satellite instrument synergy * maximizing the utilization of the nation’s civil space-based remote...
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Satellite Instrument Synergy*
Maximizing the Utilization of the Nation’s Civil Space-based Remote Sensing Observing
Capabilities in the GOES-R era
James F.W. PurdomCIRA
*Much of information presented here is based on recent work of the Instrument Synergy Science Team that includes participants from
CIRA, CIMSS, MIT/LL, NRL and NOAA/NESDIS
The spatial and temporal domains of the phenomena being observed drive the satellite systems’ spectral
needs as a function of space, time, and signal to noise.
GOES-R: Unique in spectral, spatial and temporal domains
GOES-R sensors spatial and spectral resolutions approach and in some instances surpass those of its
operational polar orbiting counterparts
TemporalComparison of animation sequences of severe thunderstorm over western
Kansas. Movies at 30, 15, 5 and 1 minute intervals. While 5 minute interval imaging is routine for GOES-R, special imaging like this is possible at 1 minute intervals or less at 4(ABI) to 30 (HES-VNIR) times better spatial resolution than
today.
Spatial1 Km to 250 m
GOES-8: ~1 km Hurricane Erin09/09/01 ~1530 Z
•Note the detail in the eye wall (you can see up its side), improving the resolution of visible imagery provides enhanced ability to analyze a cloud field
Simulated GOES-R Imagery
Spectral - ABI
SpectralSpectral
Simulated GOES-R Multi-channel Product Simulated GOES-R Multi-channel Product
Observe Phenomena With Greater
Information Content
Observe Phenomena With Greater
Information Content
New products based on mathematical analysis of multi-channel images – every 5 minutes or less!
Water And Wet Ground
Water And Wet Ground
Boundary Between Dry And Unstable AirBoundary Between
Dry And Unstable Air
Middle Level
Moisture
Middle Level
Moisture Cirrus CloudCirrus Cloud
Severe Thunderstorms
Severe Thunderstorms
L Protect, restore, utilize Littoral (coastal) & ocean resources.
C Understand Climate variability and change (trend).
W Serve needs for Weather and water information.
T Enable safe and efficient Transportation.
Satellite Instrument Synergy: Optimizing the Use of Environmental Satellites to Meet NOAA Strategic
Goals
Satellite Instrument Synergy: Optimizing the Use of Environmental Satellites to Meet NOAA Strategic
Goals
NOAA Strategic Goals
Spatial Temporal Spectral Radiometric Strategic Goal
Climate Long term L Weekly* H vH Climate
Seasonal & interannual
M/L Days to
Weekly*
M M Climate
NWP 1-14 day M/L (obs)
M (surface)
4 hr Sounder: H
Image: M
H Weather,
Transpor-tation
6-24 hr M (obs)
H (surface)
1 hr Sounder: H
Image: M
H Weather,
Transpor-tation
Nowcast Severe Wx H Sounder: 0.5 hr
Image: 1min
Sounder: H
Image: M
H Weather,
Transpor-tation
Littoral H to vH 1-3 hr H – VNIR vH Littoral, Weather,
Transpor-tation
Catastrophic vH 1 min H – VNIR
Image: M
H Homeland Security
+ L~100km, M~10km, H~1 km, vH~100m *cumulative from more freq obs system where instrument stability over very long time period is important
Instrument Synergy within GOES-R FOVT
emp
ora
l
1 hr
4 hr
3 hr
2 hr
ABIVIIRS HES-VNIR CrISAPS ATMSHES-IR CMIS ABI HES-VNIR HES-IR
.25–1 km 10 km 14 km 25 km 5–20 km
.5–2 km
150–300 m 4-10 km 4-10 km150–300 m
.5–2 km
Instrument
Typical viewing over tropical regions and the central United States. Red dots are for NPOESS/METOP system with three s/c. GOES-R (green bars) indicate nominal performance for GOES-E & W with hourly full disc imaging (5 min) & sounding (1 hr). The GOES-R systems may be operated to provide much more rapid interval data (rapid scan) at the expense of area coverage.
