saurashtra university - connecting repositories · 2013-07-15 · 3 mom'v hþb' h¢...

$: Saurashtra University - COnnecting REpositories · 2013-07-15 · 3 MoM'V hþB' h¢ $& _ÝZy Or H$m H$Wm-gmoh¸‘ OrdZ g{ Ow¶S>m hþAm h¡ $& CZH$s H$hmoZ‘m| _| [mnadmnaH$ OrdZ,$
Saurashtra University Re – Accredited Grade ‘B’ by NAAC (CGPA 2.93)

Dave, Dipikaben V., 2009, “म न भडारी क गघ सािह य का म याकन”, thesis

PhD, Saurashtra University

http://etheses.saurashtrauniversity.edu/id/eprint/681 Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given.

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4

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]∂S> B©JmBÒQ> W $& AO_a _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z H$m©bO ]ßX H$adm`m h°

H$m©bO H$ N>mÃ _ar ]mV Zht _mZV $& AJa _›Zy H$h X Vm d g]

∑bmg _| AmZ H$ ob` V°`ma hm Om`|J $& Bg ]mV [a d ]∂S> ‡g›Z

h˛E $&

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5

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[h˛™M [m`r h¢ $& _›Zy Z A[Zm ‡W_ H$hmZr gßJ´h ""_¢ hma JB©'' gZ≤

1957 _| C›ht H$m Ao[©V H$aV h˛E obIm h¢ - "oO›hm|Z _ar oH$gr

^r B¿N>m [a H$^r AßHw$e Zht bJm`m - o[VmOr H$m $&' Bg ]mV H$m

‡_mU h° oH$ CZH$ Ï`o∑VÀd H$ odH$mg _| o[VmOr H$m oH$VZm ]∂S>m

`mJXmZ Wm $&

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oXZ^a KyßKQ> oZH$mb ahVr Wr $& gß`w∑V [nadma H$s g]g ]∂S>r

oOR>mZr hmZ g A[Zr XdamoZ`m| H$ gmW ]hZ O°gm Ï`dhma H$aVr

Wr $& o[VmOr g o]bHw$b ‡oVHw$b Òd^md H$s CZH$s _mVm Wr $&

AZ[∂T> hmV h˛E ^r [oV H$s oH$Vm]m| H$m ]mßYZm, [magb H$s

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EH$ oXZ EH$ gm° VrZ oS>J´r ]wIma _| r O] d Bg ‡H$ma H$ H$m`m~ _|

bJr h˛B© Wt V] _›Zy Z C›h| S>mßQ>m Am°a fl`ma g gwbm oX`m OrdZ _|

AZw[Hwß$dna Or Z ha oH$gr H$m ÒZh XZm hr grIm Wm, oH$gr g

bZm Zht $& C›hm|Z H$^r oH$gr g H$mB© oeH$dm-oeH$m`V

Zht H$s $& ha [napÒWoV_ _| Mw[Mm[ g] H$m`© amOr-Iwer g H$aVr

ahVr Wr $& _mZm H$_© hr CZH$m OrdZ Wm $& _mß H$m bH$a _›Zy O]

oH$gr ]mV H$m o[Vm g odamY H$aVt `m AdamY H$aVr V]

d H$hVt -

""_wP H$mB© oeH$m`V Zht h° ]Q>r, Vw_ ∑`m| [aemZ hmVr hm $&

OmAm A[Zm H$m_ H$am''4

_›Zy H$ AßVOm©Vr` oddmh H$m CgH$s _mVmZ odamY Zht oH$`m

6

Am°a OrdZ _| Am`r h˛B© ha pÒWoV H$m d ÒdrH$ma H$aVr Mbr J`t $&

A[Zr CXma_Vm _mß H$s `mX AmV hr AmO ^r _›Zy H$m ˆX` ^a

OmVm h¢ $& _›ZyOr Z A[Zr _mß H$ gß]ßY _| Am°a ]mV ]VmV h˛E

H$hm - _mß Z h_| H$^r agmB© _| Zht ]wbm`m Am°a Z Ka H$ H$m`© _|

h_mar _XX br $& Cg g_` H$m h_mam Ï`dhma-Oybyg oZH$mbZm,

^mfU XZm, Ka Xa-g]a AmZm AmoX H$m ^r C›hm|Z H$^r odamY

Zht oH$`m Am°a Z Cg [a H$mB© Q>rH$m-oQ>fl[Ur hr H$s Am°a Cgr H$m

[naUm_ h° oH$ AmO h_ Hw$N> ]Z [m` h¢ $&

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_›Zy ßS>mar H$ mB©-]hZm| H$s gßª`m Mma h° CZH$ Xm mB© Am°a Xm

]hZm| h¢ $& ]∂S> ^mB© H$m Zm_ ‡g›Z Hw$_ma h¢ oO›hm|Z AßJ´ Or _|

E_.E. oH$`m h° Am°a Xyga ^mB© H$m Zm_ h° dgßV Hw$_ma C›hm|Z ^r

AßJ´Or _| E_.E. oH$`m h° XmZm| mB© gß‡oV Zm°H$ar H$aV h¢ $&

_›ZyOr H$s ]∂S>r ]hZ H$m Zm_ h° ÒZhbVm Am°a N>mQ>r ]hZ H$m

Zm_ h° gwerbm $& XmZm| ]hZm| H$s oejm ]r.E. VH$ h˛B© h° $& ÒZhbVm

AmOH$b BßXm°a _| ahVr h° VWm gwerbm H$bH$Vm _| EH$ ÒHy$b Mbm

ahr h¢ $&

M _h›–Hw$_mar :-

_›Zy ßS>mar H$m [yam Zm_ _h›–Hw$_mar h° d g]g N>mQ>r hmZ H$

H$maU g^r C›h| fl`ma g "_›Zy' [wH$maV W $& amO›– mXd g oddmh

hmZ H$ C[amßV r d "_›Zy ßS>mar' hr ahr $&5

M oejm :-

_›ZyOr Z AO_a H$ "gmodÃr JÎg© hmB©ÒHy$b' _| A[Zr oejm

[yU© H$s $& dht g Am[Z gZ≤ 1945 _| _°oQ≠>H$ oH$`m $& gZ≤ 1945

7

47 VH$ A[Z AO_a H$ H$mbO g hr BßQ>a oH$`m $& H$mbO _|

‡m‹`mo[H$m erbm AJ´dmb Am°a ‡m‹`mo[H$m dgw_Vr _ZZ b∂S>oH$`m|

H$m Xe‡_ Am°a AßJ´O-gaH$ma H$ odamY _| CH$gmVr ahVr Wt $&

_›Zy ßS>mar H$ Ka H$ gßÒH$ma VWm BZ ‡m‹`mo[H$mAm| H$ C[Xem Z CZ

[a ‡^md S>mbm $& d Xe‡_ g gam]ma hm CR>t $& CZH$ ˆX` _|

ÒdVßÃVm H$s Egr ¡dmbm ^∂S>H$s oH$ d amO gw]h hmV hr Owbyg

oZH$mbVt, Zma bJmVt Am°a YwAmßYa mfU XVr $& ÒdVßÃVm-gßJ´m_

_| H$m`© H$aV h˛E amV _| Xa g Ka [h˛ßMVt $& odbß] g [h˛ßMZ [a

S>mßQ> ImVr gw]h hmV hr o\$a dhr H$m`© Amaß^ hmVm CZ [a ÒdmVßÕ`

gßJ´m_ H$m Zem N>m`m ahVm Wm $& CZ Xm ‡m‹`mo[H$mAm| H$m H$mbO

g oZH$mb oX`m J`m Am°a _›Zy ßS>mar H$m ]r.E. _| ‡de bZ H$s A›Zw_oV

H$_Q>r Z Zht Xr, O] _›ZyZ Bg ]mV H$ odamY _| H$m©bO ]ßX

H$adm`m $& Bgr ogbogb _| oXÎbr g [yN>VmN> H$ obE H$mB© AßJ´O

A\$ga Am`m Wm $& CgZ _›Zy H$m ]wbm`m $& _›Zy H$m XIZ H$ ]mX

Cg odÌdmg hr Zht h˛Am oH$ h Xw]br-[Vbr o]Œm a H$s b∂S>H$s

H$mbO ]ßX H$adm gH$Vr h° $& Bg gßX^© _| O] o[VmOr H$m ]wbdm`m

J`m V] A[Zr b∂S>H$s H$ Bg Jm°ad_` H$m`© g d \y$b CR> $&6

^maV ÒdVßÃ h˛Am $& _›Zy ßS>mar H$m AO_a H$ Cgr H$m©bO _|

]r.E. H$ obE ‡de o_b J`m Wm $& qH$Vw gwerbm ]hZZ C›h|

H$bH$Vm _| A[Z [mg ]wbm ob`m $& gZ≤ 1949 _| C›hm|Z H$bH$Vm

g ]r.E. oH$`m $&

]r.E. _| CZH$m qhXr odf` Zht Wm qH$Vw C›hm|Z qhXr odf`

bH$a H$mer qhXy odÌd od⁄mb` g ]ohÒW H$ Í$[ _| E_.E.

oH$`m $&

8

M A‹`m[H$s` OrdZ :-

H$bH$Vm _| "]mbrJßO oejm gXZ' ÒHy$b _| _›Zy Z

gZ≤ 1952-61 VH$ bJ^J 9 gmb A‹`mo[H$m H$m H$m`© oH$`m $&

_›Zy ßS>mar H$m ÒHy$b H$ ]¿Mm| H$m [∂T>mZ _| ]∂S>m AmZßX AmVm Wm $& d

N>mÃdÀgb Wt $& oH$Vm]| [∂T>mZ H$m C›h| ]hX em°H$ Wm $& BgrobE

ÒHy$b H$ [wÒVH$mb` H$m ma C›ht [a gm¢[m J`m $&7

M amO›– mXd g oddmh :-

]mbrJßO oejm gXZ ÒHy$b H$ A‹`j lr JdVr ‡gmX IVmZ

W $& d ]∂S> gmohÀ`-‡_r W $& lr amO›– `mXd emYH$m`© H$aZ

H$bH$Vm [whwßM W $& [∂T>Z-obIZ Am°a bIH$ ]ZZ H$s YwZ CZ [a

gdma Wr $& gmohÀ` _| ÈoM aIZ H$ H$maU lr JdVr ‡gmXOr g

CZH$m [naM` h˛Am $& C›hm|Z ÒHy$b H$m [wÒVH$mb` A⁄VZ H$aZ H$

obE amO›– Or g H$hm Am°a dhmß [wÒVH$m| [a MMm© H$aV-H$aV CZH$m

_›Zy ßS>mar g [naM` h˛Am $& [wÒVH$ bIH$ Am°a gmohÀ` H$s MMm©

MbV-MbV d bmJ qOXJr H$s MMm© H$aZ bJ $& Yra-Yra CZH$m

[wÒVH$ [naM` OrdZ-[naM` _| [nadoV©V hmVm J`m Am°a XmZm| H$m

ogodb _°aO h˛Am $& h AßVOm©Vr` oddmh Wm $& amO›– mXd g

oddmh hmZ H$ [ÌMmV≤ _›Zy ßS>mar H$m bIZ VWm A‹`m[Z Am°a AoYH$

oZIa Am`m $& mXdOr H$ AZw^dm| Am°a gwPmdm| Z _›ZyOr H$ bIZ

_| ZB© M_H$ CÀ[›Z H$s $& Am°a _›Zy ßS>mar H$m D™$M gmohÀ`H$mam| g

[naM` h˛Am $& _›Zy ßS>mar H$m gÀ ›– eaV, _mhZ amH$e, H$_bÌda

AmoX bmJ Xda-OR> H$ Í$[ _| ‡mflV h˛E $&

_›Zy ßS>mar H$m [wÃr h˛B© CgH$m Zm_ gmohoÀ`H$ _mVm-o[Vm Z

"aMZm' aIm qH$Vw Ka _| Cg fl`ma g d "qQ>Hy$' [wH$maV h¢ $&

9

M ‡m‹`m[H$s` OrdZ :-

lr_Vr _›Zy ^ßS>mar gZ≤ 1961 _| A‹`mo[H$ g ‡m‹`mo[H$m

]Zt $& gZ≤ 1964 VH$ H$bH$Vm _| "amZr o]∂S>bm H$mbO' _| C›hm|Z

A‹`m[Z H$m`© oH$`m $& B›ht oXZm| lr amO›– mXdZ oXÎbr OmH$a

dhm ÒWm`r hmZ H$m oZU©` ob`m $& AVï gZ≤ 1964 _| _›Zy ßS>mar

H$m oXÎbr _| AmJ_Z h˛Am $& V] g _›Zy ßS>mar oXÎbr H$ ‡og’

gmo\$oÒQ>H$Q> S> H$m©bO "o_amßS>m hmCg' _| ‡m‹`mo[H$m H$ Í$[ _|

H$m`©aV h¢ $& gflVmh _| EH$ oXZ "oXÎbr odÌd od⁄mb`' _| r [∂T>mZ

OmVr h¢ $&

M Ïò∑VÀd :-

Ïò∑V H$m "Ïò∑VÀd' [nade g ]ZVm h° $& Om A[Z gmW

gm_moOH$ odf_VmAm Edß _mZdr` gßdXZmAm| H$m EH$ [yam gßgma

ob` ahVm h° $& Bg [nade g Om ∂S>Zm Am°a Ow∂S>H$a obIZm Òd`ß

A[Zr gOrdVm H$ obE AmdÌ`H$ h° $& dÒVwVï [nade $ha Ïò∑V

H$m o_bVm h°, qH$Vw Cg mJZ H$s ‡oH´$`m ha EH$ H$s AbJ-AbJ

h˛Am H$aVr h° $& [nade H$ ¤mam hr Ïò∑V H$m oZ_m©U `m odKQ>Z

gß^d hmVm h¢ $&

_›Zy ßS>mar H$ Ïò∑V _| _mVm H$ [yU© g_o[©V Edß o[Vm H$ —∂T>

gßH$Î[Zm Edß AhßdmXr gßÒH$mam| H$m Am°oMÀ`[yU© g_ßOZ h° $& Bgr

gßdXZerb Òd^md, ›`m`moMV oddH$, oZÓH$m_ g_mOgdr _oÒVÓH$

Z EH$ g_W© boIH$m ]ZZ H$ obE [•ÓR>^yo_ oZo_©V H$s oOgg CZH$s

aMZmAm| _| A‡oV]’Vm, g_mO gm[jVm, ›`m`[j KaVm Am⁄›V

—oÓQ>JV hmVr h° $& Oybyg oZH$mbZm, ‡^mV\$na`m| _| goÂ_obV hmZm,

ÒdV›ÃVm-gßJ´m_ _| OyPZ H$m H•$V gßH$Î[r hmZm, OZ g_yh _| mfU

10

XZm, AÀ`mMma H$ odÈ’ ÒdamX≤Kmf H$aZm AmoX JoVodoY`m™ CZH$s

‡maoÂ^H$ oO›XJr H$m Img ohÒgm ahr h¢ $& _›Zy ßS>mar H$m ]M[Z _|

amOZroVH$ MMm©Am| _| gh^mJr hmZ H$m gwAdga ‡mflV h˛Am $&8

[amYrZ ^maV _| Zmar-oejm H$s gwodYmE™ BVZr ghOVm g

C[b„Y Zht Wr $& AmO r Zmar-oejm H$m ‡gma odoeÓQ> _‹`dJ©

H$ [nadmam| VH$ gro_V h¢ $& Ohm™ VH$ _›Zy ßS>mar H$s oejm H$m ‡ÌZ h°,

CZH$s oejm Am°a A‹``Z H$m AJ´ga H$aZ H$m l` CZH$ gwgßÒH•$V

Am°a Jna_mdmZ≤ o[Vm H$m h¢ $&

_›Zy ßS>mar H$m O] g AoÒ_Vm ]mY hAm V] g Òd ß H$m [wÒVH$m|,

[oÃH$mAm|, amOZroVH$, gm_moOH$ MMm©Am| H$ ]rM [m`m $& Bgg

CZ_| EH$ —oÓQ>-AmbmH$ bIZ-jÃ _| AdVnaV hmZ g [yd© hr

Ò\w$naV hm MwH$m Wm, Om CZH$s aMZmAm| _| Am⁄›V _hgygm Om

gH$Vm h° $& hr —oÓQ>-qMVZ CZH$s H$hmZr H$s A^roflgV C[bo„Y

h° Am°a hr CZH$s bIH$s` oZoY h¢ $&

Zmar A[Z OrdZ _| _m™-]Q>r, ]hZ, [ÀZr AmoX ^yo_H$mE™

oZ^mVr h° _›Zy ßS>mar Z h yo_H$mE™ A¿N>r Vah g oZ^m`r h° B›ht

yo_H$mAm| H$ gmW _›Zy ßS>mar boIH$m VWm A‹`mo[H$m H$r r yo_H$m

oZ^m ahr h° $& _›Zy ßS>mar Òd`ß H$hVr h° oH$ -

""BZ g] _| g _¢ XaAgb ∑`m hˇ ™ ? Vm `m| g_oP` oH$ BZ

g]H$m o_bm-Owbm Í$[ hr _am dmÒVodH$ Ï`o∑V h° Am°a _° dhr

]Zr r ahZm MmhVr hˇ™ $&''9

lr_Vr _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m Om H$mB© EH$ ]ma XIVm h° Vm Cg

CZH$ _mW H$s ]∂S>r-gr q]Xr `mX ah OmVr h° $& odÌd _| ^maVr`

Zmar H$s [hMmZ "q]Xr' h¢ $& _›Zy ßS>mar og\©$ q]Xr g hr Zht Ao[Vw

11

gß[yU© Ïò∑VÀd g Am_ Kaby maVr` Zmar H$m Ehgmg oXbmVr h¢ $&

lr_Vr _›Zy ßS>mar [rb ogÎH$ H$s gm∂S>r _| bmb ]mS>©a Am°a

emb Am ∂T> Egr oXIm`r XVr h° oH$ bJVm hr Zht oH$ d ‡og’

boIH$m h° $& dh EH$ gßdXZerbm Zmar AoYH$ bJVr h° $&

oJnaamO oH$emaOr Z "_›Zy ßS>mar qOXJr H$s g_PXmar' bI

_| obIm h° ........ ""_›Zy ßS>mar H$s [hMmZ Cg q]Xr g ewÈ h˛B© Wr

Am°a AmO aMZmAm| VH$ [h™M J`r h° $& _›Zy ßS>mar H$m [hbr ]ma XIH$a

`h ‡ÌZ hmVm h° oH$ ∑`m dm H$hmoZ`m™ obIVr h° ? _›Zy ßS>mar H$hmZr

boIH$m CVZr ZOa Zht AmVr oOVZr H$s EH$ Kaby ÒÃr $&''10

_›Zy ßS>mar Z A[Zr gß[moXV [wÒVH$ "A[Z g [a' _| obIm

h¢ oH$ - ""EH$ A¿N>m H$hmZr bIH$ ]ZZ g [hb AoZdm`© h° EH$

A¿N>m H$hmZr - [mR>H$ ]ZZm $&'' h EH$ gwPmd Zht h° $& gM ]mV

Vm h h° oH$ _›Zy ßS>mar H$m AmO r H$hmZr-C[›`mg [∂T>Z _| Í$oM

h° & Am°a _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s bm`]ár _ ß è[mb, ‡_M›X g bH$a

Ao^_›`w AZV VH$ H$s g_ÒV [wÒVH$ C[b„Y h° $& dhm OèßH$a

‡gmX, M›–H$mßV ]mßoS>dXH$a, am_ZJaH$a, __Vm H$mob`m, _rZmjr

[war, _•Xwbm JJ©, `mXd›– e_m©, A„Xwb o]oÒ_b AmoX g^r Z`

[wamZ MoM©V - AMoM©V gmohÀ`H$mam| H$s [wÒVH|$ XIr Om gH$Vr

h¢ & Am°a _›Zy ßS>mar Z e[mb, ‡_M›X, Ak` eaVM›– AmoX H$m

gÂ[yU© gmohÀ` [∂T>m h° Am°a CZg ‡^modV r h˛B© h° $& Am°a eaVMß–

H$s H$hmZr "Òdm_r' [a Vm C›hm|Z Òdm_r Zm_H$ C[›`mg r obIm

h¢ & Am°a h_ Egm bJVm h° oH$ _›Zy ßS>mar H$s aMZm-‡oH´$`m eaV≤ ]m]y

g OmZ-AZOmZ Ow∂S> J`r h° $& eaV gmohÀ` H$ g^r [mÃ `WmW©

12

bmH$ H$ h¢ Cgr Vah _›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| VWm C[›`mgm| H$ g^r

[mÃ WmW© H$s O_rZ [a I∂S> h° $& _›Zy ßS>mar Z A[Zr aMZm ‡oH´$`m

H$ gßX^© _| "_ohbm C[moY _hmod⁄mb`' H$s N>mÃmAm| g ]mVMrV

H$aV h˛E H$hm oH$ - ""[wÈf-bIH$m| H$s ‡aUm Vm ‡o_H$mEß hmVr h°

boH$Z _am d°gm Hw$N> Zhr h° ]g Amg[mg H$s KQ>Zm Ï`o∑V `m

_mhm°b hr obIZ H$ obE ‡naV H$aV h° $&'' Hw$N> bmJm| Z amO›–

`mXd Am°a lr_Vr _›Zy ßS>mar H$ d°dmohH$ OrdZ H$ gß]ßY _| AZH$

‡H$maH$s o_œ`m ]mVm| H$m ‡Mma H$a XmZm| H$ oddmh-od¿N>X H$s

H$Î[ZmE™ r H$a S>mbr & CgH$ [mnadmnaH$ OrdZ H$s EH$ _hÀd[yU©

C[bo„Y CZH$ bIZ H$m`© g gß]ßoYV h° Am°a CZH$ bIZ H$m`© _|

oH$gr ‡H$ma H$s oeoWbVm Zht AmB© VWm C›h| oZaßVa ‡ogo’ ‡mflV

hmVr ahr $&

A] _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s A’©eVr [maH$a MwH$s h° [a ` oXÎbr

_hmZJa H$s AZH$ Ï`ÒVVmAm| H$ _‹` gwIr OrdZ Ï`VrV H$aV

h˛E bIZ H$m`© g OwQ>r h˛B© h° $& CZH$m Ï`o∑VÀd AÀ`ßV gab h°

Am°a CZH$ oZÌN>b Edß oZÓH$bwf Ï`dhma g g^r ‡^modV hmV h¢ $&

CZH$ OrdZ _| H$mB© ]ZmdQ> Zht h¢, Om Hw$N> d Zht h°, Cg oXImZ

H$ H$VB© H$mB© MÓQ>m Zht H$s $& d Zmar h° _mÃ Zmar Am°a h ZmarÀd

EH$ Ama maVr` [aÂ[amAm| VWm Xygar Am°a AmYwoZH$ [nade XmZm|

H$m ghO T>ßJ g AmÀ_gmV oH$E h˛E h° $& Bg ‡H$ma _›Zy ßS>mar H$m

OrdZ [yU©V`m gwI_` hr _mZm OmEJm $&

gmohÀ`-g•OZ H$ ]ma _| _›Zy H$s _m›`Vm h° - ""bIZ EH$

AZdaV `mÃm h° oOgH$m Z H$mB© A›V h°, Z _ßoOb $& ]g oZa›Va

13

MbV Mb OmZm hr oOgH$s AoZdm`©Vm h° em`X oZòV r $&''11

M H•$oVÀd :-

ÒdmV›Õ`mŒma H$Wm-gmohÀ` _| oOZ _ohbm H$WmH$mam| Z

oO›XJr H$s od–x[VmAm|, odf_VmAm|, odH•$oV`m| H$m H$bmÀ_H$

Ao^Ïò∑V Xr CZ_| H$Wm boIH$m _›Zy ßS>mar H$m Zm_ gdm©oYH$

MoM©V h° $& ghO gm_mZ` mfm _| oZÌN>Vr, ]]mH$ Ao^Ïò∑V g

g_mO gm[j odf`m| H$ emÌdV gßX^m _| ‡ÒVwVrH$aU Am°a Zmar

_Z H$s [r∂S>m H$ AßH$Z g d oh›Xr [mR>H$m| _| AÀòYH$ bmH$o‡`

h¢ & CZH$s aMZmAm| _| odf`-d°od‹` H$ gmW-gmW CŒmamŒma

g•OZmÀ_H$ odH$mg od⁄_mZ h° $&

lr_Vr _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z A[Zr aMZm-‡oH´$`m H$ gß]ßY _|

"[mßMO›`' Zm_H$ [Ã _| obIm h° - ""_a ob` obIZm Xm Vah H$m

hmVm h° & EH$ dh Om _¢ H$b_ bH$a H$mJO [a obIVr hˇ ß Am°a

H$m\$s bÂ] A›Vamb H$ ]mX hr gß^d hm [mVm h¢ $& Xygam dh Om

o]Zm H$mJO-H$b_ H$ X°ZßoXZ H$m_m| H$ gmW-gmW ]°H$ J´mCßS>

Â`woOH$ H$s Vah _Z H$s [aVm| [a oZaßVa hr MbVm ahVm h° $& ]mha

dmbm| H$ obE _hÀd[yU© dh h° Om H$mJO [a obIm J`m Am°a CZ

VH$ [h˛ ™M J`m & boH$Z _a ob` Vm "_am _mZogH$ bIZ' hr

_hŒd[yU© h°, ∑`m|oH$ BgH$ Xm°amZ hr am-_°nQ>na`b H$m dh ^ßS>ma

O_m hmVm h° oOg_| g Hw$N> MrO| MwZH$a C›h| H$mQ>-N>mßQ> Am°a Vame

H$a V°`ma _mb H$s Vah _¢ ]mha bm [mVr h˛™ $&''

_›Zy ßS>mar bm°oH$H$ [mÃ Edß KQ>Zm g ‡^modV hmVr h° Am°a dh

‡^md CZH$ qMVH$ _Z-_oÒVÓH$ H$m _WVm ahVm h°, Cg _ßWZ g

O] ÒdmZw^yoV H$m ZdZrV V°`ma hmVm h° V^r dh H$hmZr H$ Í$[ _|

14

‡H$Q> hmVm h° $& `hr H$maU h° oH$ CZH$s H$hmoZ`mß gOrd hmH$a

OZgm_m›` g ]mV| H$aZ bJVr h° $& bIZ CZH$m Ï`dgm` Zht h°

Ao[Vw AZw^yoV Am°a qMVZ H$m odÒ\$mQ> h¢ $&

amO›– mXd Z obIm h° oH$ - ""_›Zy ßS>mar H$ oX_mJ _| flbmQ>

_m°obH$ Am°a ge∑V AmV h¢ $& Am°a dh obIZ g [yd© H$B© ]ma

amO›– H$m gwZmVr h° $$&''12

M _›Zy ßS>mar H$m aMZm gßgma :-

(1) H$hmZr gßJ´h ‡W_ gßÒH$aU

1. _¢ hma JB© gZ≤ 1957 B©.

2. VrZ oZJmhm| H$s VÒdra gZ≤ 1959 B©.

3. `hr gM h° gZ≤ 1966 B©.

4. EH$ flbQ> g°bm] gZ≤ 1968 B©.

5. oÃeßHw$ gZ≤ 1978 B©.

6. AmßIm XIm PyR> (]mb H$hmoZ`mß) gZ≤ 1976 B©.

(2) C[›`mg ‡W_ gßÒH$aU

1. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ gZ≤ 1961 B©.

2. Am[H$m ]ßQ>r gZ≤ 1971 B©.

3. Òdm_r gZ≤ 1982 B©.

4. _hm^mO gZ≤ 1976 B©.

5. H$bdm gZ≤ 1971 B©.

(3) ZmQ>H$ ‡W_ gßÒH$aU

1. o]Zm Xrdmam| H$m Ka gZ≤ 1966 B©.

2. _hm^mO gZ≤ 1983 B©.

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m gmohÀ` bmH$o‡` VWm lÓR> og’ h˛Am h° $&

15

gmohÀ`H$ma H$ Í$[ _| C›h| gÂ_moZV H$a CZH$s H$B© aMZmAm| H$m

[waÒH$ma o_b MwH$m h° $& CZH$s H$B© H$hmoZ`m| H$m AZwdmX Xer

odXer ^mfmAm| _| hwAm h¢ $& [ßOm]r _| CZH$s ]rg H$hmoZ`m| H$m

AZwdmX H$a CgH$m EH$ gßH$bZ VWm _amR>r, H$›Z∂S>, _b`mb_,

VbwJw, qgYr Edß ]ßJbm mfm _| _›ZyOr H$s H$hmoZ`m| H$ AZwdmX

hm MwH$ h° $& BVZm hr Zht odXer mfmAm| _| r odefVï S>M Edß

AßJÓr _| r CZH$ AZwdmX h˛E h° CZH$ gw‡og’ C[›`mg Am[H$m

]ßQ>r H$m AZwdmX$ JwOamVr ^mfm _| oZaßOZ g≈>mdmbm Z _amR>r _|

B›Xw_Vr edS> Z VWm AßJÓr _| OàVZ Z oH$`m h° $& qgYr, [ßOm]r,

H$›Z∂S>, Co∂S>`m AmoX mfmAm| _| r C∑V C[›`mg H$ AZwdmX h˛E h° $&

_›Zy ßS>mar H$ "_hm^mO' C[›`mg H$m _ßMZ g]g [hb ]Xm yß _|

h˛Am $& CgH$ [ÌMmV≤ am`[wa _| h˛Am $& lr_Vr A_mb AbmZm Am°a

‡_ _oh`mZr H$ gh`mJ g C›hm|Z Òd`ß "_hm^mO' H$m ZmQ≤>` Í$[mßVa

oH$`m Am°a "amÓQ≠>r` ZmQ≤>`-od⁄mb`' Z ]∂S> Ome H$ gmW oXÎbr

H$ _ßM [a ‡ÒVwV oH$`m $& ]r.]r.gr. b›XZ Z 55 o_ZQ>m|dmb

"_hm^mO' H$ ZmQ≤>` Í$[m›Va H$m ‡ÒVwV Edß ‡gmnaV H$aZ H$ ob`

‡oV o_ZQ> 9.50 [m¢S> ÒdrH$ma oH$`m h° $&

_›Zy ßS>mar H$ "o]Zm Xrdmam| H$ Ka' ZmQ>H$ H$m r _ßMZ Ωdmobà,

oXÎbr, m[mb, XhamXyZ, CX`[wa AmoX ZJam| _| h˛Am $&''13

"o\$_b H$m°a∑Q>g© BZ qhXr emQ>© ÒQ>marO' [a A_naH$Z N>mÃ

lr OwoS>V A›Z ]ZmS> gwlr Cfm o‡`ßdXm H$ oZXeZ _| H$m`© H$a ah

h° oOg_| _›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| H$m C›hm|Z odef ÒWmZ oX`m h° $&

_›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$B© H$hmoZ`m| H$m _ßMZ r h˛Am h° $& "AH$br'

VWm "MÌ_' Zm_H$ H$hmoZ`m| H$m _ßMZ "AZmo_H$' gßÒWm H$bH$Vm

16

¤mam oH$`m J`m Wm $& "oÃeßHw$' Zm_H$ H$hmZr H$m _ßMZ ‡W_ o_amßS>m

H$m©bO oXÎbr ¤mam Am°a aMZm gßÒWm H$bH$Vm ¤mam h˛Am h° $& ]mX

_| Bgr H$hmZr [a amO›–ZmW ¤mam Q>r.dr. H$ ob` o\$Î_ r ]Zr $&

"EImZ AmH$me ZmB©' H$hmZr [a ]mgw MQ>OuZ e]mZm AmO_r

Am°a A_mb [mbH$a H$m bH$a "OrZm `hmß' Zm_H$ o\$Î_

]Zm`r h¢ $&

]r.]r.gr. bßXZZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s aMZmAm [a 14 OwbmB©

gZ≤ 1982 B©. _| EH$ "\$sMa' r ‡ÒVwV oH$`m Wm $&

_›ZyOr Z [m™M H$hmZr gßJ´hm H$m g•OZ oH$`m $& C›h| g\$bVm

"_¢ hma JB©' H$hmZr g o_br $& A] VH$ C›hm|Z 50 H$hmoZ`m™

obIr h¢ $&

_›Zy ßS>mar Z [m™M C[›`mgm| H$s aMZm H$s $& BZ_| g EH$ C[›`mg

[oV H$ gh`mJ g obIm $& Xygam C[›`mg "H$bdm' oH$emam[`mJr

h° $& _hm^mO Am°a "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' C[›`mg bmH$o‡` hm J` $&

_hm^mO C[›`mg _| amOZroVH$ [VZ Vm "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' C[›`mg _|

gm_moOH$ g_Ò`m oMoÃV H$s h° $& Am°a "Òdm_r' C[›`mg [a

AmYmnaV "Òdm_r' o\$Î_ ]Z MwH$s h¢ $&

_›Zy ßS>mar H$ g_ÒV H$hmZr-gmohÀ` g M`Z H$a VrZ AbJ

AbJ ‡H$meH$m| Z CZH$ odef H$hmZr-gßJ´h ‡H$moeV oH$` h¢ $&

H$hmZr gßJ´h ‡H$meH$ gZ≤

1. _ar o‡` H$hmoZ`mß Aja ‡H$meZ oXÎbr 1969

2. lÓR> H$hmoZ`mß amO[mb E S> gO. oXÎbr 1979

3. gflV[Um© ZeZb [oR>b qeJ hmCg oXÎbr 1982

_›Zy ßS>mar H$s [hbr H$hmZr "Z`m g_mO' _| 54 N>[r boH$Z

17

`h "_¢ hma JB©' H$hmZr g o_bm Om 1956 _| ‡H$moeV h˛B© $&

_ohbm H$hmZr boIH$mAm| _| _›Zy ßS>mar H$m Zm_ gdm©oYH$

_hŒd H$m h° $& C›hm|Z oh›Xr H$hmZr H$m Èo∂T>`m| g _w∑V ahZ H$

gßH$Î[ H$ gmW ZyVZ e°br _| H$Wm aMZm H$s h° $& ghOVm _›Zy ßS>mar H$

gmohÀ` H$m ‡mU VÀd h° $& A[Z A›Xa obIZ H$s Om eo∑V oZohV

hmVr h° CgH$ ]ma _| CZH$m _›VÏ` h° - OrdZ H$s Y∂S>H$Z g a[ya

pÒWoV`m™, odMma `m g_Ò`mE™ hr _wP obIZ H$ obE ‡naV

H$aVr h¢ $&

_›Zy ßS>mar Z A[Zr [hbr H$hmZr "_¢ hma JB©' obIZ H$ ]ma _|

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20

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23

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o[VmOr JwÒg _| J` W Vm _m™ g H$hm oH$ bm°Q>H$a ]h˛V Hw$N>

Jw]ma oZH$b OmE V] _wP ]wbmZm _¢ [∂S>mg H$s EH$ o_Ã H$ `hm™

OmH$a ]°R> JB© $& boH$Z O] o[VmOr AmE V] d Iwe W $& Vm _wP

odÌdmg Z h˛Am $&

AmJ _›Zy ßS>mar Am[Z ]ma _| H$hVr h° oH$ Cg g_` AmµOmX

oh›Xr \$m°O H$ _wµH$X_ H$m ogbogbm Wm $& g^r H$m©bOm|, ÒHy$bm|,

XwH$mZm| H$ obE h∂S>Vmb H$m Amh≤dmZ Wm $& em_ H$m ^mfU]mOr

h˛B© $& o[VmOr H$ EH$ o_ÃZ Ka AmH$a o[VmOr H$m H$hm oH$ _›Zy oH$

Vm _V _mar JB© h° Am[Z b∂S>oH$`m| H$m AmµOmXr Xr [a H°$g b∂S>H$m

H$ gmW h∂S>Vmb| H$admVr h° dh XIV h° Am[ h_ma Kam| H$s b∂S>oH$`m|

H$s em^m XVm h° g] ? d Vm AmJ bJmH$a Mb JE Am°a o[VmOr

gma oXZ ^H$V ah ]g A] Bg _›Zy H$m Ka g ]mha oZH$bZm ]›X

H$am $&

Bg ]mV g ]ò]a _| amV H$m Ka bm°Q>r Vm o[VmOr H$ EH$ o_Ã

Ama AO_a H$ g]g ‡oVoÓR>V Am°a gÂ_moZV S>m™. AÂ]mbmbOr

]°R> W _wP XIV hr ÒdmJV oH$`m -

""AmAm AmAm _›Zy $& _¢ Vm Mm°[∂S> [a VwÂhmam mfU gwZV hr

grYm ßS>mar Or H$m ]YmB© XZ Mbm Am`m $& Am` E_ naAbr ‡mCS>

Am\$ `y. ∑`m Vw_ Ka _| ahV hm ^ßS>mar Ka g oZH$bm ^r H$am,

26

d ]mbV Om ah W Am°a o[VmOr H$ Mha H$m g›Vmf Jd© _| ]XbVm

Om ahm Wm $&''22

boIH$m H$hVr h° oH$ Cg g_` erbmOrZ gmhg Am°a

AmÀ_odÌdmg g aH$a MbZ H$ obE EH$ oXem Xr Wr OrdZ H$m

AW© oX`m Wm $& C›hm|Z _ar ^rVar eo∑V Am°a Ï`o∑VÀd H$ gma

gH$mamÀ_H$ [hbwAm| H$m COmJa oH$`m Wm $&

27

gßX^© - J´ßW gyMr gßX^© - J´ßW gyMr gßX^© - J´ßW gyMr gßX^© - J´ßW gyMr gßX^© - J´ßW gyMr

H´$_ [wÒVH$ bIH$ [•ÓR> gßª`m

1. H$WmH$ma _›Zy ^ßS>mar AZrVm amOyaH$a 1


3. _. ^ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| H$ ‡Xr[ gr. bmS> 14

‡_wI [mÃ




‡_wI [mÃ


‡_wI [mÃ


9. oJnaamO oH$ema _Zma_m (1977) 6

10. oÃeßHw$ (H$hmZr gßJ´h) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 15

11. EH$ H$hmZr `h ^r _›Zy ^ßS>mar 13


‡_wI [mÃ




‡_wI [mÃ

16. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m C[›`mg gmohÀ` Zo›XZr o_l 14

17. oh. gm. H$m. B©. S>m∞. ZJ›–


19. _›Zw ^ßS>mar H$m H$Wm gnhÀ` ‡m. oH$ema oJaS>H$a 2

20. EH$ H$hmZr `h ^r _›Zw ^ßS>mar 20



ïï o¤Vr` A‹`m` ïï

a _›Zy ßS>mar H$m aMZm gmohÀ`

1. _›Zy ßS>mar H$m gmohÀ` gßojflV [naM`

2. _›Zy ßS>mar H$m C[›`mg gmohÀ`

3. _›Zy ßS>mar H$m H$hmZr gmohÀ`

4. _›Zy ßS>mar H$m ZmQ≤>` gmohÀ`

28

29

o¤Vr` A‹`m`

B _›Zy ßS>mar H$m gmohÀ` gßojflV [naM` :-

(1) C[›`mg gmohÀ` :

oh›Xr gmohÀ` OJV _| H$Wm boIH$m _›Zy ßS>marH$m Zm_ ]∂S>

AmXa g ob`m OmVm h° $& CZH$s aMZmAm| _| d°ò∑VH$ g oZdò∑VH$

hmZ H$s `wJY_u `mÃm gd©Ã A›VoZ©ohV h° $& ghO, gab Am_

]mbMmb H$s ^mfm _| _mZdr` A›V©d•oŒm`m| H$m oZÈo[V H$aZ _|

_›Zy ßS>mar A›`V_ h¢ $& CZH$m g_ÒV aMZm gßgma C[›`mg, H$hmZr,

ZmQ>H$ BZ VrZ od⁄mAm| _| J´ßoWV h¢ $&

oh›Xr C[›`mg J⁄ gmohÀ` H$s ZÏòd⁄m h° $& C[›`mg

AmYwoZH$ wJ H$s XZ h° $& _mZdOrdZ H$s AZH$ CbPZm| H$m CgH$

amOZ°oVH$, gm_moOH$, AmoW©H$, Ymo_©H$ emfU H$m hr AmO

C[›`mg _| H$›–ÒWmZ Zht o_bm, ]oÎH$ AmYwoZH$ [nade _|

_ZwÓ` H$s AOZ]r`V Ïò∑V H$ Ïò∑VÀd AmoX H$m C[›`mg _|

ÒWmZ o_bm h° $& J⁄ gmohÀ` _| C[›`mg H$m ÒWmZ g]g _hÀd[yU©

BgobE h° $& Cg_| _mZd OrdZ H$ WmW© Í$[ H$m ‡ÒVwV H$aZ H$m

gm_œ`© h¢ $& odÒV•V \$bH$ h° _mZd OrdZ H$ _m‹`_ g g_mO H$

ododY Í$[m| H$m CX≤KmoQ>V H$aH$ gÀ` H$s ImO H$aZm C[›`mgH$m

‡_wI b˙` ahm h° $&

C[›`mg g_´mQ> ‡_MßXOr Z Bg Am°a ^r Ò[ÓQ> ]Vm`m h¢ -

""gmohÀ` H$r AmYma OrdZ h° $& Bgr Ztd [a gmohÀ` H$s Xrdma

I∂S>r hmVr h°, CgH$s AQ>mna`m™, _rZma Am°a Jwß]X ]ZV h¢ $&''1

AmMm`© hOmar ‡gmX o¤dXr H$ AZwgma -

""C[›`mg H$m O›_ hr g_mO H$s WmW© [napÒWoV`m| H$ rVa

30

g h˛Am h° $& C[›`mg H$ A‹``Z H$ _Vb] hmZm MmohE, oH$gr

OmoV m ]∂T>V h˛E odMmam| Am°a oZa›Va CÀ[›Z hmVr ahZdmbr OrdZ

H$s WmW© [napÒWoV`m| g gÂ[H©$ ÒWmo[V H$aV ahZ H$ ‡`ÀZm| H$m

A‹``Z $&''2

_›Zy ßS>marZ A[Z C[›`mgm| ¤mam maVr` g_mO H$ ]XbV

Mha H$m Ord›V ]Zm`m h° $& oH$gr r g_mO _| ImgH$a maVr`

g_mO _| wJ [nadV©Z H$s ‡oH´$`m g°H$∂S>m| dfm VH$ MbVr h¢, BgobE

_›ZyOr ¤mam ‡oV‹doZV hmZdmbr mdZmE™ AmZdmb bÂ] g_`

VH$ _hÀd[yU© ]Zr ah|Jr $& o\$a ^r CgH$ ^md JÂ^ra Am°a

Vr˙U h¢ $& CZH$m gm_moOH$ dJ© ÒWyb Í$[ _| _‹` dJ© h¢ Am°a gy˙_

Í$[ _| C¿M _‹`dJ© h° $& XmZm| H$m A›Va Vm h h° oH$ C¿M _‹`_

dJ© _| AmH$mßjmE C¿MdJm H$s hmVr h¢ [a Ï`dhma C¿MdJ© H$s

Am°a oZÂZ _‹`dJ© _ ^r AmH$mßjmE™ C¿M dJ© H$s Vah hmVr h¢

[a›Vw Ï`dhma oZÂZ dJ© H$s Vah hmV h¢ $&

ÒdmVßÕ`mVa oh›Xr C[›`mgH$mam| _| _›Zy ßS>mar H$m CÎbIZr`

ÒWmZ h° $& CZH$ C[›`mg gm_moOH$ C[›`mgm| H$s H$moQ> _| AmZdmb

h¢ $& gm_moOH$ C[›`mgm| H$ b˙` H$ ]ma _| S>m™. oÃ^wdZ qgh Z

obIm h° -

gm_moOH$ odf_VmAm|, ´ÓQ>mMmam| VWm d°`o∑VH$ ÒdmWm g

AmH´$m›V [ro∂S>V g_mO H$s X`Zr` [napÒWoV`m| H$m CgH$ dmÒVodH$

Í$[ _| g_mO H$ gm_Z ‡ÒVwV H$aZm gm_moOH$ C[›`mgm| H$m ‡YmZ

b˙` h¢ $& gM_wM boIH$m H$ g^r C[›`mg Bgr b˙` H$s [yoV©

H$aZdmb h¢ $& BZH$ [m™M C[›`mg h¢ $& hm™ CZ C[›`mgm| H$m gßojflV

[naM` oX`m Om ahm h° $&

31

1. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z A[Z aMZmH$ma [oV amO›– `mXd g o_bH$a

‡ÒVwVr C[›`mg 1961 _| obIm h¢ h EH$ gh`mJr C[›`mg h° $&

302 [•ÓR>m|dmb Bg C[›`mg H$ Ap›V_ mJ _| amO›– mXd Am°a

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z A[Z-A[Z odMma ‡ÒVwV oH$E h¢, oOgg

C[›`mg H$ ]ma _| Hw$N> OmZH$mar ‡mflV hmVr h° - O°g (1) AÀ`›V

gßKf©erb [napÒWoV`m| _| ‡ÒVwV C[›`mg H$s aMZm h˛B© h° $& (2)

BgH$s H$WmdÒVw _wª` Í$[ g _›ZyOr Z hr obIr Wr $& ‡ÒVwV C[›`mg

_| Mm°Xh [na¿N>X h¢ $& oOZ_| [hbm, Vrgam, [m™Mdm AmoX [na¿N>X

amO›– `mXd Or ¤mam oboIV h¢, Am°a Xygam, Mm°Wm, N>«>m AmoX

[na¿N>Xm| H$s aMZm _›ZyOr Z H$s h¢ $& C[›`mg H$ A›V _| `h ^r

obIm h° oH$ O] `h C[›`mg YmadmohH$s Í$[ _| "kmZmXm`r' _|

‡H$moeV h˛Am Wm V] _›ZyOr ¤mam oboIV mJ H$m [mR>H$m| Z AoYH$

[g›X oH$`m Wm $&

"EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ' _| _wª`Í$[ g VrZ [mÃ h° - A_a, aßOZm

Am°a A_bm $& BZ VrZm| [mÃm| H$ BX©oJX© H$WmZH$ Ky_Vm ahVm h° $&

A_a H$ _ZmodkmZ H$m amO›– mXd Z ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h°, Am°a aßOZm,

