans, èrToba~ Zalian mZime perspeqtivas xedavs,

sasowarkveTilia da uimedo. social-demokratebi imTaviTve

ar arian darwmunebulni sakuTar ZalebSi, rom isini damou-

kidebeli saxelmwifos mSeneblobas SeZleben. arc bolSevi-

kuri ruseTi moswonT, arc germania, arc damoukideblad

cxovreba surT. èrTobelebi~ sazogadoebas ufro saintere-

so alternativas ver sTavazoben da winaswar surT Seaguon

saxelmwifos mmarTvelobaSi TavianT uxerxemlobas. aseTi

ironia da agdebuli damokidebulebaa gamoxatuli èSmakis~

mier Segrovebul àndazebSic~:

àra Sejda mwyeri xesa, ar iyos gvari misi~

(qarTvelma sTqva: sul erTia, vinc wamiyvans, var imisi)...

`Tu gaWirvebas miCveneb, giCveneb gaqcevasao~

(Cven ar gviWirda... movrbodi... amiT vajobeT sxvasao)...~(iqve).

aseTive wuxiliT, mWunvarebiT da ironiiTaa gamsWvalu-

li sxva publicistur-literaturuli xasiaTis werilebi.

vl. voitniki werilSi `wiTeli gvardia~ wers: `sevdian dReeb-

Si~, roca yvelaferi is, rac Cvens garSemo xdeba, gelaparake-

ba demokratiis ideebis damsxvrevaze, roca yvelaferi uime-

dobis burusSia gaxveuli, gaisma magari, damSvidebuli xma.

166

es xmaa amxanag wiTelgvardielebisa. wiTeli gvardia arCevda

Tfilisis dacvis sakiTxs. aq ar ismoda sityvebi imaze, Tu vin

aris damnaSave, vin daayena mTeli qalaqi aseTi mware gansac-

delis win. aq laparakobdnen imaze, rogor gadaarCinon, ro-

gor daicvan mopovebuli Tavisufleba; sifaqize revoluci-

onuri droSisa, Tu mTeli mxaris dacva demokratiam ver SeZ-

lo, wiTelma gvardiam gamoitana dadgenileba: ùkanasknel

sisxlis wveTamde davicvaT Tbilisi mtrebisagano..~ es dad-

genilebaa im xalxis, romlis sityva saqmes ar gaSorebia. ro-

ca aseTi dadgenileba gamohqondaT — wiTeli gvardiis war-

momadgenlebma mSvenivrad icodnen, rom TviToeuli aso maTi

dadgenilebisa sisxliT iqneba Cawerili amierkavkasiis isto-

riis furclebSi... Cven viciT, rom is xalxi, romelmac Tavis

mkerdiT gza gadauRoba osmalebs natanebTan, Zvirad dauj-

ens mters amierkavkasiis revolucionur gulSi SemoWras...

Cven amis Semdeg darwmunebulni varT, rom safrTxe samar-

cxvinod mtris winaSe qedis moxrisa da uomrad Tavis danebe-

bisa ar aris... sevdian da mwuxare dReebSi Cven mxurvale sa-

lams vuZRvniT maT, vinc medgrad sdgas revoluciis da Tavi-

suflebis dacvis niadagze~(249).

ai, rogor werils aqveynebs 26 maiss gazeTi èrToba~.

`sevdian da mwuxare dReebSi~ am werilis avtori qeba-dide-

bas asxams wiTel armias da am wiTeli armiiT emuqreba saqar-

Tvelos damoukideblobas. gasakviri araa, rom samiode wlis

Semdeg am wiTel armias miegeba social-demokratiuli par-

tiis didi umravlesoba, ara marto bolSevikebi, aramed men-

Sevikebic, romlebic siamovnebiT gadabargdnen bolSevikTa

banakSi, oRond ki isev SeenarCunebinaT garkveuli mdgomare-

oba da privilegiebi axali xelisuflebis pirobebSi. isini

xom gloviT Sexvdnen saqarTvelos damoukideblobas da maT-

Tvis wiTeli armiis mosvla saocnebo iyo ukve 26 maissac.

èrTobis~ 26 maisis nomerSi yuradRebas ipyrobs agreTve

167

depresiuli ganwyobilebiT savse werili vinme `odiSeli ya-

yaCosi~ — `brZolis velidan~(250). werilis qvesaTauri gvam-

cnobs, rom eZRvneba `samegrelos~, xolo saTauris qveS

vkiTxulobT Semdegs:

`sxva saqarTvelo sad aris

romeli kuTxe qveynisa?..~ (akaki)

dadga sabediswero momenti qarTveli erisa.

kvlav Camohkra glovis zarma, amohquxda wyromis griga-

li da ukuRma gadafurcla Cveni istoriis Savi asoebiT aR-

beWdili furclebi... dRes Cven mowmeni vxdebiT im Soreuli

warsulisa, rodesac osmaleTi mosawyvetad epotineboda am

edemis yvavils.

dRes me ukanasknelaT nebas vaZlev Cems Tavs, rogorc

damcveli samSoblos da Tavisuflebis, mogmarToT didebu-

li mgosnis sityvebiT: `sxva saqarTvelo sad aris, romeli

kuTxe qveynisa?..~

mipasuxeT!..

