sargassum is strangling tourism in the caribbean. can ... · milledge began studying sargassum from...

04/09/19 9'35Sargassum is strangling tourism in the Caribbean. Can scientists find a use for it?

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Sargassum is strangling tourism in theCaribbean. Can scientists find a use for it?Researchers are searching for the silver lining in the largest seaweed bloom in recorded historyby Alexandra A. Taylor

SEPTEMBER 1, 2019 | APPEARED IN VOLUME 97, ISSUE 34

Credit: Benedicte Desrus/Sipa USA/Newscom. Workers remove Sargassum from a beach in Tulum, Mexico. Mexico has cleared more than 500,000 metric tons of the seaweed from its beaches since it

arrived in 2011.I n the North Atlantic, there’s a region called a floating rain forest because of its incrediblebiodiversity. Known as the Sargasso Sea, the area takes its name from large mats ofbrown algae—Sargassum natans and Sargassum fluitans—that provide shelter, food, andbreeding ground for fish, shrimps, birds, turtles, and crabs.

But while the seaweed is a sanctuary in this place, ithas become a scourge in another.

Sargassum wasn’t a regular sight outside its nativearena in the Sargasso Sea until 2011. That year,enormous mats of the algae started brewing farthersouth, in the central Atlantic, eventually washing ontobeaches on the eastern and southern coasts of manyCaribbean islands.

By 2018, the mats had grown into the largestmacroalgae bloom in recorded history, an 8,850 km long mass extending from the central Atlanticand Caribbean Sea to West Africa and the Gulf of Mexico. Chunks of Sargassum, circulated by

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ocean currents, now regularly wash ashore in the Caribbean, where they rot on the beaches,giving off a strong, sulfurous stench.

Sargassum is a troublesome addition to its new environs. At sea, it blocks algae on coral reefsfrom absorbing and harvesting sunlight. As the seaweed decays on land, it releases chemicalssuch as nitrogen and phosphorus that can seep into groundwater and pollute it. Although smallamounts of seaweed help stabilize beaches, the large amounts washing ashore in the Caribbeancan kill seagrasses, causing beaches to erode faster. It ensnares fish and dolphins and preventsturtles from coming ashore to nest.

Tourism has suffered. Hotels have reported alarming dips in occupancy since the seaweed startedwashing up. It’s difficult and expensive to remove. Often, workers must collect the seaweed byhand to avoid environmental damage. Mexico has spent $17 million removing the seaweed fromits Caribbean-facing beaches since the unwelcome algae arrived there in 2011.

As Sargassum drifts, it’s raising questions of blame and responsibility and prompting someresearchers to look for an upside. Seaweed harvesting is a $6 billion industry worldwide. Beingable to harvest Sargassumsustainably would allow affected nations to recoup some of the removalcosts and damage to tourism.

Mengqiu Wang, an oceanography postdoc at the University of South Florida, has been using datafrom a NASA satellite to track the bloom. She developed a technique to correct varyingbackground values in the satellite data to achieve a full picture of the outbreak (Remote Sens.Environ. 2016, DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2016.04.019).

Related: Permafrost thaw spurs methane emissions

Credit: Juan Montoya/University of Colorado

Joseph Montoya holds samples of Sargassum that his crew collected by dipnetting in the North Atlantic.

https://optics.marine.usf.edu/people/mwang_bio.htmlhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.04.019https://cen.acs.org/environment/climate-change/Permafrost-thaw-spurs-methane-emissions/97/i26



“I noticed this problem when I tried to map the entire central Atlantic, and I started to see the fullpicture—the connected gigantic belt across the central Atlantic region,” Wang says. Her strategymeasures reflected near-infrared light, which the water absorbs strongly but the seaweed doesnot, to pinpoint the location and density of floating Sargassum.

In a recent paper, Wang’s team combined satellite data with field samples and nutrient analysesto provide evidence for possible causes of the bloom (Science 2019, DOI:10.1126/science.aaw7912). Nutrients released by deforestation and increasing fertilizer use areentering the ocean via the Amazon River plume, where the river’s water mixes with the ocean.Meanwhile, upwelling, a natural process wherein nutrient-rich water from deep in the ocean risesto the surface, occurs off the coast of West Africa. The high concentration of nutrients in the oceanis causing the seaweed population to explode.

Joseph Montoya, a biological oceanographer at the Georgia Institute of Technology, collectednutrient data for the Science study. On a cruise out of Barbados in 2018, “we saw tremendousamounts of Sargassum all over the area, including in part of the Amazon plume region, where wehad never seen Sargassum before,” he says.

Within the past few years, the amount of the seaweed around Barbados has increased 10-fold,Montoya estimates. “Tourists don’t want to go to beaches that are thigh deep in Sargassum,” hesays.

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Samples he’s collected had more nitrogen by weight the farther south they were found, asymptom of nitrogen fertilizer enrichment. “There was a clear change in nitrate concentrations inthe plume region, with higher nitrate this year than we had seen in 2010, so that does suggestthat there’s been some change in the runoff coming out of Brazil,” Montoya says. “It can’t be thewhole story, but I think that increased nutrients in the plume are playing a role in sustaining andhelping the Sargassum grow.” Upwelling is another source of nutrients for the bloom.

Wang and Montoya’s team did not find a direct link between warming oceans and the seaweed’srapid growth. The warm water temperatures in the tropical Atlantic region are already ideal forSargassum. The upwelling they linked with the bloom actually coincided with lower water

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Seaweed surgeThe Sargassum bloom in the Caribbean Sea reaches its height in late summer and declines throughout thefall and winter. Last summer saw the most severe bloom to date; red indicated the most dense areas.