A_bm H$s Ama g _›Zy ßS>marZ obIm h° $& A_a EH$ bIH$ h° Am°a

aßOZm CgH$s [ÀZr h¢ $& boH$Z A_a A[Zr g•OZ H$s ‡aUm

A_bm H$m _mZVm h°, Om CgH$ C[›`mgm| H$s [moR>H$m h°, C¿M

dJ© H$s h°, Am°a [oV ¤mam [naÀ`∑Vm h° $& A_bm A[Zr gß[oŒm,

gw›XaVm AmoX H$ ¤mam A_a H$m A[Z de _| H$a bVr h° $& [naUm_

ÒdÍ$[ A_a Am°a aßOZm H$ d°dmohH$ OrdZ _| Xama [∂S>Vr h° $&

O] oH$ aßOZm H$s gÂ[yU© Xw]©bVmAm| H$ gmW Cg MmhZdmbr Wr $&

32

A[Z _m™-]m[ g b∂S>H$a CgH$ gmW AmB© Wr $& aßOZm [aÂ[amJV

gßÒH$mam| g ‡^modV g_o[©V Zmar hmZ H$m H$maU h MmhVr h° oH$

CgH$m [oV H$db CgH$m hmH$a ah $& O] CgH$s Bg B¿N>m H$m ßJ

hm OmVm h°, Vm dh A_a H$m N>m∂S>H$a OmVr h¢ $&

_›Zy ßS>mar Am°a amO›– mXd Z ‡ÒVwV C[›`mg _| h oXIm`m

h° oH$ ]wo’Ordr bIH$ H$m ‡_ oddmh, J•hÒWr AmoX mdZmÀ_H$

gÂ]›Ym| g Xya hr ahZm MmohE, Zht Vm dh g\$b H$bmH$ma Zht

]Z [mV $& A_bm r A_a H$ OrdZ g Mbr OmVr h° A_bm YZr,

AhßJ´ÒV Am°a AmYwoZH$ odMma YmamAm| g gh_V Zmar h¢ $& BgobE

dh A[Z [oV g g_Pm°Vm Zht H$a [mVr VWm [naÀ`∑Vm hmZ H$

]mdOyX H°$bme H$ oddmh ‡ÒVmd H$m Rw>H$am XVr h° H$B©]ma MmhH$a

^r A_a H$ g_[©U H$aH$ H$aOma Zht ]ZZm MmhVr $&

Bg ‡H$ma ""A_bm Am°a aßOZm [napÒWoV`m| _| AoYH$ Am°a

_ZpÒWoV`m| _| H$_ OrodV ahVr h¢ $& XmZm| Zmna`m™ ‡Vmo∂S>V Wr

A_bm H$s C¿MdJ© H$s odS>Â]ZmZ _mam Wm Am°a aßOZm H$m EH$

"gZH$s' Am°a ‡dM©Vm Z AWm©V≤ [mR>H$ XmZm H$m ghmZw^yoV X ahm

Wm $&''3

2. Am[H$m ]ßQ>r :

_›Zy ßS>mar H$m "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' C[›`mg Bg ZH$br AmYwoZH$Vm

g Xya AmO H$s _hmZJar oO›XJr H$ EH$ [hby H$s VrIr dmÒVodH$Vm

H$m ghr ]mY H$amZdmbm C[›`mg h¢ $& Bg_| EH$ "]ßQ>r' Zm_H$

]¿M H$s _ZïoWoV H$m oMÃmßH$Z oH$`m h¢ $& h CZH$m ‡W_ ÒdVßÃ

C[›`mg h¢ $& EH$ ]¿M H$m CZH$ _mVm-o[Vm H$ AZ]Z H$ H$maU

Om `mVZm ghZ H$aZr [∂S>Vr h° CgH$m `WmW© T> ßJ g oZÈ[U Bg

33

C[›`mg _| oH$`m h° $&

"g_rjm' H$ OwbmB© 1971 AßH$ _| gß[mXH$ Jm[mbam`Z ‡ÒVwV

C[›`mg H$ ]ma _| obIm h° - oh›Xr H$m h [hbm C[›`mg h° oOg_|

EH$ odef [napÒWoV _| [∂S> h˛E ]¿M H$s _ZïpÒWoV H$m BVZ odÒV•V

\$bH$ [a oMÃmßH$Z oH$`m J`m h° $&''4

lr_Vr H$_b Hw$_maZ A[Zm bI g_H$mbrZ _ohbm

C[›`mgH$mam| H$ C[›`mgm| H$m [nade _| "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' H$ ]ma _|

H$hm h° - ""_›Zy ßS>mar H$m "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' AmO H$ AZH$ [nadmam|

_| gm™g b ahm h° AbJ-AbJ g›X^m _| AbJ-AbJ pÒWoV`m| _|

AbJ Vah g $&''5

]ßQ>r H$ _mVm-o[Vm eHw$Z Am°a AO` h¢ Om AmOH$s AmYwoZH$

ÒdVßÃ odMma Ymam g ‡^modV h¢ Am°a XmZm| Ahß mdZm g J´ÒV h°

oOgH$s dOh g VZmd CÀ[›Z hmVm h° $& oejm H$ ‡^md g eHw$Z

A[Zm EH$ ÒdV›Ã Ï`o∑VÀd oZo_©V hmVm h° $& \$bÒdÈ[ dh A[Z

[oV AO` H$m gmW Zht oZ^m [mVr h° Am°a ]¿M (]ßQ>r) H$m bH$a

AbJ hr ahVr h¢ $& AO` g AbJ hmZ H$ ]mX ]ßQ>r hr CgH$m

EH$_mÃ ghmam ah J`m $& ⁄o[ ]ßQ>r H$m AO` ]h˛V fl`ma H$aV h¢

[a CgH$ Vm _Â_r H$ gmW ahZm hr [g›X h° $& AO` eHw$Z H$m

VbmH$ XZ g [hb hr _ram Zm_H$ Xygar ÒÃr g oddmh H$a

bVm h¢ $& BgobE XmZm| _| VbmH$ AoZdm`© hmVm h° $& eHw$Z ^r

Xygar emXr H$a bVr h° V] ]ßQ>r H$m odÓ` AßYa _| [∂S> OmVm h¢ $&

]ßQ>r Z Vm S>m™. Omer H$m oOgg eHw$Z Xygar emXr H$aVr h°, A[Z

o[Vm H$ È[ _| ÒdrH$ma H$a gH$Vm h°, Z AO` H$s Xygar [ÀZr

_ram H$m A[Zr _m™ H$ È[ _| ÒdrH$ma H$a [mVm h° $& \$bÒdÈ[ Cg

34

hmÒQ>b _| ahZ H$ obE O XV h¢ $&

AO`, eHw$Z Am°a ]ßQ>r BZ VrZm| MnaÃm| H$ ]ma _| "O›_[Ãr ï

]›Q>r H$s' _| _›ZyOr Z Òd`ß H$hm h° - "g_ar A[Zr YmaUm h° oH$

_¢Z Z eHw$Z H$m JbV H$hm, Z AO` H$m, ]ßQ>r Vm JbV h°

hr Zht $& JbV Am°a ghr AJa H$mB© hm gH$V h° Vm d h¢ AO`,

eHw$Z Am°a ]ßQ>r H$ Am[gr gÂ]›Y $&''

Bg C[›`mg H$ ]ma _| S>m™. AZrVm amOyaH$_ Z A[Zr [wÒVH$

"H$WmH$ma _›Zy ßS>mar'' _| obIm h° - ""C∑V C[›`mg AmO H$s Cg

gm_mnOH$ g_Ò`m H$m grYm Ò[e© H$aZdmbm h° Om "dw_|g ob]' H$

H$maU Am°a AWm©OZ H$s ÒdV›ÃVm H$ H$maU CÀ[›Z h˛B© h° $&''6

_›Zy ßS>marZ eHw$Z H$ MnaÃ H$ ]ma _| "O›_[Ãr ]ßQ>r H$s' _|

H$hm h° - eHw$Z M∏$s [rgH$a ]Q> H$m OrdZ ]ZmZ _| A[Z Am[H$m

Òdmhmï H$a XZdmbr _m™ Zht Wr, ]oÎH$ ÒdV›V Ï`o∑VÀd

AmH$mßjmAm| Am°a AmOrodH$m H$ gmYZm| g —flV _m™ Wr $& Bg Zmar

Am°a _m™ g Am[gr ¤›¤ H$m A‹``Z hr eHw$Z H$m CgH$m dV©_mZ

Í$[ XVm h° $&''7

_›Zy ßS>marZ ‡ÒVwV C[›`mg H$ ]ma _| EH$ gmjmÀH$ma _| ]Vm`m

h° - gmam C[›`mg H|$o–V h° AmR> gmb H$ ]ßQ>r [a $& C[›`mg H$

Amaß^ _| ]ßQ>r H$ [mg "A[Zm Ka h¢', "A[Zm ]JrMm h¢', "A[Zr

__r h¢', "A[Zr \yß$\$s h°', [m[m gmW Zht ahV [a [m[m H$m Agr_

fl`ma h¢, oXE h˛E T>a gma oIbm°Z h¢, boH$Z oH$g Vah EH$ gmb _|

CgH$ hmW g EH$ EH$ MrO gaH$Vr MbVr h¢ - \y$\$s JB©, Ka J`m,

_Â_r JB© Am°a [m[m r [hbdmb [m[m Zht ah $& mZr gma gÂ]›Ym|

g Jha Ow∂S>m ]¿Mm gÂ]›Y hrZ hmVm Mbm J`m $&

35

C[›`mg H$s AßoV_ [ßo∑V "[m[m H$m Mham r AOZo]`m| H$

Mham| _| o_b J`m'8 mZr oH$ gÂ]›Y H$m AßoV_r gyÃ r AOZ]r

hm J`m $&

oZïg›Xh C[›`mg _Z Am`r J`r g_Ò`m Qy>Q>V h˛E d°dmohH$

gÂ]›Ym| _| gßdXZerb ]¿M H$s X`Zr` pÒWoV EH$ odoeÓQ> g_Ò`m

h° oOg oh›Xr _| em`X [hbr ]ma CR>m`m J`m h¢ $&

3. _hm^mO :

_›Zy ßS>mar H$m 1979 _| ‡H$moeV 151 [•ÓR>m|dmbm _hŒd[yU©

amOZroVH$ C[›`mg h° _hm^mO $& amOZroVH$ [nade H$m AmYma

]ZmH$a "_hm^mO' H$m g•OZ _›Zy ßS>mar Z oH$`m h¢ $& dmÒVd _| h

CZH$s H$hmZr "AbJmd' H$m odÒVma[yd©H$ dU©Z h¢ $&

‡ÒVwV C[›`mgm| _| Am[mVH$mbrZ pÒWoV H$ ]mX Xe H$s ]Xbr

h˛B© amOZroVH$ [napÒWoV`m™ Am°a VÀH$mbrZ emgZ H$m oMÃU _›ZyOr

Z oH$`m h° $& Egm _mZm OmVm h° oH$ h C[›`mg oh›Xr H$s C[›`mg

Ymam _| EH$ ZE _m ∂S> H$s Vah h¢ - oh›Xr _| Am_Vm°a [a obI

OmZdmb C[›`mgm| _| EH$X_ o^›Z $&

‡ÒVwV C[›`mg H$ _m‹`_ g MwZmd H$ ]rM _mZdr` ÃmgXr

H$ÈUm Am°a [r∂T>r H$s oZòV H$s g¿MmB© H$m Ao^Ï`ßoOV H$aZH$m

ge∑V ‡`mg boIH$m Z oH$`m h¢ $& amOZroVkm| H$s D$[a _hmZVm

Am°XmÀ` VWm JÂ^raVm â IS>b H$ A›Xa g CZH$s Om oKZm°Zr

VÒdra CâVr h° dh N>mQ> g N>mQ> Ï`m°a H$ _m‹`_ g C^mar h° $&

"_hm^mO' C[›`mg _| Am[mVH$mb H$ ]mX H$m™J´g H$s [amO`

Am°a OZVm [mQ>u H$ emgZH$mb H$s [•ÓR>^yo_ ‡ÒVwV H$s JB© h°,

"_hm^mO' H$m [nade h_mam AmYwoZH$ amOZroVH$ OrdZ h¢ $&

36

dV©_mZ _| Ï`mflV amOZroV H$m boIH$m Z Bg C[›`mg _| Iy]r g

]m™Ym h° $& Bg H•$oV H$m amOZroVH$ [nade AÀ`›V ^´ÓQ> oKZm°Zm

Am°a bo¡OV H$aZdmbm h° $&1 _hm^mO EH$ dmVmdaU ‡YmZ C[›`m

h¢ $& "_hm^mO' AH$bm[Z Am°a mVZm H$s H$Wm h° Om ]hX odjw„Y

Ag›VwÓQ>r Am°a gßKf© d AoZdm`© gO©ZmÀ_H$ oH´$`m H$ Í$[ _|

‡ÒVmodV H$aVm h° $& Bg C[›`mg _| o]gy, o]›Xm, ÈH$_m Am°a g∑g°Zm

H$m oZohVmW© H$a ‡^w eo∑V`m| Z Xm gmh] H$s gm°Â` oH$›Vw AMyH$

_ma g AH$bm Am°a ›ÃUmJ´ÒV ]ZmH$a N>m∂S> oX`m h¢ $&9

"_hm^mO' C[›`mg _| H$WmdÒVw H$ Zm_ [a ]h˛V AoYH$

[MrXoJ`mß Zht h° $& ÒdmYrZVm H$ ]mX ^maV H$m EH$ XhmV Cg

XhmVr VH$ [h˛ßMr h˛B© XbJV amOZroV, MwZmdm| H$ obE A[Zm`

OmZdmb hWHß$∂S>, A[amYr VŒdm| H$m amOZroV _| XIb, [wobg H$s

A[Z hr bm^ [a H|$o–V —oÓQ>, ]wo’Orod`m| H$s VQ>ÒWVm Am°a

[ÃH$mam| H$s AdgadmoXVm - "" gma VŒd Bg C[›`mg H$s H$WmdÒVw

_| _wIa hmH$a C^a h¢, ‡ÒVwV C[›`mg _| Xm gmh] _wª`_ßÃr h¢ Am°a

gwHw$b ]m]y odamYr [j H$ ZVm, Omamda amOZroVH$ gwajm _|

[bZdmbm Jw ßS>m Am°a hÀ`mam h° $& g∑gZm Am°a og›hm [wobg

AoYH$mar h¢ $& X`m]m]y gß[mXH$ $& _he d_m© ]wo’Ordr h¢ Om Bg

]mV H$s ImO H$aZ XhmV [h˛™MVr h¢ oH$, "∑bmg ÒQ≠>Jb Am°a H$mÒQ>

ÒQ≠>Jb' ∑`m hmVm h° $&''10 Am_ MwZmd g Hw$N> hr oXZ [hb EH$ XhmV

_| o]gga Zm_H$ wdH$ H$s hÀ`m hm OmVr h¢ Am°a Cg hÀ`m H$ ]mX

g bH$a Cg hÀ`m H$ AmÀ_hÀ`m KmofV hmZ VH$ BVZm Hw$N> JwOa

OmVm h° oH$ oOg [∂T>H$a [mR>H$ XßJ ah OmVm h° $& EH$ hÀ`m H$m

AmÀ_hÀ`m H$ Í$[ _| KmofV hmZm oOg g\$X PyR>> H$m ‡_mU h° Cg

37

g\$XPyR> H$m gÀ` og’ H$aH$ H$mbr-H$byQ>r amOZroV H$ oKZm°Zr

H$aVodH$Vm Bg C[›`mg _| AßoH$V h˛B© h° $& Cg [∂T>V h˛E ha [mR>H$

oZïgßXh gh_oV AZw yV H$aVm h°, Bgg h_ "_hm^mO' H$s H$WmdÒVw

H$ WmW© oMÃU H$m AZw_mZ H$a gH$V h¢ $&11

4. Òdm_r :

]ßJbm H$ odª`mV H$hmZrH$ma eaV≤Mß– H$s H$hmZr "Òdm_r'

_›Zy ßS>mar H$m gß^dVï BVZr AoYH$ [gßX AmB© oH$ C›hm|Z BgH$s

H$WmdÒVw H$m Xm-Xm ]ma Í$[mßVnaV H$s $& EH$ ]ma H$hmZr H$ Í$[ _|

obI ob`m Am°a Bgg O] gßVmf Z h˛Am Vm Cg C[›`mg H$m Í$[ X

oX`m $& ""Egm bJVm h° _›ZyOr H$s H$hmZr "EH$ H$_Oma b∂S>H$s H$s

H$hmZr' eaV≤Mß– H$s H$hmZr "Òdm_r' H$m AZOmZ _| oH$`m h˛Am

^mdmZwdmX h° Am°a _›Zy Or H$m "Òdm_r' C[›`mg Cgr H$hmZr H$m

OmZm-_mZm È[mßVa h¢ $&''12

odª`mV o\$Î_r oZXeH$ ]mgy MQ>Ou eaV≤ H$s ‡ÒVwV H$hmZr

[a o\$Î_ ]ZmZm MmhV W Am°a CZH$ AZwamY [a _›ZyOr Z Bg

H$hmZr H$m o\$a g obIm $& eaV]m]y H$s _yb H$hmZr H$m C[›`mg _|

È[mßVnaV H$aV h˛E _›ZyOr Z CgH$s e°br H$m hr Zht CgH$ CXÌ`

H$m r È[mßVnaV oH$`m $& _›Zy ßS>marZ BgH$ ]ma _| H$hm h¢ - ""_¢

`oX H$hˇ™Jr oH$ eaVM›– H$s H$hmZr AmÀ_oY∑H$ma Am°a [m[-]mY

H$s H$hmZr Wr _¢Z Cg ghO _mZdr` A›V¤›¤© H$s H$hmZr H$m Í$[

oX`m h° $&''13 Bg o\$Î_ H$ ]ma _| _›ZyOr Z EH$ gmjmÀH$ma _| ]Vm`m

h¢ - "Òdm_r' o\$Î_ ]h˛V A¿N>r ]Zr h¢ $&

"Òdm_r' C[›`mg H$ _wª` [mÃ h° - ""gm°Xmo_Zr CgH$m ‡_r

Za›– Am°a [oV KZÌ`m_r $& Za›– o_Zr H$m [∂S>mgr h° $& Za›– Am°a

38

o_Zr XmZm| EH$ Xyga H$m MmhV h¢ $& o_Zr [∂T>r-obIr hmZ H$ H$maU

A[Z _m_m g Am°a Za›– g IwbH$a ]hg H$aVr h¢ $& Am°a o_Zr

A[Z A[Z _m_m H$ ¤mam oZoÌMV gÂ]›Y H$ AZwgma _O]ya hmH$a

KZÌ`m_ g emXr H$aVr h° $&''14 o_Zr oddmh H$ ]mX r A[Z ‡_r

Za›– H$m wbm Zht [mVr $& \$bÒdÈ[ o_Zr H$ _Z _| A[Z [oV H$

‡oV oH$gr Vah H$m AZwamJ CÀ[›Z Zht hmVm $& KZÌ`m_ Vm Kadmbm|

H$s —oÓQ> _| Wm $& EH$ oXZ CgH$s ghZeoH$V H$s gr_m Qy>Q> JB© Am°a

dh [oV H$m Ka N>m∂S>H$a Mbr OmVr h¢ $& BgH$ ]ma _| _›ZyOr Z H$hm

h° - ""[mnadmnaH$ H$bh Am°a A[_mZ Z CgH$ AmÀ_gÂ_mZ H$m Bg

Vah AmhV oH$`m oH$ CgZ Ka N>m ∂S> oX`m $& boH$Z ÒdVßÃ oZU©`

bZ H$s A[Zr Bg j_Vm H$ H$maU dh Za›– H$ gmW OmZ H$ obE

^r A[Z H$m V°`ma Zht H$a [mB© $& o_Zr A[Z _m™ H$ Ka JB© $&''15 dh

Za›– H$ gmW OrZ H$m gmMVr h°, boH$Z A[Z [oV KZÌ`m_ H$s

oZarhVm, ‡aUm AmoX g dh oO›XJr _| bm°Q> AmVr h° [hb

KZÌ`m_ H$ ‡oV CgH$ _Z _| ‡oVemY Am°a od–mh hr ahVm h°, Om

Yra-Yra H$ÈUm, ÒZh, gÂ_mZ Am°a AmXa g hmVm h˛Am [yOm H$

^md VH$ [h˛™M OmVm h° $&

`hr "Òdm_r' erf©H$ [oV H$ obE [maÒ[naH$ gß]mYZ _mÃ Z

ahH$a C¿MŒma _ZwÓ`Vm H$m odefU ]Z OmVm h°, Egr _ZwÓ`Vm Om

B©Ìdar` h¢ $&

5. H$bdm :

_›Zy ßS>mar ¤mam odaoMV "H$bdm' C[›`mg ]mb[`mJr h° $&

`h C[›`mg H$s H$Wm [ßMVßÃ H$s H$Wm g o_bVr ‡VrV hmVr h° $&

Bg N>mQ> g C[›`mg _| _›ZyOr Z OrdZ H$ H$Qw> gÀ`m| H$m COmJa

39

H$aZ H$s H$moee H$s h° $& Bg_| H$bdm Zm_H$ M_ma H$s H$hmZr h° $&

CgH$s H$Wm amO[wÃ, gmh˛ H$ [wÃ Am°a M_ma H$ [wÃ H$ MnaÃm| H$m

COmJa H$aVr h° $& BZ VrZm| oeÓ`m| g JwÈOr Z ‡ÌZ oH$`m oH$ -

""XwoZ`m _| g]g eo∑Vembr H$Vm© H$m°Z h° ? Vw_ AmJ OmH$a ∑`m

H$amJ ? ∑`m ]ZmJ ? BgH$m CŒma amOHw$_ma H$s –oÓQ> g - XwoZ`m _|

g]g ]∂S>r eo∑V ^mΩ` g]g ]∂S>r Xw]©bVm h° Ag›Vmf $& g]g

]∂S>m H$Vm© h° BÌda $& _wP A[Z o[Vm H$m am¡` MbmZm h° $& _¢ H$moee

H$Íß$Jm oH$ o[Vm g o_b A[Z am¡` _| d•o’ H$Èß $&''16 Bg H$ ]mX

gmh˛H$ma H$ [wÃ Z CŒma oX`m - XwoZ`m _| g]g ]∂S>r eo∑V h° YZ $&

oOgH$ [mg YZ h° Cgg JdmZ r ‡g›Z hmV h° Am°a XwoZ`m r $&

_ZwÓ` H$s g]g ]∂S>r Xw]©bVm h° mdwH$Vm Za_ oXbdmbm AmX_r

XwoZ`m _| H$^r Hw$N> Zht H$a gH$Vm $& g]g ]∂S>m H$Vm© _ZwÓ` H$s

]wo’ $& A[Z o[VmOr H$s [m™M hOma Jm™dm| H$s OmJraH$m Xg hOma

H$s H$a Xy™ hr _ar B¿N>m h° $& H$bdm M_maZ H$hm - XwoZ`m _| g]g

]∂S>r eo∑V h° _ZwÓ` Am°a g]g ]∂S>m H$Vm© h° _ZwÓ` H$m A[Zm

[m°Èf $& _ZwÓ` H$s g]g ]∂S>r Xw]©bVm h° B©Ìda Am°a mΩ` _| CgH$m

odÌdmg $& B©Ìda Z H$^r Wm, Z AmO h° $& _° EH$ Egr XwoZ`m ]ZmZm

MmhVm hˇ™ $& Ohm™ AmX_r Z mΩ` H$m ]Zm`m Im`, Z ]m[ H$m oX`m

^mJ $& VrZm| oeÓ` JwÈ H$m Amerdm©X [mH$a A[Z-A[Z Ka

OmV h° $& amOHw$_ma A[Z hr –oÓQ>H$mU H$m AmJ ]∂T>mVm h˛Am am¡`

H$aVm h° $& dh ‡Om H$m emfU H$aVm h° $& gmh˛H$ma o_Ã Z CgH$s

M_MmoJar H$aH$ 200 Jm™d ^|Q> _| b ob`m Am°a amOm H$m CÎby

]ZmVm h° $& amOmZ ‡Om H$m emfU oH$`m Bg H$maU ‡Om yfr, ZßJr

Ky_Vr ahVr h° $& Eg g_` _| [∂S>mgr am¡` H$m amOm h_bm H$aVm h°

40

Am°a amOm Ord ]Mm H$ OßJb _| mJ OmVm h° $& AVï mΩ` H$ amg

OrZdmbm AmX_r Hw$N> H$aZ bm`H$ Zhr ahVm dh K_ßS>r amOHw$_ma

Kmg N>rbVm h˛Am oXZ H$mQ>Vm h° $& _›Zy ßS>mar Z H$bdm M_ma H$m

CÎbI H$aV h˛E obIm h° dh g¿MmB©, B©_mZXmar [m°Èf H$ ]b [a

AmJ ]∂T>Vm h° $& Am°a CgH$ BZ JwUm| H$ H$maU amOm H$s b∂S>H$s g

oddmh hmVm h° $& amOm ]ZZ [a ^r H$bdm M_ma H$s odMmaYmam

[nadoV©V Zht hmVr $& dh A[Zr ‡Om g H$hVm h° - ""Am[ JdmZ

H$m ^r ^yb OmAm $& ^mΩ` H$m ^r ^yb OmAm, Am°a amOm H$m ^r

^yb OmAm $& h_ g^r ^JdmZ h° $& A[Zm-A[Zm ^mΩ` ]ZmZm

A[Z hr hmW _| h° $& _¢ Am[H$m amOm Zht, gdH$ H$s Vah _¢ Am[H$

gwI XwI H$m I`mb aIy™Jm $& oOg oXZ Am[H$m _a H$m_ H$s oeH$m`V

hm, Am[ _wP hQ>m XroOE Am°a A[Z ob` H$mB© `mΩ` gdH$ MwZ

broOE $& gdH$ MwZZ H$m hH$ Am[H$m h° Am°a MwZm h˛Am gdH$

Am[H$m gwI XwïI ]™Q>m` h H$V©Ï`m CgH$m h° $&''17

`h C[›`mg CXÌ`[aH$ h° $& ]mbH$m H$m oejm o_bVr h° oH$

^mΩ` H$ amg Zhr ahZm MmohE A[Zr _hZV, g¿MmB© Am°a bJZ

H$ gmW AmJ ]∂T>V ahZm MmohE $& H$bdm [nal_ _| odÌdmg H$aVm

h° $& ^mΩ` H$m Òd`ß ]ZmZm MmhVm h° $& Bgr ]mV _| "BH$]mb' H$s

[ßo∑V mX AmVr h° -

""IwXr H$m H$a ]wÎZX BVZm oH$ ha VH$Xra g [hb,

IwXm ]›X g IwX [wN> ]Vm Var aOm ∑`m h° $&''18

M Amg_mVm :

_›Zy ßS>mar H$m ]mbm[`mJr C[›`mg h° $& _›Zy ßS>marZ H$hm±

oH$ _ar _m™ Amg_mVm H$m d´V H$aVr Wr $& h C[›`mg amOÒWmZ H$s

41

bmH$H$Wm [a AmYmnaV h° $& Amg mZr oH$ Om OrdZ _| Amem aI

H$ MbV h° Cgr H$s Amem [yar hm OmVr h° $&

`h N>mQ>m C[›`mg h° $& Bg _¢Z A[Z A‹``Zr H$s gr_m _|

Zht aIm h° $&

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z [m±M C[›`mgm| H$s aMZm H$s h° $& CZ_| g VrZ

_m°obH$ Edß ÒdV›Ã h°, EH$ gh`mJr "EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ' amO›– mXd

Am°a _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z o_bH$a obIm h° $& Xygam "Òdm_r' AZyoXV

H$hmZr H$m odÒVma h° $& BZ_ g odª`mV Xm C[›`mg "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r'

Am°a "_hm^mO' Z hr _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m g\$b C[›`mgH$ma ]Zm

oX`m h° $&

(2) _›Zy ßS>mar H$m H$hmZr gmohÀ` :

"C[›`mg' Am°a "H$hmZr' XmZm| H$Wm gmohÀ` H$ ‡H$ma h° $&

VÀdVï XmZm| _| H$B© g_mZVmE™ h°, oH$›Vw Hw$N> AßVa ^r XIm Om

gH$Vm h° $& ]rgdr eVr H$ CŒmamY© H$s ]h˛MoM©V _ohbm H$hmZrH$mam|

_| _›Zy ßS>mar H$m Zm_ AmXa g ob`m OmVm h° $& d°g oh›Xr _| H$hmZr

obIZdmbr _ohbmAm| H$m AZw[mV [hb g hr ]h˛V H$_ ahm h°

Cg_| _›Zy ßS>mar H$s Vah Ï`o∑VÀd _| H´$mßoVH$mar VŒdm H$m ob`

h˛E AmYwoZH$Vm ]mY H$amZdmbr H$hmoZ`m™ obIZdmbr Zhr H$

]am]a h° $& _›ZyOr A[Z g_` H$s CZ ‡og’ H$hmZr-boIH$mAm|

_| g h° oOZH$s aMZmE™ [wÈf H$s AmH$mßjmAm| g ‡naV hmH$a

Zmar H$m oMÃ C[pÒWV Zhr H$aVr, ]oÎH$ Zmar H$m Zmar H$s –oÓQ> g

oMÃU H$aVr h° $& _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| H$s ‡_wI odefVm

AZw^dm| H$s g¿MmB© Am°a gßdXZerbVm h° $&

_›Zy ßS>mar Z gmohÀ` H$s VrZ od⁄mAm| _| A[Zr ‡oV^m oXImB©

42

h° Vm r CZH$s odef ª`mVr (‡ogo’) H$hmZrH$ma H$ Í$[ _| h° $&

Hw$N> g_rjH$mZ _›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmZr`m| H$m _wª`Vï d°ò∑VH$

MVZm [a AmYmnaV hr _mZm h° $& O°g

S>m©. B›–ZmW _XmZ Z obIm h° -

""_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s H$hmZrH$bm H$m _yb Òda ^r d°ò∑VH$

MVZm g ‡arV h° $& BZH$s H$hmZr`m| _| gX°d Ïò∑V H$s

Hw$ÓR>mAm| H$m oMÃU VWm am_mßoQ>H$ ‡_ H$m Ï`ßΩ`mÀ_H$ oZÈ[U h°,

KwQ>Z, [amO` VWm oddeVm H$s Ao^Ïò∑V h° $&''19

`⁄o[ BZH$s H$hmoZ`m| H$m _yb Òda d°ò∑VH$ MVZm [a

AmYmnaV h° oH$›Vw Cg_| odamQ>Vm Am°a Ï`m[H$Vm BVZr AoYH$

h° oH$ `ht d°ò∑VH$ MVZm AmJ MbH$a ghgm _hmZ gm_moOH$

g›X^m g Ow∂S> OmVr h° $&

S>m©. ^°Èbmb JJ© Z H$hm oH$ - ""_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m™

gmXÌ` hmVr h° Am°a OrdZ H$ oZH$Q> H$hmoZ`m| _| AZw^yoV H$s JhZVm

Am°a ZE _yÎ`m| H$m C^maZ H$s j_Vm r $&''20

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ [m™M H$hmZrgßJ´h ‡H$moeV hm MwH$ h° Cg_|

bJ^J 48 H$hmoZ`m™ obIr JB© h° $&

"H$hmZr' m "H$Wm' e„X H$m emo„XH$ AW© h° - H$hZm $& Bg

AW© H$ AZwgma Om Hw$N> r H$hm Om` H$hmZr h° oH$›Vw odoeÓQ> AW©

_| h_ oH$gr odef KQ>Zm H$ amMH$ T>ßJ g dU©Z H$m "H$hmZr' H$hV

h° $& H$Wm Am°a H$hmZr [`m©`dmMr hmV h˛E r XmZm H$ AW© _| gy˙_

A›Va Am J`m h° $& H$Wm Ï`m[H$ h° Bg_| g^r ‡H$ma H$s H$hmoZ`m™

VWm C[›`mgm| H$m g_mde oH$`m OmVm h° O] o] H$hmZr H$ A›VJ©V

bKwH$WmAm H$m hr ob`m OmVm h° $&

43

""A[Zr H$hZm Am°a Xyga H$s gwZZm h _ZwÓ` H$m Òd^md h°

BgobE H$hmZr ‡mMrZ H$mb g gd©o‡` odYm ahr h° $& amO-Xa]mam|

_| r oH$ÒgmJmB© H$hmZr-H$WH$ H$m gÂ_mZ[yd©H$ aIm OmVm Wm $&''21

""ÒdmVßÃVm H$ ]mX ]XbVr h˛B© [napÒWoV`m| _| gmohÀ` H$s

‡MobV od⁄mAm| _| AZH$ ‡H$ma H$ [nadV©Z bojV h˛E oH$›Vw CZg

AÀòYH$ ‡^modV h˛B© H$db Xm odYmE™-H$odVm Am°a H$hmZr $&''22

""ZB© H$hmZr Ïò∑V H$s Zht Ïò∑V[Z H$s H$hmZr h°

g_mO H$s Zht g_mO H$ ]ßYZ H$ ]XbV h˛E Í$[ H$s H$hmZr h°,

KQ>Zm H$s ‡YmZVm H$m oMoÃV H$aZdmbr Zht oH$›Vw [nade H$m

‡YmZVm XZdmbr H$hmZr h° $& Bg_| gße`J´ÒVVm, AH$bm[Z,

Ï`W©Vm, gßÃmg, KwQ>Z AmoXH$m oMÃU ‡YmZÍ$[ g h˛Am h° $&''23

odÌd ‡og’ H$hmZrH$ma ES>Ja EbZ m Z H$hmZr H$s [na^mfm

XV h˛E H$hm h° oH$ - ""H$hmZr AmY K Q> g bH$a EH$ m Xm K Q>

H$ ]rM [∂T> ob`m OmZdmbm J⁄ d•VmßV h° $& H$hmZr dh EH$ J⁄mÀ_H$

H$Wm h¢ Om EH$ ]°R>H$ _| hr [∂T> br Om gH$ $&''24 `hm™ ]b gßojflVVm

[a h° dh A[Z Am[ _| EH$ ÒdVßÃ od⁄m h° $&

‡_M›XZ H$hm h° oH$ - ""H$hmZr EH$ aMZm h° oOg_| OrdZ H$

oH$gr EH$ AßJ m oH$gr EH$ _Zm^md H$m ‡Xoe©V H$aZm hr bIH$

H$m CXX≤Ì` ahVm h° dh EH$ a_Ur` C⁄mZ Zht, oOg_| m™oV-^m™oV

H$ \y$b, ]b ]yQ> gO h˛E h°, ]oÎH$ EH$ Egm J_bm h°, oOg_| EH$

hr [m¢Y H$m _mYw`© A[Z g_wbV Í$[ _| –oÓQ>JmMa hmVm h° $&''25

H$hmZr H$m odf` BVZm gßojflV hmZm MmohE H$s oZoÌMV

gr_mAm| Am°a AdoY H$ AßXa AÀòYH$ ‡^mdembr T>ßJ g C[pÒWV

H$aZ _| oZ`mOZ H$s H$mB© joV Zht [h˛ ™M $& H$hmZr _| H$Wm H$m

44

^mar[Z Am°a gmohpÀ`H$ ]mP Zhr hmVm Am°a Z WH$mZ D$]mZdmbr

^mdwH$Vm hmVr h° Z bß] VZmddmbm H$m °Vyhb AZw^d H$s

Hw$emJ´Vrd´Vm ag H$m Jham $&''26

""J⁄ H$Wm gmohÀ` H$ EH$ A›`V_ ^X H$ Í$[ _| H$hmZr

g]g AoYH$, oH$gr Aße _| C[›`mg g ^r AoYH$ bmH$mo‡`

gmohÀ` H$m Í$[ h° $& AmYwoZH$ oh›Xr gmohÀ` _| `h Í$[ ^r

]ßJbm H$ _m‹`_ g [m¸mÀ` gmohÀ` g Am`m h° $& AßJ´Or _| oOg

"emQ>© ÒQ>mar' H$hV h°, dhr ]ßJbm _| JÎ[ VWm oh›Xr _| "H$hmZr'

Zm_ g ‡MobV h° $&''27 H$Wm gmohÀ` H$ ]∂S> Í$[m| C[›`mg Am°a

C[›`mogH$m H$s Vah H$hmZr _| ^r H$WmgyÃ, H$WmZH$, [mÃ Am°a

XeH$mb H$m [napÒWoV CgH$ ‡_wI VÀd ]Vm` J` h° VWm Bg_| r

[mÃm| H$ [maÒ[naH$ AWdm [napÒWoV H$ odÈ’ ¤›¤ `m gßKf©,

gßKf© H$s [amH$mÓR>m, Ma_gr_m VWm gßKf© H$s OoQ>bVmAm| H$

odKQ>Z _| H$hmZr H$ A›VH$s odH$mg aIm ]Vm`r J`r h° $&

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ [m™M H$hmZr gßJ´h ‡H$moeV hm MwH$ h° BZ

H$hmoZ`m| H$m gßojflV [naM` oZÂZÍ$[ g oX`m J`m h° $&

1. _¢ hma JB© gZ≤ 1957 B©.

2. VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra gZ≤ 1959 B©.

3. `hr gM h° gZ≤ 1966 B©.

4. EH$ flbQ> g°bm] gZ≤ 1968 B©.

5. oÃeßHw$ gZ≤ 1976 B©.

BgH$ Abmdm amYmH•$ÓU ‡H$meZ, amO[mb E S> g›g Am°a

ZeZb [o„bqeJ hmCgZ CZH$s lÓR> H$hmoZ`m| H$m MwZH$a VrZ

Am°a gßJ´h oZH$mb h°, _ar o‡` H$hmoZ`m™, lÓR> H$hmoZ`m™ Am°a

45

gflV[Um© $& h H$hmZr [m™M H$hmZr gßJ´h _| H$hr Am JB© h° Vm _°Z

AbJ g CgH$m [naM` Zhr oX`m $&

(1) _¢ hma JB© : (H$hmZr gßJ´h)

`h gZ≤ 1957 _| ‡H$moeV _›Zy ßS>mar H$m ‡W_ H$hmZr gßJ´h

h° $& ‡ÒVwV gßH$bZ _| CZH$s ]mah H$hmoZ`m™ gßJ´ohV h° $& BgH$s

AßVr_ H$hmZr h° "_¢ hma JB©' Bg H$hmZr H$ AmYma [a Bg H$hmZr

gßJ´h H$m Zm_H$aU h˛Am h° $& Bg H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s g_J´ H$hmoZ`m|

H$m gßojflV [naM` Bg ‡H$ma oX`m h¢ $&

(1) B©gm H$ Ka B›gmZ (2) JrV H$m MwÂ]Z

(3) OrVr ]mOr H$s hma (4) EH$ H$_Oma b∂S>H$s H$s H$hmZr

(5) g`mZr ]wAm (6) Ao^ZVm

(7) Ì_emZ (8) Xrdma, ]¿M Am°a ]agmV

)9) [ßoS>V JOmYa emÒÃr (10) H$sb Am°a H$gH$

(11) Xm H$bmH$ma : (12) _¢ hma JB©

1. B©gm H$ Ka B›gmZ :

`h _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ ‡W_ H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s ‡W_ H$hmZr h° $&

`h H$hmZr A¿N>r Am°a _Zmd°kmoZH$ H$hmZr h° $& oOg_| boIH$m Z

Y_© H$ Zm_ [a hmZdmb Zmar _Z H$s Am‰`›VnaH$Vm H$s Vbme H$s

h° $& B©Ìda Y_©, g_mO, [nadma ÒÃr-[wÈf gÂ]›Y Ï`o∑V, Hwß$R>m H$

‡oV Z`m –oÓQ>H$mU Bg H$hmZr _| A[Zm`m h° $& [hmo∂S>`m g oKa

eha _| o_eZar b∂S>oH$`m| H$m H$m©bO h° $& AoYH$Va ÒQ>m\$ Z›g H$m

h° H$m©bO H$ gm_Z hr Ob h° $& Ob H$ H°$oX`m| Am°a o_eZar

b∂S>oH$`m| H$ OrdZ H$s boIH$mZ EH$ g_mZ oXIm`m h° $-

""o_gO ew∑bm H$s H$mo›VhrZ Am™I Ob H$s D™$Mr D™$Mr

46

Xrdmam [a oQ>H$m dmbr O] garZ AmB© Wr Vm CgZ ^r `hr ]mV

[yN>r Wr [Vm Zht ∑`m| H$m©bO H$ obE h OJh MwZr JB© h° $&''28

H$m©bO _| Hw$N> b∂S>oH$`m A›` Y_© H$s r h° $oOZ_| aÀZm Z`r

h° $& Cg H$m©bO Am°a \$mXa H$ ‡oV ]hX H$m°Vyhb VWm ` h° $& dhm

`Zr ZZ EßoObm \$mXa H$ ∂T>m|J H$m [Xm©\$me H$aVr h° $& dh ]mbr -

""_wP H$mB© Zht amH$ gH$Vm, Ohm™ _am _Z hmJm _¢ OmD™$Jr $&

_¢Z VwÂhma \$mXa... A] d H$^r Egr µ\$mbVw H$s ]mV ß Zht

H$a|J $&''29

Bg ‡H$ma EßoObm Z \$mXa H$m Zem S>mCZ H$a oX`m $& Bg

H$hmZr H$m b˙` h° ‡mH•$oVH$ bmbgmAm| H$m Hwß$oR>V H$aZ g Ï`o∑V

_| odH$ma Am OmV h° $& AVï AV•flV H$m_ZmAm| H$m V•ÓQ>r H$aH$ ghO

Edß ÒdÒW OrdZ OrZm MmohE $& h b˙` \´$m`S> H$ OrdZ-Xe©Z

g ‡^modV h° $&

2. JrV H$m MwÂ]Z :

_›Zy ßS>mar H$ h H$hmZr gwoeojV gßÒH$ma gÂ[›Z AmYwoZH$

`wdVr H$ AÏ`∑V ‡_ H$s Hw ß$R>m H$m ‡ÒVwV H$aVr h° & `h EH$

_Zmd°kmoZH$ H$hmZr h° $& oOg_| boIH$m Z Zmar H$ _mZogH$

A›V¤©›¤ H$m ]∂S>r ]marH$s g oMoÃV oH$`m h°$ & `h H$hmZr ÒÃr

[wÈf gÂ]›Ym| H$m Z°oVH$Vm H$s gr_m _| ]m™YH$a CbPr h˛B© oXImB© X

ahr h° CgH$m [naM` H$od oZoIb g hmVm h° $& oOgH$s H$odVmAm|

H$ AZH$ JrV H$oZH$m JmVr h° $& oZoIb H$s –oÓQ> _| ÒÃr-[wÈf H$

g^r ‡H$ma H$ gÂ]›Y Z°oVH$ W $& dh H$oZH$m g g^r ‡H$ma H$

gÂ]›Y ÒWmo[V H$aZm MmhVm Wm, boH$Z H$oZH$m H$m VH©$ Wm oH$ -

""]mV h_ oH$VZr hr ]∂S>r-]∂S>r ]Zm b oZoIb-Xm [a Ï`dhma

47

_| AmJ Zht ]∂T> [mV h° $&Am[ Om hm™ ]°R>H$a BVZr bÂ]r-Mm°∂S>r

]mV H$aV h° _mZ bm H$b H$m Am[H$s ]rdr AmE Am°a oH$gr Xyga

[wÈf H$ gmW dh A[Zm emarnaH$ gÂ]›Y aI Vm ]Xm©ÌV H$a gH|$J

Am[ ?''30

AmoIa EH$ oXZ oZoIb Z Cg ]mhm| _| ^a H$a My_ ob`m

oOg oZoIb _| Cg BVZm odÌdmg Wm, oOg dh BVZm ÒZh H$aVr

Wr, CgH$s Bg haH$V H$m dh ]Xm©ÌV Z H$a [m`r, CgZ oZoIb H$m

EH$ MmßQ>m _ma oX`m Am°a H$hm -

""VwÂhma ob` h Oam gr ]mV hmJr _a ob` Zhr Vw_Z _wP

∑`m Egr d°gr b∂S>H$s hr g_P aIm h° ?''31

Xwga oXZ oZoIb Z H$oZH$m g _m\$s _mJ br Am°a dh Mbm

J`m $& oZoIb Z Cg EH$ [Ã obIm - ""gM Vw_Z _ar Am™I Imb

Xr oH$ emarnaH$ gÂ]›Y H$ [a r b∂S>H$ b∂S>H$s H$s o_ÃVm H$m H$mB©

Am°a AmYma hm gH$Vm h° _wP Vw_ [a Oam-gm JwÒgm Zhr, A[Z [a

hr ΩbmZr h¢ $&''

[aÂ[am Am°a AmYwoZH$Vm H$ ]rM CbPr h˛B© Zmar H$ _Z H$s

Agob`V H$m _›Zy ßS>marZ Bg H$hmZr _| Ï`∑V oH$`m h° $& oZoIb

[m¸mÀ` gßÒH•$oV H$m A›YmZwH$aU H$aZdmbm h° Am°a H$oZH$m

^maVr`Vm H$m ‡VrH$ h° $&

3. OrVr ]mOr H$s hma :

Bg H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s Vrgar H$hmZr h° "OrVr ]mOr H$s hma'

Bg_| boIH$m Z _hmZJar` ]mY H$ EH$ A›` Am`m_ H$m ‡ÒVwV

oH$`m h° $& Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ^ßS>marZ Egr oeojV Zmna`m| H$s

_ZïpÒWoV H$m oMoÃV H$aZ _| g\$b ahr h° Om CoMV OrdZgmWr

48

H$ Vbme _| EH$ H$ ]mX Xyga [wÈfm| H$m "naOH$Q>' H$aVr Mbr OmVr

h° Am°a A›VVï CZH$ ÒdflZ O] [Œm H$ _hb H$s Vah ∂T>h OmV h° Vm

C›h AH$b[Z H$s ÃmgX AZw^yoV`m| H$ AoVna∑V Hw$N> r hmW Zht

bJVm $&

ZobZr, Amem, _wabm VrZm H$m©bO _| o_Ã Wr $& BZH$ obE

oddmh, [oV, ]¿M C[hmgmÒ[X bJV h° boH$Z [∂T>mB© [yar hmZ g

[hb hr Amem Am°a ZobZr H$m oddmh hm J`m Am°a _wabm Z

g^r H$m ZH$ma oX`m Am°a emYH$m`© _| bJ J`r $& _wabm H$hVr h° -

""∑`m XoµH$`mZygr bmJm| O°gr ]mV| H$aVr h° $& ghmam Cg MmohE

Om A[Z H$m A]bm g_P $& _¢ g]bm hˇ™, _wP oH$gr H$m ghmam

Zht MmohE $& ]¿Mm| H$m Vm _¢ A[Zr C›ZoV H$m ]mYH$

g_PVr hˇ™ $&''