raT gvinda aTasi weli vicxovroT pirutyvuli cxovre-

biT osmaleTis brWyalebs qveS?!

dae movkvdeT, sisxlis zRvaSi amovxaroT droSa `Tavi-

suflebis da samSoblos daxsnisa~, avitanoT im mTis mwverva-

lamde, sadac odnav bJutaven amomavali mzis brolis sxivebi

da iq gamarjvebiT gadavsceT momaval Taobas niSnad samarad-

Jamo arsebobisa~ (250).

am didi gznebiT, mxatvrul saxeebiT aRsavse werilis avto-

ria vinme odiSeli yayaCo. fsevdonimTa leqsikonSi (ix. g. miqaZe,

fsevdonimTa leqsikoni, 1984, gv. 93) cnobilia odiSeli p. — par-

men ionas Ze rurua, romelsac 1927 wels baTumSi gamoucia leq-

sebi. magram aris Tu ara igive piri `odiSeli yayaCo~ ver vity-

viT, ise ki naweris stili da ganwyobileba iZleva saSualebas,

rom misi avtoris meleqseoba warmovidginoT. erTi ki cxadia,

am meleqses, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRiarebisgan ek-

168

lesiasteseul mwuxarebaSi Cavardnil kosmopolit-socia-

lists, samarcxvino Secdoma mosdis Tavisi mSobliuri litera-

turis codnis saqmeSi. saqarTvelos skolebSi im periodSic da

dResac, yvela samosanma da, albaT, orosanma moswavlemac ico-

da da icis, rom `sxva saqarTvelo sad aris, romeli kuTxe qvey-

nisa~ Cveni `mRelvare~, poeturad ganwyobili avtori, vinme

odiSeli, rom akaki wereTels miakuTvnebs, grigol orbelianis

sityvebia. `sagulisxmoa isic, rom gazeTis redaqciamac aseTive

uzustoba gamoiCina da ar Seuswora am `poets~ Secdoma.

26 maisis èrTobaSi~ daibeWda maqsim gorkis werili

`drois Seuferebeli fiqrebi~, sadac ruseTis revoluciis

mier motanili cxovrebis mTeli saSinelebani metad xatov-

nad da STambeWdavadaa warmoCenili. es werili zustad See-

fereba gazeTis mTel samgloviaro ganwyobilebas da vfiq-

robT, misi aq moxmoba kargad warmosaxavs im saerTo suraTs,

gazeT èrTobas~ rom hqonda. sxvaTa Soris, maqsim gorkis es

werili àlionmac~ dabeWda.

`daClungebamde miviwyebuli mware sinamdvile, mTvrali,

saZaglobamde momTmeni, Taviseburad cbieri moskoveli xal-

xi yovelTvis psixologiurad Sors edga da axlac udgas rus

inteligents, romelic mdidaria mwignobruli codniT, mag-

ram Raribia rusuli sinamdvilis codniT.

Zarcvaven gasaocar artistulad, eWvi araa, rom am ruse-

Tis Tavad gaZarcvis process istoria mouTxrobs didis pa-

TosiT momaval Taobas. Zarcvaven da yidian eklesiebs, sam-

xedro muzeumebs, hyidian zarbazan-vintovkebs, hqurdaven

saintendanto sawyobebs; Zarcvaven Tavadebis sasaxleebs,

staceben yvelafers, ris gayidvac SeiZleba.

feodosiaSi jariskacebi adamianebiT vaWroben. moiyvanes

kavkasiidan Turqebis, somxebis da qurTebis gogoebi da 25 m.

yidian TiTos. es yvelaferi Taviseburia; safrangeTis did

revoluciaSi aseT rames adgili ar hqonia, Cven amiT SegviZ-

169

lia viamayoT.

patiosani xalxi, romlis naklebobas Cven mudam ganvic-

didiT, axla mTlad gaqra. ai aseT uZlur, bnel, organiulad

anarqizmis moyvarul xalxs mouwodeben iyos ideuri xel-

mZRvaneli msofliosi da evropis muSaTa klasis messiaT.

erTi SexedviT, vfiqrob, rom am kuriozulma da senti-

mentalurma ideam ar unda daabnios traRikuli TamaSi sa-

xalxo komisarebisa, magram xalxis `meTaurebi~ ar malaven,

rom maT surT rusul nestian jariskacebisagan gaaCaRon di-

di koconi, romlis sinaTle evropas gaanaTebs; im evropas,

sadac cecxli socialuri Semoqmedebisa ufro mZlavrad da

gonierad anTia, vidre CvenTan ruseTSi.

koconi gavaCaReT, magram mas sustad ekideba, mas suni

udis talaxiani, mTvrali da tlanqi ruseTis da ai am sawyal

ruseTs ezidebian golgoTaze, rom iq jvars acvan mTeli

msoflios saxsnelad. dasavleTi ki mkacria, daundobeli, is

savsebiT moklebulia sentimentalizms. iq adamianis Sefaseba

ubralo saqmea: Tqven giyvarT da SegiZliaT muSaoba? — Tu

asea Tqven qveynisTvis saWiro xarT, Tqven xarT swored is

adamiani, romlis ZaliT iqmnes yvelaferi Zvirfasi da mSveni-

eri. Tu Tqven ar giyvarT da ar SegiZliaT muSaoba, maSin

Tqven, miuxedavad danarCeni Tvisebebisa, xarT zedmeti ada-

miani..