Source: Adapted from Science 2019, DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw7912

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temperatures. But the researchers would like to continue exploring climate change alongsideother potential growth factors, such as deforestation in West Africa, dust from the Sahara, andfertilizer runoff from the Mississippi River plume.

Sargassum growth is most rampant in June and July, after which it starts to decline. This bloom hitits peak in June 2018, and although it was slightly smaller this summer, it remains large. Given theenhanced supply of nutrients, it’s unlikely the bloom will return to pre-2011 levels, Wang says.

Throughout the Caribbean, researchers are trying to find a silver lining to the seaweed inundation.Jayaraj Jayaraman is a biotechnologist and plant microbiologist at the University of the WestIndies at St. Augustine in Trinidad and Tobago. The Sargassum “cannot be completely evil,” hesays. But for now, no one knows what to do with its great bulk except to cart it off to a landfill.

Because of the Caribbean islands’ shape and location, they act like barriers, catching theSargassum as it drifts along ocean currents. Jayaraman wants more countries to share in theresponsibility of addressing the issue. “If you say, ‘I’ll deal with it only if it comes to me,’ that isabsurd because it’s going everywhere,” he says.

Jayaraman is proposing to harvest the Sargassum for study before it reaches the shore, where itrots and becomes hard to clean. His team relies on reports from fishers to know when to expectthe Sargassum. “About four times per year, you’ll get a big flow,” he explains. Throughout the restof the year it arrives in dribs and drabs.

Jayaraman wants to understand the seaweed’s effect on the local fauna and to develop protocolsfor recovering chemicals that might be of value. His lab has seen some preliminary success ingrowing plants fed with compounds extracted from Sargassum. “The response is very distinct, andyou can see the effect visually” in how the plants grow, he says.

Tourists don’t want togo to beaches thatare thigh deep inSargassum.--- Joseph Montoya,Joseph Montoya, biological oceanographer, Georgia Institute of

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John Milledge, an algae biotechnology researcher at the University of Greenwich at Medway, isalso interested in characterizing the seaweed, which is rich in minerals. Harvesting it is theprimary challenge. “Once it’s on the beach, we lose obviously a large amount of moisture as itdries, and we’re losing some mineral content,” he says.

Milledge began studying Sargassum from the Caribbean after years of focusing on a differentspecies, Sargassum muticum, that started growing along the coast of England in the 1970s.Milledge’s group recently received a grant from the UK-funded Darwin Initiative to exploresustainable solutions to the Sargassum inundation in Turks and Caicos.

Milledge, whose background is in biofuels, is interested in testing the seaweed’s viability as afeedstock for biogas—the gases, such as methane, that are emitted by microbes as they digestthe seaweed. “Although its empirical formula would indicate that it’s got a good biogas potential, itdoesn’t in practice produce very much biogas,” he says.

Credit: MOREL/SIMAX/SIPA/Newscom

Sargassum accumulates along the coast of Sainte-Anne in Guadeloupe.

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The reason may be that the seaweed contains compounds inhibiting the bacteria trying to digestit. Milledge’s ideal scenario would be to identify those inhibitors, extract them, and then marketthem for their antibacterial properties. Removing them for sale would be a win-win because itwould allow the microbes to chow down on the seaweed and increase biogas yield.

Elsewhere, researchers at the Scientific Research Center of Yucatán led by Raúl Tapia-Tussell areworking on a method to pretreat Sargassum with fungus to break it down into smaller moleculesand speed up biogas formation (Energies 2018, DOI: 10.3390/en11030494). Tapia-Tussell pointsout that the digestion process must be carried out as close as possible to where the Sargassumwashes ashore because transporting the seaweed will raise the fuel’s cost.

Sargassum might also have applications in agriculture. With some processing, Jayaraman thinks,the seaweed could be a mineral-rich additive for animal feed. But the Sargassum may containarsenic that it absorbs from the ocean; in that case, researchers would need to find aneconomical removal method. Milledge’s group is working to characterize the seaweed’s heavy-metal profile. “We have a huge amount of study to do to fully understand the problem,” he says.

Beacon Farms, a facility in the Cayman Islands that offers housing and employment for people inrecovery from drug and alcohol use, has also taken an interest. The nonprofit is exploringSargassum as a compostable soil additive for use in farming.

The Cayman Islands have almost no exports,agricultural or otherwise, points out Granger Haugh,chair of Beacon Farms. “What we want to do is bringnew ideas about new crops to the Cayman Islands,” hesays.

Beacon Farms is partnering with chemistry professorAntoinette Gayle at the University College of theCayman Islands to collect data on the usefulness ofcomposted Sargassum in agriculture. Haugh’s teamrecently began a trial to see whether they could suckup Sargassum with a pump before it reaches the shore.Then they plan to grind and mix it with other

components, such as plant matter, in various proportions to determine the best formula.Throughout the process, they’ll test for heavy metals, nutrients, salt content, and more.

Milledge stresses the need to get a full picture of the environmental, social, and economic impactsof any potential use before moving forward. “We’ve got to make sure we don’t cause a long-termproblem by spreading things”—like heavy metals—“on the land which will build up over time,” hesays.

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Finite resources, such as fresh water to wash the collected seaweed, are another importantconsideration. And effective storage will be crucial. The flow of Sargassum is not continuous, so anindustry would need to store it during times of plenty to keep production flowing when theseaweed is scarce.

The seaweed problem has been growing for nearly adecade, and some people in the affected countries feelit’s being overlooked. Jayaraman has been submittingproposals for funding to work on Sargassum for severalyears without luck. His team is limited in what it can doon its own, and he’s frustrated by what he perceives asa lack of interest.

“Ideas can come from anywhere,” he says. “But what isrequired is how you support these ideas and make

viable solutions, and that has to come from the rest of the world.”

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