NOSA and synergy: Initial goal is to integrate Polar (NPOESS) and Geo (GOES-R) systems in 2012 time frame
Environmental Satellite Sensor Synergy
• Observing system characteristics– Polar is global and fixed (well determined orbit and
sensor operational capability)– Geostationary is quasi-hemispheric and adaptive (point
and shoot)• Selected sensors will operate over very similar spectral
regions (visible to infrared)• The spatial, spectral and radiometric resolutions of the
GOES_R geostationary satellite systems’ sensors will in some cases approach and in other cases surpass those of the polar orbiting satellite systems’ sensors.
Goal and Challenge:Dynamic Tasking and Adaptive Sensing
Goal and Challenge:Dynamic Tasking and Adaptive Sensing
Environmental Satellite Sensor Synergy
• Intra-Satellite
– GOES: ABI and HES (adaptive)
– NPOESS: VIIRS and CrIS (fixed)
• Intra-System
– GOES-E and GOES-W
– NPOESS AM and PM
• Inter-System
– GOES-R and NPOESS (ABI, VIIRS, HES and CrIS)
– GOES-R, NPOESS and other operational and research satellites
Goal and Challenge:Dynamic Tasking and Adaptive Sensing
Goal and Challenge:Dynamic Tasking and Adaptive Sensing
Synergy in its infancy – hurricane analysis :geostationary, polar and other
Synergy in its infancy – hurricane analysis: geostationary, polar and other
Synergy in its infancy – hurricane analysis : geostationary, polar and other
Synergy in its infancy – hurricane analysis : geostationary, polar and other
Synergy in its infancy – hurricane analysis : geostationary, polar and other
Synergy in its infancy – hurricane analysis : geostationary, polar and other
Synergy in its infancy – hurricane analysis : geostationary, polar and other
Synergy in its infancy – hurricane analysis : geostationary, polar and other
ENTERING AN AGE OF MULTI-PLATFORM
MULTI-SENSOR
PRODUCTS
But we’re not there
yet
To assure full utilization we
need to capitalize on the adaptive
observing nature of the geostationary
system in synergy with
the fixed polar system
Cloud Base, Top and Layer related products– Daytime cloud base & top
• stereo ABI and/or HES-VNIR
– VIIRS with GOES imagers every 4 hrs
• shadow from ABI or HES-VNIR, VIIRS at 4 hrs
• HES-VNIR reflectance and HES-IR radiances
– Day or night cloud base
• Derived HES-IR stability, ABI surface temperature
– daytime HES-VNIR for moisture in cloudy regions over land)
– Day or night cloud top
• Multispectral slicing methods
– HES-IR and ABI every 5 to 60 minutes global
– CrIS and VIIRS every 4 hours global
– Cloud layer
• high resolution imager within sounder using n* type methods (requires model baseline), cloud phase with ABI to delineate ice from water cloud, stereo improvement and limited layer thickness using ABI and HES-VNIR
Roles of various sensors (Polar are basically 4 hr repeat; since Geo may do adaptive observing, delta time may be
varied to optimize strategy)
Roles of various sensors (Polar are basically 4 hr repeat; since Geo may do adaptive observing, delta time may be
varied to optimize strategy)
Atmospheric Motion Products
• Cloud and plume motion vectors (Cloud height from prior chart)– ABI
• 5-min interval for hemispheric cmv’s• Rapid scan for special applications
– HES-VNIR (10 to 36x improvement in spatial resolution over ABI)• < 300 m and 1 min intervals for severe weather and hazard applications
• Moisture motion vectors– VIIRS in polar regions– Routine ABI @ 5-min intervals
• Hemispheric and local scale– Routine HES-IR @ 30-60 min intervals
• Hemispheric and local scale– Improved vertical definition for certain applications with HES-VNIR and ABI
– HES-VNIR @ 300 m and ~10 min intervals • moisture motion in convective boundary layer in synergy with HES-IR
• Ocean surface winds– CMIS @ 4 hr intervals
Adaptive observational needs of NWP and nowcasting will help define sensor activity and application in GOES-R era
Adaptive observational needs of NWP and nowcasting will help define sensor activity and application in GOES-R era
Viewing Perspective, t and , determine what we see
• Differences in scattering as a function of sun-scatterer-detector geometry allow for a variety of atmospheric, land, costal zone and ocean applications (think of MISR)
• Stereo cloud height determinations: accuracy is in large part a function of spatial resolution (shadows can also provide exceptionally accurate cloud height depending on time of day and viewing geometries)