H$hr gmbm ]mX _wabm Bbmhm]mX JB© A] dh oejm

od^mJ H$ D™$M [X [a Wr $& AmemZ _wabm H$m oddmh H$aZ H$s

gbmh Xr Wr _wabmZ B›H$ma H$a oX`m XmZm| _| eV© bJr oH$ _wabm

AoddmohV ahJr Vm Amem Cg _w™h _m™Jm BZm_ XJr, O] Amem g

_wbmH$mV h˛B© Vm Amem Z eV© H$s mX oXbdmB© Am°a Hw$N> _mßJZ H$m

_wabm H$m AmJ´h oH$`m Vm _wabmZ Amem H$s [m™M gmb H$s N>mQ>r

fl`mar gr b∂S>H$s _mßJ br $&

Bg H$hmZr _| boIH$m _mV•Àd [a Zmar Ï`o∑VÀd H$m ›`m°N>mda

H$a XVr h° CgH$m H$hZm h° oH$ _mV•Àd H$ ]J°a Zmar AYyar h° $&

dmÀgÎ` CgH$m ÒWm`r md h° $&

`hr "OrVr ]mOr H$s hma' h° oOg_| _wabm eV© Vm OrV JB©

[aßVw dÒVwVï CgH$s hma hm JB© $&

49

4. EH$ H$_Oma b∂S>H$s H$s H$hmZr :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z ‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| "Í$[' H$ ¤mam Zmar H$s

_ZïpÒWoV H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° $& Í$[ ]h˛V A¿N>r b∂S>H$s h° $& ]M[Z

_| CgH$s _mß H$s _•À`m hm JB© Vm o[VmZ Xygar emXr H$a br $& Z`r

_m H$ H$maU Í$[ A[Z oZïgßVmZ _m_m H$ [mg ahZ bJr $& CZH$

`hmß EH$ AZmW b∂S>H$m Wm $& oOgH$m Zm_ h° bobV _m_m Cg ]M[Z

g ]Q> H$ O°gm MmhV W Am°a aIV W $& bobV Í$[ H$ ‡oV A[Zm

‡_ ‡H$Q> H$a C¿Moejm H$ ob` odXe Mbm J`m $& Í$[Z Z MmhV

h˛E r Kadmbm| H$ H$hZ [a dH$sb gmh] g emXr H$a br $& [aßVw

‡_r Am°a [oV XmZm| H$ ‡oV B©_mZXma ahZm MmhVr h° $& AßV _| dh

‡_r H$m [yU© Í$[ g À`mJ H$a dH$sb gmh] H$s [ÀZr ]Z ahVr h° $&

Í$[ H$s H$_Omar `h h° oH$ dh oZU©` Zhr b [mVr Am°a A[Zr

B¡OV H$ ob` bmJ CgH$ ]ma _| A¿N>r ]mV H$h CgH$ obE dh

A[Zr gmar Ao^bmfmAm| H$m ZÓQ> H$aVr h° $& dH$sb gmh] A[Z

o_Ã H$s ]mV H$aV h° oH$ -

""]∂S>r _wgr]V _| Wm ]Mmam CgH$s ÒÃr A[Z oH$gr AmoeH$

H$ gmW mJ JB© $&''32

`h ]mV gwZV h° Í$[Z A[Zm bobV H$ gmW ^mJ OmZ H$m

\°$gbm ]Xb oX`m $& Í$[ od–mh H$aZ _| H$_Oma [∂S>Vr h° $& dh

A[Zr ^mdZmAm| H$m hm_ H$a XVr h° $& oZU©` Z H$a [mZm Am°a

gm_moOH$ od–mh Z H$a [mZm CgH$s H$_Omar h°ß $&

5. g`mZr ]wAm :

‡ÒVwV H$hmZr g_` H$s [m]ßX Am°a AoVÏ`dÒWm g ]Yr g`mZr

]wAm H$s h° $& [nadma H$ g^r bmJm| [a CZH$m H$∂S>m oZ`ßÃU Wm $&

50

g`mZr ]wAm H$s [mJb[Z H$s gr_m VH$ Ï`dÒWm Am°a g_` H$s

[m]›Xr _ZwÓ` H$m _erZ ]Zm XVr h° hr boIH$m H$m H$hZm h° $&

]wAm A[Zr [m™M dfu` ]r_ma ]¿Mr A›Zy H$ gmW IyX Z OmH$a

^mB© gmh] H$ gmW Cg ^OV h˛E H$hVr h° $& EH$ ^r MrµO ImZr

Zhr MmohE - ""XIm h \´$mH$ _V Im XZm, gmV È[E _¢Z BgH$s

ogbmB© Xr h° `h fl`mb _V Vm ∂S> XZm, daZm [Mmg È[`m H$m gQ>

o]J∂S> OmEJm $& Am°a hm™ Ωbmg H$m Vw_ Vw¿N> g_PV hm CgH$s [admh

hr Zht H$amJ [a XIm h [›–h ]ag g _a [mg h° Am°a H$ht Iam|M

VH$ Zht h°, Vm∂S> oX`m Vm R>rH$ Z hmJm $&''33

Am°a A›Zy oH$g oXZ, oH$g g_` ∑`m ImEJr CgH$m _rZy ]Zm

oX`m $& H$] oH$VZm Ky_Jr ∑`m [hZJr g] Hw$N> oZoÌMV H$a

oX`m $& Am°a O] ^mB© gmh] A›Zy H$m bH$a Mb Vm ]wAmOr amB©

CZH$m amZm ZB© ]mV Wr Cgr oXZ Egm bJm oH$ CgH$s H$R>maVm _|

H$ht H$m_bVm ^r oN>[r h° $& ^mB© gmh] H$ [Ã amO AmV W Am°a

]wAmOr ^r amO EH$ [Ã obIVr Wr oOg_| A[Zr CZ _m°oIH$

ohXm`Vm| H$m oboIV Í$[ _| XmhamVr Wr $& EH$ _hrZ VH$ ^mB©

gmh] H$m H$mB© [Ã Zhr Am`m $& ]wAmOr oMo›VV hm CR>r $& V]

Zm°H$a [Ã bm`m $& Cg_| gQ> H$ Xm fl`mb Qy>Q>Z H$m g_mMma Wm $&

[m™M AmZ H$s gwamhr Vm∂S> XZ [a Zm°H$ar H$s ]war Vah [rQ>Zdmbr

]wAmOr [Mm` Í$[` H$ gQ> H$ fl`mb Qy>Q> OmZ [a r h™g ahr Wr $&

]wAmOr H$m gßdXZ ey›` OJV o\$a M°V›` hmVm h° $& ]wAm H$

_m‹`_ g boIH$m gm_moOH$ Í$o∂T> [a ‡hma Am°a _m°Z Ï`ßΩ` H$aZ

_| g\$b h˛B© h° $& AÀ`oYH$ AZwemgZ _ZwÓ` H$m gßdXZ ey›` ]Zm

XVm h° $&

51

6. Ao^ZVm :

‡ÒVwV H$hmZr H$m erf©H$ Ao^ZVm h° boH$Z H$Wm EH$

Ao^ZÃr H$s Ï`Wm H$s h° $& aßOZm Zm_H$ EH$ Ao^ZÃr H$s

H$Wm h° $& dh H$bm Am°a gm¢X`© H$s _yoV© h° $& ‡_ H$m Ao^Z` H$aV

CgH$m Or V∂S>[ OmVm oH$ H$me H$mB© hmVm oOgg dh dmÒVodH$ ‡_

H$a gH$Vr Eg _| dh oXbr[ Zm_H$ wdH$ H$s Ama AmH$of©V hmVr

h°$ & oXbr[ [hb CgH$s C[jm H$aVm h° $& EH$ oXZ dh o\$a g

H$mo_Zr H$ Ka o_bV h° Cg g_` ]h˛V gmar ]mV| CgH$ ]rM hmVr

h° BgH$ ]mX aßOZm Am°a oXbr[ H$s _wbmH$mV| ]∂T>Vr JB© $& oXbr[

o]µOZg H$ H$m_ g `hm™ Am`m Wm $& Cg ZmQ>H$ [gßX Zhr aßOZm

H$hVr h° oH$ _¢ Cg N>m∂S> Xy™Jr -

""AmOH$b _¢ ZE H$m™Q≠>∑Q> r Zht bVr $& VwÂh| oM∂T> Z Vm A]

`h g] N>m∂S> Xy™Jr $&''34

oXbr[ oddmohV hmH$a r aßOZm H$m PyR> ]VmH$a emXr H$ ÒdflZ

oXImVm h° Am°a CgH$m AmoW©H$ emfU r H$aVm h° boH$Z EH$ oXZ

CgH$ PyR> H$m [Xm©\$me hm OmVm h° oH$ oXbr[ emXrewXm h° `h

OmZH$a aßOZm Qy>Q> OmVr h° ∑`m|oH$ dh Cg ]h˛V fl`ma H$aVr Wr $&

oXbr[ Cg N>bVm h° dh oXbr[ g EH$ [Ã _| obIVr h° -

""_¢ Vm H$db aßJ_ßM [a hr Ao^Z` H$aVr hˇ™ [a VwÂhmam Vm

gmam OrdZ hr Ao^Z` h° $& ]∂S> D™$M H$bmH$ma Am°a gY h˛E An^ZVm

hr Vwa_ Vm _a XmÒV $&''35

Bg H$hmZr H$m erf©H$ "Ao^ZVm' gmW©H$ h° oXbr[ H$m ZmQ>H$

[gßX Z Wm Am°a IwX EH$ Ao^ZVm ZrH$bm Om aßOZm H$ gm_Z

‡_ H$m Ao^Z` H$aVm h¢ $&

52

7. Ì_emZ :

Bg H$hmZr _| _›ZyO Z _mZdr` gßdXZm VWm _Zm^mdm| H$m

oMÃU oH$`m h°$ & CgH$m _m‹`_ h° Ì_emZ $& ‡ÒVwV H$hmZr H$m

Zm`H$ VrZ ]ma emXr H$aV h° Am°a VrZm| ]ma [ÀZr _a OmVr h° $&

boH$Z dh O]-O] Ì_emZ AmVm h° V] V] H$hVm h° oH$ -

Vw_ _wP N>m∂S>H$a H$hm™ Mbr JB© ? A] _¢ VwÂhma o]Zm OrodV

Zht ah gH$Vm $& Vw_ _wP A[Z [mg ]wbm bm, Zht Vm _wPhr VwÂhma

[mg AmZ H$m H$mB© C[m` H$aZm [∂S>Jm $& Vw_ Zht Vm _a OrdZ H$m

H$mB© AW© Zht, H$mB© gma Zht, H$mB© ag Zht VwÂht Vm _am OrdZ

Wr, _ar ‡aUm Wt _¢ VwÂhma o]Zm Zht ah gH$Vm $&''36 Bg ‡H$ma

odbm[ H$aVm h° Ì_emZ Bg —Ì` H$m XIVm ahVm h° $& Am°a [hm∂S>r

g H$hVm h° Bg Ï`o∑V H$s Ï`Wm Z _a ˆX`H$m _W S>mbm $& amO

oH$VZ hr Ï`o∑V AmV h° [a OmZ ∑`m| BgH$ XwI _|, BgH$s dXZm _|

Egm ∑`m Wm, Om _° H$^r Zht ^yb gHy™$Jm $& A] `h OrodV Zht

ahJm $& boH$Z VrZ-]ma Egm h˛Am Vm Ì_emZ AdmH≤$-gm ah

OmVm h° $&

`h H$hmZr dmÒVodH$ gÀ` H$s CX≤KmoQ>V H$aVr h° oH$ _ZwÓ`

‡_ H$s Ò_•oV [a hr oO›Xm Zht ahVm $& dh OrdZ H$s [yU©Vm H$

obE o\$a g ‡_ H$aVm h°, OrodV ahZ H$m ‡`ÀZ H$aVm h°, dh XwïI

H$m gh bVm h° $& Bg H$hmZr _| ‡H•$oV H$m _mZdr`H$aU ‡ÒVwV

oH$`m J`m h° $& boIH$m Z Bg emÒdV gÀ` g h_| AdJV H$am`m h°

oH$ Zmar Vm [wÈf H$ OrdZ H$s Ï`dÒWm Am°a B¿N>m [yoV©H$m gmYZ

_mÃ h° ÒWm`r ‡_^md A[dmX ÒdÈ[ hr [wÈf _| [m`m OmVm h¢ $&

53

8. Xrdma, ]¿M Am°a ]agmV :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z ‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| Zmar H$m Ka-[nadma VWm

VÀH$mbrZ AmXe© [aÂ[amAm| g D™$Mm CR>mH$a AoYH$ma gßbΩZ

oXIm`m h° $& Xygar Ama AoeojV Zmna`m| H$ _Zm^mdm| H$m WmW©

oMÃU oH$`m h° $& _mhÎb H$s AoYH$mße oÒÃ`m™ AZ[∂T> h° Am°a

Xm[ha H$m Xygam| H$s h™gr _µOmH$ H$aZ H$ Ï`m[ma _| bJr h˛B© h° $&

Bg _mhÎb _| EH$ neojV XÂ[oV ahZ AmV h° $& Bg_| [ÀZr boIH$m

h° EH$ em_ H$m dh oH$gr _rqQ>J _| OmVr h° Xa g AmVr h° [oV

[ÀZr H$ ]rM PJ∂S>m hmVm h° [ÀZr oeojVm Edß _moZZr hmZ H$

H$maU [oV H$m N>m∂S>H$a Mbr OmVr h° $& Bg ]mV H$m bH$a AZ[∂T>

_ohbmE™ hÎbm _MmVr h° $& ""AmX_r WH$m-_m™Xm bm°Q> Vm Ka _|

Am°aV Vm ahZr MmohE oH$ Zht $& A] Vw_ OmZm|, ]Xm©ÌV H$s r EH$

hXX hmd h°, H$b AmX_r r Vmd Im J`m $& amV _| O] bm°Q>r Vm

AmX_r Z ^r Pm¢Q>m [H$∂S>H$a Xm Pm[Q> aI oXE Am°a H$h oX`m,

oZH$b Om _a Ka g $&''37

Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ^ßS>marZ ]Vm`m h° oH$ AmYwoZH$ Zmar H$s

`h odS>Â]Zm h° nH$ Cg EH$ Ama [wÈf g_mO g b∂S>Zm [∂S>Vm h° Vm

Xygar Am°a [aÂ[amJV Èo∂T>`m| _| ]™Yr Zmar g_mO g $& A[Z ÒdVßÃ

Ï`o∑VÀd Am°a ApÒVÀd H$s ajm H$ ob` neojV Zmar H$m gßKf©

Ò[ÓQ> h° $&

9. [ßoS>V JOmYa emÒÃr :

Bg H$hmZr _| [ßoS>V JOmYa emÒÃr "Ahß' H$ H$mf _| ob[Q>

ahV h° $& AmYwoZH$ bIH$m| [a Ï`ßΩ` oH$`m J`m h° Om _m°obH$Vm H$

A^md _| VÒH$a d•oŒm J´hU H$aV h˛E AmÀ_ ‡eßgm ¤mam A[Z H$m

54

lÓR> gmohÀ`H$ma og’ H$aZ H$ ‡`mg _| ahV h° $& emÒÃr H$s aMZm

N>mÃm[`mJr [oÃH$m N>[ OmZ g dh Òd`ß H$m _hmZ gmohÀ`H$ma

g_PV h° $& hoH$H$V _| ]mX _| dh [oÃH$m ]›X r hm OmVr h° $& [yar

H$hmZr AmÀ_ÌbmYm AhßH$ma g J´ÒV AmX_r H$s H$hmZr h° $&

[ßoS>VOr AhßdmXr W $& EH$ ]ma d [war H$ g_w– oH$Zma J` W, dhm™

EH$ gmohÀ`H$ma g CgH$ |Q> h˛B© oOZH$ VrZ H$hmZr gßJ´h ‡H$moeV

hm MwH$ W $& [ßoS>VOr A[Zm [naM` XV h˛E H$hV h° oH$ - _¢ hˇ ™

H$hmZr bI [ß. JOmYa emÒÃr $& `oX oh›Xr gmohÀ` g Am[H$m

[naM` hm Vm Am[Z _am Zm_ AdÌ` gwZm hmJm $& gm_Zdmbm

Ï`o∑V r gmohÀ`H$ma Wm $& AmÀ_-‡eßgm _| obflV AmMmam| Am°a

odMmam| _| o^›Z h [mÃ AZOmZ hr Cg bIH$ H$s H$hmZr H$ EH$

[mÃ ]Z JE $&

[ßoS>VOr H$hV h° - ""_ar A^r H$mB© N>[r Zht h° [a erK´ hr

VrZ-Mma N>[Zdmbr h° $& AmO g gmV gmb [hb "aoÌ_' _| EH$

H$hmZr oZH$br Wr "A_rar Jar]r' $& A] Am[H$m ∑`m ]VmD™$,

BYa dh oZH$br Am°a CYa _ar _wgr]V Am JB© $& oh›Xr H$r e`X hr

H$mB© Egr [oÃH$m hmJr, oOgH$ gÂ[mXH$ H$m [Ã Z Am`m hm oH$

erK´ hr A[Zr aMZm oOE $& Am°a ]¿M-]¿M H$ _w™h [a _am Zm_

hm J`m $& bmJ D™$Jbr CR>mH$a H$hV, h XIm $& A_rar-Jar]r H$

bIH$ [ß. JOmYa emÒÃr Om ah h° $&''38

10. H$sb Am°a H$gH$ :

Bg H$hmZr _| boIH$m Z Egr Zmar H$m ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° Om

A[Z [oV H$s C[jm H$ H$maU H$ht Am°a AmH$of©V hmVr h° qH$Vw

[am` [wÈf g ^r Bo¿N>V `mJ ‡mflV Zhr H$a [mVr, oOgH$ H$maU

55

dh hVmem g AmH´$mßV hmH$a AmH´$me H$aVr h° $& Bg H$hmZr _|

_Zmd°kmoZH$ –oÓQ> A A^mdO›` Hwß$R>m H$ AoVaH$ g AdMVZ H$s

odamYmÀ_H$ ‡oH´$`m AÀ`›V _mo_©H$ È[ g Ï`∑V h˛B© h° $& amZr H$m

oddmh H$mb Am°a MH$ H$ XmJmdmb H°$bme g hmVm h° $& dh amV

oXZ H$m_ H$aVm h° Cg [a H$Om© h° $& H°$bme EH$ _erZ ]Z J`m Wm,

^mdZmhrZ, aghrZ Cg Z amZr _| oXbMÒ[r Wr, Z Ka _| $& H$O© H$m

^yV H$m∂S> bJm-bJmH$ma Cgg H$m_ H$admVm Wm $&

amZr H$ hm™ EH$ [BßJ JÒQ> AmVm Wm oOg H$m Zm_ eIa Wm

dh gwßXa Wm [oVH$s AÀ`›V Ï`ÒVVm H$ H$maU amZr eIa H$s Ama

AmH•$ÓQ> hmVr h° $& eIa H$m „`mh hm OmVm h° Vm amZr H$ _Z _|

eIa H$s [ÀZr H$ ‡oV gm°oV`m S>mh CÀ[›Z h˛Am $& amO em_ eIa

A[Zr ]r]r H$m Kw_mZ b OmVm Vm dh CgH$s AmbmMZm H$aVr

ahVr, o]Zm dOh Cgg PJ∂S>m H$aVr h¢ $& amZr H$hVr h° - ""^bm

H$aZ H$m O_mZm Zhr ahm $& Aa gmb-^a VH$ amoQ>`m™ ]ZmH$a

oIbmB©, CgH$s H$m°Z H$h ? Mma oXZ Bg AmE Zhr h˛E oH$ g]

oH$E-H$amE [a [mZr o\$a J`m $& Eg Z_H$ham_ r Zhr XI hm|J

H$ht ? ''39

amZr ]mV-]mV [a eIa H$s [ÀZr g PJ∂S>Vr h° AßV_| [aemZ

hm H$a H°$bmeZ _H$mZ ]Xb ob`m $& amZr A[Zr AV•flV

B¿N>mAm| H$m bH$a amVr ahr $& AV•flV B¿N>mAm| H$s H$sb H$s

dXZm_`r H$gH$ g Cg _wo∑V Vm Zht o_b [mB© $&

11. Xm H$bmH$ma :

`h H$hmZr o^›Z Ï`o∑VÀddmbr Xm wdoV`m| H$s H$hmZr h° $&

EH$ ‡eßgm H$s A[jm H$_© H$m _hŒd XVr h° Am°a Xygar oZaW©H$

56

H$bm H$s A[jm OrdZm[`mJr H$_© H$m _hŒd XVr h° $& XmZm|

H$bmH$ma h° oMÃm oMÃH$ma h° dh _•V oÎmnaZ H$m oMÃ ItMVr h°,

"oÎmnaZ Am°a Xm AZmW ]¿M' Zm_ g $& Cg ‡Xoe©Zr _| [waÒH$ma

^r ‡mflV hmVm h° $& boH$Z Xygar H$bmH$ma AÈUm Vm CZ AZmW

]¿Mm| H$m gM_wM JmX bVr h° Am°a CZH$m [mbZ H$aVr h° $& oMÃm

odXe Mbr OmVr h° dhm oMÃm H$ "oÎ_ßJr Am°a Xm AZmW ]¿M'

oMÃ Z Yy_ _Mm Xr $& ‡Xe©Zr _| Cg oMÃZ ‡W_ [waÒH$ma ‡mflV

oH$`m Cgg H$ÈUm gmH$ma hm CR>Vr h° $& CgH$s EH$ ‡Xoe©Zr _|

oXÎbr _| AÈUm g _wbmH$mV h˛B© $& CgH$ gmW Xm fl`ma fl`ma ]¿M

W ""oMÃm Z [yN>m - `h ]¿M oH$gH$ h° ? CgZ H$hm _a h° $&

AÈUm Z oMÃm H$m ]Vm`m oH$ ` d hr ]¿M h° oOZH$m oMÃ `

oÎmnaZdmbm h° ?''40

Ohmß oMÃm H$Î[Zm H$ oMÃbmH$ _| odhma H$aVr ahr h° AÈUm

dhmß WmW© H$s R>mg O_rZ [a H$_© _| _ΩZ h° $&

12. _¢ hma JB© :

"_¢ hma JB©' Bg H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s AßoV_ H$hmZr h° $& Bg_|

boIH$m Z AmOH$mb H$ amOZroVkm [a Ï`ßΩ` oH$`m h° Am°a CgH$m

H$hZm h° oH$ AmO H$ `wJ _| AmXe© ZVm H$s [naH$Î[Zm H$aZm ^r

Agß^d h¢ $& AmO H$m ZVm gwam-gwßXar H$m C[Xe XVm h° $& AmO Vm

Hw$gu Am°a gŒmm H$s _ßoOb VH$ [h˛ ßMZm h°, Mmh oOg amÒV g

[h˛ßM $&

""H$od gÂ_bZ _| EH$ H$od "]Q> H$m ôdÓ`' Zm_H$

H$odVm gwZmV h° Cg_| ]Q>m Ao^ZÃr H$s \$mQ>m H$m My_Vm h°, eam]

[rVm h° Am°a Wm∂S>r Xa ]mX AÀ`ßV JÂ^raVm g "JrVm' obE ]mha

57

oZH$bVm h° ]Q> H$ Ï`dhma H$m XIH$a ]m[ H$hVm h° - h gmbm

Vm AmOH$b H$m ZVm ]ZJm $&''41

(2) VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra :

Bg H$hmZr gßJ´h _| AmR> H$hmoZ`m™ gßJ´ohV h¢ -

(1) VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra (2) AH$br

(3) AZMmhr JhamB`m™ (4) ImQ> og∑H$

(5) KwQ>Z (6) hma

(7) _O]war (8) MÌ_|

1. VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra :

_›Zy ßS>mar H$m Xygam H$hmZr gßJ´h h° - VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$

VÒdra $& `h gßJ´h 1959 _| ‡H$moeV h˛Am Wm $& Bg_| AmR>

H$hmoZ`m™ gßJ´ohV h° $& "VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra' [mnadmnaH$

‡_ Am°a XmÂ[À` gÂ]›Y H$s H$hmZr h° `h H$hmZr Xe©Zm H$s h°

VÒdra h° Xe©Zm H$s oOgH$m VrZ oZJmh| A[Z-A[Z T>ßJ g XIVr

g_PVr h° $& h VrZ oZJmh| h°, Z°Zm, hare Am°a Òd`ß Xe©Zm H$s $&

hare oH$gr [oÃH$m _| H$hmZr N>[dmH$a Xe©Zm H$m _ZmodÌbfU

H$aVm h° $& Z°Zm Z ]M[Z g A[Zr Xe©Zm _m°gr H$ gß]ßY _| naÌVXmam|

g gwZm h° $&

""Xe©Zm Z oddmh H$ VwaßV ]r_ma [oV H$s gdm H$aZm ewÈ

oH$`m $& A[Z Ka H$m EH$ H$_am oH$am` [a X aIm Wm, oOg_| AH$bm

hae ahVm Wm $& `hr XwoZ`m ^r Xe©Zm H$s $& Xe©Zm H$m __Àd hr

Zht ZmarÀd ^r fl`mgm Wm $& eara Am°a _Z XmZm| AV•flV W $& dh

hare H$s Ama AmH$of©V hmVr h° CgH$m [oV ghZ Zhr H$a [mVm Cg

_ma H$a Ka g oZH$mb oX`m Am°a gmW hr Xe©Zm H$s _mß, °`m, XrXr

58

g] H$m [Ã obIH$a CZH$s _m°oIH$ ghmZw^yoV H$m K•Um _| [nadoV©V

H$a oX`m $& [oV _a J`m Xe©Zm H$m gßJrV H$m [wamZm em°H$ AmO

OrodH$m H$m gmYZ ]Z J`m dh ÒHy$b _| gßJrV H$s oeojH$m

]Z JB© $& boIH$mZ Xe©Zm H$ _Zm^mdm H$m Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m h° h H$hmZr

S>màr e°br _| h° $&''42

2. AH$br :

`h H$hmZr gm_m ]wAm ]woT>`m H$s h° Om [naÀ`∑Vm h° Am°a

AH$br h° $& CgH$m OdmZ ]Q>m _a J`m Vm CgH$s OdmZr Mbr JB©

[oV [wÃ od`mJ _| Ka-]ma N>m ∂S>H$a Mb J` $& gm_m]wAm A[Zm

EH$mH$s[Z Xya H$aZ H$ ob` [mg [∂S>me g Ow∂S>Z H$s H$moee H$aVr

h° $& boH$Z gmb _| EH$ ]ma Ka AmZdmb [oV H$m h [gßX Zhr Wm

BgobE ]wAm g PJ∂S>m H$aV ahV W $& EH$oXZ ]wAm A[Z

naÌVXma H$ `hm™ emXr [a OmZm MmhVr h° Am°a ›`m°Vm Z AmZ [a

oZame hm OmVr h° $&

""]wAm Z gm∂S>r _| _m™ ∂S> bJmH$a gwIm oX`m amYm ^m^rZ

]wAm H$m Mm™Xr H$s EH$ og›Xya-XmZr EH$-gmS>r Am°a EH$

„bmCO H$m H$[∂S>m bm oX`m $& ]wAm Z bmb-har Myo ∂S>`m

[hZ br $&''43

]wAm OmZ H$m Am`mOZ H$a ahr Wr oH$ gß›`mgr [oV Z H$hm

òX H$mB© ]wbmZ Z AmE Vm Mbr _V OmZm Zht Vm R>rH$ Z hmJm $&

]wAm oXZâ ›`mVm H$s amh XIVr h° Am°a amYm g H$hVr h° -

""Z` \$eZdmbm| H$s _V [yN>m, EZ _mH$m| [a ]wbmdm

AmVm h° $& [m™M ]OH$m _wh≤aV h° oXZ _| H$^r r Am OmdJm $&''44

boH$Z em_ VH$ ]wbmdm Z Am`m $& ]wAm oZame hm OmVr h° $&

59

dh XwïIr hmVr h° $& ]wAm AH$br h° [a g]H$m A[Zm _mZVr h°

Am°a g]H$m gwI XwïI _| gmW XVr h° [a Xygam g N>br OmVr h° $&

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z d•’m Zmar H$s A›V[u∂S>m Am°a AH$b[ H$m

_mn_©H$ oMÃU Bg H$hmZr _| oH$`m h° Ï`o∑V Ah_ d gm_moOH$

[nadeO›` odgßJoV`m| g CgH$ Ï`o∑VÀd H$m odKQ>Z AmoX

pÒWoV`m| H$m gy˙_ Edß `WmW©[aH$ oMÃU Bg H$hmZr_| XIZ H$m

o_bVm h° $&

3. AZMmhr JhamB`m™ :

Bg H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s Vrgar H$hmZr "AZMmhr JhamB`m™' EH$

gmYmaU H$hmZr hmV h˛E r [mR>H$ H$ _Z H$m Ny> bZdmbr H$hmZr

h° $& Bg_| EH$ Xna–, oOkmgw, mdwH$ oedZmW Zm_H$ od⁄mWu H$m

oMÃU boIH$m Z oH$`m h° $& boIH$mZ ^mdZm H$m hr H$hmZr _|

oea_ma ]Zm oX`m h° $& oedZmW H$m A[Zr oeojH$m H$ ‡oV A‡À`j

ÒZh Cg OrZ Zhr XVm Am°a oeojH$m H$m A[Zr JbVr [a [ÌMmVm[

hmVm h° $& oedZmW A[_moZV hmZ [a XwïIr hmVm h° A[Z

A[_mZ H$m ]Xm©ÌV Zhr H$a [mVm Am°a AmÀ_hÀ`m H$a bVm h° $&

gwZßXm A‹`mo[H$ h° $& dh A[Z °`m m^r H$ [mg ahVr h° $&

dh Jar] od⁄mWu`m| H$m AoYH$ g_` [∂T>mVr h° $& oedZmW H$s

AmoW©H$ pÒWoV XIH$a Cg Q>`weZ XVr h° Cg gflVmh _| VrZ oXZ

AmZ H$m H$hVr h° $& EH$ ]ma gwZßXm H$m ]wIma Am`m $& gwZßXm AH$br

gmB© Wr H$_a _| H$mB© Zhr Wm $& oedZmW Am`m BVZ _| gwZßXm H$s

^m^r ^r AmB© CgZ oedZmW H$m gwZßXm [a PwH$m h˛Am XIm,

oedZmW ^r Mm¢H$ J`m $& Bg KQ>Zm H$ ]mX ^°`m-^m^r Z

oedZmW H$m [∂T>mZ H$m gwZßXm H$m B›H$ma oH$`m $& oedZmW oZame

60

hm J`m [yN>Vm h° -

""Vm ∑`m Am[ _wP o]ÎHw$b Zhr [∂T>m`m H$aJr ?''

hm™ A] Zht [∂T>m gHy™$Jr Vw_ H$mB© Am°a ‡]›Y H$a bm $&

"∑`m Xm VrZ oXZ ^r Zhr X gH$Jr ?' gwZßXm AoYH$ H$R>ma

Zht hm gH$s - R>rH$ h°, [agm Am OmZm $& _¢ [∂T>m Xy™Jr [a h g_P

bm oH$ dh AmoIar oXZ hmJm $&''45

oedZmW Z Hw$N> H$oR>ZmB`mß hb H$aZ H$ ob` A[Zr oH$Vm]

gwZßXm H$m Xr Wr Cg_| EH$ ‡_[Ã Wm $& gwZßXm Z CgH$ Qw>H$∂S>-Qw>H$∂S>

H$a oX` Am°a oedZmW H$m VrZ-Mma V_mM _ma oX` $& Xyga oXZ

oedZmW Z ab H$s [Q>ar [a AmÀ_hÀ`m H$a br $&

Xm oXZ ]mX EH$ b∂S>H$Z gwZßXm g H$hm oH$ CgH$r [wÒVH$

oedZmW Z gwZßXm H$m Xr h°, Cg_| _am [Ã h° $& _a [Ã oedZmW

obIVm Wm $& V] gwZßXm A[Z Am[ H$m hÀ`mnaZ g_PZ bJr $&

boIH$m Z oedZmW H$m A¿N>m oMÃU oH$`m h° $&

4. ImQ> og∑H$ :

`h H$hmZr Q>H$gmb _| H$m_ H$aZdmb _OXyam| H$ emfU H$s

H$hmZr h° $& I›Zm gmh] Q>H$gmb H$ C¿M [XmoYH$mar h° $& d bIZD$

H$ H$m©bO H$s N>mÃmAm| H$m Q>H$gmb XIZ H$s AZw_oV XV h˛E Òd`ß

Q>H$gmb oXImZ bJV h° $& C›hm|Z H$¿M YmVw H$m «>r _| JbmH$a

oH$g ‡H$ma og∑H$ V°`ma hmV h° h ]Vm`m $& I›Zm gmh] N>mÃmAm|

g ]∂S> ÒZh Am°a KoZÓR>Vm g _wbm`_ e„Xm _| ]mV H$aV h° $& ]∂S>r

]∂S>r _erZm| H$ ]rM H$m_ H$aV _OXyam| H$m XIH$a N>mÃmE™ [yN>Vr h°

oH$ hm™ _OXya A[Zr OmZ OmoI_ _| S>mbH$a H$m_ H$aZ ∑`m| AmV

h° ? V] I›Zm gmh] Z H$hm -

61

""H$m_ H$aZ $& Aa, EH$ hr OJh Imbr hmVr h°, Vm [Mmgm|

Qy>Q> [∂S>V h° $& Am[ OmZVr Zht, h_ma Xe _| B›gmZ H$s OmZ ]∂S>r

gÒVr h° $&''46 dht EH$ _OXya H$s Am°aV amV h˛E AmVr h° A[Z

[oV H$ Cgr \$∑Q>ar _| H$m_ H$aV XmZm| Q>m™J H$Q> OmZ [a ]°R>-]°R>

ImQ> og∑H$ MwZZ H$ H$m_ H$s _m™J H$aVr h°$& Vm dhr I›Zm gmh]

H$s ^md ^ßoJ_m VWm dmUr H$s _YwaVm H$H©$e Í$[ YmaU H$a

bVr h° $& boIH$m Z AmO H$s pÒWoV AmoW©H$ gßH$Q>, ]amOJmar

VWm Ï`dÒWm [a Ï`ßΩ` oH$`m h° $& boIH$m Z _OXyam| H$ emfU H$m

‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $&

5. KwQ>Z$ :

‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| Xm pÒWoV`m| _| OrZdmbr Xm Zmna`m| H$s

KwQ>Z H$m boIH$m Z oMoÃV oH$`m h° $& EH$ h° oddmohVm ‡oV_m Am°a

Xygar gm°^mΩ` H$mßjmUr Hwß$dmar _mZm $& XmZm| H$s A[Zr Ï`Wm h° $&

‡oV_m [oV H$s ]m™hm| H$s OH$∂S> g _w∑V hmZm MmhVr h° Vm _mZm

oH$gr H$s ]mhm| _| OH$∂S> OmZH$s B¿N>m aIVr h° Bg_| AZw^yoV H$s

JhamB© h° & _mZm m°a ‡oV_m [∂S>mgZ h° $& ‡oV_m H$m [oV Zdr _| h° dh

gmb _| EH$ _hrZm CgH$ [mg ahVm h° $& EH$ ]ma h [oV H$ gmW

OhmO [a JB© Wr qH$Vw [oV XmÒVm H$ gmW [J [a [J [∂T>mZm Am°a

JßX _OmH$ H$aVm VWm [ÀZr H$m XoH$`mZyg H$hVm V] Cg h A¿N>m

Zht bJm $& CgH$m [oV AmZdmbm h° qH$Vw Cg_| oH$gr ‡H$maH$m

CÀgmh Zhr $& dh [oV H$s ]mßhm _| OH$∂S> JB© ‡oV_m _wo∑V H$ obE

V∂S>[ ahr Wr h V∂S>[ KwQ>Z _| V„Xrb hm gH$Vr h° $& qH$Vw _wo∑V _|

Zhr $& _mZm AÈ[ g ‡_ H$aVr h° $& CgH$s ]r_ma odYdm _m CgH$s

emXr Zhr hmZ XVr ∑`m|oH$ H$_mZdmbr AH$br _mZm h° $& EH$ oXZ

62

dh AÈU H$ gmW mJ OmZdmbr h° qH$Vw ‡oV_mZ XIm oH$

""_mZm Ka H$ AmßJZ _| ImQ> [a [∂S>r oggH$ ahr h°, XadmO [a

Vmbm bJmH$a AÂ_m gmB© h° $& _mZm Zhr Om gH$s _mZm XwïI ‡oV_m

OmZVr h° $&''47 g] H$s A[Zr-A[Zr g_Ò`mEß h° $& ‡oV_m

oddmohVm h° qH$Vw [oV g AgßVwÓQ> h° Vm _mZm H$m oddmh Zhr hm

ahm h° hr Cg XwïI h° $& XmZm| Xo_H$ Hwß$oR>V KwQ>Vr h˛B© gmßg b ahr

h° $& boIH$mZ XmZm| H$s KwQ>Z H$m oMÃU oH$`m h¢ $&

6. hma$ :

ÒdV›Ã Ï`o∑VÀd MmhZdmb [oV [ÀZr H$ ¤ß›¤ H$m Bg H$hmZr

_| ‡ÒVwV oH$`m J`m h° $& Xr[m amOZroVH$ dmVmdaU _| [br h° $&

CgH$ o[Vm H$ Ka g^r amOZroVH$ Xbm| H$ ‡_wI Ï`o∑V AmV W $&

Xr[m EH$ amOZroVH$ Xb H$s goH´$` gXÒ` ]Z JB© CgZ A[Zr

B¿N>m g odamYr [mQ>u H$ gXÒ` H$m A[Zm OrdZgmWr ]Zm`m $&

emXr H$ ]mX XmZm| A[Zr [mQ>u`m| H$m H$m_ H$aZ bJV h¢ $& MwZmd

AmVm h° Am°a XmZm| EH$ Xyga H$ odamY _| I∂S> ahV h° Xr[mZ H$hm -

A^r VH$ VwÂhmar [mQ>u H$s odamoYZr Wr, A] VwÂhmam r

odamY H$aZm [∂S>Jm $&

Xr[mZ eIa H$m A[Z o_Ã g h H$hV h˛E gwZm -

""_ar OrV H$s gß^mdZm hr _wP oI›Z ]ZmE X ahr h° $& gmMVm

hˇ™ _¢ hma r J`m Vm Cg b¡Om H$m gh by™Jm $& [a OrV J`m Vm Xr[m

H$m ∑`m hmJm $&''48 BgobE _¢ MmhVm hˇ ™ oH$ _¢ hma OmD™$ dh

hma H$m Y∑H$m ]Xm©ÌV Zht H$a gH$Jr $& Xr[m Am°a eIa amOZroVH$

jÃ _| EH$ Xyga g AbJ hmZ [a ^r oO›XJr _| [aÒ[a

MmhZdmb h° $&

63

Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z maVr` Zmar H$s _ZïpÒWoV H$m

gw›Xa oMÃU oH$`m h° $&

7. _O]yar$ :

_›Zy ßS>mar H$s h H$hmZr Xm [ro∂T>`m| H$ d°MmnaH$ gßKf© H$s

H$hmZr h° $& gßKf© ^mdZm Am°a odMma H$m h° $& H$hmZr H$s ]y ∂T>r

AÂ_m Jm™d _| ahZdmbr AZ[∂T> Am°aV h° ]Q> H$m oddmh hm OmZ g

dh eha Mbm OmVm h° dh AH$br hm OmVr h°$ & EH$ ]ma [wÃ eha

g AmVm h° Vm dh CgH$ ]Q> H$m Jm™d _| aIVr h° CgH$m [mbZ H$aVr

h° boH$Z ]w∂T>r AÂ_m H$ bm∂S>-fl`ma Z Cg ]¿M H$m AZwemgZhrZ

]Zm oX`m h° ]¿M H$m Egm XIH$a JwÒg _| AmH$a [∂T>r obIr ]hˇ

A[Z ]Q> H$m XmXr A AbJ H$aH$ eha b OmVr h° $& Vm dh AH$br

hm OmVr h° $& boIH$mZ Bg H$hmZr _| _mV•Àd _mh H$m oMÃU oX`m

h° [mV H$m AbJ H$aZ H$s oddeVm CgH$s AßV¤©›¤ oXIm`m h°

[mV H$ ‡oV XmXr H$m dmÀgÎ` ^md ]Vm`m J`m h° $& ]wT>r _m H$

A›VgßKf© H$m __©Ò[eu oMÃU oH$`m h° $&

8. MÌ_$ :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr _| AVrV Am°a dV©_mZ H$m gßKf©

oMoÃV oH$`m h° $& Am°a [wÈf H$ AmÀ_H$o›–V d•oŒm [a Ï`ßΩ`

oH$`m h° $& ‡À`H$ _ZwÓ` H$m A[Zm AVrV hmVm h° AVrV H$s KQ>ZmE™

hmVr h° BgH$m oMÃU o_. d_m© H$ ¤mam oH$`m h° $&

o_. d_m© H$s [ÀZr H$hmZr obIVr h° boH$Z Cg gwZZ H$m

_m°H$m o_. d_m© H$m Zht o_bVm $& EH$ oXZ dh o_. d_m© H$m MÌ_m

oZH$mb bVr h° Am°a Cg A[Zr H$hmZr gwZmVr h° $& H$hmZr gwZV

gwZV o_. d_m© H$m A[Zr [wamZr ‡o_H$m H$s mX Am OmVr h° CZH$m

64

Zm_ e°b Wm Cg Q>r.]r. hm J`m Wm $& d_m© H$m Zm_ oZ_©b Wm $&

oZ_©b Am°a e°b oddmh H$aZdmb W qH$Vw e°b H$s ]r_mar H$ H$maU

oZ_©b H$m _Z CMQ> J`m dh Q≠>qZJ H$m ]hmZm H$a H$ [ß–h oXZ Mbm

OmVm h° $& Am°a e°b H$s 23 _B© H$m _•À`w hm J`r $& H$hmZr gwZV

d_m© AMmZH$ oMÎbmV h° -

""_¢ H$hVm hˇ™ _am MÌ_m Xm Zhr Vm _am X_ KwwQ> OmEJm $&''49

o_gµO d_m© H$ hmW g MÌ_m bH$a C›hm|Z Am™Im [a M∂T>m`m

Vm C›h| bJm _mZm oH$gr AVb g_w– H$s JhamB© _| g Ohm™ H$db

A›YH$ma Wm Am°a CZH$m X_ KwQ> ahm Wm d ]mha oZH$b AmE h¢ $&

‡ÒVwV H$hmZr [wÈf H$ oddmh [yd© ‡_ g gÂ]o›YV h°ß $&

(3) `hr gM h°$ :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ V•Vr` H$hmZr gßJ´h "`hr gM h°' _| AmR>

H$hmoZ`m™ gßJ´ohV h° Om oZÂZoboIV h° $&

(1) j` (2) Vrgam AmX_r

(3) gOm (4) ZH$br hra

(5) Zem (6) B›H$_-Q>°∑g Am°a ZtX

(7) amZr _mß H$m M]yVam (8) `hr gM h° $&

1. j`$ :

_›Zy ßS>mar Z j` H$hmZr _| Hwß$Vr H$ OrdZ gßKf© H$m oMÃU

oH$`m h° $& gmar C_´ OrdZ H$ WmW© g b∂S>Vr ahVr h° BgobE dh

gmMVr h° - ""Ky_Zm-o\$aZm, g°a-g[mQ>, h™gr-_OmH$ CgH$ OrdZ

_| Vm `h g] h° hr Zht ∑`m|oH$ [nadma H$m AmoW©H$ ^ma Hw ß$Vr

[a h° $& Ka _| Q>r. ]r. g ]r_ma o[Vm Am°a AmR>dr H$jm _| [∂T>Zdmbm

N>mQ>m mB© Xw›Zr h° Am°a Ka gß^mbZ H$m a_m]wAm H$m ]wbm`m h° $&

65

Hwß$Vr ÒHy$b _| [∂T>mVr h° Xw›Zr [∂T>Z _| H$_Oma Wm Vm CgH$ [m[m

]¿Mm H$m A[Zr Am™Im g Xya aIZm Zhr MmhV o\$a r H$hV h° -

""_¢ H$m°Z hmVm hˇ™ Hw$N> H$aZdmbm ? A] Vm VwÂht g]Hw$N> hm Om

Mmhm H$am $& _¢ j` H$m amJr $&'' EH$ ]ma H$moee H$aH$ Bg M∂T>dm

Vm X Var h°S>_mÒQ>a g A¿N>r OmZ-[hMmZ h° dhm™ r Om` Vm EH$

gmb Vm ]M Om` $&''50

""Hwß$Vr o[Vm H$s o]_mar H$ BbmO H$ ob` VWm N>mQ> mB© H$m

[∂T>mZ H$ obE Q>`yeZ ^r H$aVr h° dh gmodÃr Zm_H$ EH$

_ßX ]wo’ H$s b∂S>H$s H$m [∂T>mVr h° Om EH$ YZdmZ o[Vm H$s

]Q>r h° $& gmodÃr H$s _m™ gmMVr h° oH$ [°g H$ ]b [a XwoZ`m _|

g]Hw$N> IarXm Om gH$Vm h° BgobE dh dmof©H$ [arjm H$ ]mX

Hw$›Vr g g^r A‹`mo[H$mAm| g o_bH$a AmZ H$m H$hVr h° Bg

]mV g AmXe©dmZ o[Vm H$s ]Q>r Hwß$Vr H$m Y∑H$m gm bJm $& [a›Vw

dh odde Wr $& [napÒWoV`m| H$ X]md _| Hw$›Vr A[Zr B¿N>m H$

odÈ’ Òd`ß H$ AmMaU ¤mam Hw$›Vr _Z g j`J´ÒV hm J`r Hw$›Vr H$

o[Vm H$s emarnaH$ j` CgH$ Z°oVH$ j` _| ]Xb OmVm h° $&''51

Bg H$hmZr _| _‹`dJu` g_mO H$ `WmW©[aH$ oMÃU g

[mR>H$m| H$ _Z H$m Jhar gßdXZm g gam]ma H$a XVm h° $&

2. Vrgam AmX_r$ :

"Vrgam AmX_r' H$hmZr _| boIH$m Z [oV-[ÀZr H$ ]rM EH$

Vrga AmX_r H$ AmZ g gÂ]›Ym _| Om Xama [∂S>Vr h° CgH$s

Ao^Ï`o∑V H$s h° $& Bg H$hmZr _| ‡mMrZ Am°a ZdrZ _yÎ`m| H$s

Q>H$amhQ> h° $& ‡mMrZ OrdZ _yÎ`m| H$ AZwgma [am` [wÈf g EH$mßV

_| ]mVMrV H$aZ _mÃ g [oV A[Zr [ÀZr [a bmßN>Z bJm gH$Vm Wm

66

oH$›Vw dV©_mZ gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWm _| oX [oV [a [wÈf g ]mV H$aZ

[a [ÀZr [a eH$ H$a Vm dh hmÒ`mÒ[X ]ZJm $&

Bg H$hmZr _| gVre Am°a eHw$Z [oV-[ÀZr h° $& gVre A[Zr

[ÀZr [a eH$ H$aVm h° $& gVre H$ AßV¤©›¤ H$m H$hmZr _| AßoH$V

oH$`m J`m h° $&

""AmbmH$ Or, Am[H$m em`X odÌdmg Zht hmJm Am[ [hb

AmX_r h° oOgH$ AmZ [a eHw$Z m| Iwe hm ahr h°, daZm eHw$Z H$m

Bg Ka _| Vrga AmX_r H$s C[pÒWoV VH$ ]Xm©ÌV Zht hmVr $&''52

3. gOm$ :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr _| ^maV Xe _| Mb ah AmO H$s