da radganac dasavleTma evropam icis, rom rusebs muSao-

ba ar uyvarT da arc SeuZlianT, amitom Cven mogvelis imaze

meti ubedureba, rasac moveliT (`n:J~)

m. gorki~(251).

dasavleTisadmi aseTi midgoma arc dRes Secvlila ru-

seTSi. evropuli Rirebulebebis araswori gageba dRemde Se-

narCunebulia rusi xalxis cnobierebaSi, ufro metic, sa-

xelmwifoebrivi manqanis mTavar ideologias warmoadgens. is

sevdiani toni, romelic Tan axlavs m. gorkis werils, sruli-

170

ad Seefereba èrTobis~ mTel ganwyobilebas. aq ar aris lapa-

raki revoluciiT motanil Tavisuflebaze, muSaTa klasis da

glexobis gamarjvebaTa zeimze, revoluciiT aRfrTovaneba-

ze, aq warmodgenilia marTali suraTi im savalalo Sedegebi-

sa, rac Tan moaqvs revoluciebs da amiT gamowveul Sida

omebs. werilSi naCvenebia mTeli is tragedia, rac Tan moita-

na ruseTis revoluciam TviT ruseTis cxovrebaSi, Zarcva,

gleja, adamianTa xocva, tyveTa syidvis wesis aRdgena, kul-

turologiur dawesebulebaTa darbeva, ganadgureba eris

sulier monapovarTa. damarwmuneblad da damajerebladaa

warmodgenili ruseTis golgoTaze asvlis gza. ruseTis tan-

jva-wameba qristes jvarcmasTanaa Sedarebuli — `sawyal ru-

seTs ezidebian golgoTaze, rom iq jvars acvan msoflios

saxsnelad~.

gorki, romelic cnobilia rogorc ruseTis revoluciis

momRerali da mxardamWeri, am weriliT warmogvidgeba sru-

liad gansxvavebuli kuTxiT. gorkis werilSi revolucia naC-

venebia mTeli misi negatiuri SedegebiT. swored es uaryofi-

Ti damokidebuleba revoluciis monapovarTa mimarT 26 ma-

iss èrTobas~ miaCnda erTgvar gamoZaxilad qarTul poli-

tikur sarbielze datrialebuli procesebisa. social-de-

mokratebi glovoben saqarTvelos damoukideblobis ga-

mocxadebas da es aqcia esaxebaT rogorc marcxi maTi poli-

tikisa.

ase uRimRamod Sexvda gazeTi èrToba~ 26 maisis faqts,

romlis mniSvneloba mas arc manamde ugrZvnia da uRiarebia.

paradoqsia, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damouki-

debloba gamoacxada im partiam da im periodulma organom,

romelic erovnul Tavisuflebas TavgamodebiT ebrZoda.

171

daskvna

1917-1918 wlebis presis analizi gviCvenebs realur su-

raTs, Tu rogor yalibdeboda da mwifdeboda saqarTvelos

damoukidebloba da rogor iqmneboda sazogadoebrivi azri.

Cveni naSromi siaxlea am mimarTulebiT. demokratiuli wyo-

bis mkrTali konturebi aSkarad isaxeba ganxiluli presis

publikaciebis analizis mixedviT: mravalpartiuli sakanon-

mdeblo organo, pluralistuli da Tavisufali presa, samo-

qalaqo da politikuri uflebebis uzrunvelyofa, kerZo sa-

kuTreba. Cans, rom saqarTveloSi myardeba demokratiuli

respublika. 1917-1918 wlebis presam safuZveli Cauyara de-

mokratiul principebs, romlebic uzrunvelyofen funda-

mentur uflebebs. qarTveli publicistebi da mwerlebi fiq-

robdnen, rom gamoxatvis Tavisuflebaa demokratiuli sazo-

gadoebis Camoyalibebis safuZveli, radgan am uflebis gare-

Se praqtikulad SeuZlebelia sxva uflebaTa damkvidreba.

qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoriis mkvlevrebi valSi

arian 1917-1918 wlebis presis Seswavlis saqmeSi. dRemde ar

Seqmnila fundamenturi naSromi am epoqis periodikis Sesa-

xeb, arada, igi yvelaze utyuari wyaroa imdroindeli poli-

tikuri Zalebis gasacnobad, partiaTa moRvaweobis Sesafa-

seblad, mTavari saerTaSoriso moTamaSeebisa da qarTuli

sazogadoebrivi azris Sesaswavlad.

1917-1918 ww. saqarTveloSi gamodioda aTeulobiT gaze-

Ti qarTul da rusul enebze. isini SeZlebisdagvarad sru-

172

lad asaxavdnen imdroindel politikur da sazogadoebriv-

kulturul movlenebs. maT daaCqares erovnuli damoukideb-

lobis ideis momwifeba. 1917-1918 ww. presis furclebze naT-

lad ikveTeba is siZneleebi, romlebic saxelmwifoebrivi da-

moukideblobis gzaze saqarTvelos svlas aferxebda. qarTu-

li presa gamoxatavs sxvadasxva partiis interesebsa da im

did winaaRmdegobas, romelic arsebobda TviT damoukideb-

lobis ideis garSemo, rac asaxulia mTel rig politikur,

analitikur da publicistur werilebSi.