• Exceptional CMV’s (u, u', v, v', w') in complex situations: potential for nearly 50 times higher resolution than today (150m vs 1000m) and over 10 times higher than GOES-R’s ABI (150m vs 500m)
• Pre-cumulus moisture field and its changes in time
Atmospheric Profile Products
Resolutions of various sensors• CrIS/IASI 4 hr T and H2O profiles, globally, 14 km clear and above cloud top• ATMS/AMSU 4 hr T and H2O, globally, ~30 km through cloud over ocean• HES-IR 15 min to hourly T and H2O profiles, clear and above cloud top• HES-VNIR mesoscale TCM (total column moisture), 300m best used in conjunction w/
HES-IR and ABI (surface temperature)Sounding applications• Global scale analysis and modeling
– 4 hr radiances• Regional scale modeling
– 1-4 hr sounding/radiances • Local scale/ mesoscale for severe storm prediction
– <hourly radiances, sounding, • Surface parameters from sounder (in conjunction w/ VIIRS and ABI)
– SST 4 hr over open ocean and hourly to 5 minutes* over coastal waters– Surface Temperature and moisture hourly to 5 minutes*– (*cloud cover, temporal and spatial requirement play crucial role)
Adaptive observational needs of NWP and nowcasting will help define sensor activity and application in GOES-R era
Adaptive observational needs of NWP and nowcasting will help define sensor activity and application in GOES-R era
11µm
0.86µm
MODIS
MODIS pixels within one AIRS FOV
land
water
Example Sub-pixel Characterization within One AIRS FOV
Improved Clear Radiance Datafrom Combining Imager and Sounder Observations
(Smith et al. 2003)
RMS radiance differences between true clear radiance and cloud re-moved clear column
Note improvement in sounder clear column radiance estimation when higher resolution imager data is used in synergy with sounder data
Convection and Severe Weather • Vertical shear – ABI (cloud motion)– HES-IR (moisture motion)– HES-VNIR (cloud and moisture motion)
• Evolving instability field– ABI (surface heating)– HES-IR (instability and surface heating)– HES-VNIR (detailed moisture field)
• Cold pool production– HES-IR
• Updraft strength– ABI (IR top temperature)– ABI and HES-VNIR (overshooting top height)– Above with HES-IR (updraft efficiency)
• Anvil characteristics & storm environment interaction– ABI (growth and detailed upper level atmospheric motion and
water vapor behavior)– HES-IR and VNIR (as ABI but with better spectral definition)
• Rotating overshooting top– ABI and HES-VNIR
• Storm damage– HES-VNIR
Nowcasting requires detailed information on mesoscale thermodynamic structure of atmosphere, cloud type and vertical wind shear
Nowcasting requires detailed information on mesoscale thermodynamic structure of atmosphere, cloud type and vertical wind shear
Important for Nowcasting Convection and Severe Weather
• Vertical wind shear• Evolving instability field• Strength of storm produced cold pool• Updraft strength• Anvil characteristics
DevelopmentTemperature structure
• Storm-environment interaction• Cloud top rotation• Storm damage
The development and evolution of deep convection
GOES-R: Unique in spectra, space and time
The spatial and temporal domains of the phenomena drive the spectral needs as a function of space, time, and signal to noise. Nowcasting severe convection requires frequent imaging and sounding that can only be provided by geostationary satellites.
Ocean Color Products
Coastal: At-sensor radiances to determine ocean color products including chlorophyll, CDOM, suspended matter, and bottom properties
• HES-VNIR optimal for multiple cloud free views /day @ <300 m– Hourly best for modeling coastal ocean dynamics and currents by
feature tracking– Tasked by ABI defined “cloud free” (%TBD) FOV every 5 min
• VIIRS Not optimal, spatial, spectral or temporal for coastal zone – 4 hourly fixed views @ 1000 m not adequate to resolve tidal related
features– May not be cloud free FOV– Complex features and atmospheric correction best resolved by HSI
• Selected commercial high-spatial resolution data may be available
Open Ocean (chlorophyll major constituent)• VIIRS 4 hourly fixed views @ 1000 m appears adequate• HES-VNIR may be tasked for selected cloud free views @ <300 m
– Tasked by ABI defined cloudy FOVs• Selected international data may be available
Example: Use ABI Data to Task HES VNIR
GOES-8 loop from 1615 to 2345: this loop illustrates the changes that occur in the cloud field after the MODIS pass and the need to dynamically task HES.