›`m`-Ï`dÒWm [a VrIm Ï`ßΩ` oH$`m h° Vm Xygar Am°a AmoW©H$

A^md H$ H$maU [nadma _| AmZdmb o]Iamd H$m __©Ò[eu oMÃU

oH$`m h° $& gOm oH$gr EH$ Ï`o∑V H$m Zhr [a›Vw gß[yU© [nadma H$m

o]Zm oH$gr A[amY H$ wJVZr [∂S>Vr h° Am°a EH$ gwIr [nadma Qy>Q>H$a

o]Ia OmVm h° $&

Amem H$ o[Vm [a ]rg hOma È[` Mmar H$aZ H$m BÎOm_

bJm`m OmVm h° Cg Zm°H$ar g hQ>m oX`m OmVm h° $& Amem H$s _m™

]r_ma h° ]¿M A[Z MmMm H$ Ka ahZ Mb OmV h° $& Amem H$ o[Vm

Ka g ]mha Zht oZH$bV $& AßV _| H$B© ]agm| H$ ]mX AXmbV H$m

\°$gbm AmVm h° oH$ d oZXmf h° $&

""fl[m Am[ ]ar hm J` ! gwZV h°, Am[H$m gOm Zht h˛B©, gOm

Zht h˛B© Am[H$m ! [a [m[m o\$a r d°g hr ah, _mZm C›h| odÌdmg

hr Zht hm ahm oH$ C›hß gOm Zht h˛B© h° $&''53

H$mQ>© H$s gOm g ]∂T>H$a Om gOm CZH$m [nadma wJV MwH$m h°

67

CgH$m oMÃU boIH$mZ oH$`m h° $&

4. ZH$br hra :

Bg H$hmZr _| boIH$mZ ]m¯mS>Â]am| H$s oZaW©H$Vm H$m gmo]V

H$aZ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m h° $&

o_gg gaZ Am°a B›Xw Xm ]hZ h° $& BZH$ [m[m EH$ ]∂S>r

ÒQ>Q> H$ ^yV[yd© ‡YmZ_ßÃr W $& gaZ H$s emXr EH$ YZr [nadma g

hmVr h° Am°a CgH$s ]hZ B›Xw Z A[Zr [g›X H$ AZwgma EH$ ÒHy$b

_mÒQ>a g emXr H$s Wr $& dh A[Z [oV H$ EH$ oZÓR> ‡_ g Iwe

ahVr h° $& o_gg gaZ H$ [mg g]Hw$N> h° boH$Z CgH$ [mg [oV H$m

EH$ oZÓR> ‡_ Zht $& gaZZ A[Z Ï`ÒV [oV H$m \$mZ oH$`m -

""hbm ! _¢ o_gO gaZ... H$m°Z am_qgh ? gmh] H$m Xm, gmh]

H$m, h_ Oam ]mV H$a|J $& am_qghZ H$hm gmh] Vm h˛Oya AoZVm __

gmh] H$ gmW S>mßg [a J` h°, AmZ g h_ ]mb XJm $&''54

o_gO gaZ Am°a B›Xw g_mO H$ Xm dJm H$ ‡oVoZoY h° EH$

C¿MdJ© H$s Vm Xygar _‹`dJ© H$s $& Bg H$hmZr _| C¿MdJ© H$

OrdZ H$m ImIbm[Z COmJa h˛Am h° $&

5. Zem :

`h H$hmZr EH$ AbJ ‡H$ma H$s H$hmZr h° $& Bg_| boIH$m Z

^maVr` gßÒH•$oV _| T>br h˛B© EH$ Zmar H$m X`-Ò[eu oMÃU oH$`m

h° $& EH$ H$m [rZ H$m Zem h° Vm Xyga H$m o[bmZ H$m $& eßH$a Am°a

AmZ›Xr [oV [ÀZr h° $& eßH$a H$m eam] [rZ H$r AmXV h° Am°a AmZ›Xr

Cg [°g XVr ahVr h° $& eßH$a H$s [rZ H$s bV _| Ka H$m YZ,

AmZ›Xr H$s oH$Ò_V Am°a ]¿Mm| H$m odÓ` Mbm J`m $& eßH$a A[Zr

[ÀZr H$m _maVm-[rQ>Vm h° $& eßH$a Ze _ YwŒm ]mbm -

68

""_°ß EH$-EH$ H$m IyZ [r OmD™$Jm $& XIy™ H$m°Z _mB© H$m bmb b

OmVm h° _ar OmÈ H$m $& Am°a CgZ AmZßXr H$m ]∂S>r ]ah_r g [rQ>Zm

ewÈ H$a oX`m $& dh H$hVr h° ]¿Mm ]Q> oH$eZ≤ ]Mm $&''55

AmZ›Xr [oV H$s _ma[rQ> ghVr h° boH$Z ^maVr` Zmar H$

gßÒH$ma dh A[Z [oV H$m N>m ∂S>Z H$m V°`ma Zhr hmVr dh [oV H$m

[a_Ìda _mZVr h° $& Bg ]mV H$m boIH$mZ "Zem' H$hmZr _| MnaVmW©

H$a oX`m h° $&

6. B›H$_-Q>°∑g Am°a ZtX :

Bg H$hmZr _| ´ÓQ>mMm© Am°a CgH$ ododY È[m| H$m oMÃU h˛Am

h° $& Am°a J´mÂ` Am°a ehar gßÒH•$oV H$ ^X H$ gmW-gmW Xm

[ro∂T>`m| H$ AßVa H$m ^r Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m h° $& g‰`Vm Am°a gßÒH•$oV _|

]Xbmd g_` H$s _m™J h° Cg [yam H$aZm MmohE $& A›`Wm Ïò∑V

hmÒ` Ï`ßΩ` H$m [mÃ ]ZVm h° hrZ J´ ßWr g JógV hmVm h° BgH$m

CXmhaU h° S>m™. X`mb ‡gmX MVwdXr hmo_`m[oWH$ ]mbamJ

odefk$ &

S>m™. X`mb [wamZ odMmam| H$ ‡oVH$ h° Vm S>m™. _oh_m AmYwoZH$

odMmam| H$s $& _oh_m CgH$s VrOr h° _oh_m H$ emXr gß]ßYr odMma

C›h| AmÌM`© _| S>mbV h° $& dh A[Zr ]Q>r gamO H$m _°oQ≠>H$ H$ ]mX

ggwamb OZ H$s ]mV H$aV h° -

""bIZD$ ∑`m o]Q≤>Q>r, A] Vm ggwamb hr ^|OJ $& h_ Vm

^mB© _°oQ≠>H$ H$ ]mX b∂S>H$s H$m Ka aIZ _| odÌdmg Zht H$aV EH$

]h˛V hr A¿N>m b∂S>H$m h° _aR> _| BßOroZà h° Ka r A¿N>m h° ]g

]MwAm Oam XI Am` Vm AmVr gXu _| emXr H$a Xy™ $&''56

S>m™. X`mb AmÀ_gÂ_mZ Ahß Am°a A[Z ]∂S>fl[Z H$m ‡ÒWmo[V

69

H$aZm MmhV h° $& Am°a C[hmg H$ [mÃ ]ZV h° S>m ™. X`mb

_ZmodH$ma H$ oeH$ma h° $&

7. amZr _m™ H$m M]yVam :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr _| oZÂZdJ© H$s Zmar H$ MnaÃ H$m

COmJa oH$`m h° h H$hmZr Òdmo^_mZ, B©_mZXma, H$V©Ï`[am`U,

AmÀ_oZ^©a, odYdm Jwbm]r H$s H$hmZr h° oOg H$^r amZr _m™ H$

M]yVa [a OmZ H$s OÍ$aV Zhr [∂S>r $& Cg A[Z hmWmß [a odÌdmg

Wm $& ZJa eR> H$s _mVm H$s `mX _| ]ZmE M]wVa [a ha [yZ_ H$m

Am°aV Xr`m ObmH$a ]¿Mm| H$ obE _Zm°Vr _mZVr h° [a Jwbm]r

oH$gr H$s ghmZw^yoV [a OrZm Zhr MmhVr dh H$hVr h°

""oH$gr H$ XmZ-[w›Z [a [bZdmbr Zhr h° Jwbm]r, WyH$Vr h°

VwÂhma MßX [a ...''57

J´mÂ` OrdZ, O∂S> _m›`VmAm| H$m oeH$ma h° Vm Jwbm]r AH$br

Cg O∂S> _m›`VmAm| H$m gm_Zm H$aVr h° $& g]g [hb Vm dh A[Z

eam]r [oV H$m Ka g oZH$mb XVr h° $&

Bg H$hmZr _| EH$ Z`r odMmaYmam H$m Jwbm]r bmJm| VH$

[h˛™MmZm MmhVr h° $&

8. `hr gM h° :

boIH$m Z Bg H$hmZr H$ AmYma [a hr gßJ´h H$m Zm_H$aU

oH$`m h° Am°a Bg H$hmZr [a "aOZrJßYm' o\$Î_ r ]Z MwH$s h° $&

Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z Zmar _Z _| [wÈf H$ ‡oV Om

^md-CÀ[›Z hmV h° C›h| S>m`ar-e°br _| Ï`∑V oH$`m h° $& AZH$

Zmna`m| H$ ‡oV EH$ hr g_` AmH$of©V hmZ H$m EH$moYH$ma [wÈf

dJ© H$m h° Am°a Zmar H$m EH$ g_` EH$ [wÈf H$m MmhZm MmohE $& Bg

70

Xmha _m[X S> b hr ‡H$Q> Í$[ g hm oH$›Vw [wÈf _Z Am°a Zmar _Z

XmZm _| _Z Vm EH$ hr h° $& ^maVr` Zmar A[Z _Z [a gßÒH•$oV,

g_mO oZgJ© Am°a _mV•Àd H$ ]ßYZ H$m [napÒWoVde Am°a [aÂ[am

H$s _mZogH$Vm H$ H$maU ÒdrH$ma H$aVr h° oH$›Vw AmYwoZH$ Zmar

A[Zr Bg _mZogH$Vm H$ Xm`a g ]mha ZrH$bZ H$s gmM ahr h° $&

Xr[m Bg H$hmZr H$s Zmo`H$m h° dh oZerW g ‡_ H$aVr h°

Cgg AZ]ß hm OmVr h° Vm dh A[Z emY-H$m`© _| brZ hm

OmVr h° $& CgH$ OrdZ _| gßO` Zm_H$ wdH$ Am`m dh oZerW H$m

^yb OmVr h° -

""_¢ VwÂh| fl`ma H$aVr hˇ™ ]h˛V-]h˛V fl`ma H$aVr hˇ™ odÌdmg H$am

gßO` _am VwÂhmam fl`ma hr gM h°, oZerW H$m fl`ma Vm N>b Wm, ´_

Wm, PyR> Wm $&''58 O] H$bH$Vm OmVr h° dhm™ oZerW g _wbmH$mV

hmVr h° o\$a g Xr[m H$ _Z _| oZerW H$ obE fl`ma C_∂S> OmVm h° $&

V] dh gmMVr h° - ""‡W_ ‡_ hr g¿Mm ‡_ h° ]mX _| oH$`m h˛Am

‡_ Vm A[Z H$m wbmZ H$m a_mZ H$m ‡`mg _mÃ hmVm h¢ $&''59

Bg ‡H$ma Xm Zm`H$m H$ ]rM Zn`H$m H$ A›V¤©›¤ H$m oMoÃV

oH$`m J`m h° $&

(4) EH$ flbQ> g°bm] :

_›Zy ßS>mar H$m h MVwW© H$hmZr gßJ´h EH$ flb°Q> g°bm] h° $&

Bg H$hmZr gßJ´h _| Hw$b 9 H$hmoZ`m™ gßJ´ohV h° $&

(1) ZB© Zm°H$ar (2) ]ßX XamOm| H$m gmW

(3) EH$ flbQ> g°bm] (4) N>V ]ZmZ dmb

(5) EH$ ]ma Am°a (6) gßª`m H$ [ma

(7) ]mhm H$m Kam (8) H$_a, H$_am Am°a H$_a

(9) D™$MmB©

71

1. ZB© Zm°H$ar :

‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| _›ZyOr Z [wÈf H$s ^m°oVH$dmXr –oÓQ> Am°a

Cg_| ]br hmVr h˛B© Zmar H$s oZ`oV H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° ""Hwß$XZ H$s

ZB© Zm°H$ar h°, dh ]∂S>r VOr g m°oVH$ g_•o’ ‡mflV H$aZm MmhVm

h° $& BgH$ obE amO a_m H$m Hwß$XZ H$ gmW [mQ>u _| OmZm [∂S>Vm h° m

Ka [a [mQ>u H$s Ï`dÒWm H$aZr [∂S>Vr h° $& a_m [∂T>r-obIr hmZ [a

^r Hwß$XZ CgH$s Zm°H$ar Nw>∂S>m XVm h° dh Hwß$XZ H$ OrdZ _| EH$ em

[rg _mÃ ]Z OmVr h° $&''60 a_m H$ _mZogH$ VZmd H$m _›ZyOr Z

oMoÃV oH$`m h° $&

2. ]ßX XamOm| H$m gmW :

‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| _›ZyOr Z ]Vm`m h° oH$ oddmhr [yd© ‡_r

[mnadmnaH$ odKQ>Z H$m H$maU ]Z gH$Vm h° $& Am°a d°dmohH$ OrdZ

H$db AmH$f©U H$ ghma Zht Mb gH$Vm [aÒ[a g_Pm°V H$s d•oŒm

g gmhM`© ]Zm ahVm h° $&

""A[Z [oV odo[Z H$ gmW gwI[wd©H$ OrdZ o]VmZdmbm

_ßOar H$m oOg oXZ [oV H$ oddmh[yd© ‡o_H$m H$m [Vm MbVm h¢

oOgg oddmh H$ ]mX r dh gÂ]›Y aIVm h° Cg oXZ _ßOar A[Z

]¿M H$ gmW odo[Z g AbJ hm OmVr h°ß $&''61 boIH$m Z _ßOar H$s

_ZmXem H$m oMÃU oH$`m h¢ $&

3. EH$ flbQ> g°bm] :

Bg H$hmZr _| EH$ hmQ>b _| Ow ∂S> Ï`o∑V`m| H$s ndo^›Z

_mZogH$Vm H$m oMÃU oH$`m J`m h° $& _›ZyOr Z ]Vm`m h° oH$ ha

C_´ H$s A[Zr XwoZ`m Am°a A[Zr g_Ò`m hmVr h° Am°a C_´ H$ gmW

g_Ò`mE™ [nadoV©V hmVr h° $& h H$hmZr oH$gr EH$ [mÃ g [mR>H$

72

H$s gßdXZm H$m Zht Om ∂S>Vr Ao[Vw Ï`mdhmnaH$ OJV H$m Xe©Z

H$amVr h° $&

4. N>V ]ZmZ dmb :

‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| boIH$mZ ehar Am°a XhmVr ‡mMrZ Am°a ZB©

[r∂T>r H$ OrdZ Xe©Z H$m ^X Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m h° $& ""ImZ-[mZ, ahZ

ghZ, oejm, aroV-nadmO g^r _| X h°, AßVa Am`m h° eaX bIH$

h° $& O] eaX Zm° ]ag H$m Wm V^r CgH$ o[Vm am_Ìda bIZD$ _|

Om ]g Am°a ehar hm J` h¢ $& C›hm|Z A[Z ]¿Mm| H$m [∂T>m`m h¢ $&

eaX Ky_Z _aR> Am`m h¢ dhm™ CgH$ VmD$Or ahV h° ß $& VmD$Or Z

CgH$s A[Zr _Ou g emXr H$am Xr gß[yU© [nadma VmD$Or H$ AmXe

[a MbVm h¢ $&''62

5. EH$ ]ma Am°a :

Bg H$hmZr _| [aÂ[amJV Z°oVH$Vm H$ ‡oV Iwbm od–mh Am°a

AmXe© h° $& maVr` g_mO ‡_ H$s [naUoV oddmh _| MmhVm h° Am°a

‡_ H$s AZw^yoV H$m emÌdV _mZVm h° $& Bg Ï`dÒWm _| [br Zmar

A[Z [hb ‡_ H$m g¿Mm _mZVr h° $& Am°a Bg ‡_ _| Ag\$bVm

hmZ g oZame hm OmVr h° Am°a oH$gr Xyga g Oy∂S>Zm CgH$ obE

_woÌH$b hm OmVm h° $& _›Zy ßS>mar Z Zmar-_Z H$s Bgr mdZm H$m oMoÃV

oH$`m h° $&

6. gßª`m H$ [ma :

_›Zy ßS>marZ ]Vm`m h° oH$ _ZwÓ` _Z H$ Hw$N> md Eg hmV h°

Om [°g g oJZ Zht Om gH$V $& __Àd H$ gm_Z gßª`m H$_ hmVr h°

`h ]mV ‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| H$hr JB© h° $& XwoZ`m _| fl`ma Am°a dmÀgÎ`

AZ_mb h° C›h È[`m| g Vmbm Zht Om gH$Vm $& Bg_| EH$ Egr

73

`wdVr H$ OrdZ H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° oOg _m™ H$m fl`ma Zht o_bm $&

""‡o_bm H$ ‡oV CgH$s _mß H$m __Àd Am°a CgH$ XmXm H$m CgH$s

_mß H$ ‡oV dmÀgÎ` Am°a o[V•Àd g_mZ h°, qH$Vw CgH$m ‡H$Q> H$aZ

H$m VarH$m o^›Z h° $& ‡o_bm H$m ]m]m _m™ H$s __Vm H$m È[`m| g

Vm°bZm MmhVm h°, Cg 10,000 H$m MH$ XZm MmhV h¢ boH$Z _m™

A[Zr ]Q>r H$m [m™M È[` H$m ZmQ> XH$a Wm ∂S>m fl`ma XH$a Mbr

OmVr h° $&''63

boIH$m Z ]Vm`m h° oH$ [m™M È[` O°g N>mQ>r aH$_ Am°a

Xg hOma O°g ]∂S>r aH$_ H$ [a _m™ H$s __Vm hr _yÎ`dmZ h°, oOg

È[`m| g Zht Vm°bm Om gH$Vm $&

7. ]mhm H$m Kam :

^maVr` Zmar H$ gßÒH$ma [oV H$ ‡oV g_o[©V md aIV h° $&

`h EH$ AV•flV Zmar H$ _mZogH$ Vm°a[a Q>H$Z H$s ge∑V H$hmZr

h° $& Zmar H$ Ï`o∑VÀd H$m CgH$ Òdm^modH$ Ï`dhma H$m Zmar gwb^

_oh_m H$m, CgH$s AV•flV AmH$mßjmE™ odH•$V ]Zm bVr h°, hr Bg

H$hmZr H$m H$Wmgma h¢ _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z AV•flV H$Â_m H$ _mZogH$

Ï`m[ma H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° $&

8. H$_a, H$_am Am°a H$_a :

`h H$hmZr Zmar H$ gro_V-Agro_V Ï`o∑VÀd H$m oMoÃV

H$aVr h° $& _›Zy ßS>mar Z EH$ Egr Zmar H$s ]mV H$s h° Om ""A[Zm OrdZ

ewÈ g AßV VH$ H$_am| _| hr og_Q>Vm Am°a o]IaVm h˛Am AZw^d

H$aVr h° $& [hb Zrby [m™M H$_am| _| ]›X ahr ]mX _| Zm°H$ar H$ obE

JB© V] hmÒQ>b _| EH$ H$_a _| ahZ bJr emXr H$ ]mX ‚b°Q> _| ahZ

bJVr h° Bg ‡H$ma [hb H$_a o\$a H$_am Am°a o\$a H$_a _| CgH$m

74

A[Zm OrdZ ]rIa OmVm h° $&''64 [maß[naH$ _mZogH$Vm Zmar H$s

B¿N>mAm| Edß CgH$ Ï`o∑VÀd H$m Xo_V H$aVr h° $&

9. D™$MmB© :

Bg_| AmYwoZH$ Zmar H$ AßVï gßKf© H$m oMoÃV oH$`m h° $& Bg

H$hmZr _| Zmar-[wÈf gÂ]›Ym H$ ÒWmo[V _yÎ` Am°a Z` OrdZ

_yÎ`m H$ ]rM Q>H$amd H$m _›ZyOrZ ]Vm`m h° $& AVrV H$ Qy >Q>

gß]ßYm H$m o\$a g Om∂S>Z g dV©_mZ [oV-[ÀZr gß]ßYm _| Om Co¤ZVm

AmVr h° Cgr H$m oMÃU Bg H$hmZr _| oH$`m J`m h° $&

oedmZr Am°a oeoea H$ XmÂ[À` OrdZ _| gwIr W $& oedmZr

Ω`mah df© H$ ]mX A[Z oddmh[yd© ‡_r g o_bVr h¢ Am°a oeoea

H$m Bg ]mV H$m [Vm MbVm h° V] H$hVr h° oH$ - ""_a OrdZ _|

VwÂhmam Om ÒWmZ h° Cg H$mB© Zhr ßb gH$Vm''65 Am°a XmZm| o\$a

g gwIr OrdZ o]VmV h° $&

(5) oÃeßHw$ :

"oÃeßHw$' _›ZyOr H$m [ßM_ H$hmZr gßJ´h h° Bg_| 10 H$hmoZ`mß

gßJ´hrV h¢ $& Om Bg ‡H$ma h¢ $&

(1) AmV OmV m`mdma : (2) Xama aZ H$s Xama

(3) ÒÃr gw]moYZr (4) em`X

(5) oÃeßHw$ (6) aV H$s Xrdma

(7) Vrgam ohÒgm (8) AbJmd

(9) EIm Z AmH$me ZmB© (AmH$me H$ AmBZ _|)

(10) Agm_`oH$ _•À`w :

1. AmV OmV m`mdma :

Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z ]Vm`m h° oH$ ""[wÈf ‡H•$oV g

75

`m`mdma h° Am°a ^maVr` Zmar g_mO_m›` [maß[naH$ gßÒH$ma Am°a

Èo∂T>`m| g ]ßYr h˛B© h¢ $& dh BZ ]ßYZm H$m Vm ∂S>Zm MmhH$a ^r Zht

Vm ∂S> gH$Vr $& d°MmnaH$ YamVb [a [wÈf OmoV g ]Xbm bZ H$s

^mdZm aIV h˛E r ‡À`j _| CgH$s X`Zr` pÒWoV g –odV hmVr h°

qH$Vw [wÈf o\$a Cg N>bVm h° Am°a A[Z `m`mdar d•oŒm H$m og’

H$aVm h° $& Ao^Z` CgH$m Y_© h°, Zmar H$m N>bZm CgH$m

oZ`_ h¢ $&''66

Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ^ßS>marZ [wÈf ¤mam N>br JB© Zmar H$

A›V©¤›¤ H$m oMoÃV H$aV h˛E [wÈf H$ dmÒVodH$ È[ H$m oMÃU

oH$`m h¢ $&

2. Xama aZ H$s Xama :

Bg_| XmÂ[À` OrdZ _| OrdZ _| hmZdmbr KQ>ZmAm| H$s MMm©

H$aV h˛E _›Zy ßS>mar Z _ZwÓ` H$ _Zm^mdm| H$m oMÃU H$aZ H$m ‡`mg

oH$`m h° $&

""ZßoXVm H$s KoZÓR> o_Ã h° lwoV $& lwoV A[Z [oV g AbJ

hmZm MmhVr h° $& [a ZßoXVm XmZm| _| g_Pm°Vm H$aZ H$m ‡`mg H$aVr

h° $& boH$Z lwoV AbJ Ka bH$a [oV g AbJ ahZm MmhVr h°, Vm

ZßoXVm CgH$ obE Ka r Ty> ™T> bVr h¢ $& Bgr ]rM [oV-[ÀZr XmZm|

o\$a EH$ hm OmV h° Am°a ZßoXVm H$ obE o_R>mB© Am°a gmS>r bH$a

AmV h¢ V] ZßoXVm A[Z H$m ]h˛V A[_moZV-gm _hgyg H$aVr h° $&

CZH$ Mb OmZ H$ ]mX ZßoXVm H$m bJVm h° - ""O°g ]¿M H$m [hb

Vm H$mB© ]h˛V AmÌdmgZ X Am°a o\$a EH$ Xm hmH$s g ]hbmH$a

MbVm ]Z $&''67

76

3. ÒÃr gw]moYZr :

Bg H$hmZr _| oddmohV [wÈf ¤mam N>br JB© Zmar H$m oMÃU

_›ZyOr Z oH$`m h° $& e°br Bg H$hmZr H$ ¤mam g›Xe XVr h° oH$ -

""^ybH$a r emXrewXm AmX_r H$ ‡_ _| _V [oS>E $& A›` H$hmoZ`m|

g Bg H$hmZr H$s e°br o]ÎHw$b AbJ h° $& dh Am`H$a od^mJ _|

H$m_ H$aVr h° dhm™ A[Z ]mg oeßX H$ ‡oV AmH$of©V hmVr h° $&

]mX _| Cg [Vm MbVm h° oH$ qeX oddmohV hr Zht EH$ ]¿M H$m

o[Vm ^r h° Vm dh Cgg AbJ hmZm MmhVr h°, boH$Z qeX Cg

g_PmVm h° oH$ emXr XwïI[`©dgm`r h° BgobE dh A[Zr [ÀZr g

VbmH$ bZm MmhVm h° $& [a Egm H$aVm Zht Am°a CgH$m V]mXbm r

hmVm h° $& e°br Cgg AbJ hm OmVr h° [a CgH$ EH$ J•h‡de H$

Adga [a Cg ]wbmVm h° Vm e°br dhm™ OmVr h° Am°a CgH$s ‡g›Z

[ÀZr Edß gw›Xa ]¿M H$m XIH$a IwX H$m gß^mbVr h° $&''68 e°br

g_mO H$s A›` _mgy_ wdoV`m| H$m [wÈf-Òd^md g AdJV H$amZm

MmhVr h° $&

4. em`X :

Bg H$hmZr _| AmoW©H$ [napÒWoV`m™ oH$g ‡H$ma EH$ [nadma

H$m ZÓQ> H$a XVr h°, CgH$m oMÃU _›ZyOr Z oH$`m h¢ $&

amImb OmhO [a _°H$oZH$ Wm $& Bg ]ma VrZ gmb H$ ]mX Xm

_hrZm| H$s Nw>≈>r [a dh Ka Am`m h° $& dh am_mßoQ>H$ _yS> _| h°, [a

[ÀZr CgH$ am_mßg H$m ]mP CR>mZm Zht MmhVr $& VrZ gmbm| H$

]rM H$ [mnadmna XwI Am°a ]¿Mm| H$s g_Ò`mZ Cg `mo›ÃH$ ]Zm

oX`m h° $& dh Zm°H$ar H$aZ H$m r _O]ya hm JB© h° $& amImb H$ Ka

AmZ [a CgH$s [ÀZr _mbm A[Z mB©-^m^r, _H$moZH$ eßH$a VWm

77

A›` [S>mog`m| H$s gˆX`Vm H$s ]mV H$aVr h° Vm amImb H$m A[Z

hr Ka _| [am`m[Z _hgyg hmZ bJVm h° $& O] Nw>≈>r g_mflV hmZ [a

OhmO [a bm°Q>Vm h° Vm dhm™ Cg gwZmB© [∂S>Vm h° - ""`ma Vw_ O°g

bmJm| H$m ]h˛V KwbZm o_bZm Zht MmohE ]r]r ]¿Mm _|, ]Q>m

A[Zr oO›XJr Vm BZ _erZm| H$ gmW h° g_P ! BZH$m Vb o[bmAm

Am°a MbmAm $&''69

5. oÃeßHw$ :

"oÃeßHw$' H$hmZr _| _mß Am°a ]Q>r H$ —oÓQ>H$mUm| g Xm [ro∂T>`m|

H$ A›Va H$m Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m h° $& _mß Z ‡_oddmh oH$`m Wm Am°a

ZmZm Z BgH$m odamY oH$`m Wm $& BgobE _mß A[Zr ]Q>r [a AßHw$e

bJmZm Zht MmhVr $& ha [r∂T>r A[Z AmJ AmZdmbr [r∂T>r H$m Ny>Q>

XZm MmhVr h°, boH$Z BgH$s EH$ gr_m hmVr h° [a BZ gr_mAm| _|

]ßY ahZm AJbr [r∂T>r Zht MmhVr h° V^r gßKf© hmVm h¢ $& Bg

]mV H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° $&

6. aV H$s Xrdma :

`h H$hmZr ]amOJmar H$ H$maU AmO H$ gwoeojV `wdm

_mZg H$s Hwß$R>m Am°a oZamem H$m C’V H$aVr h° $& Bg H$hmZr H$ ¤mam

boIH$m Z h_| h grI Xr h° oH$ ]¿Mm| H$ odÓ` H$ ]ma _| g[Z

XIZm aV H$s Xrdma H$s Vah h° Om H$^r r Qy>Q> OmZ H$s AdÒWm _|

h¢ $& aV g Xrdma MwZZm Agß^d h° d°g hr ]Q> H$s oejm ¤mam

^odÓ` H$ _hb H$s Amem r Ï`W© h° $&

7. Vrgam ohÒgm :

"Vrgam ohÒgm' H$hmZr _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z gß[mXH$ H$ Io S>V

Ï`o∑VÀd H$m oMÃU oH$`m h¢ $& AmO g_mO H$m H$mB© ^r jÃ

78

^´ÓQ>mMma g _w∑V Zht h° g] H$ht _ZwÓ` H$m YZ H$ Zm_ [a _yÎ`

oX`m OmVm h° $& Eg ´ÓQ> g_mO B©_mZXma Ïò∑V H$ Ïò∑VÀd H$m

ohÒgm _| ]m™Q> XVm h° $& Bg g] H$ ]rM Hw$N> bmJ Eg h¢ Om

g_`mZwgma A[Z H$m ]Xb Zht [mV h¢$ & Egm Ïò∑V h° eam ]m]y $&

^´ÓQ> emgH$m| H$ ‡oV dh IwÎb_-IwÎbm A[Z g_mMma-[Ã _|

obIVm h°, [a›Vw g^r H$ ¤f AmoX H$ H$maU dh AI]ma hr ]›X

hm OmVm h° $& dh o\$a g H$Î[Zm H$aVm h° oH$ ´ÓQ>mMma H$ odamY _|

dh Hw$N> H$aJm $& [a g] CgH$s H$Î[Zm _mÃ ah OmVm h° $& dV©_mZ

_| dh Hw$N> H$a hr Zht [mVm h° $&

8. AbJmd :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m ]M[Z g amOZroV g odef bJmd ahm h° $&

Am` oXZ OZ gmYmaU [a hmZdmb AÀ`mMma H$s I]a| [∂T>H$a CZH$m

_Z odMobV h˛Am Am°a "]b N>r' H$ hÀ`mH$mßS> Z Vm C›h| ohbm

oX`m $& Bg H$mßS> H$m AmYma ]ZmH$a _›Zy ßS>mar Z "AbJmd' H$hmZr

obIr Am°a AmJ MbH$a BgH$m "_hm^mO' Zm_H$ C[›`mg _|

Í$[mßVnaV H$a oX`m $&

AmO H$s amOZroV H$s Agob`V H$m CKm∂S>Zdmbr AZw[_

H$hmZr h° "AbJmd' $&

9. EIm Z AmH$me ZmB© : (AmH$me H$ AmBZ _|) :

Bg H$hmZr _| _›ZyOr Z ehar Am°a J´m_rU [nade _|

AbJ-AbJ H$mUm| g Zmar H$s g_Ò`mE™ [mR>H$m| H$ gÂ_wI aIr

J`r h° $& XmZm| [nadem| _| Zmar AgßVwÓQ> XrIVr h¢ $& O°g gwaojV h¢,

Òdmdbß]r h¢, oddmohV h¢, OrdZ g [yU© gßVwÓQ> h¢, qH$Vw oVhar Ka

Zm°H$ar Am°a [∂T>mB© H$s oOÂ_Xmna`m| Z CZH$m ag oZMm∂S> ob`m h¢

79

Am°a dh ho»>`m| H$m T>mßMm _mÃ ah J`r h¢ $&

Bg H$hmZr H$g r [mÃ Iwb AmH$me H$ ZrM Amem-AmH$mßjm

H$ AZwÈ[ OrZm MmhV h¢, boH$Z CZH$s MmhV-MmhV hr ah OmVr

h° $& eha hm m Jm™d Zmar H$s A[Zr -A[Zr g_Ò`mE™ hmVr h° $&

bIm eha _| ahVr h°, Vm eha g D$] OmVr h° dh H$hVr h° -

""`hm™ Z Iybr, Z gm\$ hdm o_bVr h°, Z A¿N>m ImZ-[rZ H$m hr

C[b„Y hm [mVm h° $& Bg ‡H$ma dh oOg YmaUm H$m bH$a JB© Wr,

dh PyR>r og’ h˛B© $& Cg Jm™d H$m OrdZ eha g ]wam bJZ bJm $&

Jm™d _| g]H$s A[Zr-A[Zr g_Ò`m h° Am°a g^r H$m X_ KwQ> ahm h°

Cg dmVmdaU _| $& bIm dhm™ g ^mJZm MmhVr h° $& dh ]∂S>r

Vrd´Vm g A[Z [oV H$s amh XI ahr h° VmoH$ hm™ g OÎXr H$hrß Xya

[hm∂S> [a Om gH$ $&70 Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z EH$ ]ßJmbr JrV

H$s [ßo∑V`m| H$m oMÃU r oH$`m h° -

""emZm ]›Yw emZm ‡mUhrZ h ehaa BoVH$Wm

B™Q>a [mßOmS> bmhma ImßMmE XmÈU __© Ï`Wm

EImZ AmH$me ZmB©, EImZ AmH$me ZmB©,

EImZ A›YJbra ZaH$ _wo∑Va Ï`mHw$bVm $&''71

10. Agm_`oH$ _•À`w :

"oÃeßHw$' H$hmZr H$s h H$hmZr _›Zy ßS>mar H$s gwßXa H$hmZr

h° $& g_mO _| _‹`dJ© H$ AWm©O©Z H$aZdmb _wª` Ï`o∑V H$s _•À`w

hmVr h° Vm [yam Ka amÒV [a Am OmVm h° $& h Xr[y H$ H$bm Í$[ H$s

Agm_mo`H$ _•À`w H$s H$hmZr h° $& CgH$ o[Vm _he ]m]y H$s _•À`w

44 gmb H$s Am`w _| Amo\$g _| H$m_ H$aV-H$aV hm OmVr h° $&

Xr[y H$m ZmQ>H$ _| ¡`mXm ÈoM Wr $& ZmQ>H$ H$ OmZ _mZ H$bmH$ma

80

CÀ[b XŒm Z Cg Q≠ >m\$s XV h˛E ‡mÀgmohV oH$`m Wm $& C›hm|Z

[yZm H$s Ao^Z` gßÒWmZ H$m ‡de-[Ã ^r _™Jdm`m Wm, oH$›Vw

AMmZH$ o[Vm H$s _•À`w Z Xr[y H$s XwoZ`m H$m ]Xb oX`m $& Xr[y H$

H$bmH$ma H$s _•À`w hm JB© $& Bgr ]mV H$m boIH$m Z oMÃU Bg

H$hmZr _| oH$`m h° $&

C[`w©∑V [m™Mm H$hmZr-gßJ´hm| H$ Abmdm "AmßIm XIm PrR>'

]mbm[`mJr H$hmZr-gßJ´h h° CgH$m ‡H$meZ 1976 _| h˛A Am°a

Bg_| gmV H$hmoZ`m™ gßH$obV h° $& Bg _¢Z A[Z A‹``Z H$s gr_m

_| Zhr aIm h° $&

B ZmQ>` gmohÀ` :-

B ZmQ>H$H$s [na^mfm :

[moUZr ZmQ>` H$s CÀ[oŒm "ZQ≤>' YmVw g _mZV h° Am°a am_M›–

JwUM›– Z "ZmQ>`X[©U' _| BgH$m CX≤^d "ZmQ≤>' YmVw g _mZm h° $&

"ZQ≤ >' YmVw H$m AW© JmÃodj[U Edß Ao^Zd XmZm | Wm $&

XeÍ$[H$H$maZ Z•V, Z•À` Am°a ZmQ>` H$m A›Va Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m h° $& Z•Œm

Vmb-b` H$ AmolV hmVm h°, Z•À` mdmolV hmVm h°, oH$›Vw ZmQ>`

agmolV hmVm h° $& gßÒH•$V gmohÀ` _| ZmQ>H$ H$m H$mÏ` hr _mZm J`m

h° $& CgH$m CX≤Ì` AmZ›X ‡moflV ]Vm`m J`m h° $& ZmQ>H$ gmohÀ` H$s

dh od⁄m h°, oOgH$s g\$bVm H$m [arjU aßJ_ßM [a hmVm h° $&

ZmQ≤>`H$bm H$s [na^mfm XV h˛E adr›–ZmW Z H$hm h° oH$ odo^›Z

de^yfm Am°a AßJ odj[ H$ AZwH$aU ¤mam ‡H•$oV ‡oVo]oÂ]V

H$aZdmbr H$bm ZmQ>H$ h° $& dÒVwVï ZmQ>H$ XIZ H$s MrO h° $& CgH$

Xe©H$ Am°a lmVm hmV h°, Om [mÃm| ¤mam MnaÃm| H$ Ao^Zd g ‡^modV

hmV h° BgobE AmMm`m Z Cg –Ì`H$mÏ` H$s gßkm Xr h° $& ZmQ>H$

81

e„X, [mÃ, de-^yfm, AmH•$oV, md^ßJr Am°a oH´$`mAm| AmoX H$

AZwH$aU ¤mam VWm mdm| H$ ‡Xe©Z ¤mam Xe©H$m| H$m WmW© OrdZ H$

oZH$Q> bmVm h° $& Ao^Z` ZmQ>H$ H$m ‡YmZ AßJ h° $& g\$b ZmQ>H$

dh h° oOg XIV h˛E Xe©H$ h AZw^d Zhr H$a [m` oH$ dh ZmQ>H$

XI ahm h° $& ZmQ>H$H$ma H$m g]g ‡YmZ JwU `h h° oH$ dh _mZd

_ZmodkmZ H$m gy˙_ [maIr hm $&

^maVr`-g_rjm-emÒÃ H$ AZwgma ZmQ>H$ H$ VrZ ‡_wI VÀd

h° - dÒVw, Zm`H$ Am°a ag $& [a [mÌMmÀ` g_rjm emoÒÃ`m| Z N>h

VÀd ÒdrH$ma oH$` h° $& H$WmdÒVw, [mÃ, H$Wm[H$WZ, XeH$mb,

CX≤XÌ` $& e°br, qhXr H$ AmYwoZH$ ZmQ>H$m| _| BZ XmZm| ‡H$ma H$

VÀdm| H$m g_mamh hm J`m h° $&

(1) o]Zm Xrdmam H$ Ka :

`h _›ZyOr H$s _m°obH$ aMZm h° $& XmÂ[À` OrdZ _| od\$b

h˛E Xm d°dmohH$-Om∂S>m H$s h gß`w∑V H$hmZr h° $& em^m Am°a AoOV

VWm _rZm Am°a O`ßV [oV-[ÀZr h° $& em^m A[Z Mhma Xrdmar _|

]ßX Í$[ H$m À`mJH$a H$m_H$mOr Zmar H$m Í$[ YmaU H$a bVr h¢ $&

BgH$ obE CgH$s AmoW© [napÒWoV ]h˛V hX VH$ oOÂ_Xma h° $&

dÒVwVï AmoW©H$ _mM [a od\$b og’ hmZ H$s Ï`Wm [wÈf H$m CVZr

hr Q>rgVr h° oOVZr H$m_jÃ _| A[Z [wÈfÀd H$ Xw]©b hmZ H$s

^mdZm $& em^m A‹`mo[H$m h° Am°a ]mX _| q‡gr[b ]ZVr h° AoOV

oddeVm H$ H$maU [ÀZr H$ H$m_H$mOr Í$[ H$m ]XbH$a o\$a g

J•ohUr H$ Í$[ _| Zht bm°Q>m gH$Vm $& Am°a AoOV H$s h oddeVm

odH•$oV H$m Í$[ YmaU H$a em^m H$ H$m_H$mOr Í$[ H$s H$È AmbmMZm

H$aZ [a Cg CH$gmVr h°$ & Bg odS>ß]Zm H$m [hb Zht H$a [mV r $&

82

AVï XmZm| H$ ]rM Xama CÀ[›Z hmVr h° $&

em^ Am°a AoOV H$ ]rM CÀ[›Z Xama H$m [mQ>Z H$m ‡`mg

AoOV H$s ]hZ OrOr H$aVr h° [a›Vw dh ‡`mg od\$b hm

OmVm h° $& O`ßV H$ ‡`mg od\$b hr Zht hmV ]oÎH$ Cg Xama H$m

Am°a AmoYH$ Mm° ∂S>m H$aZ _| ghm`H$ hmV h¢ $& BgH$ ob`

AoOV H$s gße`d•oŒm H$maU^yV h° $&

O`ßV em^m Am°a AoOV XÂ[oV H$m A›VaßJ o_Ã h¢ $& O`ßV

A[Z o_Ã Am°a o_Ã-[ÀZr H$ ]rM gm°XmB©-gß]ßY MmhVm h°, BgH$

obE dh CZ XmZm| H$ ]rM C^aZdmb _V^Xm| H$m g_mflV H$aZ H$

obE H$^r-H$^ma em^m H$ [jm H$m g_W©Z ^r H$aVm h° $& CgH$m

`h g_W©Z AoOV H$ _Z _| em^m Am°a O`ßV H$ ]rM AZwoMV ÒVa

VH$ ‡Jm∂T> gß]ßY hmZ oH$ eßH$m OJmVm h° $& odS>ß]Zm h hmVr h° oH$

AoOV H$ hmW g EH$ Zm°H$ar oZH$b OmZ H$ ]mX CgH$ obE Xygar

Zm°H$ar H$m ‡]ßY H$aZ _| em^m Am°a O`ßV H$m gß`w∑V ‡`mg g\$b

hm OmVm h° Cg g\$bVm H$ ‡oV AoOV H$m Am^mar ahZm Wm dhmß

dh Cg g\$bVm H$m em^m Am°a O`ßV H$ ]rM H$ AZwoMV gß]ßYm H$

‡_mU H$ Í$[ _| _mZ ]°R>Vm h° $&

AoOV H$s Bg Ma_ gße` d•oŒm H$ H$maU em^m H$m Ka À`mJZ

[a odde hmZm [∂S>Vm h¢ $&

(2) _hm^mO H$m ZmQ≤>` Í$[m›Va :

gZ≤ 1982 _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z "_hm^mO' C[›`mg H$m ZmQ≤>`

Í$[m›Va oH$`m $& lr_Vr A_mb AbZm, Cfm JßJmbr, ‡_ moQ>`mZr

AmoX H$ oZXeZ _| Cg "amÓQ≠>r` ZmQ≤>` od⁄mb`' Z ]∂S> CÀgmh H$

gmW oXÎbr H$ _ßM [a ‡ÒVwV oH$`m $& Òd`ß _›Zy ßS>marZ gmjmÀH$ma

83

_| _wP H$hm oH$ "_hm^mO' H$m _ßMZ ]h˛V gr g\$b ahm $& "_hm^mO'

_| boIH$m Z A[Z Ï`o∑VdmXr OrdZ-Xe©Z H$m À`mJH$a ]•hV≤

g_mO

Am°a Xe H$s Ama ‹`mZ oX`m h° Am°a g_mO H$m dmÒVodH$ oMÃ

h_ma gm_Z ‡ÒVwV H$aV h˛E h r Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m h° oH$ amOZroV H$m

ÒdÍ$[ oH$VZm K•oUV hm J`m h° $& AmO H$ht r _mZd _yÎ`m| Am°a

_mZd OrdZ H$ obE H$mB© _hŒd Zhr ahm $&

"_hm^mO' C[›`mg _| hr ZmQ>H$s`Vm gßdmXmÀ_H$Vm Am°a

MnaÃ-oMÃU H$s Hw$ebVm od⁄_mZ h° C∑V g^r JwU "_hm^mO'

ZmQ≤>` Í$[mßVa _| r h° $& ZmQ≤>` Í$[mßVa H$s g\$bVm BZ oXZm| _ßMr`Vm

H$ JwU [a oZ^©a _mZr OmVr h° Bg H$gm°Q>r [a _›Zy ßS>mar H$m ‡ÒVwV

ZmQ≤>` Í$[mßVa Iam CVam h° $&

"_hm^mO' C[›`mg _| odÒV•V MMm© H$s h° BgobE `hm± Bg

]mV H$m XmhamVr Zht hˇ± $&

84



1. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m aMZm gßgma S>m™. ]rZm B©fl[Z 63


3. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar Edß amO›– `mXd 96

4. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ`H$m S>m©. __Vm ew∑bm 58

_ZmodÌbfUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z

5. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m aMZm gßgma S>m©. ]rZm B©fl[Z 30


7. AmYwoZH$ oh›Xr C[›`mg S>m©. oZ_©bm O°Z 285

8. _›Zy ^ßS>mar EH$ A‹``Z _mYyar ]mO[`r 80

9. Am[H$m ]ßQ>r _›Zy ^ßS>mar 25


11. _hm^mO _›Zy ^ßS>mar 7


13. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ`H$m S>m©. __Vm ew∑b


14. Òdm_r _›Zy ^ßS>mar

15. H$WmH$ma _›Zy ^ßS>mar AoZVm amOyaH$a

16. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m aMZm gßgma S>m©. ]rZm B©fl[Z

17. H$bdm _›Zy ^ßS>mar 41

18. H$bdm _›Zy ^ßS>mar 43

19. ZB© H$hmZr oXem, Xem, gß mdZm S>m©. B›–ZmW _XmZ 207

20. ÒdmVßÕ`mŒma ‡oVoZoY H$hmZrH$ma S>m©. °Èbmb JJ©

21. ÒdmVßÕ`mŒma oh›Xr H$hmZr S>m™. am_Hw$_ma JwflV 19



85


24. ]mY Am°a Ï`mª`m S>m™. H$m_Ìda e_m© 88

(gmohoÀ `H$ oZ]›Y)





27. gmohpÀ`H$ H$me [moa^mofH$ 181

e„Xmdbr

28. B©gm H$ Ka B›gmZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 10

(_¢ hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h)