Cven mier ganxilulia oTxi wamyvani gazeTi, romelTa

garSemo Semoikribnen cnobili qarTveli mwerlebi, publi-

cistebi, sazogado moRvaweebi. gazeTi `saqarTvelo~ — erov-

nul demokratiuli mimarTulebisaa, gazeTi `saxalxo saqme~

— social-federalisturi partiis organoa, gazeTi àlioni~

— social-demokratiuli partiis àlionis~ jgufis organo,

gazeTi èrToba~ — amierkavkasiis social-demokratiuli mu-

SaTa organizaciebis organo.

kvlevaSi calke gavamaxvileT yuradReba mTavar avto-

rebze, romelTa publikaciebi Zalian saintereso da ucnobi

iyo am mimarTulebiT. `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis idea

1917-1918 wlebis presaSi~ gulisxmobs, erTgvarad Tvali Se-

vavloT im avtorTa damokidebulebas 26 maisisadmi, romle-

bic zemoganxilul gazeTebSi aqtiurad iRvwodnen politi-

kur da socialur sarbielze. qarTveli mwerlebis mier naT-

qvami TiToeuli sityva anareklia im ganwyobisa da molodi-

nis, riTac savsea qarTveli xalxis suliskveTeba.

grigol robaqiZes, tician tabiZes, Salva amirejibs, kon-

stantine gamsaxurdias, vaxtang kotetiSvils, samson fir-

cxalavs, ivane gomarTels, leo qiaCels, Tagunas da bevr sxva

gamoCenil qarTvel moRvawes vicnobT maTi samwerlo Semoq-

medebiT, xolo presaSi moRvaweobis periodze Zalian mwiri

informacia da kvlevaa cnobili. savsebiT araferia cnobili

173

1917-1918 wlebis qarTul presaSi maT aqtivobaze. amitomac,

gadavwyviteT, ramdenime maTgani calke gagvexila da im peri-

odis mTavari avtorebi warmogvedgina. aseTi mimarTulebiT

muSaoba kidev ufro naTels hfens im periodis ganwyobasa da

profesiul standartebs.

es epoqa, rogorc am gazeTebis furclebidan irkveva, xa-

siaTdeba pluralizmiT, SesaSuri gulwrfelobiTa da argu-

mentirebuli midgomebiT. TiToeuli gazeTi saqarTvelos

damoukideblobis dRemde (1918 wlis 26 maisamde) Tavisi

gziT, Tavisi SecdomebiTa Tu RirsebiT mivida. TiToeuli

statia sainteresoa am moRvaweTa WeSmariti portretis Se-

saqmnelad. sagulisxmoa, rom TiToeuli maTgani bolomde

erTguli darCa erovnuli damoukideblobis ideisa, romlis

gamarjvebisTvisac ibrZodnen presis saSualebiT. `saqarTve-

los,~ `saxalxo saqmes,~ àlionsa~ da èrTobas~ Tavisuflad

SegviZlia vuwodoT ìdeaTa Tavisufali bazari,~ riTac Ta-

mamad vuerTdebiT im dasavlur civilizebul sivrces, sadac

gamoxatvis Tavisufleba upiratesi Tavisuflebaa. Cveni

kvleviT gvsurs demokratiuli presis tradiciis deficitis

Sevseba, romelic samocdaaTwlianma totalitarulma reJim-

ma gawyvita da gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebidan aRdga.

oTxi gazeTi da oTxi sxvadasxva gza damoukideblobis-

ken. 1917-1918 wlebis presis Seswavla saqarTvelos damouki-

deblobis ideis warmosaCenad saintereso da mravalferova-

ni daskvnis uflebas gvaZlevs da i. WavWavaZis gzis gagrZele-

bad gvesaxeba. iliadan — me-19 saukunis 60-iani wlebidan XX

saukunis 10-iani wlebis dasasrulamde — qarTveli xalxis Si-

nagani energiis biZgi erovnuli damoukideblobisaTvis sity-

viT brZola iyo, rac 26 maiss realobad iqca.

`Tu Jurnals unda keTilsindisierad aRasrulos Tavisi

Zneli saqme, unda TvalgafacicebiT Tan ahyves awindel

cxovrebas, raTa yovel aRmoSobil faqts Tvali da goneba

174

adevnos, yoveli azris sakeTilo moZraobas gza misces, yove-

liferi SeniSnos da yovelifers pasuxi gasces, erTi sity-

viT, uSvelos cxovrebis win fexis gadadgmis gasamjobineb-

lad, gasakeTeblad~ (66).

1918 wlis 26 maisi da damoukideblobisTvis brZola qar-

Tuli Jurnalistikis istoriaSi SesaZloa kidev calke ga-

mokvlevaTa sagani gaxdes, radgan erTi naSromiT ver amoiwu-

reba saTqmeli, rac momavalSi am tabudadebuli epoqis ga-

momzeaurebas dasWirdeba.