Despite increasing cloud cover, the Florida Bay and Northern Keys could be successfully imaged over several hours which will allow for observations of ocean color as well as changes due to tidal effects.
Florida Bay
Northern Keys
Then along came Floyd
Ocean color showing result of flooding interacting with pig farms. You want to be able to make daily cloud free images of this consequence of a natural disaster immediately and blend with SST, ocean currents and other information.
It will be important to monitor such disasters hourly at very high resolution as will be available from HES’VNIR capability
Role of GOES-R in Climate• GOES-R total HES can serve as stable reference basis for other satellites
(operational polar and other LEO) – Contiguous and high resolution spectral measurements required for inter-
calibration• Spectral flexibility (adaptability) allows for spectral matching with other
systems’ instrumentation• GOES-R total HES is a baseline
• GOES-R ability to track diurnal cycle – Simultaneity with LEO constellation – Contribution to GPM (Global Precipitation Mission)
• High spectral resolution radiance matching for scenes over long time periods by one fixed system at the same viewing angle and from the same altitude (Goody concept) – Detect and monitor long term changes (trends) in water vapor and other gasses
Climate products require long term, stable and accuratesensor measurements
Climate products require long term, stable and accuratesensor measurements
Role of GOES-R in Climate
• GOES-R ability to track diurnal cycle spectrally with both ABI and HES!
Climate products require long term, stable and accuratesensor measurements
Climate products require long term, stable and accuratesensor measurements
Aerosol Products
• Primary VIIRS/APS global product every 4 hours
• Marine environment– ABI adds more frequent observations for variation as function time – HES VNIR provides more frequent and @ <300 m resolution (less cloud
effects) – Moisture effect on aerosols (particle size)– Water leaving radiance for coastal water algorithms– CrIS/ 4 hr and HES-IR/ 1 hr provides better definition of moisture profile at
4-10-12 km scale • Over land
– ABI adds more frequent observations for variation as function time – HES VNIR provides more frequent and @ 300 m resolution (less cloud effects) – Moisture effect on aerosols (particle size)– CrIS/ 4 hr and HES-IR/ 1 hr provides better definition of moisture profile at
4-10-12 km scale
Aerosol Products – Dust storm during daylightFilling the gaps between 4 hourly APS
Aerosol Products – Dust storm day and night Filling the gaps between 4 hourly APS
Catastrophic Products
• Catastrophic (on demand): utilize baseline information – every 5 min update required
• Accurate plume location and tracking – ABI @ 1 min– HES VNIR @ 1-5 min w/ <300 m resolution (less cloud effects)
• Dual satellite HES VNIR better plume depth
• HES-IR 15 min characterization of moisture profile and trace gases
• Damage area identification and possible assessment
Rapid Response!!Rapid Response!!
Fire and Plumes, as below, can be rapidly detected and assessedSo can other type plumes
•VIIRS every 4 hrs at various resolutions•ABI every 1 to 5 minutes at various resolutions
•HES often, depending on aerial extent, at 300 meters or less
This damage was due to a tornado, it could have occurred over a similar or larger area due to explosions from various causes. Do you want to wait for conventional monitoring methods to begin damage assessment? With HES you can view immediately with exceptionally high spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions.
LaPlata tornado damage path at 120 m resolution
LaPlata tornado damage path at 240 m resolution
LaPlata Tornado Damage – 1from EO-1
30 m 60 m 120 m 240 m
The Satellite System of the GOES-R Era Will Lead To Improvements . .
• Improved prediction accuracy from improved observations– Observe phenomena
with greater clarity– Observe phenomena
with greater information content
– Observe phenomena with greater frequency
• Observe the previously unobserved
Particularly when:
we capitalize on the adaptive observing nature of the geostationary system in synergy with the fixed polar system
Environmental Satellite Sensor Synergy
• Intra-Satellite
– GOES: ABI and HES (adaptive)
– NPOESS: VIIRS and CrIS (fixed)
• Intra-System
– GOES-E and GOES-W
– NPOESS AM and PM
• Inter-System
– GOES-R and NPOESS (ABI, VIIRS, HES and CrIS)
– GOES-R, NPOESS and other operational and research satellites
Goal and Challenge:Dynamic Tasking and Adaptive Sensing
Goal and Challenge:Dynamic Tasking and Adaptive Sensing