30. JrV H$m MwÂ]Z _›Zy ^ßS>mar 27






33. OrVr ]mOr H$s hma _›Zy ^ßS>mar 40


34. H$_Oma b∂S>H$s H$s H$hmZr _›Zy ^ßS>mar 63


35. g`mZr ]wAm _›Zy ^ßS>mar 68


36. Ao^ZVm _›Zy ^ßS>mar 77


86




38. Ì_emZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 85


39. Xrdma ]¿M Am°a ]agmV _›Zy ^ßS>mar 98


40. [ßoS>V JOmYa emÒÃr _›Zy ^ßS>mar 103


41. H$sb Am°a H$gH$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 124


42. Xm H$bmH$ma _›Zy ^ßS>mar 138


43. _¢ hma JB© _›Zy ^ßS>mar 140


44. VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra _›Zy ^ßS>mar 19

(VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra)

45. AH$br _›Zy ^ßS>mar 31




47. AZMmhr JhamB©`m _›Zy ^ßS>mar 47


48. ImQ> og∑H$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 57


49. KwQ>Z _›Zy ^ßS>mar 61


87


50. hma _›Zy ^ßS>mar 81


51. MÌ_ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 111


52. j` _›Zy ^ßS>mar

(`hr gM h° H$hmZrgßJ´h)


54. Vrgam AmX_r _›Zy ^ßS>mar 39


55. gOm _›Zy ^ßS>mar 72


56. ZH$br hra _›Zy ^ßS>mar 85


57. Zem _›Zy ^ßS>mar 95


58. B›H$_-Q>°∑g Am°a ZtX _›Zy ^ßS>mar 103


59. amZr _m™ H$m M]yVam _›Zy ^ßS>mar 122


60. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ` _| S>m©. oXbr[ _ham 73

_mZdOrdZ H$s g_Ò`mAm| H$m

oZÈ[U

61. `hr gM h° _›Zy ^ßS>mar 134


62. `hr gM h° _›Zy ^ßS>mar 135


88


63. ZB© Zm°H$ar _›Zy ^ßS>mar 11

(EH$ flbQ> g°bm] H$hmZrgßJ´h)

64. ]ßX XamOm H$ gmW _›Zy ^ßS>mar 23


65. N>V ]ZmZdmb _›Zy ^ßS>mar 49


66. gßª`m H$ [ma _›Zy ^ßS>mar 85


67. H$_a H$_am Am°a H$_a _›Zy ^ßS>mar 107



69. AmV OmV `m`mda _›Zy ^ßS>mar 13

(oÃeßHw$ H$hmZrgßJ´h)

70. Xama ^aZ H$s Xama _›Zy ^ßS>mar 27


71. ÒÃr gw]moYZr _›Zy ^ßS>mar 39


72. em`X _›Zy ^ßS>mar 45


73. EImZ AmH$me ZmB© _›Zy ^ßS>mar 126




75. o]Zm oXdmamß H$ Ka _›Zy ^ßS>mar 15

76. _hm^mO H$m ZmQ≤>`Í$[mßVa _›Zy ^ßS>mar 8

ïï V•Vr` A‹`m` ïï

a _›Zy ßS>mar H$m H$Wm gmohÀ` odfX≤ [naM`

H _›Zy ßS>mar H$m C[›`mg gmohÀ`

1. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ

2. Am[H$m ]ßQ>r

3. _hm^mO

4. Òdm_r

5. H$bdm

H _›Zy ßS>mar H$m H$hmZr gmohÀ`

1. _¢ hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h

2. VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra H$hmZrgßJ´h

3. `hr gM h° H$hmZrgßJ´h

4. EH$ flbQ> g°bm] H$hmZrgßJ´h

5. oÃeßHw$ H$hmZrgßJ´h

H _›Zy ßS>mar H$m ZmQ≤>` gmohÀ`

1. o]Zm Xrdmam| H$ Ka

2. _hm^mO ZmQ≤>` Í$[m›Va

89

90

V•Vr` A‹`m`

B _›Zy ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ` H$m odfX [naM` :-

M C[›`mg gmohÀ` :

C[›`mg AmO gmohÀ` H$s AÀ`ßV bmH$o‡` Edß ge∑V od⁄m

h¢ $& _ZmaßOZ H$m VŒd Cg bmH$o‡`Vm Am°a OrdZ H$m Ï`m[H$ AßH$Z

eo∑V gß[›ZVm XVm h¢ $& ZmQ>H$ Am°a H$hmZr r AmX_r H$m _ZmaßOZ

H$aV h¢, [aßVw ZmQ>H$ Ohm™ aßJ_ßM H$s gr_mAm| g ]™Ym h˛Am h¢, dhm™

H$hmZr r OrdZ H$ gßoÌbÓQ> Edß d°od‹`[yU© [jm| H$m oMoÃV H$aZ

_| Aj_ h¢ $& C[›`mg H$s g\$bVm OrdZ H$m CgH$s g_J´Vm Edß

Ï`m[H$Vm H$ gmW g_mhma H$aZ H$s —oÓQ> g _hmH$mÏ` H$ g_H$j

h¢ $&

C[›`mg OrdZ H $ ha Jbr-Hy $M _ | K y_ gH$Vm h °,

AmdÌ`H$VmZwgma ha N>mQ>r-]∂S>r MrO H$m oMÃ AßoH$V H$a gH$Vm

h¢ $& AWm©V≤ CgH$m _yb CXÌ` hmVm h¢ - ""`WmW© H$m odÌdmg oXbmV

h˛E AmJ MbZm $&'' C[›`mg H$m _mÃ _ZmaßOZ H$s dÒVw _mZZm

CgH$s _yb eo∑V Am°a _hŒd H$s Ad_mZZm H$aZm h¢ $&1

qhXr C[›`mg _ybVï gm_moOH$ WmW© H$m gßdmhH$ ahm h¢ $&

qhXr H$ [hb C[›`mg "[arjm JwÈ' _| VV≤`wJrZ maVr` g_mOH$m

oMÃ, [wZOm©JaU H$s MVZm Am°a _yÎ`m| H$s ‹doZ PßH•$V hmVr h° $&

BgH$ ]mX _ZmaßOZ ‡YmZ oVobÒ_r, EÊ`mar Am°a Omgygr C[›`mg

obI JE, [aßVw qhXr C[›`mg H$s odH$mg-`mÃm _| CZH$m _hŒd

og\©$ [mR>H$m| _| A‹``Z ÈoM OmJ´V H$aZ H$s –oÓQ> g h¢ $&

‡_M›X Z g]g [hb gm_moOH$ `WmW© H$m [hMmZ,

_mZd-_Z H$s Xw^Y Vhm| _| Pm™H$m Am°a Ï`o∑V VWm g_mO H$m

91

gm[ojH$ oMÃ ‡ÒVwV H$aV h˛E qhXr C[›`mg gmohÀ` H$ ßS>ma H$m

âm $&

‡_M›X H$s Bgr [aß[am H$m odH$mg g_mOdmXr Am°a gm_moOH$

MVZm H$ C›Zm`H$ C[›`mgH$mam|Z oH$`m $&

gmohÀ`H$ma gßdXZerb ‡mUr h° $& gm_moOH$ Vm dh hmVm hr

h° $& gm_moOH$ [naoÒWoV`m™ A[Z KmV-‡oVKmV g Cg oZaßVa

‡^modV H$aVr h¢ $& A[Zr Ao^Ïò∑V H$ obE dh gmohÀ` H$s

oH$gr r od⁄m H$m ‡l` ∑`m| Z b, wJ-MVZm H$ Òdam| H$m CgH$s

aMZm _| oZZmoXV hm CR>Zm AdÌ`ß^mdr h° EH$ hr `wJ-MVZm ^r

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96

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....... AZg_Pm $&''19

_›Zy ßS>mar Am°a mXd Z [Ãm| H$m C[`mJ oH$`m h¢ $& "EH$ BßM

_wÒH$mZ' H$m ]mahdmß A‹`m` [Ãm| H$ Í$[ _| h¢ $& A_a Am°a A_bm

H$ [Ã AmÀ_r`Vm[yU© e°br _| C[›`mg _| Ohmß-Vhmß h¢ $& S>màr

e°br H$m ‡`mJ oH$`m h¢ $& Zm°dmß [na¿N>X [yam H$m [yam A_a H$s

S>màr H$ Í$[ _| obIm J`m h° $& A_a H$s _ZïpÒWoV H$m g_PZ H$

obE aßOZm Z A_a H$s S>màr Mmar g [∂T>r h¢ $&

e°br H$s —oÓQ> g h EH$ ZyVZ ‡`mJ h° oH$ EH$ hr C[›`mg _|

[wÈf bIH$Z [wÈf [mÃm| H$ _ZmodkmZ H$m ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° Am°a

_›Zy ^ßS>marZ ÒÃr [mÃm H$ A›VO©JV≤ Edß ]ohO©JV≤ H$s oH´$`mAm|

100

‡oVoH´$`mAm| H$m oMÃU oH$`m h¢ $& boIH$m H$ Ao^Ï`ßOZm-oeÎ[

H$s odefVm h h° oH$ d [mÃm| H$ gmW EH$mH$ma hmH$a CZH$m OrdZ

AßoH$V H$aVr h¢ BgH$ ]ma _| amO›– mXd Z H$hm h° -

""_a Am°a _›Zy H$ bIZ _| hr _m°obH$ A›Va h¢ dh H$Wm H$

[mÃm H$ gmW BVZr AoYH$ EH$mH$ma hm OmVr h° oH$ CZH$m "Xw^m©Ω`'

Cg A[Zm "Xw^m©Ω`' bJVm h° $&''20

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z A[Z Bg C[›`mg H$ odf` _| Òd`ß obIm h°

oH$ - ""Bg_| g›Xh Zht oH$ [hbm A‹`m` _wP ]h˛V - ]h˛V [g›X

Am`m Am°a Xygam A‹`m` A¿N>r hr Zht Amem g AoYH$ A¿N>m

obIm J`m $& ........ dhr Vrgam Am°a Mm°Wm A‹`m` oeoWb ]Z

J`m $& A[Z-A[Z dH$VÏ` H$ A›VJ©V boIH$mZ ÒdrH$ma oH$`m

h° oH$ dh h_em A_bm Am°a aßOZm H$ ]rM _| hr ahr h° $& aßOZm H$

‡oV A_a H$m Ï`dhma Cg ]hX H$ÓQ> XVm Wm $& aßOZm Z Xm A‹`m`m|

_| _wP gM_wI ]h˛V Èbm`m, A_bm O]-O] AmVr _Z EH$ Jha

AdgmX EH$ AOr]-gr oI›ZVm, CXmgr Am°a oda∑Vr g ^a

CR>Vm $& h _¢ AmO r Zht OmZVr oH$ [mÃm| H$ gmW A[Z H$m y

EH$mEH$ H$a XZ H$ d•oŒm bIZ _| ghm`H$ h° m ]mYH$ $& dh ]ZmVr

h° m o]Jm∂S>Vr [a Bg EH$mÀ_H$Vm H$m Bg ]ma _¢Z AZw^d oH$`m

Am°a ]∂S>r JhamB© g ....... EH$ Am°a r AZw^d oH$`m dh CVZm hr

Z`m Wm $&''

_›Zy ^ßS>mar A_bm H$m ]Xm©ÌV Zht H$a [mB© dh oOg Í$[ _|

A_bm H$m MmhVr Wr dh Cgg gdWm© o^›Z Wr $& A_bm H$ odf`

_| CgZ obIm h° oH$ odoeÓQ> dJ© _| Mbr ]wo’dmnXZr Ah_≤dmoXZr

A_bm O] g]H$m hr PwR>bmVr, AÒdrH$maVr Mbr JB© m bm _a

101

de _| ∑`m| AmVr $&........

AbßH$ma ‡`mJ H$s —oÓQ> g odMma H$a Vm C[›`mg _| AbßH$mam

H$m ‡`mJ H$ht r ÒdVßÃ hmH$a AbJ g Zht h˛Am A_bm Z A[Z

EH$ [Ã _| A_a H$m obIm h¢ -

""Bg g_` Vm h_ma oX_mJ _| YwAmßYma H$s gßJ_a_a H$s M≈>mZ|,

CZH$ ]rM N>mQ>r gr "Prb' Am°a AH$br S>m|Jr ........ eaX[yoU©_m

H$s amV H$s CßJob`m| _| oWaH$Vm, gwZham eam]âm o]Îbm°ar

[°_mZ $&''21

aßOZm H$m oddmh oZoÌMV hmZ [a CgH$s$ ‡g›ZVm - ""aßOZm

Amg_mZ H$s Ama VmH$Vr h¢, Vm gVaßJr Bß–YZwf oIb CR>V h¢ Am°a

ZrMH$s Am°a oZhmaVr h° Vm ∑`mna`m| _| aJß-o]aßJ \y$b Py_Py_H$a

_wÒH$am CR>V h¢ $&''22

C[›`mg H$ erf©H$ [a odMma H$a Vm "EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ' _|

"g•ÓQ>m Ïò∑VÀd H$s C¿MVa _wo∑VH$m_Zm' H$s Ao^Ïò∑V h˛B© h¢ $&

Bg C[›`mg H$s aßOZm H$m ‡_ g¿Mm Am°a Jham h° qH$Vw CgH$m ‡_

Zm h¢ $& XIm| Am°a Hy ß$ Zm VwP XIZ XDß$' H$ Í$[ H$m h° $& "—ÓQ>m'

H$bmH$ma ]ohaßJ Am°a AßVaßJ AmßIm| H$m ]ßX H$a b Vm g•ÓQ>m H°$g

]Z gH$Vm h¢ ? oH$gr H$s XX© g ]ßYr o]Iar _wÒH$mZ Cg AmßI

ImbH$a XIZ H$m odde H$a XVr h¢ $&

"EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ' _| H$bmH$ma H$ OrdZ H$s g_Ò`m [a ]∂S>r

JhamB© g odMma oH$`m J`m h¢ $&

erf©H$ H$ odf` _| _›Zy ßS>mar H$m H$hmZ h° oH$ - ""`h erf©H$

_wP Bg C[›`mg H$ obE gmW©H$ Zht bJVm $& Am°a amO›– A^r r

Bg gmW©H$ _mZV h¢ $&''23

102

(2) Am[H$m ]›Q>r :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m `h C[›`mg "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' Bg ZH$br

AmYwoZH$Vm g Xya AmO H$s _hmZJar oO›XJr H$ EH$ [hby H$s VrIr

dmÒVodH$Vm H$m ghr ]mY H$amZdmbm C[›`mg h¢ $& oh›Xr H$m h

[hbm C[›`mg h° oOg_| EH$ odef [napÒWoV _| [∂S> h˛E ]¿M H$s

_ZïnÒWoV H$m BVZ odÒV•V \$bH$ [a oMÃmßH$Z oH$`m J`m h¢ $&

"" "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' _| ]ßQ>r Zm_ H$ EH$ Eg ]mbH$ H$s H$Wm h°

oOg A[Z o[Vm H$m ÒZh [napÒWoVde Zht o_b [mVm Am°a _mVm

H$ bm∂S>-fl`ma g CgH$ ÒdVßÃ Ï`o∑VÀd H$m odH$mg hr Zht hm

[mVm $& AßVVï dh A[Zr _mVm H$ obE Egr H$Qw>oÒWoV oZ_m©U H$a

XVm h° oOgH$ H$maU H$h Cgg _w∑V hmZ H$s ]mV gmMZ H$ obE

odde hm OmVr h¢ $$&''24

_›Zy ßS>mar H$m h gd©‡W_ _m°obH$ C[›`mg h¢ $& Bg_| C›hm|Z

XmÂ[À` gÂ]›Ym| H$ odKQ>Z Am°a mdr [r∂T>r [a CgH$ ‡^mdm| H$m

‡ÒVwV oH$`m $& ]ßQ>r H$s _mZogH$ pÒWoV H$m bJ^J Xm gm° [•ÓR> _|

Ao^Ï`∑V oH$`m h¢ $& ]ßQ>r H$ _mVm o[Vm eHw$Z Am°a AO` h° Om

oH$ AmYwoZH$ ÒdVßÃ odMma Ymam g ‡^modV h¢ $& XmZm| Ahß mdZm

g J´ÒV h° $& eHw$Z Am°a AO` H$^r g_Pm°Vm Zht H$a [mV h¢, oOgH$

H$maU VZmd CÀ[›Z hm OmVm h¢ [naUm_Vï XmZm| EH$ Xyga g H$Q>H$a

ahZ bJV h¢$ & eHw$Z AO` H$m N>m ∂S>H$a, oXÎbr _| ]ßQ>r H$ gmW

ahZ bJVr h¢ $& dhm™ EH$ H$m∞bO _| q‡gr[b h¢$ & q‡gr[b __r

oOVZr gªV h°, ]ßQ>r H$s __r H$ Í$[ _| CVZr hr H$m_b $& eHw$Z

]ßQ>r H$ gmW gmV dfm g ahVr h° $& AO` H$bH$Vm g ]ßQ>r g o_bZ

A∑ga Am`m H$aVm Wm, dh oIbm°Z BÀ`moX r |Q> H$aVm Wm VWm

103

Kw_mZ r b OmVm Wm AO` ]ßQ>r H$m H$bH$Vm MbZ H$m r H$hVm

h° $& ]ßQ>r __r g ]hX fl`ma H$aVm h° BgobE __r g Xya Zht ah

gH$Vm $& [oV g AbJ ghO AbJ h˛B© [ÀZr g›VmZ H$ gmW ahZ

[a ^r Cg __Àd H$m ghO XÒ` Zht X [mVr m Vm H$_ XVr h° m

AoVna∑V $& ]ßQ>r MmhVm h° oH$ __r-[m[m gmW-gmW ah $& dh A[Z

__r-[m[m H$s b∂S>mB© Am°a VZmd H$m Zht g_P [mVm h° $& AO`

eHw$Z AbJ Vm [hb hr hm MwH$ W $& [a›Vw Hw$N> g_` [ÌMmV

VbmH$ hm OmVm h° $& eHw$Z ]ßQ>r H$m Z Vm hoW`ma H$ Í$[ _| hr

C[`mJ H$a gH$s Am°a Zhr Cg "Q>mM©a' H$a gH$s $& ]ßQ>r H$m dh gVw

H$ Í$[ _| ^r XIVr h° Om AO` Am°a CgH$s Xyar H$m o_Q>m XJm $&

[a›Vw "]ßQ>r' gVw ^r Zht ]Z [mVm $& eHw$Z H$m [oV AO` CgH$

VbmH$ XZ g [hb hr _ram Zm_H$ Xygar ÒÃr g oddmh H$a bVm

h° $& BgobE XmZm| _| VbmH$ AoZdm`© hmVm h° $& AO` g VbmH$

bZ H$ ]mX eHw$Z Z r AO` H$s Vah A[Zr oO›XJr H$m ]XbZ

H$m ‡`ÀZ oH$`m eHw$Z r Xygam „`mh H$aVr h°, V] ]ßQ>r H$m odÓ`

A™Ya _| [∂S> OmVm h° $& ]ßQ>r Z Vm S>m∞. Omer H$m - oOgg eHw$Z

Xygar emXr aMVr h¢ A[Z o[Vm H$ Í$[ _| ÒdrH$ma H$a gH$Vm h°, Z

AO` H$s Xygar [ÀZr _ram H$m A[Zr _m™ H$ Í$[ _| ÒdrH$ma H$a

[mVm h° $& \$bÒdÍ$[ Cg hmÒQ>b _| ahZ H$ obE ^Om OmVm h¢ $&

eHw$Z S>m∑Q>a Omer g oddmh H$aVr h° h oXImZ H$ obE oH$ oX

AO` _ram H$ gmW oddmh H$a gH$Vm h° Vm ∑`m dh oddmh Zht H$a

gH$Vr ? \y$H$s Bg oddmh [naUm_ H$m OmZV h˛E od–mh r H$aVr h°

[a›Vw eHw$Z S>m∞. Omer g oddmh H$a bVr h° S>m∞. Omer odYwa h°

VWm [hbr [ÀZr g CZH$ EH$ [wÃ Ao_ VWm [wÃr OmV h¢ $& CgH$m

Ï`o∑VÀd AmH$f©H$ VWm gwbPm h˛Am h¢, dh H$oR>Z g H$oR>Z g_Ò`m

104

H$m ^r AmgmZr g VWm ghO T>ßJ g hb H$a XV h¢ B›ht JwUm| g

eHw$Z S>m∑Q>a Omer g AmH$of©V hmVr h° $&

S>m∑Q>a Omer g oddmh H$aZ H$ [ÌMmV eHw$Z A[Zr H$mR>r

N>m∂S>H$a Omer H$s H$mR>r _| ]ßQ>r H$ gmW ahZ bJVr h° $& ]ßQ>r g]H$

]rM ^r AH$bm[Z _hgyg H$aVm h° ∑`m|oH$ CgH$m \y$b, _mbr,

]mJ ]JrM oOZg CgH$m odef bJmd Wm dh g] [rN> hr Ny>Q> JE

W $& ]ßQ>r _hgyg H$aVm h° oH$ EH$ __r hr Vm CgH$s Wr [a›Vw bJVm

h° dm ^r CgH$s Zht ahr h° $& Ao_-OmV, eHw$Z H$m _m™ H$ Í$[ _|

ÒdrH$ma H$a bV h¢ [a›Vw ]ßQ>r S>m∞. Omer H$m [m[m H$ Í$[ _| ÒdrH$ma

Zht H$a [mVm $& Omer g OwS>Z H$ [ÌMmV≤ ]›Q>r H$ Ïò∑VÀd H$ H$B©

[hby Câ H$a AmV h° $& CgH$ gmMZ H$m —oÓQ>H$mU ]Xb OmVm

h° $& dh Òd`ß H$m A[ojV _hgyg H$aVm h° $& Am°a ]ßQ>r H$m Ï`dhma

o]ÎHw$b ]Xb OmVm h° Am°a __r H$m XwI [h˛™MmZ _| Cg gwI H$s

AZw^yoV hmVr h° Am°a S>m∑Q>a Omer H$ e„Xm| _| hr g dh "Wm∂S>m

‡m„b_ MmBÎS>' ]Z OmVm h° $&

]ßQ>r A[Z [m[m (AO`) H$m Zht wbm [mVm h° VWm EH$m›V _|

C›h| [Ã r obIVm h° $& ]ßQ>r H$s _ZmoÒWoV g_PV h˛E eHw$Z Cg

CgH$ [m[m H$ gmW H$bH$Œmm ÔZ H$m amOr hm OmVr h° $& AO`

]ßQ>r H$m H$bH$Œmm b OmVm h¢, ]ßQ>r dhmß r A[Z H$m AH$bm _hgyg

H$aVm h° dh __r H$ Í$[ _| _ram H$m Zht A[Zm [mVm $& [m[m H$

[mg AmH$a ]ßQ>r H$m __r H$s ]h˛V `mX AmVr h° [a dh Hw$N> H$h

Zhr [mVm $& dh rVa hr rVa KwQ>Z bJVm h°, ghO qOXJr Zht Or

[mVm $& H$^r od–mh, H$^r CXmgr, H$^r AH$bm[Z Cg gßÃÒV ]ZmE

aIVm h¢ $&

105

]ßQ>rH$s [r∂S>m H$ ‡oV A[Zr gßdXZerbVm H$s dOh boIH$mZ

IwX ]VmB© h° ....... ""Bg [yar pÒWoV H$s Bg odS>ß]Zm h h° oH$ Bg

gß]ßYm|ß H$ obE g]g H$_ oOÂ_Xma Am°a g] Ama g ]JwZmh ]ßQ>r hr

Bg Q≠> OS>r H$ Ãmg H$m g]g AoYH$ mJVm h° $& eHw$Z-AO` H$

gß]ßYm H$m VZmd Am°a MQ>I ]ßQ>r H$s Zg-Zg _| hr ‡oV‹doZV hmVr

h° $& pÒWoV H$s Bg odS>ß]Zm Z hr _a _Z _| EH$ AmVßH$ OJm`m

Wm $& eHw$Z-AO` H$ Am[gr gß]ßYm _| ]ßQ>r Mmh oH$VZm hr \$mbVy

Am°a AdmßN>Zr` hm J`m hm, [aßVw _ar —oÓQ> H$m g]g AoYH$ CgrZ

AmH$of©V oH$`m $& dÒVwVï C[›`mgH$ma H$ obE A‡oVam‹` MwZm°Vr,

ghmZw^yoV Am°a _mZdr` H$ÈUm H$ H$›– og\©$ d hr bmJ hm [mV h°,

Om H$ht Z H$ht \$mbVy hm JE h¢ $&'' ]ßQ>r H$ [m[m (AO`) Cg

hmÒQ>b OZ H$s Ï`dÒWm H$a ah h¢ $& __r g Vm dh [hb hr H$Q>

MwH$m hmVm h° Am°a `hm™ AmH$a dh [m[m g ^r H$Q> Om`Jm $& dh

AH$bm hr ah Om`Jm $&

""`h AmYwoZH$ OrdZ H$s OoQ>bVm H$m em[ h° oOg h_

[hMmZV Vm h° [a›Vw oOgH$m g_woMV hb m oZXmZ h_ma [mg Zht

h¢ $&''25

`hm™ EH$ ‡ÌZ h CR>Vm h° oH$ ]ßQ>r dJ©JV [mÃ h° m Ï`o∑VJV

[mÃ ? boIH$m Z Vm Cg dJ©-[mÃ hr ]ZmZm Mmhm h°, V^r dh

"Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' hm J`m h° $& boH$Z ^maVr` g_mO _| Z Vm `

[mnadmnaH$ pÒWoV`m™ AoYgßª` o_bVr h° Am°a Z hr ha ]mbH$ _|

EH$ AoVna∑V OrdZ gßdXZm hr hmVr h° $& qH$Vw ]ßQ>rZ A[Z [nade

H$ ‡oV ^r AÀ`ßV gßdXZerb h° $& dh dJ© [mÃ hmH$a ^r Ï`o∑V

[mÃ hr AoYH$ h¢ $&

106

]ßQ>r H$m _m‹`_ ]ZmH$a eHw$Z Am°a AO` EH$-Xyga H$ ‡oV

A[Z rVar AgßVmf Am°a AmH´$me H$m g_[©U md _| ]XbZ H$s

H$moee H$aV h¢ $& CZH$m oZÓRw>a Ahß ]ßQ>r H$ gßdXZerb Ïò∑VÀd

H$ H$m_b VßVwAm| H$m Yra-Yra ZÓQ> H$aVm ahVm h¢ $& ]ßQ>r H$ obE

EH$ Ka _| CgH$s __r h°, qH$Vw [m[m Zht Xyga Ka _| CgH$ [m[m h°,

qH$Vw __r Zht $& BgobE CgH$s oZòV dhm™ ahZ _| h¢ Ohm™ XmZm| _|

g H$mB© Zht Am°a em`X dh IwX r Zht h¢ $& ]ßQ>r H$m hmÒQ>b O

oX`m OmVm h° $& Bg [nadV©Z H$m ]ßQ>r Zht MmhVm, [a Bg_| CgH$s

B¿N>m-AoZ¿N>m H$m gdmb Zht h¢ $& hm™ H$mB© odH$Î[ hr Zht h¢ $&

g] Hw$N> Z`m IarX oX`m J`m h° $& O°g ]ßQ>r H$s A] VH$ H$s gmar

[hMmZ, gmar AZw^yoV`m™ hr oZïef H$a Xr JB© hm $& EH$ pÒWoV g

Xygar pÒWoV VH$ gßH´$_U H$ ]rM CgH$s gmar MVZm gßdXZey›`

^m¢MH$-gr hm CR>r h¢ $&

Bg C[›`mg _| ]ßQ>r H$s [r∂S>m [mR>H$m| [a __©Ò[eu ‡^md S>mb

o]Zm Zht ahVr $& boH$Z H$db [mR>H$m| H$s H$ÈUm OJmZm boIH$m

H$ C[›`mg obIZ H$m ‡`mOZ Zht h¢ $& dh ]wo’ H$ ÒVa [a [mR>H$m|

H$m Bg ¡dbßV g_Ò`m H$ odf` _| gmMZ H$m ‡naV H$aZm MmhVr

h¢ $& AmO H$ OrdZ _| Ï`mflV na∑VVm, CXmgr Am°a [naoÒWoVO›`

oddeVm H$ H$maU Ïò∑V ^rVa-hr ^rVa Qy>Q>V OmZ H$s oZòV

Bg C[›`mg _| oMoÃV h° $& EH$ Am°a AmO H$s Zmar H$s [r∂S>m H$m

Bg_| ]∂S> gßdXZerb hmWm| g Nw>Am J`m h°, Vm Xygar Ama AmYwoZH$

OrdZ H$s H•$oÃ_Vm Am°a ImIb[Z H$ `mdh gßÃmÒV H$m r ]∂S>r

gy˙_Vm g [H$∂S>m J`m h° $& C[›`mg H$ ododY [mÃ A[Zr-A[Zr

CbPZm| _| \™$g ahZ [a r gßKfm g OyPZ H$s j_Vm, AmÀ_ÒdrH•$oV

107

H$m gmhg Am°a g_`-gÀ` g gmjmÀH$ma H$aZ H$m ]b aIV h¢ $& hm™

]ßQ>r A[Zr Am`w H$ ]mbH$m| g H$ht ¡`mXm g_PXma oXIm`m J`m

h° $& Bg ‡oH´$`m _| dh gdm©oYH$ ‡oV^m gß[›Z m AZw^yoV-‡dU

]mbH$m| H$m ^r [rN> N>m ∂S> OmVm h¢, BgrobE [yU©V`m H$mÎ[oZH$

Edß AodÌdgZr` bJVm h° $& S>m∞. Omer H$m [m[m Z H$h [mZ H$s

`ßÃUm Vm R>rH$ h¢, [a AO` H$ gßX^© _| __r H$ CVma-M∂T>md Edß

gy˙_ AZw^yoV`m| H$m odÌbfU H$aZm, g|Q> H$s KQ>Zm A[Z

[m[m H$m [nadoV©V [napÒWoV`m| _| odÒVma g oddMZ H$aZm, H$bH$Œm

OmZ [a A[Zr ZB© _Â_r H$m "d' H$m gß]mYZ XZ H$m Jmß^r`© ]h˛V

VH©$gßJV m Òdm^modH$ Zht ‡VrV hmVm $&

[aßVw h AmbmMZm CoMV Zhrß h° $& ]ßQ>r H$s Hw$emJ´ ]wo’ CgH$

]wo’Ordr _mVm-o[Vm H$s dßemZwJV XZ h°, Vm CgH$m ‡m° ∂T> gmM

Am°a [na[∑d Jmß^r`© CZ [naoÒWoV`m| H$s C[O h°, Om Cg gm_m›`

]mbH$ H$s m™oV XIZ, gwZZ, _hgyg H$aZ Am°a hm™ VH$ oH$ OrZ

^r Zht XVr $& ""]ßQ>r dJ©-[mÃ Z ahH$a Ï`o∑V [mÃ h¢ $& A[Z T>ßJ H$m

AH$bm h_mam-Am[H$m-g]H$m ]ßQ>r hmV h˛E r boIH$m H$s oZVmßV

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Zht h¢, Vm CgH$m Ï`dhma Am_ ]mbH$m| O°gm H°$g hm gH$Vm

h¢ ?''26

_›Zy ßS>mar Z AO` H$m oMÃU AhßJ´ÒV [wÈf H$ Í$[ _| oH$`m

h¢ [ÀZr g d°MmnaH$ odf_Vm hmZ [a dh Cgg A[Z gÂ]›Y g_mflV

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dh A∑ga ]ßQ>r g o_bZ OmVm h° qH$Vw eHw$Z H$ obE CgH$ _Z _|

H$mB© bJmd Zht ahVm $& eHw$Z H$ Ï`o∑VÀd H$m bH$a dh [aemZ

108

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Í$[ _| Wm $& oZa›Va VZmd H$s pÒWoV _| [aemZ hmH$a AbJ ahZ

bJV h¢ $& AbJmd H$ Bg Xm°a _| hr AO` _ram H$ gÂ[H©$ _| AmVm

h° [a ]ßQ>r H$m _mh Cg h_em hr ahVm h° $&27 O] dh VbmH$ H$s

H$m`©dmhr H$ obE eHw$Z H$ eha AmVm h° ° Vm dh ]ßQ>r H$m A[Z

gmW H$bH$Œmm b OmZ H$ obE dh Cg Vah Vah H$ ‡bm^Z r XVm

h° $& oOgg Ò[ÓQ> hr ‡VrV hmVm h° oH$ dh eHw$Z g gÂ]›Y [yar Vah

Vm∂S> H$a ]ßQ>r H$ Í$[ _| r dh Òd`ß H$m eHw$Z H$ [mg _m°OwX Zht

ahZ X gH$Vm Am°a AmJ MbH$a g\$b r hmVm h¢ $&

AO` H$m _ram gm_m›` Kaby ÒÃr H$ Í$[ _| hr o_bVr h° AVï

_ram Am°a AO` H$m [mnadmnaH$ OrdZ gm_m›`Vï A¿N>m hr

ahVm h° $& _ram eHw$Z H$ od[arV oH$gr hX VH$ AO` H$ Ahß H$m

V•oÓQ> ‡XmZ H$aVr h° Am°a BgrobE XmZm _| ]ZVr r h° $& eHw$Z H$m

[Ã [mH$a AO` ]ßQ>r H$m bZ S>m∞. Omer H$ Ka AmVm h° $& [a ]ßQ>r

H$ EH$mEH$ H$bH$Œmm OmZ H$ oZU©` H$m bH$a CgH$ _Z_| ]ßQ>r H$s

XwadÒWm H$m g›Xh hmVm h° oH$ H$hr ]ßQ>r ‡Vmo∂S>V Vm Zht oH$`m Om

ahm $& dh EH$m›V _| ]ßQ>r g [yN>Vm h° - ""A¿N>m ]ßQ>r ` S>m∑Q>a

gmh] VwÂh¢ H°$g bJV h° ?28 CZH$ ]¿Mm| H$ odf` _| r [wN>Vm h°

[a ]ßQ>r ¤mam g^r H$ obE "A¿N> h¢' H$h OmZ [a CbPZ _| [∂S>

OmVm h° oH$ dh H$maU Zht OmZ [m gH$m ]ßQ>r o\$a CZH$ gmW ahZm

∑`m| Zht ]Zm [mVm AVï Cg hmÒQ>b OZ H$m oZU©` bVm h° AO`

H$m ]ßQ>r H$s Mwfl[r ]war Vah IbVr h° $& "∑`m hmb hm J`m h° ]¿M

H$m ? oH$VZm gh_m-gh_m, S>am-S>am ahVm h°, h g]g H$Q>H$a

ahJm, A[Z ]am]ar H$ ]¿Mm| H$ ]rM _| hr ahJm V^r Zm_©b hmJm

109

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OmVm h° $&

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gßÃmg Am°a Hwß$R>m AmB©, CgH$ _yb _| eHw$Z Am°a AO` H$m Qy>Q>Vm

gß]ßY h° $& ]ßQ>r H$m OrdZ mVZmJ´ÒV hm OmVm h° $&

eHw$Z H$m OrdZ Qy>Q>Z, KwQ>Z, VZmd, o]Iamd Am°a mVZm g

J´ÒV h° $& [naoÒWoV`m™ H$ MH´$dmV _| ]war Vah \™$gZ H$ H$maU dh

odde Am°a Aghm`-gr ]Z JB© h° $& A¿N>r oejm VWm ]∂S>m AmhXm

([X) ‡mflV H$aZ H$ ]mdOyX _Z g eHw$Z XwïIr h° CgH$ X` _|

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gÂ]›Ym| H$ H$maU CgH$m A›V_©Z Kma mVZm H$m oeH$ma ]Z OmVm

h° VWm CgH$ A›Xa EH$ nag ]am]a gmbVr ahVr h° $& [oV H$ fl`ma

H$m ]ßYZ T>rbm hmZ H$ H$maU CgZ ]Q> H$m H$gH$a [H$∂S>

ob`m Wm $& [oV ¤mam oVaÒH•$V fl`ma H$m r CgZ ]Q> [a hr C™∂S>b

oX`m Wm $& AVEd ]ßQ>r H$ ‡oV CgH$m ‡_ md Xw>ham Wm $& dÒVwVï

A[Z [oV AO` H$ Í$[ H$m| r dh ]ßQ>r _| XIm H$aVr h°, ∑`m|oH$

dh OmZVr h° oH$ ]ßQ>rZ AO` H$m ¡`m| H$m À`m| BZhnaQ> H$a

ob`m h° $& [napÒWoV`m| Z eHw$Z H$m Bg Vah PH$Pma oX`m h° oH$

dh EH$X_ odde Am°a Aghm`-gr ]Z JB© h¢ $& CgH$s oO›XJr

H$B©-H$B© ÃmgoX`m| H$ ]rM OyPVr h˛B© Pyb ahr h° $& A[Z A›Vï H$m

gÂ^mb [mZm CgH$ obE _woÌH$b h° $& CgH$ _Z H$m Vm Zht, oH$›Vw

ˆX` Am°a ^mdZm H$m g›VwbZ Iam] hm J`m h° $& BgobE dH$sb

MmMm H$s H$hr h˛B© ]mV [wZï Cg mX hm AmVr h° oH$ ........ ""AO`

110

]h˛V BJmBÒQ> ^r h° Am°a ]hwV [Oogd ^r $& A[Z Am[ H$m [yar

Vah g_mflV H$aH$ hr Vw_ Cg [m gH$m Vm [m gH$m $& A[Z H$m

]MmE aIH$a Vm Cg ImZm hr [∂S>Jm $&''29

eHw$Z A[Z H$m g_mflV Zht H$a gH$s Wr, BgobE Cg AO`

H$m ImZm [∂S>m $& dH$sb MmMm H$ [am_e© H$ AZwgma eHw$Z VbmH$

H$ H$mJO [a hÒVmja H$a XVr h° $& dH$sb MmMm Z S>m∞∑Q>a Omer H$

‡oV CgH$s gwfwflV ‡U`-gßdXZm H$m CH$gmH$a d°dmohH$ gÂ]›Y

ÒWmo[V H$aZ H$m gßH$V oX`m Wm $& g_` Am°a [naoÒWoV`m| H$s

gm[jVm _| CgH$s ‡_-gßdXZm AßHw$naV-odH$ogV hmV hmV EH$

oXZ d°dmohH$ gÂ]›Y _| [naUV hm OmVr h° $& eHw$Z Z`r [napÒWoV

_| AmH$a WmS>r-]h˛V Iwe r hmVr h° oH$›Vw ]ßQ>r H$ H$maU CgH$s

[aemZr ]∂T>Vr hr JB©, hm™ VH$ oH$ CgH$m g›VwbZ r T>rbm [∂S>Vm

J`m $&

Zmar Mmh [X Am°a ‡oVÓR>m _| oH$VZr r ]∂S>r hm Om` oH$›Vw

dh Cg dÎbar H$ g_mZ hmVr h°, Om oH$gr [wÈf Í$[r d•j H$m

AmqboJV H$aH$ hr g›VwobV Ïò∑VÀddmbr ]Z [mVr h° $& AO`

¤mam [naÀ`∑V hmZ H$ ]mX CgH$m Ïò∑VÀd na∑V-gm hm J`m h° $&

Cg na∑VVm H$m âZ H$ obE dh S>m∞∑Q>a Omer H$ gmW d°dmohH$

gÂ]›Y ÒWmo[V H$a bVr h¢ $&

eHw$Z H$m AO` g gÂ]›Y-od¿N>X hm MwH$m h°, o\$a r Cg

AO` H$s mX AmVr h° $& hmbm™oH$ S>m∞∑Q>a Omer H$m AO` H$ ÒWmZ

[a [oV H$ Í$[ _| CgZ daU H$a ob`m h°, o\$a r _m°H$-]_m°H$ Cg

CgH$s Ò_•oV hm AmVr h° $& dh _Z hr _Z gmMVr Am°a H$hVr

111

h° oH$ - ""S>m∞∑Q>a OmZ b| oH$ Bg Ka H$ obE ]ßQ>r Mmh AZmdÌ`H$

hm, \$mbVw hm [a H$mB© h° EH$ Egm ^r Ka h° Ohm™ ]ßQ>r H$s

AmdÌ`H$Vm h°, ]ßQ>r H$s ‡oVjm h¢ $&''

AO` Am°a eHw$Z XmZm| hr ]ßQ>r H$m EH$ _m‹`_ _mZV ah EH$

Xyga H$m Q>mM©a H$ obE $& `h EH$ _Zmd°kmoZH$ Vœ` h° $& XmZm| _|

XwïIA_ybH$ ‡d•oŒm H$m_ H$aVr h° AWm©V≤ EH$ Xyga H$ XwI _| gwI

H$s AZw^yoV H$aV ah $&

eHw$Z Z emXr H$a br Am°a Bgg AO` H$ Ahß H$m H$ht MmQ>

bJr h° ]ßQ>r H$m b OmH$a dh H$db A[Z Cg AmhV Ahß H$m

ghbmZm MmhVm h° $& dh eHw$Z H$m Q>mM©a H$aZm MmhVm h¢ $&

eHw$Z A[Zr ÒdmW©[yoV© H$ obE Am°a [oV g ‡oVemY bZ H$

obE ]¿M H$ ]ma _| gmM o]Zm S>m∞. Omer g emXr H$aVr h° $& dh

]¿M H$m [oV g ‡oVemY bZ H$m _m‹`_ r g_PVr h° $& BgobE

dh ]ßQ>r H$m hmÒQ>b ^r Zht ^OVr h° oOgg oH$ AO` ]Q> g

ÒdV›Ãm[yd©H$ o_b Z gH$ $& dh gmMVr h° - ""dh ]Q> H$m H$^r r

hmÒQ>b Zht OJr dh OmZVr h° AO` ]ßQ>r H$m ]h˛V fl`ma H$aVm

h°, [a A] g dh ]ßQ>r H$m o_bZ r Zht XJr $& Am°a ]ßQ>r g Z o_b

[mZ H$s dOh g AO` H$m Om mVZm hmJr CgH$s H$Î[Zm _mÃ g

Cg EH$ H´y$a gm g›Vmf o_bZ bJm $&''30

eHw$Z ÒdmW©[yoV© Am°a ‡oVemY H$ obE S>m∞. Omer g emXr

H$aVr h° $& Cg dH$sb MmMm H$s H$hr h˛B© ]mV ]ma-]ma `mX

AmVr h° -

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∑`m| Zht H$a gH$Vr $&''31

112

_›Zy ßS>marZ eHw$Z H$ _m‹`_ g h g_PmZ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m

h° oH$ Zmar [hb _mÃ eara Wr, A] Vm dh AW© ^r h° $& CgH$s

AoO©V gÂ[oV [oV Am°a [nadma H$s h° [a CgH$m odH$ngV hmVm

hwAm Ïò∑VÀd VZmd H$m H$maU h° $& CgH$m Ïò∑VÀd CgH$s MVZm

CgH$ oZU©` oH$gr H$m ÒdrH•$V Zht h° $& BgobE A] [nadma Qy>Q>Z

bJ h° $& AmO H$s Zmar H$m Am›VnaH$ gßH$Q> [wÈf H$ gmW ]ZV

o]J∂S>V gÂ]›Ym| H$m bH$a C[›`mg _| ‡H$Q> h˛Am h° $&

M S>m∞∑Q>a Omer :

S>m∞∑Q>a Omer H$m ‡W_ [naM` eHw$Z g ]ßQ>r H$s ]r_mar H$

Xm°amZ hmVm h° $& ]ßQ>r CgH$ BbmO g R>rH$ hm OmVm h° $& hr [naM`

gÂ]›Ym| H$m ]∂T>mZ H$ ghm`H$ hmVm h° $& Omer A[Zr [hbr

[ÀZr H$s _•À`w hm OmZ [a eHw$Z g emXr H$aVm h° C›hm|Z A[Zr

[ÀZr H$s _•À`w H$s gyMZm eHw$Z H$ OrdZ H$ AH$b[Z H$m b˙` H$a

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Hw$N> H$h oX`m Wm $& em`X Egr ]mV| H$^r e„Xm| H$s _whVmO Zht

ahVr $& boH$Z eHw$Z H$s Ama g H$mB© ÈoM ‡Xoe©V Z oH$E OmZ [a

eHw$Z ‡oVÒ[Ym© H$s mdZm g ‡naV hmH$a S>m∞∑Q>a Omer H$s Ama

PwH$md ‡Xoe©V H$aZm Amaß^ H$aVr h° Vm CZH$s [aÒ[a AmÀ_r`Vm

]∂T>Z bJVr h° $& S>m∞. Omer eHw$Z H$s oejm gm¢X`© Am°a ahZ-ghZ

g ‡^modV hmH$a Cgg g_mZ ÒVa [a [e AmV h¢ Cg EH$ Jß^ra

Am°a gwoeojV _ohbm H$ Í$[ _| A[Zm H$a [ÀZr H$ A^md H$s [yoV©

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h° $& CZH$ Ïò∑VÀd H$s Jß^raVm, CXmaVm H$ gÂ_wI eHw$Z ZV hm

113

OmVr h° $& _mZogH$ mVZm _| Sy>]r h˛B© eHw$Z _hgyg H$aVr h° oH$ -

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eHw$Z H$s AmÌdÒV H$aVm h° $& S>m∞∑Q>a H$s gwbPr h˛B© OrdZ –oÓQ>

Cg ]h˛V gr CbPZm| g C]ma bVr h¢ $&''

eHw$Z H$s XwoZ`m H$m d br mßoV g_PV h° $& dh eHw$Z g

H$mbO H$ _ZOa Z S>m∞. Omer H$ odf` _| [yN>VmN> H$s Vm dh

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Vw_Z Zm°H$ar N>m∂S> Xr Am°a H$b eha H$m Am[oŒm hmJr Vm Vw_ eha

N>m ∂S>Z H$s H$hmJr BZ Am[oV`m| [a EH$ o_ZQ> ^r Om`m H$aZm _¢

CoMV Zht g_PVm $& BZ bmJm| H$m ∑`m hH$ h° VwÂhma Ï`o∑VJV

OrdZ _| hÒVj[ H$aZ H$m $&''

Cg ]mV H$m eHw$Z Z oOVZr Jß^raVm g br Wr S>m∞. Omer Z

CVZ hr hÎH$ Í$[ _| ob`m Am°a A[Zm gwbPm h˛Am _V eHw$Z H$m

oX`m $&

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dh [yar Vah g b∂S>H$m Zhr ]Z [m`m [a eHw$Z H$s mdZmAm| H$m

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pÒWoV _| Egm hm Om`m H$aVm h°, _¢ Vm pÒWoV ]Vm ahm Wm ]ßQ>r

Am°a eHw$Z H$ gÂ]›Ym| H$m odÌbfU r d H$aV h¢ - "`h Vw_ _mß

114

]Q>m| H$m My_Z Am°a Jb _| ]mßh S>mb-S>mbH$a ob[Q>Zdmbm Om

ad°`m h° dh A] ]ßX hmZm MmohE $&'

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gßH$V h° $& ]ßQ>r H$m o[Vm H$m fl`ma Zht o_bm Wm [a _mß H$m fl`ma