SesaZloa, dRevandel dRes, globalizaciis epoqaSi, fiq-

roben, rom saWiro ar aris aqcentebi gakeTdes istoriaze da,

gansakuTrebiT, nacionalur sakiTxebze. magram, roca isto-

ria saerTod miviwyebulia da jer ar dauweriaT, roca tota-

litaruli reJimebi umalavdnen adamianebs simarTles da

mxolod sakuTr Sexedulebebs axvevdnen Tavs, swored rom

aucilebelia axleburi gaanalizeba im periodis, roca de-

mokratiuli, pluralistuli presis kidev erTi saintereso

etapi arsebobda. 1917-1918 wlebis saqarTvelo ki imis naTe-

li magaliTi iyo, rom demokratiuli reJimis srulad damya-

reba swored umTavresi nacionaluri sakiTxis gadaWras saWi-

roebda — saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebasa da

Tavis daRwevas ruseTis imperiisgan.

dRes, roca saxelmwifo sazRvris cneba pirobiTad iqca

da transnacionaluri urTierTobebis epoqaSi vcxovrobT,

globalizaciis warmateba SeuZlebeli iqneboda Zlieri da

fexze damdgari demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis gareSe. Cven

es yvelaferi jer isev gasavleli gvaqvs.

175

damowmebuli literatura

1. abaSiZe k., cxovreba da xelovneba, Tb., 1971.

2. avaliSvili z., damoukidebeli saqarTvelo, Tb., 1929.

3. avbewaSvili m., ivane gomarTelis cxovreba, esTetikuri

da sazogadoebriv-politikuri Sexedulebebi (sadiser-

tacio naSromi), 1994.

4. asaTiani g., ukeTes droTaTvis, Tb., `sabWoTa saqarTve-

lo~, 1985.

5. baramiZe al., narkvevebi qarTuli literaturis istorii-

dan, VI tomi, Tb., 1975.

6. baqraZe ak., mwerlobis moTviniereba, Tb., `sarangi~, 1990.

7. benaSvili g., wyurvili wvdomisa, Tb., `merani~, 1986.

8. bendianiSvili al., saqarTvelos pirveli respublika

(1918-1921ww.), Tb., 2001.

9. gabaSvili r., rac maxsovs, dabruneba, III t., Tb., 1992.

10. gamezardaSvili d., qarTuli literaturisa da kritikis

istoriidan, IV t. Tb., 1978.

11. gvazava g., saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiuli partia,

parizi, 1928.

12. gomarTeli iv., rCeuli Txzulebani, I-II tomi, `literatu-

ra da xelovneba~, 1966.

13. grZeliZe r., saqarTvelos politikuri partiebis isto-

ria (1910-1924ww.), Tsu, 1998.

14. guruli v., noe Jordania — politikuri portreti (1869-

1953), Tb., 1999.

15. vadaWkoria S., qarTuli social-demokratia 1917-1921

wlebSi, Tb., `mecniereba~, 2001.

16. vardosaniZe s., saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri samoci-

qulo eklesia 1917-1952 wlebSi, Tb., `mecniereba~, 2001.

17. varTagava ip., werilebi da mogonebebi, Tb., 1975.

18. TayaiSvili eq., emigrantuli naSromebi, Tb., ̀ mecniereba~, 1991.

176

19. TevzaZe d., qarTuli literaturis kritika Tanamedrove

etapze, Tb., 1975.

20. TevzaZe d., kritikis buneba, Tb., `merani~, 1978.

21. TevzaZe d., qarTuli sabWoTa literaturis kritika, Tb.,

`merani~, 1982.

22. TevzaZe d., qarTvel mweralTa literaturuli gaerTia-

nebani, Tb., 1994.

23. ToiZe l., interveciac, okupaciac, ZaldatanebiTi gasab-

Woebac, faqtobrivi aneqsiac, `iverTa mxare~, 1991.

24. ToiZe l., saqarTvelos politikuri istoria, Tsu, 1999.

25. kalandaZe al., literaturuli narkvevebi, `sabWoTa sa-

qarTvelo~, Tb., 1974.

26. kvanWilaSvili t., literaturuli werilebi da portre-

tebi, Tb., 1974.

27. kverenCxilaZe r., rogor iqmneboda qarTvel mweralTa

kavSiri, gazeTi `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 52, 2003.

28. kvitaiSvili e., qarTuli sityvis bazieri, Tb., `TeTri gi-

orgi~, 2003.

29. kotetiSvili v., qarTuli literaturis istoria, quT.,

`mecniereba~, 1927.

30. kotetiSvili v., qarTuli literaturis istoria, Tb.,

`sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1959.

31. kotetiSvili v., rCeuli nawerebi, wigni 2, Tb., `sabWoTa

saqarTvelo~, 1967.

32. laSqaraZe d., evropeizmis problema qarTul literatu-

raSi, Tb., 1977.

33. leoniZe g., leqsebi, poemebi, Tb., 1980.

34. leoniZe g., saqarTvelos cremlebi, Tb., 2000.

35. leoniZe g., leqsebis krebuli, Tb., `saari~, 2001.

36. lorTqifaniZe l., grigol robaqiZis mxatvruli azrov-

nebis sakiTxebi(sadisertacio naSromi), 1997.

37. malaRuraZe T., leo qiaCelis adreuli publicisturi we-

177

rilebis erovnul-politikuri problematika, Tsu, 1998.

38. nadareiSvili gr., ivane gomarTeli, Tb., 1967.

39. naTaZe n., eri da erovnuli kultura, Tb., `mecniereba~,

1988.

40. nanitaSvili l., qarTuli wignis amagdari, Tb., 1985.

41. nikoleiSvili av., XX saukunis qarTuli literaturis

kritikis istoriis narkvevebi, quT., `mowameTa~, 1994.

42. nozaZe v., brZola saqarTvelos aRdgenisTvis, parizi,

1936.

43. Jordania n., Cemi warsuli, Tb., 1990.

44. Jurnalistikis sakiTxebi, VII-VIII, Tsu, Tbilisi, 1981.

45. radiani S., narkvevebi da STabeWdilebebi, Tb., 1962.

46. sigua s., literatura da tradiciis barieri, `sabWoTa sa-

qarTvelo~, Tb., 1988.

47. sigua s., k.gamsaxurdias prozis struqtura, Tb., 1989.

48. sigua s. martvili da alamdari, I-II tomi, Tb., `ganaTleba~,

1991.

49. sigua s., qarTuli modernizmi, Tb., `didostati~, 2002.

50. tabiZe t. Txzulebani, I t. `literatura da xelovneba~,

1966.

51. SanSiaSvili s., Tqvenc rom gaxsovdeT, axalgazrdebo, Tb.,

1977.

52. Sengelaia i., simbolizmi saqarTveloSi, gazeTi `litera-

turuli saqarTvelo~, 22, 1993.

53. farexelaSvili n., ivane gomarTeli — literaturis kri-

tikosi, 1998.

54. fircxalava s., mogonebaTa furclebi, Tb., `sabWoTa sa-

qarTvelo~, 1988.

55. qarTuli literaturis istoria, III tomi, saqarTvelos

ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, Tb., 1956.

56. qiqoZe g., aseTi iyo Cemi cxovreba, Tb., 1987.

57. CxeiZe n., kritikuli werilebi, Tb., `sabWoTa saqarTve-

178

lo~, 1977.

58. Cxenkeli T., werilebi, Tb., `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1972.

59. caiSvili s., literaturuli etiudebi, Tb., `merani~, 1984.

60. ciciSvili g., sandro SanSiaSvilis cxovreba da Semoqme-

deba, Tb., 1962.

61. wereTeli al., rCeuli nawarmoebebi V tomad, I t. Tb., `sab-

WoTa saqarTvelo~, 1988.

62. wereTeli v., literaturuli werilebi, memuarebi, Tb.,

`merani~, 1998.

63. wereTeli m., eri da kacobrioba, Tsu, Tb., 1990.

64. wiTeli mixakis legenda, Tb., 1985.

65. wowelia vl., ivane gomarTeli, wigni I, Tb., `mecniereba,~ 1979.

66. WavWavaZe i., saqarTvelos moambezed, Txzulebani, VII t.,

publicisturi werilebi-1882-1886, Tb., 2004.

67. Wilaia s., XX saukunis qarTuli mwerloba, Tb., 1956.

68. WilaZe o., bednieri tanjuli, `logos presi~, 2003.

69. javaxiSvili m., werilebi, Tb., 2001.

70. janeliZe o., 26 maisidan 25 Tebervlamde, Tb., 1989.

71. jiblaZe g., ioseb griSaSvili, kritikuli etiudi, Tb.,

`sabWoTa mwerali~, 1955.

72. jiblaZe g., kritikuli etiudebi, Tb., 1974.

73. jorjaZe a., werilebi, Tb., 1989.

periodika gazeTi `saqarTvelo~ /1917-1918ww./

74. 1915w. 1, saredaqcio werili.

75. 1917w. 3, r.ingilo `Zveli fiqrebi axal wels~.

76. 1917w. 13, givi gollend, `anarqiis stiqioni~.


78. 1917w. 12 marti, saredaqcio werili.

79. 1917w. 58, spiridon kedia, ***

179

80. 1917w. 65, daviT kasraZe, èris tribuni~.

81. 1917w. 67, mitropoliti leonide, sityva warmoTqmuli

sionis taZarSi.

82. 1917w. 67, al. axmeteli, `tyis Zmebi~.

83. 1917w. 68, mixeil javaxiSvili, `Senic me da Cemic meo~.

84. 1917w. 71, tician tabiZe, `ruseTis revolucia~.

85. 1917w. 74, tician tabiZe, `Ria baraTi~ (qarTvel mwerlebs).

86. 1917w. 90, Salva amirejibi, àvtokefalistebi~.

87. 1917w. 92, Salva amirejibi, `valerian gunia~.

88. 1917w. 97, mitropoliti leonide, `Tamaroba~.

89. 1917w. 134, tician tabiZe, `peterburgi~.

90. 1917w. 216, giorgi leoniZe, `Cabnelebuli armazi~.

91. 1917w. 233, grigol robaqiZe, `ruseTis tragedia~.

92. 1917w. 237, givi gollend, `bolSevikebis ajanyeba~.

93. 1917w. 250, grigol robaqiZe, `dionisos kulti da saqar-

Tvelo~.

94. 1917w. 252, tician tabiZe, èrovnul-demokratias~.

95. 1917w. 257, grigol robaqiZe, `qarTuli renesansi~.

96. 1917w. 264, tician tabiZe, `wina azia~.

97. 1917w. 269, grigol robaqiZe, `guria da socializmi~.

98. 1917w. 271, grigol robaqiZe, àleqsandre WavWavaZe~.

99. 1917w. 278, grigol robaqiZe, `kita abaSiZe~.