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H$m H$maU ]ZVm h° $& boH$Z S>m∞∑Q>a H$ AZwgma MrOm| H$m ghr T>ßJ

g ob`m Om` Vm oH$gr XwodYm H$s gß^mdZm Zht ahJr $& ]ßQ>r H$m

bH$a eHw$Z H$s [aemZr r dh ghOVm g bV h˛E H$hV h¢ -

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Vw_ Cgr H$Qw>Vm ..... [a h R>rH$ Zht hmJm $&32

Bg d∑VÏ` _| S>m∞∑Q>a H$s g_P Am°a CXmaVm –ÓQ>Ï` h° $& eHw$Z

H$s jw„YVm Ohm Cg ghr T>ßJ g gmMZ H$m _m°H$m Zht XVr $& S>m∑Q>a

dhm™ Y°`©[yd©H$ H$m_ bV h¢ $& S>m∑Q>a MmhV h° oH$ AVrV H$s gmar

µH$∂S>dmhQ> H$m ybH$a dh ZB© oO›XJr H$s ewÈAmV H$a ]ßQ>r H$m AO`

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H$m hb ImOV h˛E H$hV h° -

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bH$a A] VwÂh| ¡`mXm [aemZ hmZ H$s OÍ$aV Zht h° $&''33

S>m∞., eHw$Z H$m CgH$s gÂ[yU©Vm _| gwI-XwïIm| H$ gmW A[Zm

ah h¢ Am°a CZH$s `hr gˆX`Vm Am°a g_PXmar eHw$Z H$m A[Z

115

AZwHy$b ]Zm gH$Z _| g_W© hmVr h° $&

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H$bm h° $& dh Eg oH$gr ‡gßJ H$m Ò_aU Zht H$aZm MmhV oOgg

_Z H$m VH$br\$ hm hrZVm H$m ]mY hm $& d eHw$Z g CgH$ odJV

Xmß[À` OrdZ H$ odf` _| H$^r r [yN>-VmP Zht H$aV $& d eHw$Z

g oddmhm[am›V CgH$ ÒdmJV _| A[Zr H$mR>r ZE T>ßJ g gßdmaV

h° $& eHw$Z Am°a ]ßQ>r H$m g[nadma Am°a AmÀ_r`Vm[yd©H$ ÒdmJV

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obE A[Zr XdmAm| H$s Amb_mar Imbr H$a XV h¢ $& CgH$ [∂T>Z H$

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Zht H$a|J $& g_P $&''34

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^agH$ T>hamd XV h¢ $&''35

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ÒdmV›Õ`mŒma H$hmZr _| _mZdOrdZ H$m oOVZm Ò[ÓQ> oMÃU h˛Am h°

CVZm ÒdmV›Ã[yU© H$hmZr _| Zht h˛Am $&

H$_bÌda Z H$hm oH$ -

""dV©_mZ bIH$ ÚÓQ>m –ÓQ>m Am°a odÓ`d∑Vm hmZ H$ Imb

CVmaH$a \|$H$ XVm h° ∑`m|oH$ dh grY grY _mZdr` gßH$Q> H$m gm_Zm

H$aVm h° Am°a A[Zr ha H$hmZr _| WmW© H$m ImOVm Am°a Ao^Ï`∑V

H$aZm MmhVm h° $&''65

ZB© H$hmZr Z ]ßYr-]YmB© [na[mQ>r H$m Vm∂S>H$a ZE [na[˙` _|

‡de oH$`m h¢, Om gmohÀ` H$m _yÎ`mßH$ZH$mar [nadV©Z hr h° $& Bg

ZB© H$hmZr H$ `WmW©Z _mZd_Z H$s N>Q>[Q>mhQ>Vm, KwQ>Z,

gßÃmgZ¤f, d°_ZÒ` H$s A[jm _mh^ßJ H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° $&

H$hmZr [hb ^r Wr [a _mZd_ZH$s Mmh OmZZ H$m ‡`mg

ÒdmV›Õ`mŒma H$hmZr _| oOg Vah oH$`m J`m dh EH$ Z`m ‡`mJ hr

H$hm OmEJm $& oOg `wJ _| O°gr OÈaV hmVr h° Cgr –oÓQ>H$mU g

bIH$ A[Zr H$b_ MbmVm h° $& Òd`ß _‹`dJu` bIH$m| Z Bg wJ

H$s [napÒWoV`m| H$s Pbm h°, _hgyg oH$`m h¢ $&

ZB© H$hmZr Z ÒÃr-[wÈf gÂ]›Ym| H$s Òd¿N>›XVm Am°a

AmYwoZH$Vm ]mY H$m aImßoH$V oH$`m h° Om WmW© h° $&

M H$hmZr H$s [na^mfm :

H$hmZr H$Wm gmohÀ` H$s Xygar _hŒd[yU© od⁄m h° $& H$hmZr

150

gmohÀ` _| EH$ ÒdVßÃ H$bm H$ Í$[ _| odH$ogV hm MwH$s h° $&

AmYwoZH$ oh›Xr gmohÀ` _| h Í$[ r ]ßJbm H$ _m‹`_ g [m¸mÀ`

gmohÀ` g Am`m h° $& AßJÓr _| oOg "emQ>© ÒQ>mar' H$hV h° $& oh›Xr

_| JÎ[ Zm_H$m oH$gr _mÃm _| ‡MbZ ahm h° $& [a›Vw H$hmZr e„X hr

gdm©oYH$ ÒdrH•$V h° $& H$^r-H$^r bKwH$Wm r H$hm OmVm h° $&

H$hmZr H$s Ï`mª`m H$aV h˛E OèßH$a ‡gmX obIV h° -

""gm°›X © H$s EH$ PbH$ H$m oMÃU H$aZm Am°a CgH$ ¤mam BgH$s

g•oÓQ> H$aZm hr H$hmZr H$m b˙` hmVm h° $&''

EM O. dÎg obIV h -

""H$mB© _Ywa H$WmÀ_H$ aMZm Om gabVm g ]rg o_ZQ> _| [∂T>r

Om gH$, H$hmZr H$hm Om gH$V h° $&''

odÌd ‡og’ H$hmZrH$ma ES>Ja EbZ [m Z H$hmZr H$s [na^mfm

XV h˛E H$hm h° oH$-

""H$hmZr AmY K Q> g bH$a EH$ `m Xm K Q>m| H$ ]rM [∂T>

ob`m OmZdmbm J⁄ d•VmßV h° $& H$hmZr EH$ J⁄mÀ_H$ H$Wm h° Om

EH$ ]°R>H$ _| hr [∂T> br Om gH$ $&''

ZB© H$hmZr H$s [hbr [r∂T>r H$s g\$b boIH$m H$ Í$[ _|

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m Zm_ ]∂S> gÂ_mZ g ob`m OmVm h° $& _ohbm

H$hmZrH$mam| _| _›Zy ßS>mar H$m Zm_ AmXa g ob`m OmVm h° $& d°g

oh›Xr _| H$hmZr obIZdmbr _ohbmAm| H$m AZw[mV [hb g hr

]h˛V H$_ ahm h° $& Am°a Cg_| _›Zy H$s Vah Ïò∑VÀd _| H´$mßoVH$mar

VŒdm| H$m ob` h˛E AmYwoZH$Vm ]mY H$amZdmbr H$hmoZ`m™

obIZdmb| Zhr H$ ]am]a h¢ $& _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s aMZmE™ [wÈf H$s

AmH$mßjmAm| g ‡naV hmH$a Zmar H$m oMÃ C[oÒWV Zht H$aVr ]oÎH$

151

Zmar H$m Zmar H$s –oÓQ> g oMÃU H$aVr h° _›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m|

H$s ‡_wI odefVm AZw^dm| H$s g¿MmB© Am°a gßdXZerbVm h¢ $&

gmohÀ` H$s VrZ ‡_wI od⁄mAm| _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z A[Zr ‡oV^m

oXImB© h° boH$Z CZH$s odef ª`mVr H$hmZrH$ma H$ Í$[ _| h° $&

Hw$N> g_rjH$m| Z _›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| H$m _wª`Vï d°ò∑VH$

MVZm [a AmYmnaV _mZm h° $&

S>m∞. B›–ZmW _XmZ Z obIm h¢ - ""_›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmZrH$bm

H$m _yb Òda ^r d°ò∑VH$ MVZm g ‡arV h¢ $& BZH$s H$hmoZ`m| _|

gX°d Ïò∑V H$s Hw ß$ R>mAm| H$m oMÃU VWm am_mßoQ>H$ ‡_ H$m

Ï` ßΩ`mÀ_H$ oZÈ[U h¢, K yQ >Z, [amO` VWm oddeVm H$s

Ao^Ïò∑V h¢ $&''

`⁄o[ BZH$s H$hmoZ`m| H$m _yb Òda d°ò∑VH$ MVZm [a

AmYmnaV h° oH$›Vw Cg_| odamQ>Vm Am°a Ï`m[H$Vm BVZr AoYH$ h°

oH$ H$ht d°ò∑VH$ MVZm AmJ MyZH$a ghgm _hmZ gm_moOH$

g›X^m g Ow∂S> OmVr h° $&

_›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| H$ ]ma _| -

S>m∞. °Èbmb JJ©Z - ÒdmVßÕ`mŒma ‡oVoZoY H$hmZrH$ma Zm_H$

bI _| ]Vm`m h° oH$ -

_›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m™ gmXÌ` hmVr h° Am°a OrdZ H$ oZH$Q>

H$hmoZ`m| _| AZw^yoV H$s JhZVm Am°a ZE _yÎ`m| H$m C^maZ H$s

j_Vm r $&''

_›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| H$ [mÃ Hwß$R>mJ´ÒV h° $& [napÒWoV H$

oIbm\$ OÈa Hw$N> H$aZm MmhV h¢ [a ‡À`jVï Hw$N> H$a Zht [mV $&

ÒÃr [a AoYH$ma OVmZm [wÈf A[Zm Y_© Am°a [m°ÈfÀd g_PV h° $&

152

H$db [oV hr Zht g_mO H$m ha [wÈf Zmar H$ ‡oV gßHw$oMV

–oÓQ>H$mU aIVm h° $& goX`m| g ÒÃr H$m X]mE aIZ H$s Om [aÂ[am

h° Cg [aÂ[am g [wÈf dJ© ]mha Zht oZH$b [m`m h° $& Mmh ÒÃr

H$_mZdmbr hm, amOZroV _| hm m gm_moOH$ gßÒWmAm| g Ow∂S>r hm

ha jÃ _| oÒÃ`m| H$ ‡oV [wÈfm gßH$sU© –oÓQ>H$mU hr aIVm h° $&

BgobE ÒÃr A] [wÈf H$ oIbm\$ Om ahr h° A] g_mO _| ÒÃr H$m

ad°`m ]XbZ bJm h¢ $&

AmO H$m H$hmZrH$ma [nade H$ X]md g CÀ[›Z ha pÒWoV H$m

CX≤KmoQ>V H$aVm h° $& _›Zy ßS>mar H$s "j`' H$hmZr _| AmoW©H$ gßH$Q>

g CÀ[›Z KwQ>Z H$m oMÃU h° $& "amZr _m™ H$m M]yVam' _| AßYodÌdmg

H$ oIbm\$ b∂S>Zdmbr Jwbm]r _m™ H$m oMÃU h° $& oH$gr M]yVam| m

Mm°IQ> [a oX`m ObmH$a gßVmZ ‡moflV hm gH$Vr h° boH$Z CZ ]¿Mm|

H$ [mbZ-[mfU H$s g_Ò`m I∂S>r hm OmVr h° Bg gm_moOH$ WmW©

H$m _›Zr ßS>mar Z H$bmÀ_H$Vm g oMoÃV oH$`m h° $& "`hr gM h°'

H$hmZr H$s Xr[m [hb oZerW g Am°a ]mX _| gßO` g ‡_

H$aVr h° $& oZerW g A[_moZV hmH$a r Xr[m CgH$ gmW [mQ>u _|

OmZ H$ obE B›H$ma Zht H$a gH$Vr $& `h AmO H$ `wdm [r∂T>r H$s

H$_Omar hr h° $&

_›Zy ßS>mar H$ [yd© Om _ohbm gmnhÀ`H$ma gmohÀ`-OJV _|

AmB© C›hm|Z "Am™Mb _| XyY Am°a Am™Im| _| [mZr' dmbr Zmar H$s

H$m_b VWm Jna_m_` ‡oV_m AoYH$ oMoÃV H$s $& boH$Z _›Zy H$m

Bg ‡oV_m g odef bJmd Zht Wm Am°a Bgr H$maU C›hm|Z Zmar _Z

H$s KwQ>Z-Qy>Q>Z VWm AmH´$me A[Zr H$hmoZ`m| _| oMoÃV oH$`m C›hm|Z

A[Zr H$hmoZ`m| _| Zmar _Z H$s AZw^yoV`m| H$m Ao^Ï`∑V

153

oH$`m h° $&

_›Zy ^ßS>marZ [m™M H$hmZr gßJ´hm H$m g•OZ oH$`m Om Bg

‡H$ma h¢ $&

H$hmZr gßJ´h ‡W_ gßÒH$aU

1. _¢ hma JB© gZ≤ 1957

2. VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra gZ≤ 1959

3. `hr gM h° gZ≤ 1966

4. EH$ flb°Q> g°bm] gZ≤ 1968

5. oÃeßHw$ gZ≤ 1978

A] VH$ 50 H$hmoZ`m™ obIr h° $&

A] h_ EH$-EH$ H$hmZr H$m odÒVma g XI|J $&

(1) _¢ hma JB© :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m `h [hbm H$hmZr gßJ´h 1957 _| ‡H$moeV

h˛Am $& h H$hmZr Bg gßJ´h H$s AßoV_ H$hmZr h° VWm Bgr H$hmZr

H$ AmYma [a H$hmZr gßJ´h H$m Zm_H$aU h˛Am h° Bg gßJ´h _| 12

H$hmoZ`mß gßJ´ohV h° $&

1. B©gm H$ Ka B›gmZ :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ "_¢ hma JB©' H$hmZrgßJ´h H$s ` ‡W_ H$hmZr

h° $& Bg H$hmZr _| Ymo_©H$ Hw$‡d•oV`m| [a Ï`ßΩ` oH$`m h° $&

[hmo∂S>`m| g oKa eha_| o_eZar b∂S>oH$`m| H$m H$m∞bO h° $&

g] OJh ham-^am oXImB© XVm h° $& gm_Z EH$ Ob h° $& garZ Ob

H$s D™$Mr-D™$Mr Xrdmam| H$m XIm H$aVr h° Am°a gmMVr h° oH$ H$m∞bO

H$ obE h OJh ∑`m| MwZr JB© ? Am°a H°$oX`m| H$ OrdZ H$s odoMÃ

H$Î[ZmE™ H$aVr ahVr h° $& H°$gm OrdZ hmJm CgH$m Z AmZ›X Z

154

CÎbmg Z ag $& Bgr H$m∞bO H$s _Xa ]h˛V A¿N>r h° Am°a ¡`mXmVï

ÒQ>m\$ Z›g H$m h° $& EZr Am°a ogÒQ>a O°Z ^r ]h˛V A¿N>r h° dh

h_em h™gVr ahVr h° $& aÀZm ogÒQ>g© H$m oh›Xr [∂T>mVr h° Cg H$m∞bO

Am°a \$mXa H$ ‡oV ]hX H$m°Vyhb Am°a ` h° $& EZr Am°a O°Z A[Zr

B¿N>m g g] Hw$N> N>m∂S>H$a ZZ ]Zr Wr $& B›hm|Z oO›XJr _| MM© Am°a

H$m∞bO H$ ogdm Hw$N> XIm hr Zht d H$m∞bO H$ [rN>dmb MM© _|

ahVr h° Am°a H$m∞bO _ H$m_ H$aVr h°, ]g hr h° CZH$m OrdZ _ar

Am°a bygr H$ Mham| [a _wX©Zr N>mB© ahVr h° Z oH$gr g ]mbVr h°, Z

h™gVr h° $&

""Oybr C_´ _| BZH$ ]am]a hmJr [a MhH$Vr ahVr h° ]mV H$a|Jr

Vm Egr b¿N>Xma oH$ Vo]`V ∂S>H$ CR> $& h™gJr Vm Eg oH$ gmam

ÒQ>m\$-È_ Jy™O OmE, CgH$m Vm AßJ-AßJ O°g oWaH$Vm ahVm h° $&''

EH$]ma Oybr \$mW© B`aH$m ∑bmg b ahr Wr Am°a H$sS>g H$s H$mB©

H$odVm g_PmV h˛E EH$ b∂S>H$s H$m My_ bVr h° $& _Xa ZmamO h˛B©

Am°a Oybr H$m MM© ^O oX`m d \$mXa H$ [mg JB© \$mXa CgH$s

AmÀ_m ewo’ H$aV h¢ $&

""`hm™ H$ \$mXa EH$ Abm°oH$H$ [wÈf h° EH$X_ oXÏ` ! H$mB©

H°$gm ^r [oVV hm m oH$gr H$m _Z Oam r odH$maJ´ÒV hm, BZH$

gÂ[H©$ _| AmZ g hr CgH$s AmÀ_m H$s ewo’ hm OmVr h° $& Xya-Xya

VH$ ]∂S>m Zm_ h° \$mXa H$m $& ]mha H$s o_eZarO g oH$VZ hr bmJ

AmV h° \$mXa H$ [mg AmÀ_mewo’ H$ obE $&''66

O] bygr MM© _| AmB© V] d ^r Oybr g H$_ MßMb Z Wr $&

\$mXa Z VrZ oXZ _| hr CgH$s H$m`m[bQ> H$a Xr $& \$mXa Mmb-T>mb

g EH$ ]∂S>r Ï` _yoV© bJV W Am°a Cg XIH$a _Z l’m g a CR>

155

Egr Ï`o∑Œd h¢ CZH$m Cg_| Egr H$m°Z-gr eo∑V h° Om AmÀ_m H$s

ewo’ H$a XVr h° $& \$mXa Z Xm oXZ _| ∑`m oH$`m oH$ Oybr h™gZm yb

JB©, CgH$s gmar emIr, gmar h™gr, gmar _ÒVr O°g oH$grZ gmI

br hm $& `| Oybr H$m Z`m Í$[ Wm bJVm Wm O°g Oybr Zht CgH$s

oO›Xm bme Ky_ ahr h° $&

ogÒQ>a EZr Z H$hm oH$ - ""\$mXa Z CgH$s AmÀ_m H$m [odÃ

H$a oX`m CgH$s AmÀ_m H$ odH$ma o_Q> JE $&''67

MM© _| EH$ Iy]gyaV ZZ≤ EßoObm H$m bm`m OmVm h° $& dh [mJbm|

O°gm Ï`dhma H$aVr h¢ $& Bgr H$maU dh \$mXa H$ [mg Or OmVr h°

boH$Z dh \$mXa H$ H$m]y _| Zht AmVr $& dhr H$hVr h¢ - ""_wP

H$mB© Zht amH$ gH$Vm, Ohm™ _am _Z hmJm _¢ OmD™$Jr $& _¢Z VwÂhma

\$mXa ........ o\$a AmR> M]mH$a ]mV Vm∂S>H$a ]mbr ....... A] d

H$^r \$mbVy H$s ]mV| Zht H$a|J $&''68

EßoObm \$mXa H$ ∂T>mJ H$m [Xm©\$me H$aVr h° Am°a Bg ]mV g

bygr ‡g›Z hmVr h° \$mXa H$s ZmH$m_`m]r [a $& Am°a EH$ oXZ bygr

MM© g mJ OmVr h° $& Bg KQ>Zm H$ ]mX MM© VWm H$m∞bO H$ Mmam|

Am°a D™$Mr-D™$Mr Xrdma I∂S>r H$s OmVr h¢ $&

Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z Y_© H$ Zm_ [a hmZdmb Zmar

emfU H$ oIbm\$ "EßoObm' ¤mam AmdmO CR>m`r h° $& _mZogH$

gßÒH$mam| Ed_≤ AmÀ_ewo’ H$ Zm_ [a MM© H$ \$mXa wdoV`m| g A[Zr

H$m_V•oflV H$a C›h| bme ]Zm XV h° $& EßoObm Bg A›`m` H$ ‡oV

od–mh H$aVr h° CgZ \$mXa H$m Zem S>mCZ H$a oX`m Am°a \$mXa H$m

^ßS>m\$mS> oH$`m $&

\$mXa Bg Ag\$bVm [a AmÀ_ΩbmoZ H$ _ma _a Om ah W $&

156

Bg ‡H$ma boIH$m Z B©gmB© o_eZar gßÒWmZm| _| MbZdmb

AZ°oVH$ ´ÓQ>mMma H$m [Xm©\$me H$aH$ A[Zr ghr Y_© oZa[j –oÓQ>

H$m [naM` oX`m h¢ $&

2. JrV H$m MwÂ]Z :

‡ÒVwV H$hmZr AmYwoZH$ Edß ‡mMrZ [aß[am H$ ]rM N>Q>[Q>mVr

Zmar H$ AÏ`∑V ‡_ H$m oMÃU ]∂S> hr ge∑V T>ßJ g H$aVr h° $&

H$oZH$m Bg H$hmZr H$s Zmo`H$m h° dh A¿N>r Jmo`H$m h° &

_mWwa gmh] H$ hm™ g_mamh _| Ohm™ eha H$ H$od, gmohÀ`H$ma,

oMÃH$ma, Jm`H$ OwQ>Z dmb W dhm™ H$oZH$m H$m _m°grZ O oX`m

Bgr g_mamh _| H$oZH$m H$m [naM` H$od oZoIb g hm J`m oOgH$

AZH$ JrV dh JmVr Wr $& o_gO _mWwa H$ AmJ´h [a H$oZH$m Z

oZoIb H$m EH$ JrV Jm`m oOgH$m oZoIbZ ]h˛V [g›X oH$`m $&

oZIb H$oZH$m H$ Ka AmZ-OmZ bJm $& H$oZH$m aoS>`m [a

JmZ bJr $& H$oZH$m Am°a oZoIb AZH$ odf`m| [a MMm© H$aV h° $&

ÒÃr-[wÈf gß]ßYm [a r MMm© h˛B© $& H$oZH$m H$m H$hZm Wm -

""]mV h_ oH$VZr hr ]∂S>r-]∂S>r ]Zm b, oZoIb Xm [a Ï`dhma

_| h_ AmJ Zht ]∂T> [mV h° $& Am[ Om `hm™ ]°R>H$a BVZr bÂ]r

Mm° ∂S>r ]mV H$a ah hm _mZ bm H$b H$m Am[H$ ]rdr Am` Am°a

oH$gr Xyga [wÈf H$ gmW dh A[Zm emarnaH$ gÂ]›Y aI Vm ]Xm©ÌV

H$a gH|$J Am[ ? m| S≠>m|BJÈ_ _| ]°R>H$a ]mV ]ZmZm gab hmVm h° $&

[a d ]mV a hr ahVr h°, H$ma og’mßV $&''69

EH$ oXZ oZoIbZ H$oZH$m H$m ]mßhm_| aH$a My_ ob`m $& V]

CgZ oZoIb H$m EH$ MmßQ>m _ma oX`m $& gflVmh H$ ]mX oZoIb H$m

[Ã Am`m oOg_| obI Wm -

157

""gM Vw_Z _ar Am™I Imb Xr oH$ emarnaH$ gß]ßY H$ [a r

b∂S>H$ H$s o_ÃVm H$m H$mB© AmYma hm gH$Vm h°, Am°a Bgrob` _wP

Cg oXZ H$m A[Zm Ï`dhma H$MmQ> ahm h° $& _wP Vw_ [a Oam ^r

JwÒgm Zht, A[Z [a hr ΩbmoZ h° $&''70

`h H$hmZr [aß[am Am°a gßÒH$mam| _| OH$∂S>r Zmar H$oZH$m H$

‡_ H$s Hw ß$R>m H$m oMoÃV H$aVr h° $& dh oZoIb g ‡_ H$aVr h°,

boH$Z Ï`∑V Zht H$a [mVr $& BZ XmZm| H$ ‡_ H$ odH$mg _| oH$gr

Vah H$s [mnadmnaH$ `m AmoW©H$ ]mYm`| Zht hmJr BgH$ obE

H$oZH$m H$ gßÒH$ma oOÂ_Xma h¢ $&

AmO H$s Zmar [yU©Í$[ g Z Vm AmYwoZH$ ]Z [m`r h° Z A[Zr

g‰`Vm Edß gßÒH$ma H$m N>m∂S> gH$Vr h° $& Bg H$hmZr H$ ¤mam boIH$m

Z odOmVr` AmH$f©U Am°a Zmar X` H$ emÌdV gÀ` H$m ‡oV[moXV

oH$`m h° $&

3. OrVr ]mµOr H$s hma :

`h EH$ Zmar H$s Egr H$hmZr h° Om ‡H•$oV H$ odÈ’ OmH$a

OrVH$a r hma OmVr h° $&

VrZ b∂S>oH$`m™ Amem, ZobZr Am°a _wabm EH$ hr H$m∞bO _|

[∂T>Vr h° $& oddmh H$ ]ma _| BZ g^r H$m _mZZm Wm oH$ A[Z

Ï`o∑VÀd H$m IyZ H$aH$ Bg ‡H$ma [oV H$ aßJ _| aßJ OmZm CZH$s

H$Î[Zm H$ ]mha H$s ]mV Wr $& boH$Z Zmar gwb^ ^mdZm H$

\$bÒdÍ$[ Amem Edß ZobZr oddmh H$a bVr h¢ $& _wabm A[Z

og’mßVm [a A∂S>J ahVr h¢ $& dh E_.E. _| woZdog©Q>r _| ‡W_ ÒWmZ

‡mflV H$aH$ AmJ H$mg© H$aZm Amaß^ H$aVr h¢ $& dh AßV VH$

AoddmohV ahZm MmhVr h° Am°a Bg ]mV [a Amem g eV©

158

bJmVr h° $& AmemZ H$hm -

""BVZm OmZVr hˇ™ oH$ oOgg eV© bJm ahr hˇ™ dh g]Hw$N> hmH$a

^r Zmar h° $& Am°a Zmar H$m EH$ gmWr MmohE, EH$ ghmam MmohE,

[nadma MmohE Am°a MmohE ]¿M $& C¿M g C¿M oejm r CgH$s

Bg mdZm H$m Zht MwH$ gH$Vr $&71

_wabm H$hVr h° oH$ - ""∑`m XoH$`mZwgr bmJm| O°g ]mV| H$aVr

h° $& ghmam Cg MmohE Om A[Z H$m A]bm g_P ! _¢ g]bm hˇ™,

_wP oH$gr H$m ghmam Zht MmohE $&''72

_wabm AoddmohV Wr Am°a oejm-od^mJ H$ EH$ D™$M [X [a

[h˛™M JB© Wr $& dh EH$ g^m H$m g^m[oVÀd H$aZ Bbmhm]mX JB© oH$

[›–h dfm H$ ]mX CgH$s _wbmH$mV Amem g hmVr h° $& Amem Cg

A[Z Ka b JB© dhm™ Cg Amem H$m Ka CgH$ VrZm| ]¿M g^r Hw$N>

]h˛V A¿N>m bJm $& Amem OrVr ]mOr H$s mX oXbmH$a _wabm g

BZm_ _m™JZ H$ ob` H$hVr h°$ & V] _wabm Amem H$s [m™M dfu`

b∂S>H$s _m™JVr h° $&

""Vm A[Zr h o]oQ>`m _wP X X $&''73

Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z Zmar [a _mV•Àd H$s odO` ‡ÒVwV

H$s h¢ $& H$mB© r Zmar A[Z Zmar-gwb^ mdZmAm| H$ H$maU [oV H$

Í$[ _| EH$ gmWr, EH$ ghmam, ^am-[yam [nadma Am°a ]¿M

MmhVr h° $& _wabm Bgr ‡H•$oV H$ odÈ’ OmH$a AßV VH$ AoddmohV

ahVr h° [a Cg emßoV hmogb Zhr hmVr $& Zmar H$m "ZmarÀd'

_mV•Àd g Am°a AoYH$ oZIa AmVm h° $& Zmar "_mV•Àd' H$ o]Zm

AYyar h°, ht _wabm H$s hma h° $& CgZ ]mOr Vm OrV br [a dÒVwVï

dh hma J`r h¢ $& dmÒVd _| h EH$ gm_moOH$ H$hmZr h¢ $&

159

4. EH$ H$_Oma b∂S>H$s H$s H$hmZr :

_›Zy ßS>mar Z ‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| ‡_ H$m Z [mZ H$s N>Q>[Q>mhQ>

Ï`∑V H$s h° $& Zmo`H$m "Í$[' h° dh d°MmnaH$ –oÓQ> g od–mh H$aVr

h°, [a WmW© _| H$_Oma [∂S> OmVr h° $&

"Í$[' A[Zr od_mVm H$ H$maU ÒHy$b N>m ∂S>H$a Ka _| [∂T>mB©

H$aZ bJVr h° $& gm°Vbr _m™ H$ H$R>ma oZ`ßÃU H$ H$maU dh h_em

S>ar S>ar gh_r-gh_r ahVr h° $& Bgr H$maU CgH$ o[Vm Í$[H$m

CgH$ _m_m-_m_r H$ [mg O XV h¢ $& dhm™ ahH$a Í$[ _°oQ≠>H$ H$s

[arjm [mg H$a bVr h° $& Ohm™ CgH$m [naM` EH$ AZmW b∂S>H$

"bobV' g hmVm h° $& Om _m_m H$m [mbH$ [wÃ h° CgH$ gmW Í$[ H$m

‡_ Yra-Yra ]∂T>Vm OmVm h° $& bobV È[ H$ ‡oV ‡_ ‡H$Q> H$aVm h°

Am°a Cg ohÂ_V XH$a C¿M oejm H$ ob` odXe Mbm OmVm h° $&

bobV H$ OmZ H$ ]mX Í$[ H$s emXr dH$sb gmh] g hm OmVr

h° $& Í$[ B¡OV IßoS>V hmZ H$ ` g Xygam| H$s Wm[r h˛B© B¿N>mAm|

H$m ÒdrH$ma H$a A[Z Aa_mZm| H$m Jbm Km|Q> XVr h° $& ÒHy$b H$s

[∂T>mB© g bH$a oddmh VH$ H$ _m_bm| _| dh Òd`ß oZU©` Zhr b

[mVr $& Cg ha ]ma o[VmOr H$s B¿N>m H$ AmJ PwH$Zm [∂S>Vm h° $&

o[VmOr H$s ]mV Cg od–mh H$aZ g amH$Vr h° -

""H$m°Z, Í$[ ]Q>r ! Aa h ]∂S>r g_PXma b∂S>H$s h°, _am H$hZm

dh H$^r Q>mb gH$Vr h° bm ! AmO H$ O_mZ _| Egr b∂S>H$s ]∂S>

^mΩ` g o_bVr h° $& Í$[ H$m bJm O°g CgH$m gmam odamY, gmam

H´$mY ]h J`m h° $&''74

Í$[ H$ [oV CXma oXb H$ B›gmZ h° $& [oV H$s Ï`ÒVVm H$

H$maU Am°a bobV H$s `mX g Ï`oWV hmH$a Í$[ A[Z Ka _|

160

AH$bm[Z _hgyg H$aVr h° $& A_arH$m g bm°Q>H$a bobV dH$sb

gmh] H$ Ka _h_mZ ]ZH$a ahVm h° $& Í$[ A] emXr-gwYm H$

H$maU bobV g EH$ Xyar ]Zm` ahVr h° Am°a CgH$ gmW ]h˛V H$_

]mbVr h° $& bobV Í$[ H$m XoH$`mZygr ]mVß À`mJ H$a A[Z gmW

^mJ oZH$bZ H$ obE CH$gmVm h° $& Í$[ bmH$bmO H$ S>a g [hb

_Zm H$a XVr h° $& [a bobV H$ g_PmZ [a Í$[ mJZ H$ obE V°`ma

hm JB© $& bobV Í$[ H$ _Z H$m [ya gflVmh ^a –∂T> ]ZmVm ahm $&

odXe H$s ]mV| ]VmH$a CgZ Cg [war Vah g_Pm oX`m oH$ Om Hw$N>

^r d H$aZm Om ah h¢ dh oH$gr ^r –oÓQ> g AZwoMV Zht h°, Am°a

Í$[ Z r A[Z Am[H$m [yar Vah V°`ma H$a ob`m, bobV Z H$hm -

""A¿N>m Í$[ ! H$b amV H$m h_bmJ Mb X|J $& _¢ gda hr

`hm™ g o]Xm bH$a Y_©embm _| Om oQ>Hy™$Jm $& Vw_ amV ]mah ]O H$

H$ar] ÒQ>eZ amS>dmb M]yVa [a _wP o_bmJr g_Pt ? S>amJr Vm

Zht Zm ?''75

Í$[ Z H$hm - ""Zht bobV EH$ ]ma H$_Omar H$m \$b wJV

MwH$s hˇ™, Cgg O›_ a H$ obE g]H$ o_b J`m $&''76 mOZm H$s

amV hr dH$sb gmoh] Í$[ H$m A[Z o_Ã H$s [∂T>r-obIr [ÀZr H$

^mJ OmZ H$m g_mMma gwZmV h¢ -

""]∂S>r _wgr]V _| Wm ]Mmam $& CgH$s ÒÃr A[Z oH$gr

AmoeH$ H$ gmW mJ JB© $&''77

Am°a Í$[ g dH$sb gmh] H$hV h° oH$ - ""[∂T>r-obIr Vm Vw_

^r hm, mJZ H$s ]mV Vm Xya ahr, Xm gmb hm J`, _wP H$^r mX

Zht AmVm oH$ Vw_Z Am™I CR>mH$a oH$gr A›` [wÈf g ]mV ^r

H$s h° $&''78

161

B›ht ]mVm| H$ [naUm_ ÒdÈ[ Í$[ bobV H$ gmW ^mJ Zht

gH$Vr Am°a H$_µOma [∂S> OmVr h° Am°a AßV VH$ dH$sb gmh] H$s

[ÀZr ]Zr ahVr h° $&

`h H$hmZr Egr ^maVr` b∂S>H$s H$s H$hmZr h° Om ‡_r Am°a

[oV XmZm| H$ ‡oV B©_mZXma ahZm MmhVr h° $& Í$[ H$mB© odXer Zmar

Zht oH$ emXr H$ ]mX ^r ‡_r H$ gmW ^mJ OmE $& [aß[am Edß

gßÒH$mam| H$ H$maU hr Í$[ oeoWb [∂S> OmVr h° $& [aß[am Edß gßÒH$mam

H$m oZdm©h H$aZm ^maVr` Zmar H$s odS>Â]Zm h° Bgr CXÌ` H$m

‡oV[moXV H$aZm Bg H$hmZr H$m b˙` Wm $& gßÒH$ma Edß Í$oT>`m| H$

]›YZ Zmar H$m oH$gr H$Xa Xw]©b ]Zm XV h¢ $& BgH$s AZw^yoV Bg

H$hmZr H$ ¤mam Ï`∑V h˛B© h° $&

5. g`mZr ]wAm :

Bg H$hmZr _| AZwemgZo‡` "g`mZr ]wAm' H$m oMÃ boIH$mZ

oMoÃV oH$`m h° $&

]M[Z g hr d g_` H$s oOVZr [m]›Y Wr A[Zm gm_mZ

gß^mbH$a aIZ _| oOVZr [Qw>Wr Am°a Ï`dÒWm H$s oOVZr H$m`b

Wr Cg XIH$a MoH$V hm OmZm [∂S>Vm Wm $& H$hV h° - ""Om [|ogb

dh EH$ ]ma IarXVr Wr dh O] VH$ BVZr N>mQ>r Z hm OmoV oH$

CZH$s [H$∂S> _| ^r Z AmE V] VH$ Cgg H$m_ bVr Wr $& Om a]a

C›hm|Z Mm°Wr H$jm _| IarXr Wr Cg Zdt H$jm _| AmH$a g_mflV

oH$`m $&''78

g`mZr ]wAm H$ oddmohV H$ g_` o_b H$m™M Am°a MrZr H$

]V©Z [›–h gmbm| H$ ]mX ^r ghr gbm_V aIVr h° $& [nadma H$

g^r bmJm| [a ]wAm H$m AmVßH$ N>m`m h˛Am h° $& ]wAm H$s AoV

162

AZwemgZ o‡`Vm H$m oeH$ma CZH$s [m™M dfu` [wÃr "A›Zy' ]Z

OmVr h° $& dh EH$ AkmV ^` g oKar ahVr h°, ImZ[mZ H$s

AÀ`oYH$ gVH©$Vm H$ ]mdOyX r "A›Zy' ]r_ma hm JB© $& S>m∞∑Q>a Z

am` Xr oH$ - ""]¿Mr H$m [hm∂S> [a b Om`m OmE Am°a oOVZm AoYH$

Cg ‡g›Z aIm Om gH$ aIm OmE $& g]Hw$N> CgH$ _Z H$ AZwgma

hm hr CgH$m ghr BbmO h° $&''79 S>m∞∑Q>a H$s gbmh H$ AZwgma

Cg [hm∂S> [a b Om`m J`m $& Hw$N> g_` bJmVma ]wAm H$m [Ã H$

¤mam g_mMma o_bV ah, [aßVw EH$ _ohZ H$ ]mX r [oV H$m H$mB©

[Ã Zht Am`m Vm dh qMoVV hm CR>r $& d amV H$m gm Z [mB© Am°a

gmar amV XwïÒdflZ XIVr ahr Am°a amVr ahr $& _mZm CZH$m dfm g

O_m h˛Am ZmarÀd o[Kb [∂S>m Wm Am°a A[Z [ya dJ H$ gmW ]h ahm

Wm $& dh XIVr h° oH$ CgH$ [oV AH$b Mb Am ah h°, A›Zy gmW

Zht h° Am°a CZH$s Am™I r bmb h° Am°a dh \y$Q>-\y$Q>H$a am [∂S>r $&

Cg d∑V [oV H$m obIm [Ã o_bVm h° $& [Ã H$s [hbr [ßo∑V [∂T>H$a

hr dh amZ bJr O°g H$mB© ]h˛V ]∂S>r XwK©Q>Zm KoQ>V hwB© hm $& ]mX _|

[Vm MbVm h° oH$ [oVZ Om obIm h° dh A›Zy H$ obE Z hmH$a

[Mmg Í$[`dmb gY H$ H$m fl`mb Qy>Q> OmZ H$s KQ>Zm H$ ]ma _| h° $&

`h dmÒVodH$Vm OmZH$a amV-amV ]wAmOr h™gZ bJr $& [m™M

AmZH$s gwamhr Vm∂S> XZ [a Zm°H$a H$m ]war Vah [rQ>Zdmbr ]wAmOr

[Mmg È[`mßdmb gQ> H$ Qy>Q> OmZ [a ^r hßg ahr Wr $& _mZm C›h|

ÒdJ© H$s oZoY o_b J`r hm $&

g`mZr ]wAm H$m Òd^md odef hr Bg H$hmZr H$m H$œ` h° $&

[mJb[Z H$s gr_m VH$ Ï`dÒWm Am°a g_` H$s [m]›Xr _ZwÓ` H$m

_ZwÓ` Zht _erZ ]Zm XVr h° $& _mZm "am]mQ>' hm Om g_` g H$m_

163

H$a $& ]wAm H$m Ka emÍ$_ H$s Vah gOm h˛Am ahVm Wm, Ohm Ï`dÒWm

H$ Zm_ [a g^r gXÒ`m| H$m Ob H$ H°$Xr H$ g_mZ ahZm

[∂S>Vm Wm $& em`X Bgr AmVßH$ g A›Zy ]r_ma [∂S>r Am°a ]wAm H$m

_me©b bm oeoWob hm J`m $& gªV _mß H$m __Àd OmJ•V h˛Am $&

gQ> H$ Xm fl`mb Qy>Q>Z [a g`mZr ]wAm oXb ImbH$a hßgZ bJr Am°a

gm_m›` B›gmZ ]ZZ H$m CÎbmg AZw^d H$aZ bJr $&

6. Ao^ZVm :

Bg H$hmZr _| ‡_r H$ ¤mam N>br JB© Zmar H$s Ï`Wm H$m ‡ÒVwV

oH$`m J`m h° $& AmYwoZH$ g_mO _| A[Z ZH$br AmMaU g

`wdoV`m| H$m R>JZdmb `wdH$m | H$s _mZogH$Vm H$m oMÃU

_›Zy ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr _| oH$`m h° $&

H$hmZr H$m erf©H$ h° - "Ao^ZVm' qH$Vw `h H$Wm h° EH$

Ao^ZÃr H$s Ï`Wm H$s $& aßOZm Ao^ZÃr h° Cg Ao^Z` H$m em°H$

ÒHy$b OrdZ g hr Wm $& H$m©bO H$ aßJ_ßM [a A[Z Ao^Z` H$m

oZImaV h˛E dh o\$Î_r ogVmam| H$s H$Vma _| Am JB© $& dh EH$ Zm_r

o\$Î_ Ao^ZÃr h° $& aßOZm H$m MmhZdmbm| H$s gßª`m AoYH$ h°,

[aßVw oOg dh IwX ‡_ H$a gH$ Egm H$mB© Z Wm $& dh A[Z Imbr

OrdZ H$m oH$gr H$ ‡_ g a XZm MmhVr h° $&

aßOZm H$s o_Ã H$mo_Zr A[Zr gmboJamh H$s [mQ>u _| Cg b

J`r $& dhm oXbr[ g _wbmH$mV h˛B© $& dh o]OZg H$aZ ]Â]B© Am`m

Wm $& aßOZm oXbr[ H$s Ama AmH•$ÓQ> h˛B© $& oXbr[ H$m o]OZg O_

J`m Wm $& CgZ ]ßJbm-JmS>r b ob`m Wm Am°a amO em_ dh

aßOZm H$ gmW JwOmaVm Wm $& Cg Ao^Z` [gßX Zhr Wm $& aßOZm H$m

oddmh H$ ]mX H$m_ N>m∂S>XZ H$s ]mV H$aVm Wm $& aßOZm H$hVr h° -

164

""AmOH$b _¢ ZE H$m™Q≠> ∑Q> r Zhr bVr $& VwÂh| oM∂T> h° Z gm°

A] h g] N>m∂S> Xy™Jr $&''80

""Vw_ H$hm, Vm _¢ Eg gm° H$m_ Hw$]m©Z H$a gH$Vr hˇ™ $&''81

oXbr[ o]OZg H$ ob` Mbm J`m & [›–h oXZ ]mX bm°Q>

Am`m $& EH$ oXZ oXbr[ Z H$hm OmZVr hm H$mo_Zr VbmH$ XZ H$s

gmM ahr h° $& aßOZm H$hVm h° hmß amO H$s oH$Q>oH$Q> g EH$ ]ma hr

oH$Ògm IÀ_ & V] oXbr[ H$hVm h° - ""‡_ H$s EH$mo›VH$m _| _am

odÌdmg h° Vw_ Mmh _wP XoµH$`mZyg H$hm `m [wamU[›Wr [a b°bm

_OZy H$m ‡_ hr _a ‡_ H$m AmXe© h° $& H$b _mZ bm oH$gr H$maU

g _¢ VwÂh| Zhr [m gHy™$ Vm gM H$hVm hˇ™ OmZ X Xy™ ! VwÂhma o]Zm Vm

_¢ A[Z OrdZ H$s H$Î[Zm r Zhr H$a gH$Vm $&''82

oZÓH$[Q> aßOZm Z oXbr[ [a odÌdmg H$a ob`m $& Am°a [°g H$s

AmdÌ`H$Vm [a oXbr[ H$m H$mam MH$ ^r X oX`m $& Cg_| CgZ

]mah hOma È[` a Am°a [›–h oXZ H$ ob` XhamXyZ-oXÎbr Mbm

J`m $& oXbr[ H$ VrZ-Mma [Ã Am` Am°a CgH$ ]mX aßOZm ‡Vrjm

H$aVr ahr $& oXZ ]rVV J` $& aßOZm CgH$ Ka J`r Ka [a Zm°H$a Wm,

CgH$ [mg H$mB© I]a Zht Wr $& aßOZm K]am J`r $& H$mJO H$ ob`

_O H$s XamO Imbr $& Cg_| ∂T>a gma [Ã W $& XhamXyZ g aIm H$

‡_[Ã W $& EH$ [Ã oXbr[ H$ o[VmOr H$m Wm $& oOg_| CgH$s [ÀZr

Am°a ]¿M H$ g_mMma W, gmW hr oH$gr dH$sb gmh] g ]mah

hOma È[` bZ H$s ]mV Wr $& h XIV aßOZm H$m _mh^ßJ h˛Am $&

oXbr[ ÒÃr Am°a [°gm XmZm| —oÓQ> g ´ÓQ> Wm $& aßOZm Vm aßJ_ßM [a

Ao^Z` H$aVr Wr [aßVw oXbr[ H$m Vm gmam OrdZ hr Ao^Z` gmo]V

h˛Am $& AmMma Am°a odMma H$ Xmha ÒVa [a [wÈf ¤mam gßdXZerb

165

Zmar H$m _Z N>bm J`m h° $& aßOZm oXbr[ H$m [Ã obIVr h° -

""_¢ Vm H$db aßJ_ßM [a hr Ao^Z` H$aVr hˇß [a VwÂhmam Vm

gmam OrdZ hr Ao^Z` h° $& ]∂S> D™$M H$bmH$ma Am°a gY h˛E Ao^ZVm

hm Vw_ _a XmÒV $&''83

oXbr[ emXrewXm h° ` [Xm©\$me hm OmVm h° $& dh aßOZm H$m

odÌdmgKmV H$aVm h° $& h H$hmZr EH$ Zmar H$s Ï`Wm H$s H$hmZr h°

Am°a gm_moOH$ H$hmZr h° $&

7. Ì_emZ :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s Bg H$hmZr _| d°dmohH$ OrdZ _| ÒÃr Am°a

[wÈf H$ ]rM CÀ[›Z hmZdmb AmH$f©U H$s JhamB© H$m Ï`ßΩ`mÀ_H$

dU©Z h° $& _mZdr` gßdXZm VWm _Zm^mdm| H$m oMÃU oH$`m

J`m h° $& Cg_ Ì_emZ Am°a [hm∂S>r H$m gßdmX h° $&

Bg H$hmZr H$m Zm`H$ VrZ ]ma emXr H$aVm h° $& Am°a VrZm|

[ÀZr _a OmVr h° & boH$Z O] O] ed H$m ObmZ dh Ì_emZ OmVm

h° - V] V] H$hVm h° oH$ _¢ A[Zr [ÀZr H$m ]h˛V fl`ma H$aVm hˇ™ _¢

CgH$ o]Zm Zhr ah gH$Vm $& V] Ì_emZ AdmH≤$-gm ah OmVm h° $&

CgZ [hm∂S>r g H$hm - ""Bg Ï`o∑V H$s Ï`WmZ _a X` H$m

_W S>mbm $& `m| Vm `hm™ amO hr Eg oH$VZ hr Ï`o∑V AmV h°, [a

OmZ ∑`m| BgH$ XwI _| BgH$s dXZm _| Egm ∑`m Wm Om _¢ H$^r Zht

^yb gHy™$Jm $& Vw_ XIZm A] h OrodV Zhr ahJm $&''84

VrZ df© ]rV JE dh wdH$ oH$gr e] H$m obE Ì_emZ J`m $&

Ì_emZ Z gmMm dh A^r OrodV h° $& dh `wdH$ odbm[ H$aVm h°

Vw_ _wP N>m∂S>H$a Mbr OmAmJr _°Z ÒdflZ _| r Zhr gmMm Wm $&

A] _¢ VwÂhma o]Zm H°$g OrodV ahˇ™Jm $& _wP A[Z [mg ]wbm bm $&

166

Cg wdH$ H$s Xygar [ÀZr _a JB© $&

Xm df© r Zht ]rV hmJ oH$ o\$a Ì_emZ H$ H$mZm| _| o\$a dhr

[naoMV Òda gwZmB© [∂S>m $& dh wdH$ Bg ]ma A[Zr Vrgar [ÀZr H$

ed H$m ObmZ Am`m Wm $& CgH$m H´$›XZ CVZm hr H$ÈU Wm $& CgH$

[hbdmb È[ _| Am°a AmO _| H$mB© A›Va Z Wm $&

EH$ hr [wÈf H$m A[Zr VrZ-VrZ [oÀZ`m| H$ [rN> EH$ hr

‡H$ma H$m odbm[ H$aV ZOa AmVm h° $&

""Vw_ _wP N>m∂S>H$a H$hm™ JB© ? mX h°, oH$VZr ]ma Vw_Z H$g_|

ImB© Wr oH$ oµO›XJr-^a Vw_ _am gmW XmJr - Vw_ Vm _wP AH$bm

N>m ∂S>H$a Mbr JB© $& A] _¢ VwÂhma o]Zm OrodV Zht ah gH$Vr $&

Vw_ _wP A[Z [mg ]wbm bm Zhr Vm _wP VwÂhma [mg AmZ H$m H$mB©

C[m` H$aZm [∂S>Jm $& Vw_ Zht Vm _a OrdZ H$m H$mB© AW© Zht, H$mB©

gma Zht H$mB© ag Zht, VwÂht Vm _am OrdZ Wr, _ar ‡aUm Wr $&

A] _¢ OrodV ahH$a H$È™Jm hr ∑`m ? _wP A[Z [mg ]wbm bm, _¢

VwÂhma o]Zm Zht ah gH$Vm $&''85

dh wdH$ ha]ma odbm[ H$aV h˛E EH$ hr ]mV XmhamVm h° oH$

dh BgH$ o]Zm OrodV Zht ah gH$Vm $& Vrgar ]ma dh Xmd H$ gmW

H$hVm h° oH$ Vrgar [ÀZr g hr CgH$m g¿Mm ‡_ Wm $& [hbr CgH$s

AZwJmo_Zr Wr, Xygar ghJmo_Zr Vm Vrgar o‡` o_Ã oOgH$ o]Zm

dhr EH$ H$X_ ^r AmJ Zht ]∂ ∂T> gH$Vm $& ha ]ma EH$ hr ]mV

Hß$R>ÒW [mR> H$s Vah XmhamVm ahVm h° $&

Ì_emZ H$s ]mV| gwZH$a [hm∂S>r H$db _wÒH$amVr h¢ $&

Ì_emZ H$ _Z_| dfm g _ZwÓ` H$ Abm°oH$H$ ‡_ H$s Om YmaUm

O_r h˛B© Wr CgH$m Y∑H$m bJVm h° $& CgH$m [Vm Mb OmVm h° oH$

167

_ZwÓ` H$m ^mdZm H$ gmW H$mB© gß]ßY Zht h° $& B›gmZ H$ ÒdmWu

Abm°oH$H$ ‡_ H$m XIH$a Ì_emZ H$m X` [ÀWa hm CR>Vm h° $&

CgH$s hmbV XIH$a [hm∂S>r Cg g_PmVr h˛B© H$hVr h° -

""Vw_ BVZm hr Zht g_PV oH$ Om B›gmZ ‡_ H$aVm h° Cg

OrdZ g r H$_ fl`ma Zht hmVm dh H$mar mdwH$Vm [a oO›Xm Zht

ah gH$Vm $& dh OrdZ H$s [yU©Vm H$ obE o\$a ‡_ H$aVm h°, OrodV

ahZ H$m ‡`ÀZ H$aVm h° $& dh ha od`mJ Pb bVm h°, Ï`Wm gh

bVm h° $& ∑`m|oH$ g]g AoYH$ ‡_ Vm _ZwÓ` A[Z Am[g

H$aVm h¢ $&''86

Bg H$hmZr H$m H$œ` gd©Wm ZdrZ Am°a _m°obH$ h° & _›Zy ßS>mar Z

Ì_emZ Am°a [hm∂S>r H$m gOrd [mÃ H$ Í$[ _| oZo_©V H$a

_mZdOrdZ H$ emÌdV gÀ` H$m COmJa oH$`m h° $& dh oOVZr EH$

oZÓR>Vm Am°a V›_`Vm g ‡_ H$a gH$Vm h°, CVZr hr ghOVm g

CgH$ od`mJr H$m ^r gh bVm h° $& ha [wÈf H$ obE Zmar EH$

AmdÌ`H$Vm h° $& Bgr Vœ` H$m H$hmZr H$ _m‹`_ g C^mam J`m h° $&

_mZd H$s OrdZ OrZ H$s$ AmH$mßjm ‡_ ^mdZm g AoYH$

]bdmZ h° $& H$mar mdwH$Vm m ‡_ H$ ghma hr B›gmZ oO›Xm Zht

ah gH$Vm $& OrZ H$s AmaOy ‡_ mdZm g AoYH$ ‡]b hmVr h° $&

Bgr emÌdV gÀ` H$m boIH$mZ Bg H$hmZr _| ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $&

8. Xrdmar, ]¿M Am°a ]agmV :

boIH$mZ Bg H$hmZr _| [aÂ[am g OH$∂S>r AoeojV Zmna`m™

oeojV Zmar H$ gÂ]›Y _| Z OmZ ∑`m-∑`m MMm©E™ H$aVr ahVr h° $&

BZ AoeojV Zmna`m| H$ _Zm^mdm| H$m WmW© oMÃU oH$`m h° $&

e›Zm Am°a e°b oeojV b∂S>oH$`m™ h° $& e°b H$ Ka _| Am°aV|

168

Xw[ah _| h_em J[g[ H$aVr ahVr h° $& Cgr _mhÎb _| EH$ neojV

XÂ[oV ahZ Am`m h° $& [ÀZr gmohÀ` _| Í$oM aIVr h° Vm Cg

o_bZ H$ ob`| bmJ AmV-OmV h° $& CgH$ Zm_ [Ã AmV h° $& CgH$

bI AI]mam| _| N>[V h¢ $& [oV H$m `h g] [gßX Zhr Wm $& EH$

oXZ dh ImZm ]ZmH$a _rqQ>J _| Mbr OmVr h° Am°a amV H$m Xa g

bm°Q>Vr h° Vm [oV eH$ H$aVm h° $& [oV-[ÀZr _| H$hm-gwZr hm JB© $&

amV _| O] bm°Q>r Vm AmX_rZ r Pm¢Q>m [H$∂S>H$a Xm Pm[Q> aI oXE

Am°a H$h oX`m -

""oZH$b Om _a Ka g, oOZ `ma-XmÒVm _| Ky_Vr o\$a h°,

C›ht H$ Ka OmH$a ]°R> $&''87

^m^rZ H$hm [∂S>mg _| Egm H$mßS> hm Omd Vm [∂S>mgr hmZ H$

ZmV h_mam r Hw$N> Ya_ hm hr Omd $& gm° B©, _¢ r ohÂ_V H$aH$

JB© $& gmMm H$h Xy™Jr oH$ [°a [H$∂S>H$a _mµ\$s _m™J b $& [a dh Vm _a

D$[a ]agZ bJr ]mbr -

""]ohZOr ! JbVr H$È™Jr Vm gm° ]ma _mµ\$s _m™J byJr [a oOg

_¢ JbVr g_Py™ hr Zht, CgH$ obE ∑`m| _mµ\$s _m™Jy™ ? AmO _mµ\$s

_m™J by™ Am°a H$b o\$a dh H$È™ Bgg ∑`m \$m`Xm ? h_ XmZm| H$m

gmW oZ^ Z gH$ Vm gmW ahZ g ∑`m \$m`Xm ? ........ Mbm oH$Ògm

IÀ_ $&''88

[oVZ Cg Ka g oZH$b OmZ H$m AmXe oX`m $& dh [hZ h˛E

H$[∂S>m _| hr Ka N>m∂S>H$a Mbr OmVr h¢ $&

`h EH$ ‡VrH$mÀ_H$ H$hmZr h¢ $& `hm™ Xrdma [wamZr Í$o∂T>`m|

H$m, ]¿M Z`r [r∂T>r H$m VWm ]agmV Z` odMma Am°a gm_moOH$

_yÎ`m| H$m ‡VrH$ h° $& _ßS>br ObmH$a X]r O]mZ Am°a ahÒ`mÀ_H$

169

T>ßJ g [am` Kam| H$ ]mV| CN>mbZm, [aqZXm H$aZm AmoX ^maVr`

oÒÕ`m| H$ ob` ZB© ]mV Zht h° $& AmYwoZH$ Zmar H$s `h XwIâr

H$hmZr r ahr h° oH$ dh XmZm| Va\$ o[gVr ahVr h° $& EH$ Va\$ [wÈf

‡YmZ g_mO Am°a Xygar Am°a [aß[amJV Í$o∂T>`m| _| Am]’ Zmar

g_mO, Zmar hr Zmar H$m XwÌ_Z h° $& Zmar H$m D$[a CR>mZ _| _XX

Zht H$aVr, ]oÎH$ CgH$s A[jm H$aVr h° $&

oeojV Zmar A[Zm ÒdVßÃ Ïò∑VÀd MmhVr h°, O]oH$ CgH$m

[oV Cg_| ]mYm CÀ[›Z H$aVm h° $& V] dh A[Z ÒdVßÃ Ïò∑VÀd

H$s ajm H$ obE Ka N>m∂S> XVr h° $& Bgr ]mVH$m bH$a J™dma Í$o∂T>J´ÒV

Am°a AneojV Zmna`m™ Bg [∂T>r obIr Zmar H$s C[jm H$aVr h° $&

`hm™ _›Zy ßS>marZ Xm [ro∂T>`m| H$ gßKf© H$s ]mV ]VmB© h° $& EH$

Am°a [aß[amJV gm_moOH$ Z°oVH$Vm g ]mßYr [wamZr [r∂T>r H$s Zmna`m™

h° Vm Xygar Am°a [aß[amJV gßÒH$mam| H$m Vm ∂S> Z` _yÎ` ÒWmo[V

H$aZdmbr ZB© [r∂T>r h° $& [wamZr [r∂T>r H$s Zmna`m™ AmO r A[Z H$m

[wÈf H$s Xmgr Am°a mΩ`m hr _mZVr h° $& V^r Vm ΩJm H$hVr h¢ -

""Vw_ A[Z Ka _| _aXm H$m gOm| H$m gwI Zht X gH$m Vm VwÂh|

∑`m [yOZ H$m „`mh oH$`m h°ß $&''89

Bg H$hmZr _| Egr _ S>br H$m oMÃU h° Om [aß[amdmXr

hmZ H$ H$maU oH$gr ZE gm_mwoOH$ [nadV©Z H$m EH$X_ Zht

ÒdrH$maVm $& hm™ Z`-[wamZ AmXem H$ ]rM Vmb_b Z ]°R> [mZ H$

H$maU [oV-[ÀZr H$ gß]ßYm _| CÀ[›Z VZmd Am°a [mnadmnaH$

o]Iamd H$s pÒWoV H$m COmJa oH$`m J`m h¢ $&

9. [ßoS>V JOmYa emÒÃr :

`h H$hmZr A[Z Am[H$m _hmZ gmohÀ`H$ma g_PZdmbr

170

emÒÃrOr H$s MnaÃ ‡YmZ H$hmZr h¢ $&

EH$ gmohÀ`H$ma g emÒÃrOr H$s _wbmH$mV g_ßXa H$ oH$Zma

[a hm OmVr h¢ $& [ß. JOmYa emÒÃr AhßdmXr h¢ $& [ßoS>VOr Òd`ß H$m

_hmZ gmohÀ`H$ma ]VmV h° -

""Vm _¢ hˇ ™ H$hmZr bIH$ [ß. JOmYa emÒÃr ! `oX oh›Xr

gmohÀ` g Am[H$m Wm ∂S>m ^r [naM` hmJm Vm Am[Z JOmYa

emÒÃr H$m Zm_ AdÌ` gwZm hmJm dh ZmMrZ _¢ hr hˇ ™ $&''90

gmohÀ`H$ma Z H$hm - ""`m| oh›Xr gmohÀ` Vm _am A[Zm odf` hr

h°, Bg Ama ÈoM r h° [a ]mV h h° oH$ Ò_aU eo∑V µOam H$_Oma

h°, BgobE Hw$N> mX Zht H$a [m ahm hˇ™ $& Am[ A[Zm oH$gr ‡H$moeV

[wÒVH$H$m Zm_ ]VmBE, em`X Cgg Hw$N> mX Am OmE™ $&''91 [ßoS>V

JOmYa emÒÃr Z H$hm gmohÀ` _| Am[ ZE oIbm∂S>r _mby_ [∂S>V

h¢, Am°a H$hm oH$ [wÒVH$ A^r VH$ Vm H$mB© N>[r Zht h¢, [a erK´ hr

VrZ-Mma N>[Zdmbr h¢ $& AmO g gmV gmb [hb "aoÌ_' _| EH$

H$hmZr oZH$br Wr "A_rar-Jar]r' $& oh›Xr H$s em`X hr H$mB© Egr

[oÃH$m hmJr, oOgH$ gÂ[mXH$ H$m [Ã Z Am`m hm| oH$ erK´ hr

A[Zr aMZm oOE $&

EH$ oXZ gmohÀ`H$ma Z XIm oH$ emÒÃrOr ]∂S> hr gßV•ÓU

ZÃm| g oH$gr wdVr hm ÒZmZ H$aV h˛E XI ah h° Am°a Cgr _| C›h|

H$hmZr H$m flbmQ> ZOa Am`m $& Xyga oXZ emÒÃrOr oÏh∑Q>a h˛Jm| H$

"bm o_Oa]b H$m Mmardmbm' ohÒgm ¡`m| H$m À`m| obIH$a A[Zr

H$hmZr H$ Í$[ _| bIH$ H$m X XV h¢ $& A[Zr H$hmZr _| Mma g

ghmZw^yoV OVmZdmb `h emÒÃrOr amV H$ AßYa _| ]V©Z CR>mZ

Am` hmQ>b H$ N>mH$a H$m Mma g_PH$a [rQ>V h¢ $&

171

AmO g_mO _| Eg AZH$ Ï`o∑V _m°OyX h¢, Om ]h˛V hr gm_m›`

bI m EH$mY aMZm H$ ¤mam A[Z H$m ]∂S>m gmohÀ`H$ma m bIH$

_mZ bV h¢ $& PyR>r ‡eßgm H$ ¤mam A[Z MnaÃ H$s Xw]©bVm H$m

oN>[mZ H$m ‡`mg H$aV h°, oOgH$m CXmhaU emÒÃrOr h° $&

boIH$m Z AmO H$ bIH$m| H$s PyR>r Ah_dmoXVm [a Ï`ßΩ` H$aH$

CZH$m g¿Mm ‡oVq]] h_ma gm_Z ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $& Eg gmohÀ`H$ma

`m bIH$ CZH$s gmohÀ` gß]ßYr AÎ[kVm g g_mO H$m ZwH$gmZ

[h˛™MmV h¢ $& gmohÀ` H$ jÃ _| ¡`mXmVa bIH$ _m°obH$Vm H$ A^md

_| VÒH$a d•oŒm J´hU H$aV h˛E ZOa AmV h¢ $& boIH$m Z [ßoS>VOr H$

H$WZ H$ ¤mam hr A[Z CXÌ` H$m Ò[ÓQ> H$a oX`m h¢ $&

""JOmYa emÒÃrZ oI›Z _Z g H$hm ]∂S>m XwïI hmVm h°,

AmOH$b H$ bIH$m| H$m XIH$a H$mB© AZw^d Zhr, A‹``Z Zht,

gmYZm Zht ]g ‡oV^m H$m amJ Abm[-Abm[ H$a H$b_ MbmV h°

_mZm| gmohÀ` obIZm H$mB© Kmg H$mQ>Zm hm $&''92

_›Zy ßS>marZ Bg H$hmZr _| Ahß g [ro∂S>V emÒÃrOr H$m MnaÃ

oMÃU ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $& Cg gmohÀ` H$s H$mB© JßY Zhr h° Am°a h_em

AmÀ_-‡eßgm _| brZ ahV h° Am°a Òd`ß H$m _hmZ gmohÀ`H$ma

g_PV h¢ $&

10. H$mb Am°a H$gH$ :

Bg H$hmZr _| boIH$m Z EH$ oddmohV Zmar "amZr' H$s dXZm

^ar KwQ>Z oMoÃV H$s h¢ $&

amZr H$m oddmh H°$bme g h˛Am h° $& H°$bme WmW© _| H$mbm

h°, CgH$m Mham _w™hmgm Am°a MMH$ H$ XmJm| g am h˛Am h° $& CgH$

D$[a ]mah hOma H$m H$Om© h° $& Bgob` oXZ amV ‡g _| H$m_ H$aVm

172

ahVm h° $& dh Mm°]rgm| K Q> ‡g H$s _erZm| H$ ]rM H$m_ H$aV

H$aV Òd`ß _erZ ]Z OmVm h° $& mdhrZ Edß aghrZ H°$bme H$m Z

amZr _| oXbMÒ[r Wr, Z Ka _| H°$bme emXr H$ obE amOr Z Wm

CgH$s _m Z Oma-O]aXÒVr g emXr H$adm Xr $&

amZr H$ hmß EH$ [BßJ JÒQ> AmVm Wm $& oOgH$m Zm_ eIa Wm

dh gwßXa Wm $& amZr A[Z [oV H$s CXmgrZVm H$ H$maU eIa H$s

Ama AmH•$ÓQ> hmVr h° $& EH$ ]ma [mZr aZ amZr ZrM OmVr h° Am°a

^ar ]mÎQ>r obE D$[a M∂T>V oJa [∂S>r $& H°$bme ‡g OmZ H$ obE

ZrM CVa ahm Wm Cg Xa hm JB© Wr dh H$hVm h° XIH$a ∑`m| Zhr

MbVr hm ? dh Mbm OmVm h° $& V] eIa Am`m CgZ amZr H$m hmW

[H$∂S>H$a CR>m`m ]mbm -

""Aa h ∑`m ? Vw_Z Vm A™Jwbr H$mQ> br, Am°a O] g È_mb

oZH$mbH$a CgZ ]∂S> Xwbma g ]m™Y oX`m $& ‡_ g ]m™Yr JB© Cg Jm™R>

_| AZm`mg hr amZrH$m X` r ]™Y J`m $&''93

eIa H$m „`mh CgH$s OrOrZ EH$ gw ßXa b∂S>H$s g H$am

oX`m $& amZr H$ _Z _| eIa H$s [ÀZr H$ ‡oV gm°oV`mS>mh CÀ[›Z

h˛Am $& amZr d°g hr o]H$a OmVr h° O°g yIr eaZr H$m oeH$ma H$mB©

Am°a hoW`m b $& amZr A] ]mV-]mV [a eIa H$s [ÀZr g PJ∂S>Vr

ahVr h° $& EH$ oXZ Vm eIa g r CbP JB© $& eIa PJ∂S>m _| H$^r

Zhr AmVm [a O] amZr Z ]mar _| g H$m`b oZH$mb H$a \|$H$Z

AmaÂ^ oH$E Vm eIa H$m ]mbZm [∂S>m - hQ> OmAm hm™ g, A[Z

ohÒg H$s N>V [a ahm, Zhr Vm hmW [H$∂S>H$a oZH$mb Xy™Jm $&'' V]

amZr H$hVr h° b [H$∂S>, [H$∂S> Vm hmW Agb _aX H$m ]¿Mm h° Vm

[H$∂S>H$a hr oXIm X Am°a dh oMÎbmZ bJr $& eIa A›Xa Mbm

173

J`m [a amZr H$s MrI [wH$mam| Z gmar A∂S>mg-[∂S>mg BH$Q≤>R>m H$a

oX`m Bg PJ∂S> g VßJ AmH$a H°$bme _H$mZ ]Xb bVm h° $& amZr

A[Zr H$m_-AV•oflV H$m bH$a amVr ahVr h¢ $& AV•flV B¿N>mAm| H$m

H$b H$s H$gH$ g Cg AßVVH$ Nw>Q>H$mam Zht o_bVm $&

AmOH$s [napÒWoV H$m oZ_m©U [mÌMmÀ` ‡^md g h˛Am h° $&

AmYwoZH$ g_mO _| Ïò∑V H$s Xm°∂S> È[`m| H$ [rN> h° $& Bg Xm°∂S> _|

A[Zr [ÀZr H$ ‡oV [oV oOÂ_Xmar H$m r yb OmVm h¢ $& [ÀZr Ka

_| [∂S>r AH$bm[Z _hgyg H$aVr h° [naUm_ ÒdÍ$[ ÒÃr A›` [wÈf

H$m ghdmg Ty>™T>Vr h° Am°a O] ÒÃr H$s h B¿N>m [yU© Zht hmVr Vm

AV•oflV H$ H$maU Zmar AZH$ ‡H$ma H$s odH•$oV`m| H$m oeH$ma hm

OmVr h° $&

boIH$mZ ⁄o[ Zmar H$ odH•$V Ïò∑VÀd H$m dmUr Xr h° VWmo[

]XbV h˛E _mZX S>m| Am°a ÒÃr-[wÈf H$ [nadoV©V gß]ßYm [a A¿N>m

‡H$me S>mbm h° $&

11. Xm H$bmH$ma :

bobV H$bm _| ‡drU oMÃm Am°a _mZd gdm H$aZdmbr AÈUm

BZ XmZm| H$ _Zm^mdm| H$m `WmW© oMÃU Bg H$hmZr _| boIH$m Z


oMÃm VWm AÈUm XmZm| A¿N>r ghob`m™ Wr Am°a gmW-gmW

hm ÒQ > b _| ahVr h ¢ $& d °MmnaH$ _V^Xm | VWm Ï`dhmnaH$

o^›ZVmAm| H$ ]mdOyX r XmZm| _| ‡JmT> ÒZh h¢ $& oMÃm oMÃH$ma

h°, Vm AÈUm g_mO godH$m $& AÈUm CXma Ïò∑VÀddmbr b∂S>H$s

h° Jar]m| H$ XwïI Xya H$aZm VWm CZH$ ]¿Mm| H$m [∂T>mZm Cg A¿N>m

bJVm h¢ $& AÈUm g o]bHw$b od[naV Òd^mdH$s oMÃm h° $& oMÃm

174

A_ra ]m[ H$s bm∂S>br ]Q>r h° $& dh EH$ gr_m VH$ ÒdmWu VWm

A›V_wIu b∂S>H$s h° $& Cg [Bo›Q>ßJ H$ Abmdm oH$gr ^r H$m`© _|

oXbMÒ[r Zht h° $&

EH$ oXZ _wgbmYma dfm© H$ H$maU EH$ oÎmnaZ H$s _m°V hm

OmVr h° $& XmZm| ghob`m oÎmnaZ H$ ]¿M| H$m A[Zr _m™ H$ ed

H$ [mg oM[H$m h˛Am XIVr h° $& oMÃm Cg –Ì` H$m A[Z H°$_a _|

H°$X H$aH$ H$bmÀ_H$ AmZßX H$m AZw^d H$aVr h° $& [aßVw AÈUm Cg

]¿Mm| H$m ghmam XVr h° CgH$s bmbZ [mbZ H$aVr h° $& oMÃm

oÎmnaZ H$s VÒdra odXe _| ÔVr h°, Ohm™ Cg ‡W_ [waÒH$ma

‡mflV hmVm h°, VrZ gmb ]mX EH$ ‡Xe©Zr _| oMÃm H$s |Q> AÈUm g

hmVr h° $& CgH$ gmW Xm N>mQ>-N>mQ> ]¿M h° $& Cg ]¿M H$ ]ma _|

[yN>Z [a AÈUm ]VmVr h° oH$ XaAgb `h dhr ]¿M h° oOgH$m

oMÃ oMÃmZ ]Zm`m h° $& h gwZH$a oMÃm odMma _ΩZ hm OmVr h¢ $&

Xm H$bm-‡o_`m| H$ OnaE H$mar ^mdwH$Vm Am°a oZaW©H$

H$bm H$s A[jm R>mg H$m`© Am°a _mZdVm H$ _hŒd H$m ‡oV[moXV[

oH$`m J`m h° $& H$hmZr _| dV©_mZ g_mO H$s odgßJoV`m| H$m ‡ÒVwV

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H$aVyV XIH$a CgH$ odÓ` H$s KmfUm H$aVm h° -

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176

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[a [hb _a [Q> H$m Hw$N> ‡]›Y H$a Xm $&''95

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Ag›VwbZ H$s h° $& g_mO _| AmoW©H$ gßVwbZ hmVm Vm oOZ

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(2) VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra :

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gßH$obV h¢ $&

1. VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra :

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h¢ $& Xe©Zm H$ ¤mam boIH$m Z EH$ Egr Zmar H$s H$hmZr ‡ÒVwV H$s

h° Om [oV H$s XrK© jUmdÒWm H$ H$maU Zm_ V•oflV H$ obE V∂S>[Vr

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178

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_m°gr g fl`ma H$aVr h° $& boH$Z AßV VH$ dh Cgg o_b Zht [mVr $&

Xe©Zm Z°Zm g o_b o]Zm hr X_ Vm ∂S> XVr h° $& Z°Zm Xe©Zm H$s

S>m`ar H$ Hw$N> [›Z VWm hnae Zm_H$ bIH$ H$s H$hmZr hmogb

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o\$a ª`mb Am`m, Bg AmJ H$m ObmZ g bm^ ?''97

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179

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H$hVr h° -

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qOXm hˇ™ $&''98

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H$hmZr _| VrZ oZJmh h¢, Z°Zm, hare Am°a Òd`ß Xe©Zm H$s $&

2. AH$br :

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oH$`m h¢ $&

gm_m ]wAm ]wo∂T>`m h°, gm_m]wAm [naÀ`∑Vm h° gm_m]wAm

AH$br h° $&

gm_m]wAm H$m OdmZ ]Q>m Mbm J`m Vm CgH$ [oV H$m Egm

gX_m [wh™Mm oH$ d gß›`mgr ]Z J` $& ha gmb EH$ _ohZ H$ obE

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H$maU ]wAm H$m A[Zr oO›XJr [mg-[S>mgdmbm| H$ amg hr H$aZr

180

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qg_Q> JB© _mZm $& em_ hm JB© hm $&''99

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∑`m H$a ahr hm $? AmO ImZm Zhr ]ZJm, ∑`m ?''100

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h° Om gm_moOH$ gß]ßYm H$m oZaßVa ]Zm` aIZ H$ obE ‡`ÀZerb h°

EH$ OJh dh H$hVr h° -

181

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naÌVdmbm| g Hw$N> bZm-XZm Zht, [a _wP Vm g]g oZ^mZm [∂S>Vm

h° $& _° ^r g]g Vm ∂S>-Vm ∂S>H$a ]°R> OmD™$ Vm H°$g Mb $&........

gmam Ya_ H$a_ hr byQ>|J, gmam Og hr ]Q>ma|J Am°a _¢ AH$br

[∂S>r-[∂S>r `hm™ BZH$ Zm_ H$m am`m H$È™ $& Cg [a g H$ht AmD™$

OmD™$ dh r ]Xm©ÌV Zht hmVm $&''101

gm_m ]wAm H$s AßV[r∂S>m H$m gw›Xa oMÃ boIH$m Z Bg H$hmZr

_| ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $&

3. AZMmhr JhamB`m™ :

_›Zy ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr _| EH$ Xna– kmZm[mgH$s b∂S>H$ H$m


o_g gwZßXr A[Z ^°`m Am°a ^m^r H$ [mg ahVr h° $& dh

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oedZmW H$m oh›Xr Am°a BoVhmg [∂T>mZ bJVr h° $& Cg EH$ Q>`weZ

^r oXbdm XVr h° $& H$^r H$^ma Cg [°g r XVr ahVr h° $&

oedZmW gwZßXm H$ hm™ gflVmh _| VrZ oXZ [∂T>mZ H$ obE AmVm

h° $& Hw$N> oXZm| H$ ]mX dh am O AmZ bJVm h° $& CgH$m

amO-amO H$m AmZm °`m-^m^r H$m [gßX Zhr $& dh gwZßXm H$m _OmH$

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AmH$a hmb [yN>H$a Mbm OmVm h° $& EH$ oXZ oedZmW gwZßXm H$

H$_a _| ‡de H$aVm h° $& H$_a _| H$mB© Zht $& gwZßXm H$s ^m^r

oedZmW H$m gwZßXm H$ [mg XIVr h° $& Bg KQ>Zm H$ ]mX °`m-^m^r

oedZmW H$m [∂T>mZ H$ obE gwZßXm H$m _Zm H$aV h¢ $& oedZmW [a

gwZßXm r H´$mnYV hm OmVr h° $& Am°a oedZmW H$m Ka AmZ H$ obE

182

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]h˛V WH$ OmVr hˇ™ - BVZm "ÒQ≠>Z' _wPg ]Xm©ÌV Zht hmVm $&''102

EH$ oXZ oedZmW Hw$N> H$oR>ZmB`m™ hb H$aZ hVw EH$ oH$Vm]

gwZßXm H$m XVm h° oOg_| EH$ ‡_-[Ã Wm $& Cg [Ã H$m [∂T>H$a gwZßXm

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oXZ gwZßXm H$m∞bO Mbr OmVr h° Vm dhm™ Cg [Vm MbVm h° oH$

oedZmW Z AmÀ_hÀ`m H$s h° $& VrZ-Mma oXZ H$ ]mX EH$ b∂S>H$m

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g_PVr h° $&

4. ImQ> og∑H$ :

boIH$m Z Bg H$hmZr _| _OXyam| H$ emfU H$m ‡ÒVwV oH$`m

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h° $& h EH$ gm_moOH$ H$hmZr h° $&

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183

Ohm™ H$¿M YmVw H$m Jbm`m OmVm h° $& dhm™ EH$ ]∂S> hmb _| XÀ`mH$ma

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CZ _erZm| H$ ]rM PwbgV _OXyam| H$m XIH$a H$hVr h¢ oH$ -

""`h Vm ]∂S>m hr IVaZmH$ H$m_ h°, Oam-gr MwH$ _| Abmò

grYr Q>m™J [a hr Am oJa $&''103

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"hma' BZ H$hmoZ`m| _| Zmar H$ _Zm^mdm| H$m gw›Xa oMÃ boIH$mZ

C[pÒWV oH$`m h¢ $&

(3) `hr gM h° :

_›Zy ßS>mar H$m h Vrgam H$hmZr gßJ´h gZ≤ 1966 _| ‡H$moeV

192

h˛Am $& Bg H$hmZr gßJ´h _| AmR> H$hmoZ`m™ gßH$obV h¢ $&

1. j` :

‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _‹`dJu` [nadma H$s AmoW©H$ VßJr H$

\$bÒdÍ$[ Qy>Q>V _yÎ`m| H$m CX≤Kmf h° $& Hwß$Vr H$s B¿N>mE™ Edß AmXe©

Yra-Yra j`J´ÒV hmV Om ah h° $&

Hwß$Vr AmXe© Am°a Òdmo^_mZr A‹`mo[H$ h° $& gma [nadma H$m

CŒmaXmo`Àd Cgr [a h° $& Ka _| j`J´ÒV o[Vm Am°a N>mQ>m ^mB©

Xw›Zr h° $&

Hwß$Vr ÒZh Am°a ghmZw^yoV [yU© Ï`dhma g N>mÃm| H$ Im` h˛`

AmÀ_odÌdmg H$m OJmVr h° $& C›h| [yar _hZV g [∂T>mVr h° $& Bgr

H$maU N>mÃmAm| H$s "[a_ o‡` ]hZOr' ]Z OmVr h° $& dh AÎ[

dVZ [mVr h° Bgob` YZdmZ ]m[ H$s ]Q>r gmodÃr H$m Q>`yeZ bVr

h° $& gmodÃr H$s _m™ [°g H$ ]b]yV [a XwoZ`m™ H$s ha MrO IarXZm

MmhVr h°, hm™ VH$ H$s oejm r $& Ka, ÒHy$b Am°a Q>`yeZ g D$]

OmZ [a Hwß$Vr amV _| dm`obZ ]OmZm [gßX H$aVr h° $& XwoZ`mXmar

oZ^mV-oZ^mV Hw ß$Vr [yar Vah Qy>Q> MwH$s h° $& dh A[Z Am[ H$m

Aghm` _hgyg H$aVr h° $& Egr [napÒWoV _| CgH$ _w ™h g

oZH$bVm h° -

""h JdmZ A] Vm Vy [m[m H$m CR>m b $& _wPg ]Xm©ÌV Zht

hmJm $& _¢ Qy>Q> MwH$s h˛™ $&''112

BVZr ]∂S>r XwoZ`m _| ∑`m H$mB© r Egm Zht h° Om CgH$s [rR>

[a AmÌdmgZ-^am hmW aIH$a Xm e„X gmßÀdZm H$ H$h X ?

gmodÃr H$s _m™ Z [Vm bJm ob`m oH$ gmodÃr Xm odf`m| _|

\$b h° $& ""A] Am[ Hw$N> H$a ]hZOr Zht Vm h_ma BVZ È[`m| [a

193

[mZr o\$a Om`Jm $&''

gmodÃr H$s _m™ Hwß$Vr g CgH$s A‹`mo[H$mAm| g o_bH$a OÍ$aV

[∂S>Z [a È[`m [°gm IM© H$aH$ r Cg [mg H$admZ H$m AmJ´h aIVr

h° $& Hw ß$Vr Vm `h g] A¿N>m Zht bJVm, oH$›Vw dh gmodÃr H$r

_m™ H$ EhgmZm| g X]r hmZ H$ H$maU AoZ¿N>m hmZ [a ^r CgH$

ÒHy$b [h˛™MVr h° $& dhm™ [h˛™MH$a r AmXe©dmXr Hwß$Vr oH$gr g Hw$N>

H$h Zht gH$s $& O] dhm™ g ]mha oZH$bVr h° V] dh ]war Vah

Im™gZ bJr h° $& Hwß$Vr _Z hr _Z gmMZ bJVr h° -

""CgH$s h Im™gr, h ImIbr-ImIbr AmdmO [m[m H$s

Im™gr H$ oH$VZr o_bVr-OwbVr h° hˇ]hˇ d°gr hr Vm h¢ $&''113

Hwß$Vr AmoW©H$ [napÒWoV`m| H$ H$maU odde ]Z MwH$s h° $&

A[Zr B¿N>m H$ odÈ’ OmH$a AmMaU H$aVr h¢ Am°a Òd`ß hr XwïIr

]Z OmVr h° $& Hwß$Vr _Z g j`J´ÒV hm OmVr h¢ $&

boIH$m Z VÀH$mbrZ [nade H$ AZwÈ[ hr AmXe© Am°a

`WmW© H$ ]rM gßKf© oXImH$a AßV _| AmXe© H$s hma oXImB© h° $&

Bg_ h_| EH$ _‹`_dJu` [nadma H$s oO›XJr H$ Qy>Q>Z H$s Ma_mhQ>

gm\$ gwZmB© XVr h° $&

boIH$m Z oejm - OJV _| Ï`mflV ^´ÓQ>mMmam| H$s PbH$ ^r

‡ÒVwV H$s h° $&

2. Vrgam AmX_r :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr _| _ZmJ´ßoW`m| g J´ÒV "gVre' H$

AßV¤›¤ H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° $& boIH$mZ [wÈf H$s hrZVm-J´o›W H$m

H$hmZr H$m H$œ` ]Zm`m h° $&

gVre Am°a eHw$Z [oV-[ÀZr h° $& d EH$ Xyga H$m ]h˛V MmhV

194

h° $& oddmh H$ VrZ gmb ]mX r gßVmZ ‡moflV H$m H$mB© oMhZ ZOa

Zht AmVm h° $& Bg H$maU eHw$Z A[Zr S>m∞∑Q>ar Om™M H$adm bVr h°,

boH$Z gVre _| A[Zr S>m∞∑Q>ar Om™M H$admZ H$s ohÂ_V Zht

hmVr $& Bgg gVre A[Z Am[ H$m Z[w ßgJ g_PZ bJVm h° $&

gVre H$m H$B© ]ma hmVm h° oH$ dh S>m∞∑Q>a g Om™M H$am b Am°a

eHw$Z H$m ]Vm X oH$ dh [yU© [wÈf h° - boH$Z [m°ÈfhrZVm H$s

J´ßWr g J´ÒV gVre S>m∞∑Q>a H$ [mg Zht Om gH$Vm $& gVre eHw$Z H$

H$m_ _| hmW ]™Q>mZ hVw A[Zr _m™ H$m A[Z Ka ]wbmZm MmhVm h°,

boH$Z eHw$Z _Zm H$aVr h˛B© H$hVr h¢ -

""Vw_ _wPg Mm°JwZm H$m_ H$adm bm [a amV H$m VwÂhmar ]m™h

Zht N>m∂S> gH$Vr $& dhm™ AmV hr gmar WH$mZ o_Q> OmVr h°, AJb

oXZ H$ obE VmµOJr Am OmVr h° $&''114

eHw$Z A[Z fl`ma _| gmg H$m ]mYH$ g_PVr h¢ $& EH$ ]ma

CgH$m EH$ [wamZm o_Ã AmH$a oQ>H$ J`m Wm $& eHw$Z oeÓQ>Vm H$s

gr_m bm™KH$a CgH$ gmW [e Am`r V] gVre H$m JwÒgm ^r

Am`m Wm $&

eHw$Z H$m EH$ [naoMV "AmbmH$' Vrgam AmX_r ]ZH$a CZ

XmZm| H$ OrdZ _| C[pÒWV hmVm h° $& AmbmH$ bIH$ h° $& eHw$Z

Am°a AmbmH$ _| gnhoÀ`H$ [Ã Ï`dhma MbVm ahVm h° $&

"AmbmH$' H$ Am OmZ g gVre odMobV hm OmVm h° $& A[Zr

[ÀZr H$ MnaÃ H$ ]ma _| Z OmZ ∑`m-∑`m gmMVm h° $& dh eHw$Z

Am°a AmbmH$ H$m aßJ hmW [H$∂S>Zm MmhVm h° $& AVï odde hmH$a

g∂S>H$m| [a ^Q>H$Vm ahVm h° $& dh H$^r A[Z Am[ _| [m°ÈfVm H$m

A^md _hgyg H$aVm h° Vm H$^r eHw$Z H$m Ï`dhma Cg CoMV bJVm

195

h° $& AmbmH$ dm[g Mbm OmVm h¢ $& gVre o\$a g A[Zr [ÀZr H$m

MmhZ bJVm h° $&

_›Zy ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr _| ÒÃr-[wÈf H$ ]XbV gÂ]›Ym| [a

‡H$me S>mbm h° $& `h EH$ Xwb©] Ï`o∑V H$s H$hmZr h° $& [m°Èf

hrZVm H$s J´ßoW g J´ÒV gVre A[Zr [ÀZr [a eH$ H$aVm h° $& boH$Z

dh eH$ H$m ‡H$Q> H$aZ _| Ag\$b ahVm h° $& gVre O°g Ï`o∑V H$

_Zm^mdm| H$m gw˙_ odÌbfU H$aZm boIH$m H$m CXÌ` ahm h° $&

gm_moOH$ gßX^© _| XI Vm ‡mMrZ Edß ZdrZ _yÎ`m| H$

Q>H$amhQ> H$s H$hmZr h° $& AmO Zmar-[wÈf H$ [aß[amJV ÒWyb gß]ßYm

_| H$m\$s [nadV©Z Am`m h° $&

3. gOm :

gOm H$hmZr _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z AmO H$ ›`m`VßÃ [a VrIm Ï`ßΩ`

oH$`m h° $& `h H$hmZr gm_m›` [nadma H$s `mVZm[yd©H$ OrdZ H$m

‡ÒVwV H$aVr h° $&

Amem H$ o[Vm [a ]rg hOma È[` J]Z H$aZ H$m BÎOm_

bJm`m OmVm h° $& H$mQ>© _| H$g Mb ahm h° $& Amem H$ XmXmOr Ka

J•hÒWr MbmZ H$ obE [¿Mrg È[`m| _| ohgm] obIZ H$m H$m_

H$aZ bJ Am°a A[Z ]Q> H$m [°g OZ bJ $& AmoW©H$ A^md H$

H$maU ]¿M A[Z MmMm H$ hm™ _wgr]Vm| _| oXZ H$mQ>V h¢ Am°a _m™

A[Z ^mB© H$ Ka Mbr OmVr h° $& Bg Vah EH$ gwIr [nadma

›`m` H$s ‡oH´$`m H$s b[Q> _| \™$gH$a CO∂S> OmVm h° $& AmemZ ÒHy$b

]g N>m∂S> Xr $& Amem H$s _m™ A∑ga ]r_ma ahZ bJr boH$Z BbmO

H$aZm Agß^d Wm $& o[VmOrZ Mwfl[r gmY br Wr $& XmXmOr H$m H$m_

Ny>Q>Z [a d A[Zr [›eZ _| g [›–h È[` OZ bJ $& Amem brbm

196

MmMr H$R>ma Wr Bgr H$maU _w›Zw H$ XI^mb H$ obE MmMm H$ dhm™

J`r $& Amem Z A[Zr [∂T>mB© N>m ∂S> Xr Am°a Ka H$m gmam H$m_ H$aZ

bJr $&

AßV_| Amem H$ o[VmOr H$m oZXmf H$ama oX`m OmVm h° $& Amem

Iwer g CN>b [∂S>Vr h° Vm XmXm XmXr \y$Q>H$a am [∂S>V h¢ $&

AmemZ H$hm - ""_w›Zy [m[m nahm hm J` ....... nahm hm

J` .......'' ]m]mZ H$hm - ""_¢ H$hVm Z Wm ]Q> JdmZ H$ Ka _|

Xa h°, AßYa Zht $&''115

^maVr` H$mZyZ H$s bÂ]r Am°a IMubr ‡oH´$`m™ _| h _‹`_

dJu` [nadma ]war Vah ]a]mX hm OmVm h° $& Amem H$ o[Vm H$m H$g

H$mQ>© _| [m™M gmb VH$ MbVm ahmß ›`m`-Ï`dÒWm ]∂S>r AmgmZr g

B_mZXma Ïò∑V H$m r _wOna_ H$ama XH$a Cg H$Q>Ka _| I∂S>r H$a

XVr h° $& gmam g_mO Cg Ïò∑V H$s Ama VWm CgH$ [nadma H$s

Ama K•Umâr ZOam| g XIVm h° $& CZH$s C[jm H$aVm h° $&

Bg ‡H$ma H$mQ> © H$s "gOm' g ^r ]∂T>H$a `hr "gOm' o]Zm

oH$gr A[amY H$ gma [nadma H$m wJVZr [∂S>Vr h¢ $& Bgg EH$ gwIr

[nadma Vhg-Zhg hm OmVm h° $& Am°a Cg Ïò∑V VWm CgH$

[nadma H$m AßVhrZ mVZmAm| H$m gm_Zm H$aZm [∂S>Vm h°ß $&

^´ÓQ> Ï`dÒWm Am°a VßÃ H$s Am_ Ïò∑V Am°a g_mO H$m oH$g

Vah oZÓ‡mU Am°a gßkm ey›` ]Zm XVr h° BgH$m `h H$hmZr EH$

CXmhaU h° $& Amem H$ ` ‡ÌZ Bg ]mV H$s Jdmhr XV h¢ - ""[a

[fl[m H$m ∑`m h˛Am h° ? dh Iwe ∑`m| Zht hm ah h° ? CZH$m mdhrZ

Mham J∂T> _| Y™gr h˛B© oZÒVO, oZOud Am™Im _| g Iwer H$s M_H$

∑`m| Zht Am ahr ?''116

197

Bg odH•$V ›`m`-[’oV H$ H$maU Z H$db Amem H$ [m[m H$m

[nadma o]Iam ]oÎH$ g_mO _| Cg O°g Z OmZ oH$VZ hr [nadma

Qy>Q>H$a o]Ia J` hm|J $&

4. ZH$br hra :

‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z C¿M dJ© H$ EH$ Egr Zmar H$s

H$Wm dUuV H$s h° oOgH$ [mg gwI-gwodYmE™ h° boH$Z dh [oV

‡_ g dßoMV ahVr h° $& [oV ‡_ H$ A^md _| Cg gmam EÌd`© PyR>m

Am°a ZH$br bJVm h° $&

o_gO gaZ Am°a B›Xw XmZm| ]hZ h¢ $& BZH$ [m[m ]∂S> am¡` H$

[yd© _wª`_ßÃr h° $& o_gO gaZ H$m oddmh [m[m H$s B¿N>m H$ _wVmo]H$

o_b _mobH$ g h˛Am Wm, O]oH$ B›Xw A[Zr B¿N>m g hr EH$

ÒHy$b _mÒQ>a g oddmh H$a bVr h° $& [naUm_ ÒdÈ[ o[Vm-[wÃr _|

VZmd [°Xm hm OmVm h° $& B›Xw A[Zr Ka-J•hÒWr _| Iwe h° $& CgH$m

[oV Cg ]h˛V MmhVm h° $& B›Xw Hw$N> oXZm| H$ obE gaZ H$ Ka ahZ

AmVr h° $& ]hZ H$ Ka Am` [m™M oXZ r Zht h˛E Am°a CgH$ [oV H$

[m™M [Ã r Am J` $& o_gO gaZ B›Xw H$ obE hma bZm MmhVr h°

[a B›Xw Cg _Zm H$a XVr h° $& dhr hma dh A[Z obE IarXVr h° $&

B›Xw H$m dm[g ]wbmZ H$ obE [oV H$m Q>brJ´m_ AmVm h° $& B›Xw Ka

OmZ g [hb OrOm g ]mV H$aZ \$mZ H$aVr h° [a d AZrVm Zm_H$

EH$ b∂S>H$s H$ gmW ]mha Mb J` h¢, gwZH$a dh CXmg hm OmVr

h° $& B›Xw H$ Mb OmZ [a gaZ hra H$m hma oZH$mbVr h° [a [oV H$

EH$oZÓR>m ‡_ H$ A^md _| Cg dh hma ZH$br bJVm h° $&

""BZ hram| _| Vm M_H$ hr Zht, Vm ZH$br h¢ $& H$hr Om°har

CZH$ gmW YmIm H$a J`m $& BVZ odÌdmg H$m Om°har Am°a YmIm !