100. 1917w. 281, grigol robaqiZe, `pani~.

101. 1918w. 5, grigol robaqiZe, `qarTuli leqsi~.

102. 1918w. 16, givi gollend, `programa minimumi da progra-

ma maqsimumi~.

103. 1918w. 23, ipolite varTagava, `suli axali saqarTvelosi~.

104. 1918w. 45, grigol robaqiZe, `giorgi SarvaSiZe~.

105. 1918w. 52, grigol robaqiZe, `rainduli saqarTvelo~.

106. 1918w. 54, giorgi leoniZe, `soneti qarTvel husarebs!~.

107. 1918w. 55, grigol robaqiZe, àisi~.

108. 1918w. 57, mitropoliti leonide, avtokefaliis wlis-

180

Tavi sveticxovelSi.

109. 1918w. 58, Salva amirejibi, saredaqcio werili.

110. 1918w. 62, grigol robaqiZe, àrCil jorjaZe~.

111. 1918w. 66, kote mayaSvili, `misalmeba~.

112. 1918w. 68, giorgi leoniZe, `promeTe~ da àisi~.



115. 1918w. 78, tite margvelaSvili, `Cveni orientacia~.

116. 1918w. 89, a. asaTiani, `germaneTis mfarveloba~.

117. 1918w. 90, a. asaTiani, `saqarTvelos politikuri wyobi-

leba~.

118. 1918w. 90-91, grigol robaqiZe, `Tamar!~.

119. 1918w. 92, Salva amirejibi, `konstitucia~.







126. 1918w. 103, S. q-Ze,***

127. 1918w. 110, giorgi leoniZe, 26 maisi.

128. 1918w. 187, tician tabiZe, `jaris reorganizacia~.

129. 1918w. 193, giorgi leoniZe, àragvielni~.

130. 1918w. 202, tician tabiZe, `menSevikebi da xelovneba~.

131. 1918w. 214, grigol robaqiZe, `soneti saqarTveloSi~.

132. 1918w. 232, giorgi leoniZe, `qarTli~.

gazeTi `saxalxo saqme~ /1917-1918ww./



135. 1917w. 3, samson fircxalava èrovnuli~ da `socialuri~.

181


137. 1917w. 7, samson fircxalava, saredaqcio werili.

138. 1917w. 7, akaki papava, `mesame rgoli~.

139. 1917w. 15, vaxtang kotetiSvili, `didi katorReli~.

140. 1917w. 17, vaxtang kotetiSvili, `social-federalizmi,

rogorc aucilebloba social-demokratiisTvis~.

141. 1917w. 17, levan metreveli, `salami samSoblos!~.

142. 1917w. 23, konstantine gamsaxurdia, `troaneli cxeni~.

143. 1917w. 25, konstantine gamsaxurdia, `velikorusebi da

ara rusebi~.

144. 1917w. 26, dimitri uznaZe, `gardamavali xana~.

145. 1917w. 28, levan metreveli, `qarTuli ena~.

146. 1917w. 30, grigol rcxilaZe, èrovnuli moZraoba da

erovnuli TviTSegneba~.

147. 1917w. 31, koki abaSiZe, saredaqcio werili.

148. 1917w. 32, konstantine gamsaxurdia, `xelovneba Tu po-

litikanoba.~

149. 1917w. 37, borCeli, `Cven, avtonomistebi da federaliz-

mi~.

150. 1917. 38, giorgi WumburiZe, `sulieri Semoqmedeba~.

151. 1917w. 38, arCil jorjaZe, `ZiriTadi motivebi ilia Wav-

WavaZis publicistikisa~.

152. 1917w. 43, konstantine gamsaxurdia, `warltolvil si-

luets!~.

153. 1917w, 52, samson fircxalava, èrovnebis SiSi~.

154. 1917w. 58, samson fircxalava, saredaqcio werili.

155. 1917w. 58, aleqsandre jajanaSvili, `federalisturi

azrebis gamarjveba~.

156. 1917w. 58, vaxtang kotetiSvili, èris uflebisa da sa-

qarTvelos sakiTxi~.

157. 1917w. 70, levan metreveli, `solomon leoniZe~.

158. 1917w. 77, konstantine gamsaxurdia, qarTvel mweralTa

182

konfernciaze.

159. 1917w. 84, levan metreveli, `qarTvel kacs!~.

160. 1917w. 91, qarTvel mweralTa mowodeba.

161. 1917w. 107, samson fircxalava, èrovnul yrilobas~.

162. 1917w. 132, daviT kldiaSvili, `kita abaSiZe~.

163. 1917w. 148, al. mdivani, `dRevandeli safrTxe da Cveni

saWiroebani~.

164. 1918w. 98, aleqsandre wereTeli, ìvane karamazovi~.

165. 1918w. 181, mariam gariyuli, `vedreba!~.

166. 1918w. 189, Salva nucubiZe, òri gza~.


168. 1918w. 213, Tedo Rlonti, amierkavkasiis orientacia.

169. 1918w. 214, konstantine gamsaxurdia, èri Tu rassa~.


171. 1918w. 235, vaxtang kotetiSvili, `daudgromeli xelov-

neba~.


173. 1918w. 241, saredaqcio werili, `movaleoba eris winaSe~.

174. 1918w. 242, ioseb griSaSvili, `saqarTvelos zadiki~.

175. 1918w. 243, levan metreveli, àw ganusvene!~.

176. 1918w. 243, vaxtang kotetiSvili, `qarTlis cxovreba~.

177. 1918w. 243, viqtor asaTiani, àr momkvdara, gaiRviZa~.

178. 1918w. 243, duSiko, `Tavisufal saqarTvelos~.

179. 1918w. 243, grigol rcxilaZe, `saqarTvelos damouki-

debloba~.

180. 1918w. 244, i.mWedliSvili, `meTvramete gazafxulze Ce-

mi samSoblo~.

181. 1918w. 244, i.vadaWkoria, `gaumarjos saqarTvelos!~.

182. 1918w. 245-248, samson fircxalava, èri da erovnuli

Tavisufleba~.

183. 1918w. 254, vaxtang kotetiSvili, àmierkavkasia da sa-

qarTvelo~.

183

gazeTi àlioni~ /1917-1918ww./


185. 1917w. 1, kal.qavTaraZe, `ruseTis revolucia da Cveni

taqtika~.

186. 1917w. 1, p.q. `ruseTi da mcire erebi~.

187. 1917w. 1, pavle sayvareliZe, `revolucia da erovnuli

sakiTxi CvenSi~.

188. 1917w. 1, giorgi quCiSvili, `Cems ers!~.

189. 1917w. 4-10, pavle sayvareliZe, `revolucia da erovnu-

li sakiTxi CvenSi~.

190. 1917w. 4-5, leo qiaCeli, `gza da gza~.

191. 1917w. 5, Taguna, noe Jordania.

192. 1917w. 12, leo qiaCeli, `beri da yorani;~ `Cemi sityvebi

amxanagebisadmi~.

193. 1917w. 17, meTunuqe vano, saredaqcio werili.

194. 1917w. 22, leo qiaCeli, pasuxi levan naTaZes.

195. 1917w. 30, ivane gomarTeli, `Sromis Svils!~.

196. 1917w. 33, ivane gomarTeli, `samSoblo!~.

197. 1917w. 33, taifuni, `Tavisufleba~.

198. 1917w. 36, giorgi quCiSvili, `sruliad saqarTvelo~.

199. 1917w. 41, taifuni, `mzisken!~.

200. 1917w. 46, Taguna, `saTvalianebi da usaTvaloebi~.

201. 1917w. 49, Taguna, `Cveni parnasi~.

202. 1917w. 50-55, ivane gomarTeli, èrovnuli da saerTaSo-

riso politika~.

203. 1917w. 52, Taguna, àgreTve avtonomistebi!~.

204. 1917w. 59, ivane gomarTeli, `deda samSoblo!~.


206. 1918w. 2, Taguna, `SemkurTxebelni~.

207. 1918w. 5, ivane gomarTeli, `lenini~.

208. 1918w. 7, s. parTenaSvili, `ruseTis didi samsoni~.

184

209. 1918w. 8, giorgi quCiSvili, `saqarTvelo~.

210. 1918w. 9, s.parTenaSvili, `CiraRdniT xelSi~.

211. 1918w. 8, ivane gomarTeli, `qarTvel ers!~.

212. 1918w. 10, ivane gomarTeli, `mTavarsardali krilenko!~.

213. 1918w. 13, sergo yuruliSvili, `kmara sityvebi!~.

214. 1918w. 16, ivane gomarTeli, `gareuli da Sinauri mteri~.


216. 1918w. 28, n. eliani, `Cveni mdgomareoba~.

217. 1918w. 28, giorgi quCiSvili, `wiTel gvardias!~.

218. 1918w. 28, s.parTenaSvili, `gacocxlebuli taZari~.

219. 1918w. 34, sergo yuruliSvili, `saqarTvelos bedi~.

220. 1918w. 37, s.parTenaSvili, literaturuli suraTebi.

221. 1918w. 38, taifuni, `sevdis striqonebi~.

222. 1918w. 40, s.parTenaSvili, `ferxuli~.

gazeTi `erToba~/1917-1918ww./



225. 1917w. 79, levan naTaZe, `pasuxi `alions.~


227. 1917w. 87, levan naTaZe, werili leo qiaCelisadmi.

228. 1917w. 117, levan naTaZe.









237. 1918w. 10, saredqcio werili.

185

238. 1918w. 65, èrovnuli mTavroba~.

239. 1918w. 77, d. oniaSvili, òmi Tu zavi~.

240. 1918w. 80, `ratom ar gamovacxadeT damoukidebloba?~.

241. 1918w. 81, `Cveni perspeqtiva~.

242. 1918w. 83, àmierkavkasiis damoukidebloba~.

243. 1918w. 92, `federacia Tu konfederacia?~.

244. 1918w. 96, anania, `gza da gza~.

245. 1918w. 97, r. CixlaZe, `saubari glexebTan~.

246. 1918w. 105, ìZulebiTi nabiji~.

247. 1918w. 106, saredaqcio werili, `Cveni bedi~.

248. 1918w. 106, eSmaki, `patara feletoni,~ àndazebi~.

249. 1918w. 106, vl. voitniki, `wiTeli gvardia~.

250. 1918w. 106, odiSeli yayaCo, `brZolis velidan~.

251. 1918w. 106, maqsim gorki `dros Seuferebeli fiqrebi~.


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