198

H$b OmZ H°$g C›h| ^´_ hm J`m $& C›hm|Z o\$a EH$ ]ma Jm°a g

XIm - Zht-Zht, ` hram Zht hm gH$V $& BVZ \$sH$ Am°a

_ßX ....... o]ÎHw$b gmX H$m™M H$ Qw>H$S>m| H$s Vah ........ ! ''117

Bg H$hmZr _| Xm ]hZ g_mO H$ Xm dJm H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aVr

h° $& o_gO gaZ C¿M dJ© H$m, Vm B›Xw _‹` dJ© H$m $& C¿M dJ© H$s

Zmna`m™ m°oVH$ gwI-gwodYm H$m hr OrdZ H$m Ma_m gwI _mZ bVr

h° $& [aßVw gmYmaU OrdZ mMZ H$aZdmbr Zmar H$ XmÂ[À` gwI H$m

XIH$a hr CZH$m _mh ßJ hmVm h° $&

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr _| ^m°oVH$ gß[›ZVm [a ^mdmÀ_H$

g_•o’ H$s odO` oXImB© h¢ $&

5. Zem :

_›Zy ^ßS>marZ Bg H$hmZr _| EH$ ‡m°∂T>m H$m A[Z [oV H$ ‡oV

Agr_ ‡_ VWm ghmZw^yoV H$m Ï`∑V oH$`m h° $&

Xg dfu` AmZßXr H$m oddmh eßH$a g h˛Am $& eßH$a Hw$N> H$_mVm

Zht Wm $& AmZßXr Om Hw$N> H$_mH$a bmVr h° dh N>rZ bVm h° Am°a

eam] [rVm h° $& AmZßXr H$s gmg oXZ^a Cgg H$m_ H$admVr VWm

VmZ _maVr h° $& gmg H$s _•À`w H$ ]mX Ka H$s [yar oOÂ_Xmar

AmZßXr H$m CR>mZr [∂S>r ∑`m|oH$ eßH$a eam]r Wm $& AmZßXr H$ Xm

]¿M _a J` Am°a o\$a AH$bm oH$eZ≤ ah J`m $& _m™ oXZ^a o[Vm H$m

_ma ImH$a Am™gy ]hmVr h° h XIH$a oH$eZy Ka N>m∂S>H$a Mbm OmVm

h° $& bmJm| H$s _OXyar H$a Om r [°g ‡mflV hmV dh eßH$a H$m eam]

[rZ H$ obE X XVr h° $& AmZßXr A[Z hmS> Jbm-JbmH$a eßH$a H$m

eam] o[bmVr ahr Am°a eßH$a [rVm ahm $&

oH$eZy ]mah dfm H$ ]mX _m™-]m[ H$s gwY bVm h° $& eßH$a ]Q>

199

H$ AmZ H$s I]a AmZßXr H$m XVm h° Am°a Cgg [°g bH$a, eam]

[rZ Mbm OmVm h° $& AmZßXr gmMVr h° oH$ - ""eßH$a AmO H$ oXZ

^r eam] [rZ J`m $& ∑`m| Zht gma _whÎb _| Xm° ∂S>Vm o\$am ? ∑`m|

Zht CgZ Ka-Ka OmH$a I]a Xr oH$ oH$eZy Am ahm h¢ ?''118

oH$eZy AmVm h° Am°a XIVm h° oH$ CgH$m o[Vm A] r eam]

[rVm h° $& Am°a _m™ H$m [rQ>Vm h° $& AmZßXr amZ bJr - Am°a

H$hVr h¢ -

""_wP hm™ g b Mb, oH$eZy ....... hm™ g b Mb ! _¢ A]

EH$ oXZ ^r Bg Ka _| ahZm Zht MmhVr $& _¢Z ]h˛V ghm h°, A]

Am°a Zht ghm OmVm, _wP hm™ g b Mb AmO hr $&''119

oH$eZy Z H$hm™ AmO hr VwP b MbyßJm _m™ AmO hr H$∑H$m H$m

^r b Mby™Jm ` gmMm Wm [a A] Zht ` CgH$ bm`H$ Zht h° $&

oH$eZy A[Zr _m™ H$m bH$a Ka g ZrH$b J`m $& ]hˇ-]Q>m AmZßXr

H$m A¿N>m ª`mb aIV W $& o\$a ^r AmZßXr CXmg ahVr Wr $&

A∂S>mg-[∂S>mg H$ hm™ OmH$a dh ogbmB©-]wZmB© H$aZ bJr $& Am°a

Om [°g o_b dh eßH$a H$m OVr Wr $& O] oH$eZy H$m Bg ]mV H$m

[Vm Mbm Vm CgZ H$hm oH$ ogbmB©-]wZmB© H$aZ H$s ∑`m

AmdÌ`H$Vm h°, Cgg H$h XVr Vm dh È[` X XVm $&

A[Zm [oV eam]r hmV h˛E ^r AmZßXr Cg "[a_úa' _mZVr

h° $& Am°a A[Z hm∂S> Jbm-Jbm H$a eßH$a H$m eam] [rZ H$ [°g XVr

h° $& eßH$a H$m [rZ H$m Zem h° Vm AmZßXr H$m o[bmZ H$m `h Zem

XmZm| H$m h° $& EH$ H$m A[Zr H$V©Ï` mdZm H$m Vm Xyga H$m A[Zr

JbV AmXV H$m $& Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z Am`©Zmar H$s

]mV H$s h° Om maVr` gßÒH•$oV g ]›Yr h° $&

200

6. B›H$_-Q>°∑g Am°a ZtX :

Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z _‹`dJu` [nadma H$ Ïò∑V H$

]ma _| ]Vm`m h° $& Om rVa g ImIbm hmH$a r o_œ`m AmÀ_gÂ_mZ

H$ H$maU hßgr H$m H$maU ]ZVm h° $& H$hmZr _| Xm [ro∂T>`m| H$

]rM H$ AßVa H$m Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m J`m h° $&

S>m∞. X`mb ‡gmX MVwdXr ]mb odefk h¢ $& Jm™d _| CZH$ [mg

]h˛V H$_ _arO AmV h¢ oOgH$ H$maU AmoW©H$ A^md ]Zm ahVm Wm

boH$Z Bg ]mV H$m ÒdrH$ma Zht H$aV $& CZH$ mB© bIZD$ _| ahV

h° $& CgH$s VrOr _oh_m Ebm[Wr H$s S>m©∑Q>a h° $& S>m™. X`mb H$m

]Q>m _oh_ CgH$m h_C_´ h° $& dm Bg ^r S>m©∑Q>a ]ZmZm MmhV W

qH$Vw S>m™. X`mb H$m Ebm[Wr _| odÌdmg Zht Am°a d Cg BOroZà

`m dH$sb ]ZmZm MmhV W $& _oh_ B›H$_-Q>°∑g ]MmZ H$ ob`

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201

MmhV h° $& S>m™. X`mb H$hV h° -

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oZH$mb oX`m h° $& dh oXZ^a _OXyar H$aVr h° & V] em_ H$m O°g

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202

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203

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Wm, ´_ Wm, PyR> Wm $&''121

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204

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205

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2. ]ßY XamOm| H$m gmW :

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oH$`m h° $&

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hmZ [a AogV bm°Q>Z bJm VWr ÒHy$b g N>ï _hZr H$m o]b

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206

† †Wm $& V] _ßOar gmMVr h¢ -

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gH$Vm, H$db mJm Om gH$Vm h°, oOg_| AmX_r oZaßVa o]IaVm

Am°a Qy>Q>Vm MbVm h¢ $&''123

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207

Z›h|-_w›Z ]¿M aßJrZ Jw„]ma bH$a Cg hmQ>b _| ‡de H$aV h° Am°a

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bmJm| H$s _mZogH$Vm H$s boIH$m Z dU©Z oH$`m h° $&

4. N>V ]ZmZdmb :

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OmH$a MaUm_•V bmVß h° $& VmD$Or Z B›h ‡modOZ Am°a OZab ÒQ>ma

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Hw$XZ H$ ob` C›hm|Z N>V N>m∂S> H$s h° $&

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A[Z VarH$ g OrdZ Or ah h¢ Am°a Xygam| H$m ^r OrZ H$ ob`

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[a Zht $&

208

5. EH$ ]ma Am°a :

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_| [S> OmVr h¢ $&

_›Zy ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr _| "[hb ‡_' H$m _hÀd[yU© ]Vm`m

h° $& Zmar A[Z ‡W_ ‡_ H$m g¿Mm ‡_ _mZVr h° $& CgH$ Ag\$b

hm OmZ [a oZame hm OmVr h° Z oH$gr Ama g OwS>Z H$m gmhg H$a

[mVr h° $& Z›XZ H$ ]ma _| CoMV oZU©` OÎX g Zhr b [mVr $& dh

oOg ]ZZ-Qy>Q>Z H$s mÃm g JwOaVr h° Bgr H$m WmW© dU©Z boIH$m

209

Z oH$`m h° $& Hwß$O H$ gmW gÂ]›Y Qy>Q>Z H$ C[amßŒm Z›XZ g Ow∂S>Zm

o]›Zr H$ ob` Agß^d Wm $& dh AßV¤ß¤mÀ_H$ pÒWoV _| OrVr h° $&

Zmar _Z H$s Bgr ZmOwH$ mdZm H$m _›Zy ßS>mar Z AÀ`›V ghOVm g

oMoÃV oH$`m h° $&

6. gßª`m H$ [ma :

Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z ]Vm`m h° oH$ XwoZ`m _| __Vm

dmÀgÎ` H$s H$mB© H$s_V Zht hmVr d AZ_mb h° $& C›h| È[`m| g

Vmbm Zht Om gH$Vm $& Bg_ EH$ Egr wdVr H$ OrdZ H$m oMÃU

oH$`m h° oOg _m™ H$m fl`ma Zht o_bm $&

‡o_bm H$m∞bO _| [∂T>Vr h° $& CgH$s odYdm _m™ ]M[Z _| Cg

ZmZm-ZmZr H$ [mg N>m ∂S>H$a ^mJ OmVr h° $& boH$Z CgH$ odYdm

hmZ H$ ]mX ggwambdmbm| Z CgH$m gm°Xm H$a oX`m Wm Am°a A\$dmh|

\°$bm`r oH$ dh mJ J`r $& ]m]m Am°a AmOr ‡o_bm H$m ]hX MmhV

h° $& ]m]m ‡o_bm H$ Zm_ g oM∂T>V h¢ $& CgH$ AmZ g d H´$mY _|

AmH$a Ka H$s VÒdra, \$bXmZm naH$mS>© Vm∂S> XV h° $& Am°a Cg ‡o_bm

g o_bZ Zht XV $& AmOr Am[Zr ]Q>r H$ ob` amVr ahVr h° $& EH$

]ma ‡o_bm H$s _m™ Ka AmVr h° $& ‡o_bm H$m XIVr hr ahVr h° Am°a

o\$a Cg IrMH$a A[Z grZ g bJm bVr h° Cgr jU ]m]m ‡de

H$aV h° $& ""oZH$b OmAm Vw_ _a H$_a g ....... Vw_Z Cg AmZ hr

∑`m oX`m ? Bg Ka _| Vw_Z Cg KwgZ hr ∑`m| oX`m ? ∑`m| Zhr Cg

KgrQ>H$a ]mha H$a oX`m ?''124

]m]m A[Zr ]Q>r H$m Xg hOma H$m M°H$ XZm MmhV h¢ $& boH$Z

‡o_bm H$s _m™ Cg Nw>Vr VH$ Zhr $& dh A[Z ]Q>r H$m ga N>mVr g

oM[H$mH$a ]mbm| [a hmW \$aVr h° Am°a [m™M Í$[` H$m ZmQ> ‡o_bm

210

H$ hmW _| [H$∂S>mH$a PQ>H$ g ]mha Mbr OmVr h° $& ‡o_bm Am™gy

^ar Am™Im g XIVr hr ahVr h° $& [m™M È[` O°g N>mQ>r gßª`m Am°a

Xg hOma O°g ]∂S>r gßª`m H$ [a _m™ H$s __Vm hr _yÎ`dmZ h°, oOg

È[`m| g Vm°bm Zht Om gH$Vm $& _m™ H$s __Vm H$ gm_Z È[`m| H$m

H$mB© _yÎ` Zht h° $& Bgr emÌdV gÀ` H$m boIH$m Z A[Zr

H$hmZr _| ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $&

7. ]m™hm| H$m Kam :

`h H$hmZr AV•flV Zmar H$ _mZogH$ Vm°a [a Q>H$Z H$s ge∑V

H$hmZr h° $& Zmar H$ Ï`o∑VÀd H$m CgH$ Òdm^modH$ Ï`dhma H$m

Zmar gwb^ _oh_m H$m m°ZH$mbrZ AV•flV AmH$mßjmE™ odH•$V ]Zm

bVr h° $& hr Bg H$hmZr H$m H$œ` h° $&

H$Â_m H$m ]M[Z _| _m™ H$m fl`ma Zht o_bm $& gm°Vbr _m™ A[Z

]Q> Xw›Zr H$m ]m™hm| _| aH$a My_Vr ahVr h° $& O] H$Â_m AR>mahm

df© H$s hm JB© V] dh ‡_r e°bZ H$s Ama AmH$of©V hmZ bJr $&

CgH$ [Ã [∂T>H$a CgH$s ]m™hm| _| g_m OmZ H$m g[Z XIZ bJr $&

boH$Z o_Œmb h_em A[Z H$m_ _| _eJwb ahVm h° $& gma J•hÒWr

H$s ]mJS>ma H$Â_m H$ hmW _| h° $& CgH$m ]Q>m emZ h_em gmg H$

[mg ahVm h° $& Cg [°gm| H$s H$mB© H$_r Zht h° ]g fl`ma H$m hr

A^md h° $& Eg _| H$Â_m H$s VrOr eÂ_r Am°a CgH$m _ßJVa B–

H$m AmJ_Z hmVm h° $& CZH$ CZ_w∑V ‡_ H$m XIa H$Â_m VZ_Z g

gwbJ CR>Vr h° $&

H$Â_m ]M[Z g oddmhrV hm OmZ VH$ MmhVr h° oH$ H$mB© Cg

]m™hm| _| fl`ma H$a $& Eg _| gmg H$m ]wIma AmZ H$ H$maU em°Z

H$Â_m H$ [mg gm`m h° $& amV _| MrIVm h˛Am dh H$Â_m g oM[H$

211

OmVm h° $& Cg A[Zr ]m™hm| _| H$g bVm h° $& Bgg H$Â_m Jhar ZtX

g gm OmVr h° $&

_›Zy ßS>marZ H$Â_m H$s _ZmXem H$m WmW© dU©Z Bg H$hmZr

_| oMoÃV oH$`m h° $& H$Â_m _ZmJ´ßoW`m| g J´ÒV h° $& dh MmhVr h°

oH$ H$mB© Cg ]m™hm| _| ^aH$a fl`ma H$a| boH$Z H$mB© CgH$s B¿N>m

[yoV© Zht H$aVm $&

8. H$_a, H$_am™ Am°a H$_a :

`h EH$ Egr Zmar H$s H$hmZr h° Om A[Zm OrdZ ewÈ g AßV

VH$ H$_am| _| hr og_IVm Am°a o]IaVm h˛Am AZw^_ H$aVr h° $&

Zrby H$s AÂ_m ]r_ma ahZ H$ H$maU Ka H$s gmar

Ï`dÒWm gß^mbVr h° $& Ka _| [m™M H$_a h¢ $& B›hr [m™Mm H$_am| _|

Kw_-Kw_H$a Zrby [∂T>mB© H$aVr h° Am°a E_.E. _| ‡W_ lUr ‡mflV

H$aVr h° $& Zrby H$s oZ`wo∑V oXÎbr H$ H$m∞bO _| hm OmVr h° $& _ram

CgH$s KoZÓR> o_Ã h° Om ÒH$mba oe[ bH$a ÒQ>Q>g Mbr OmVr h° $&

Zrby H$s XwoZ`m Cg H$_a _| og_Q> OmVr h° $& _ram H$ Mb OmZ g

Zyby AH$bm[Z _hgyg H$aZ bJVr h° $& Eg _| CgH$s _ybmH$mV

O`[wa _| lr oZdmg g hm J`r $& ""lr oZdmg EH$ YZr, oeÓQ>Vm

Am°a oZhm`Vm hr gm\$oÒQ>H$Q>S> oH$Ò_ H$m AmX_r h° $&''

XmZm| oddmh]’ hm OmV h¢ $& lr oZdmg O`[wa N>m∂S>H$a oXÎbr

Am J`m Vm Zrby H$m∞bO, hmÒQ>b N>m ∂S>H$a lr oZdmg H$ ‚b°Q> _|

Am J`r $& lr oZdmg h_em A[Z Ï`dgm` _| Ï`ÒV ahV h¢$ &

oOgH$ H$maU Zrby C]Z bJVr h° $& AVï [oV H$s B¿N>m H$ AZwgma

CgH$ H$mam]ma _| hmW ]Q>mZ bJVr h¢ $& oOgH$ H$maU CgH$m oZOr

Ï`o∑V Qy>Q>Vm Mbm OmVm h° $&

212

‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| boIH$m Z Zrby H$ oZOr Ïò∑VÀd H$m oMÃU

oH$`m h° $& "H$_a, H$_am Am°a H$_a|' _| Zrby H$m ApÒVÀd Am°a

Ïò∑VÀd ]ZVm-o]IaVm OmVm h° $& Zrby [hb [m™M H$_am| _| ahVr

h° $& Zm°H$ar H$s dOh g hmÒQ>b H$ EH$ H$_a _| AmH$a ahVr h° lr

oZdmg g [naM` hm OmZ [a CgH$ ‚b°Q> _| ahZ bJVr h° $& Bg

‡H$ma [hb H$_a o\$a H$_am Am°a o\$a H$_a| Bgr _| CgH$m oZOr

Ïò∑VÀd gßdaVm o]IaVm OmVm h° $& [oV H$ H$mam]ma _| hmW ]Q>mZ

H$ H$maU EH$ oH´$`merb ‡m‹`mo[H$m H$s Mmh [oV H$s Mmh H$ ZrM

X] OmVr h° $& boIH$m Z Zmo`H$m H$s _ZïpÒWoV H$m ]∂S> Òdm^modH$

T>ßJ g oMoÃV oH$`m h° $&

9. D™$MmB© :

Bg H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s AßoV_ H$hmZr h° "D™$MmB©' Bg H$hmZr _|

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z AmYwoZH$ Zmar H$ AßV¤›¤ H$m oMoÃV oH$`m h° $&

AmYwoZH$ Zmar A] [ÀZr ]mY g _w∑V hm JB© h° oOg_| H$db

[oVd´Vm Y_© hr CgH$ OrdZ H$m ‡_wI gma Wm $& A] dh [oV Am°a

‡_r BZ XmZm _ H$mB© ^X Zht H$aVr $& [oV H$ hmV h˛E oH$gr [a

[wÈf g ‡_ H$aZm CgH$ obE [oVd´V ßJ Zhr h° $& _›Zy ßS>mar Z

XmÂ[À` OrdZ H$s ZB© g¿MmB`m| H$m ]∂S> gmhg Edß oZûH$Vm H$

gmW ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $&

oedmZr Am°a oeoea A[Z AmR> gmb H$ XmÂ[À` OrdZ _

gwIr h° CZH$m ]¿Mm o‡Q>r hmÒQ>b _| ahVm h° $& AMmZH$ oedmZr

H$s _wbmH$mV Ω`mah dfm H$ ]mX oddmh [yd© ‡_r AVwb g hmVr h°

dh A] VH$ AoddmohV h°$ & AVwb oedmZr H$ odah _| qOXm bme

]Zm h° $& oedmZr o‡Q>r H$m ÒHy$b N>m ∂S>H$a AMmZH$ AVwb H$ Ka

213

[h˛™Mr AVwb H$m gwI XZ H$ hVw CgH$ _Zm H$aZ H$ ]mdOwX r dh

Cg eara-gwI XH$a H$bH$Œmm bm°Q>Vr h° $& oeoea H$m h ]mV EH$

[Ã ¤mam _mby_ h˛B© V] oeoea H$hVm h° - ""Xm°har MmQ> Vw_Z _wP

[a H$s EH$ Ama ]d\$mB© Vm Xygar Ama YmIm N>b $&''125

oeoea Ka N>m ∂S>H$a Mbm J`m $& 15 oXZ ]mX bm°Q> CgZ

oedmZr H$m VbmH$ Xm Mmhm Bg ]mV [a XmZm| _| MMm© hmVr h° oeoea

MmhVm h° oH$ oedmZr A[Z A[amY H$m ÒdrH$ma H$a Cgg j_m

_m™J, ‡m`oÌMV H$a b $& boH$Z oedmZr Z oeoea H$m odÌdmg

oXbm`m oH$ - ""_a OrdZ _| VwÂhmam Om ÒWmZ h° Cg H$mB© Zhr b

gH$Vm, bZm Vm Xya Cg VH$ H$mB© [h˛™M r Zhr gH$Vm $& oH$gr H$

oH$VZr hr oZH$Q> Mbr OmD™$ Mmh emarnaH$ gß]ßY r ÒWmo[V H$a

by™ [a _Z H$s oOg D™$MmB© [a VwÂh| o]R>m aIm h° dhm™ H$mB© Zhr Am

gH$Vm $& oH$gr g VwbZm H$aZ _| r VwÂhmam A[_mZ hmVm h° $&''126

Bgr MMm© H$ ]mX XmZm| _| gwbh hm OmVr h° d XmZm| o\$a g

gwIr OrdZ `mMZ H$aZ bJV h° $& oddmohV oedmZr [wamZr aroV

nadmOm| H$m Vm∂S>H$a AVwb g eara gß]ßY ‡ÒWmo[V H$aVr h° $& eara

g Xwga H$s hmH$a r _Z H$s "D$™MmB©' [a [oV [ÀZr H$ gÂ]›Ym| H$s

[odÃVm ]ZmE aIVr h° $&

(5) oÃeßHw$ :

_›Zy ßS>mar H$m h [m™Mdm H$hmZr gßJ´h 1978 _| ‡H$moeV

h˛Am $& Bgg 10 H$hmoZ`m™ gßJ´ohV h° $&

1. AmV OmV m`mda :

‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| EH$ [wÈf ¤mam N>br J`r Zmar H$m AßV¤›¤

‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $& Zmo`H$m o_Vmbr AoddmohVm h° $& dh ‡m‹`mo[H$m

214

h° Am°a hmÒQ>b _ ahVr h° $& o_Vmbr H$ gmW CgH$ gh[mR>r Z ‡_

H$ Zm_ [a eara gß]ßY ÒWmo[V oH$`m, boH$Z oddmh Xygar b∂S>H$s

g oH$`m & V] g o_Vmbr Z oH$gr g _bOmb Zhr ]∂T>m`m $&

CgH$m [naM` ZaZ H$ gmW h˛Am $& dh A[Zr A_naH$Z [ÀZr g

od¿N>X H$a maV Am`m h° CZH$ AZH$ oÒÃ`m| g gß]ßY ah MwH$ h° $&

ZaZ H$ OrdZ g [naoMV hmZ [a r o_Vmbr CgH$ ‡oV AmH$of©V

hmVr h° boH$Z o\$a EH$ ]ma N>br OmVr h° $& [wÈf Mm`mda ‡H•$oV

H$m h° $& dh A[Z Ao^Z` ¤mam Zmar H$m N>bVm h° $& Am°a oddmh

oH$gr Am°a g H$aVm h° $& A[Z AVrV g _w∑V hm OmVm h° $& maVr`

Zmar [wamZ gßÒH$mam| H$m Vm∂S> Zht gH$Vr $&

2. Xama aZ H$s Xama :

‡ÒVwV H$hmZr "oÃeßHw$' H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s h° $& boIH$m Z _ZwÓ`

H$ _Zm^mdm| H$m gw›Xa oMÃU Bg H$hmZr _| oH$`m h° $& XmÂ[À`

OrdZ _| hmZdmbr KQ>ZmAm| H$s MMm© H$s h° $& ZßoXVm H$s ghbr

lwoV oMÃH$ma h° $& lwoV A[Z [oV g AbJ hmZm MmhVr h° $& ZßoXVm

Cg _XX H$aVr h° $& dh lwoV Am°a od^w _ g_Pm°Vm H$amZm

MmhVr h° $& [a lwoV od^w g AbJ hmZm MmhVr h° $& ZßoXVm lwoV H$

obE _H$mZ Ty> ™T>Zm AmaÂ^ H$aVr h° $& dh CgH$s XmÂ[À` g_Ò`m

gwbPmZ _| _ΩZ ahVr h° $& boH$Z CYa lwoV Am°a od^w H$ gß]ßY

o\$a g A[Z Am[ Ow∂S> OmV h° $& d XmZm| ZßoXVm H$ obE gmS>r Am°a

o_R>mB© bH$a AmV h° $& XmZm| _| _b hmZ H$s ]mV g ZßoXVm A[Z

Am[ H$m A[_moZV _hgyg H$aVr h° $& lwoV od^w H$ XmÂ[À` OrdZ

_| [∂S>r Xama aV h˛` ZßoXVm Òd`ß H$m _hŒd[yU© g_PVr h°m [a O]

CgH$m ´_ oZamg hmVm h° V] dh A[Z Am[ H$m A[_moZV _hgyg

215

H$aZ bJVr h° $& boIH$m Z _ZwÓ` H$ _Zm^mdm| H$m gw˙_Vm g oMÃU

oH$`m h° $&

3. ÒÃr-gw]moYZr :

`h H$hmZr AmÀ_H$WmÀ_H$ e°br _ obIr h°$& ‡_ H$ Zm_ [a

oddmohV [wÈf ’mam N>br J`r ÒÃr H$m _›Zy ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr _|

oMÃU oH$`m h° $&

Zmo`H$m Am`H$a od^mJ _ H$m_ H$aVr h° Am°a _ohbm hmÒQ>b

_ ahVr h° $& Ka H$m CŒmaXmo`Àd Cgr [a h° $& dh A[Z ]m©g "qeX'

g ‡^modV h° ∑`m|oH$ d Iw]gwaV aogH$ VWm H$od h° $& d XmZm

EH$Xyga g ]h˛V ‡_ H$aV h° $& boH$Z Cg ]mX _| [Vm MbVm h° oH$

qeX og\$© oddmohV hr Zhr Ao[Vw EH$ ]¿M H$m ]m[ r h° $& dh

qeX g A[Z gß]ßY Vm∂S>Zm MmhVr h° oH$›Vw qeX Cgg h_em ‡_

OVmVm ahVm h° $& dh ‡_ ‡Xe©Z _| g\$b ahVm h° $& ha ]ma CgH$

oX_mJ _ `h o]R>mZ H$s H$moee H$aVm h° oH$ emXr H$ ]mX ]r]r

C]mD$ Am°a ÃmgXm`H$ ]Z OmVr h° $& CgH$ ‡oV hmZdmbm ‡_ Zrag

Am°a ]OmZ gm hr OmVm h° $& dh h_em ]rdr g VbmH$ bZr H$s

]mV H$aVm h° [a A[Zr ]rdr H$m VbmH$ Zhr XVm $& V]mXbm hm

OmZ H$ ]mX ^r "oeßX' Cg ‡_ [Ã obIVm h° $& dh Ed ]ma o\$a

CgH$ ‡_ _ g]Hw$N> ^yb ]°R>Vr h° $& boH$Z qeX H$ Z` J•h _

‡de H$ oXZ dh CgH$s _mQ>r boH$Z ‡g›Z [ÀZr ]¿Mm Am°a

AÀ`mYwoZH$ Ka XIVr h° $& dh gÀ` pÒWoV H$m g_P OmVr h° Am°a

A[Zr oO›XJr Z` oga g gßdmaVr h° $& Bg H$hmZr H$s Zmo`H$m

g_mO H$s A›` _mgy_ b∂S>oH$`m| H$m [wÈf Òd^md g AdJV

H$amVr h° $&

216

4. em`X :

Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z AmoW©H$ pÒWoV oH$g ‡H$ma EH$

[nadma H$m Vhg-Zhg H$aVr h° CgH$m oMÃU oH$`m h° $&

amImb OhmO [a _°H$oZH$ h° $& dh VrZ gmb ]mX Xm _hrZm

H$s Nw>o≈>`m| [a Ka Am`m h° $& CgH$s [ÀZr _mbm Ka H$s XI^mb

H$aVr h° Vm amImb OhmO [a A[Zm H$m`© H$aVm h° $& O] amImb Ka

AmVm h° Vm A[Z hr Ka _| [am`m[Z _hgyg H$aVm h° $& _mbm A[Z

^mB©-^m^r H$[ya [nadma, eßH$a BZ bmJm| H$s MMm© H$aVr h° $& boH$Z

amImb BZ Ïò∑V`m| H$m _hŒd A[Z Ka _| ]Xm©ÒV Zhr H$a [mVm $&

Ka H$ ]¿M A∂S>mg-[∂S>mg H$ Ïò∑V`m| g Ow∂S> OmV h° $& amImb

Am°a _mbm A[Zr A[Zr oO›XJr OrZ H$ obE odde h° CZH$s

A[Zr-A[Zr g_Ò`mE™ h° $&

"em`X' [nadma g AbJ hmH$a OrodH$m H$ ob` g_w– [a

Zm°H$ar H$aZ JE h˛E `wdH$ H$s MVZm [a M∂T>V h˛E Eg hr X]mdm|

Am°a Cgg C[Or h˛B© _mZogH$Vm Am°a ^m°oVH$ gßKf© H$ odo^›Z

o]›XwAm| H$m oH$g ‡H$ma XmÂ[À` gÂ]›Ym| H$s Am°[MmnaH$ Am°a R>hamd

âm gÂ]›Y ]ZZ [a odde H$aVm h° $&

H$Wm H$ ‡oV boIH$m H$m –oÓQ>H$mU [yU©Vï AmYwoZH$ h° Am°a

d dh g_yMr H$Wm H$m AmO H$ ]XbV h˛E g›X^m _| ‡ÒVwV H$aZ _

[yar Vah gj_ h° $&

5. oÃeßHw$ :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr _| Xm [ro∂T>`m| H$ AßVa H$m oMoÃV

oH$`m h° $& VZw H$ _Â_r-[fl[m H$m ‡_ oddmh h˛Am Wm $& VZw H$

_Â_r H$m A[Z o[Vm g od–mh H$aZm [∂S>m Wm $& _Â_r Òd`ß H$m

217

AmYwoZH$ odMmamdmbr _mZVr h° Am°a A[Zr ]Q>r H$m ^r ]ZmZm

MmhVr h° $& b∂S>H$-b∂S>oH$`m| _| o_ÃVm hmZr MmohE Egm H$hV h˛E

A[Z Am[H$m AmYwoZH$ ]VmVr h° $& boH$Z h _Â_r VZy H$s eIa

g ]T>Vr XmÒVr XIH$a oVb-o_bmVr h° $& eIa H$m CgH$ Ka AmZm

Cg A¿N>m Zhr bJVm $& VZy H$m eIa H$ gmW o[∑Ma XIZ H$ obE

AZw_oV Zhr XVr Bg ]mV H$m bH$a _m™-]Q>r _| VZmd hmVm h° -

""VZw ]Q>, bmJ amµO-amµO hm™ AmH$a O_ OmV h° $& AmoIa

Vw_H$m [∂T>Zm-obIZm r Vm h° $& _° Vm XI ahr hˇ™ oH$ Bg XmÒVr H$

M∑H$a _| Var [∂T>mB©-obImB© g] Mm°[Q> h˛B© Om ahr h° $& Bg Vah Vm

`h g] MbJm Zht $&''127

boIH$m Z Bg H$hmZr _ Xwhar _mZogH$Vm H$m ]Iy]r g ‡ÒVwV

oH$`m h° $& Bg_| [ro∂T>`m| H$m A›Vamb hr Zhr Ao[Vw AmYwoZH$ hmZ

H$s _mZogH$Vm d AmZdmbr Zmar H$m ¤›¤ r h° $& Bg ‡H$ma [wamZr

Edß ZdrZ _m›`VmAm| H$m gw›Xa VWm ‡^mdembr oMÃU H$aZ _|

boIH$m g\$b ahr h° $&

6. aV H$s Xrdma :

‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| boIH$m Z oeojV wdH$ H$ _mZogH$ Hwß$R>m

VWm oZamem H$m ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $& Bg H$hmZr H$m ha [mÃ AmoW©H$

gßH$Q> H$ H$maU A[Z Am[ g b∂S>Vm A[Z Am[_| Qy>Q>Vm h° $& Zm`H$

aod B›OroZ`na ®J H$m N>mÃ h °, CgH$ o[Vm Ka H$s A›`

AmdÌ`H$VmAmZ H$m ZOaAßXmO H$aH$ Cg [∂T>mV h° $& [a aod oejm

H$m A[Zr oS>J´r H$m _hŒd A¿N>r Vah OmZVm h° $-

""`hm H$mB© ^odÓ` Zhr h° BZ bmJm| H$m AmOH$b g°H$S>m|

BßOroZ`g© _ma-_ma o\$aV h° oH$g Vah \$maZ OmZ H$s oVH$∂S>_

218

o^∂S>mAm, H$ZmS>m _| ]h˛V bmJm| H$s AmdÌ`H$Vm h° [a BgH$ obE

[wb Am°a [wer MmohE $&''128

aod d o[Vm aÎd _| ∑bH©$ h° $& Ka H$ A›` gXÒ`m| H$s

A[Zr-A[Zr g_Ò`m | h° boH$Z A] VH$ CZH$s g_Ò`mE™ gwbPm`r

Zhr J`r ∑`m|oH$ aod H$s [∂T>mB© Omar h° $& _m™ H$s Am™Im| H$m Am©[aeZ

OÍ$ar h° $& N>mQ>m mB© H$m BbmO H$amZm h° $& MßXm H$m H$m©bO _| Vu

H$amZm h° $& [nadma H$ gma gXÒ` gmMV h° oH$ aod H$s [∂T>mB© hmV

hr Zm°H$ar o_bJr Am°a Ka H$s pÒWoV gwYaJr $& g^r Bgr Amem [a

Or ah h° $& aod A[Z Am[H$m Qy >Q>Vm h˛Am _hgyg H$aVm h° $& dh

MmhH$a ^r Hw$N> Zhr H$a [mVm $& AßV _| oZame hmVm h° $& aod

]amOJmar H$s g_Ò`m g ÃÒV h° $& aod H$s Bgr KwQ>Z H$m oZamemOZH$

pÒWoV H$m boIH$mZ oMÃU oH$`m h° $& aod ]∂S>m AmX_r ]ZJm h

ªdm] (ÒdflZ) XIZm Ï`W© h° ∑`m|oH$ d ªdm] Cg "aV H$s Xrdma'

O°g h° Om H$^r r R>h gH$V h° $&

7. Vrgam ohÒgm :

‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z EH$ gß[mXH$ H$ IßoS>V Ï`o∑VÀd

H$m ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $&

"eam ]m]y' EH$ [oÃH$m H$ gß[mXH$ h° $& dmÒVd _| CZH$m Zm_

eam]m]y Zhr h° $& ea O°gr XhmS>Vr h˛B© [oÃH$m Z C›h `h Zm_

‡XmZ oH$`m h° $& boH$Z h [oÃH$m o_Ãm| H$ ¤f Edß H$O© H$ H$maU

]›X hm OmVr h° $& eam]m]y H$s ]rdr CgH$s C[jm H$aZ bJr $& ]Q>m

gwYra r _Q>aJÒVr _| _ΩZ ahVm h° $& eam]m]y H$^r-H$^r bm`]´ar

OmV h°$ & dhm™ H$s [oÃH$mAm| _| OZVm [mQ>u H$ _ßoÃ`m| H$s VÒdra,

CZH$s OrdoZ`m™, CZH$s ‡eßgm XIH$a dh gß[mXH$m| VWm bIH$m|

219

H$m Jmob`m™ XV h° oO›hm|Z dh obIm h° $&

eam ]m]y h_em "^´ÓQ> Zm°H$aemhr O∂S> g CIm∂S> Xy™Jm' ^´ÓQ>

A\$gam| H$s [mb Imb Xy ™Jm Bgr Vah H$s ]mV| ]ZmV ahV h° [a

dmÒVd _| Hw$N> H$a Zhr [mV $& AmO g_mO H$m H$mB© r jÃ ´ÓQ>mMma

g ANy>Vm Zhr h° $& hr AmO H$s XwoZ`m h° [a eam ]m]y Bgg Ow∂S>

Zhr [mV $& g_`mZwgma A[Z Am[ H$m ]Xb Zhr [mV $&

""C›hmZ ]rdr g g_Pm°Vm H$a ob`m Zm°H$ar g g_Pm°Vm H$a

ob`m [a [oÃH$m ? Zhr, dhm™ d H$mB© g_Pm°Vm Zht H$a|J oH$gr r

H$s_V [a Zhr $&''129

boIH$mZ Bgr _ZmXem H$m WmW© oMÃU oH$`m h° $&

8. A-bJmd :

Bg H$hmZr ¤mam _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z AmO H$s amOZroV [a Ï`ßΩ`

oH$`m h° $&

AbJmd H$m [yU©Vï amOZ°oVH$ H$hmZr H$hm Om`Jm $& ∑`m|oH$

Bg_| g_H$mbrZ amOZroVH$ [napÒWoV`m| H$m oMÃU oH$`m J`m h° $&

H$hmZr Zm`H$ o]gga H$s bme H$m bH$a ewÈ hmVr h° CgH$ hÀ`ma

H$m Ty>∂T>Z H$s ‡oH´$`m _ AZH$ amOZroVH$ Xm™d[M oXImB© XVm h° $&

_wª`_ßÃr Xm gmh] o]gga H$ Ka J` $& dhm™ OmH$a CgH$ ]y∂T> ]m[

H$m VgÎbr Xr $& OmaXma ^mfU oX`m $& g∑gZm Z OmJga H$m

[yN>m -

""o]gy H$m OmZV W Vw_ ?

Or, Jm™d _ g^r Vm EH$-Xyga H$m OmZV h° $& N>mQ>r OJh h°,

Z Mmhm Vm r OmZZm hr [∂S>Vm h° $&

oH$g Vah H$m b∂S>H$m Wm o]gy ?

220

Aa EH$X_ ogao\$am gmh] $&''130

g∑gZm Z ]`mZ ob`m $& Jm ™ddmbm | Z g∑gZm H$s

‡eßgm H$s $& Xm gflVmh H$ ]mX g∑gZm Z na[mQ>© Xr oH$ o]gga Z

AmÀ_hÀ`m H$s Am°a CgH$s hÀ`mam Omamda ]M OmVm h° $& amOZroV

H$ Oma [a dh _m_bm dhr H$ dhr X]m`m J`m $&

Bg ‡H$ma amOZ°oVH$ [nade _| aßJr boIH$m H$s A›` H$hmoZ`m|

g AbJ `h H$hmZr h° $& boIH$m Z BgH$m ]•hX Í$[mßVa H$a

"_hm^mO' C[›`mg H$s aMZm H$s $&

9. EImZ AmH$me ZmB© :

‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _ boIH$m Z ehar Am°a J´m_Ur Zmar H$s

g_Ò`mE™ ‡ÒVwV H$s h° $& H$hmZr H$s ewÈAmV ehar [nade g hmVr

h° Am°a A›V J´m_rU [nade _ $& [oV h_›– g AbJ hmH$a oe‡m

ÒHy$b MbmVr h° $& gwf_m Zm°H$ar H$aVr h° BgobE _mVm-o[Vm CgH$m

oddmh H$aZm Zhr MmhV o\$a r CgZ _oh_ g H$mQ>© _°aO oH$`m $&

Ka H$s XI^mb, H$m_-H$mO, gmg-ggwa H$s gdm H$aZ H$ hVw ‡roV

Zm°H$ar N>m ∂S> XVr h° oOgg [oV ZmamO hm OmVm h° $& ` ehar ÒÃr

[wÈfm| H$s g_Ò`mE™ ahr $& H$hmZr H$s Zmo`H$m "bIm' Ka H$s XI^mb

o\$a [∂T>mB© BZ g]g VßJ Am JB© h° BgobE Amam_ H$aZ Jm™d OmVr

h° $& eha _| oOg ‡H$ma neojVbmJm| H$s g_Ò`mE™ hmVr h° Cgr Vah

J´m_rU bmJm| H$s r A[Zr g_Ò`mE™ h° $&

bIm H$m ggwamb EH$ gß`w∑V [nadma h° $& [nadma H$ haH$

gXÒ` H$s A[Zr-A[Zr g_Ò`m h° $& bIm eha dm[g OmZm MmhVr

h° $& Ï`o∑V Z Jm™d _ gwIr h° Am°a Z hr eha _| $& bIm eha g

D$]H$a Jm™d AmVr h° [a Jm™d H$s KwQ>Z g D$] OmVr h° Am°a o\$a

221

eha OmZ H$s gmMVr h° $& bIm Z _hgyg oH$`m -

""BZ g]H$ ]rM dh ]h˛V [am`r h° $& Cg Ka H$s EH$ gXÒ`m

hmH$a r dh Ka g AbJ h° $& Cg bJm Bg Ka Am°a Ka H$ Ïò∑V`m|

H$ ‡oV CgH$m ]h˛V-gm H$V©Ï` h° [a, dh [yam Zht H$a ahr $&''131

10. Agm_o`H$ _•À`w :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ "oÃeßHw$' H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s `h AßoV_

H$hmZr h° $& [hb [oÃH$m _| N>[r Wr ]mX _| oÃeßHw$ _| gßJóhV oH$`m

J`m $& H$hmZr _| Q>r[w EH$ H$bmH$ma h° Am°a CgH$ o[Vm H$s _•À`w hm

OmZ g [nadma H$s oOÂ_Xmar Q>r[w [a Am OmVr h° $& o[Vm H$s

Agm_o`H$ gmW Xr[y H$ H$bm Í$[ H$s Agm_o`H$ _•À`w H$m ‡ÒVwV

oH$`m J`m h° $& CgH$ o[Vm _he]m]y H$s _•À`w Mdmbrg gmb H$s

Am`w _| Am©o\$g _| H$ma H$aV-H$aV hmQ> © \$b hm OmZ g hm

OmVr h° $& Xr[y [∂T> ahm Wm Cg ZmQ>H$ _| ¡`mXm ÈoM Wr $& ZmQ>H$ H$

OmZ-_mZ H$bmH$ma CÀ[bXV Z Cg Q≠ >m\$s XV h˛E ‡mÀgmohV

oH$`m Wm $&

""qOXJr H$m H$mB© âmgm Zht ^°`m ! A¿N>-^b Ka g

JE W $& H$m°Z OmZVm Wm bm°Q>H$a Zhr AmE™J

am_ Var _m`m $&''132

Xr[y em_ H$m ZmQ>H$ H$m nahg©b H$aVm h° H$^r amOH$[ya H$

gßdmX H$^r oXbr[Hw$_ma H$ gßdmX AmßI ]ßX H$a br Vm [hMmZ

Zht gH$V oH$ Xr[y ]mb ahm h° m oXbr[Hw$_ma $& hˇ]hˇ dhr AmdmµO

dhr bhOm $& emaXm Z [rR> [a Ym°b O_m`m - ""]g A] Va ]m[

H$s hr ZH$b CVmam H$a, ]ea_ H$ht H$ $&''133

Xr[y H$hVm h° - ""[rR> R>mH$s h° Z ]h˛V A¿N>r ZH$b H$aZ H$

222

obE ? Aa AÂ_m OroZ`g h° VwÂhmam ]Q>m OroZ`g $& AÂ_m, AJa

H$mB© ]o∂T>`m _H$A[ H$a X Vm ]m]y H$m amb Eg AXm H$È™ oH$ Vw_

[hMmZ hr Z gH$Vm oH$ Xr[y H$m°Z Am°a ]m]y H$m°Z $&''134

AMmZH$ o[Vm H$s _•À`w Z Xr[y H$s XwoZ`m H$m ]Xb oX`m CgH$

Am™JZ _m`ygr N>m JB© $& Xr[y Zm°H$ar H$aZ bJVm h° CgH$ _m_m Cg

Zm°H$ar oXbmZ _| _XX H$aV h° $& A[Z ^mB©-]ohZ Am°a _m™ H$s

oOÂ_Xmna`m™ [yar H$aV-H$aV A[Zr rVa H$s B¿N>mAm| H$m o_≈>r _|

S>mbZm [∂S>m $&

g_mO _| _‹`dJ© H$ AWm©O©Z H$aZdmb ‡_wI [mÃ H$s _•À`w

hmVr h° Vm [yam Ka amÒV [a Am OmVm h° $& Xr[y H$s _m™ H$s _ZïpÒWoV

H$m r Ï`∑V oH$`m h° dh Aghm` hm JB© h° Am°a [napÒWoVde _yH$

]ZH$a Or ahr h° $& h pÒWoV _m™ H$s Zht ]oÎH$ [ya Ka H$s h° $& Bgr

]mV H$m _›Zy ^ßS>marZ Bg H$hmZr _| oMÃU oH$`m h° $& `h H$hmZr

]h˛V gwßXa Am°a gm_moOH$ g_Ò`m H$s H$hmZr h° $&

B oZÓH$f© :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m™ OrdZ H$ AoYH$ oZH$Q> h° $& Zmar

_Z H$s j_Vm Am°a Xw]©bVm H$m oMÃU BZH$s H$hmoZ`m| H$m _wª`

‡oV[m⁄ ahm h° $& BZH$s Zmar Xdr Am°a XmZdr H$ Xm N>mam| H$ ]rM

Q>H$amVr "[hbr' Zhr hm∂S>-_m™g H$m _mZdr ^r h° $& ÒdmVßÕ`mŒma

Zmar OrdZ _| Am` [nadV©Zm| [a _›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| _| [`m©flV

Ï`ßΩ` oH$` J` h° $& CZH$r H$hmoZ`m™ [oV [ÀZr H$ gÂ]›Ym|

[mnadmnaH$ OrdZ Am°a ‡_ gÂ]›Y AmoX –oÓQ>H$mUm| H$m bH$a Mbr

h° & ghOVm Am°a gß‡fUr`Vm Z BZH$s H$hmoZ`m| H$m bmH$o‡` ]Zm`m

h° $& C›hm|Z ]Vm`m h° oH$ ‡mMrZ OrdZ _yÎ` AmYwoZH$ [nade _|

223

Qy>Q> ahm h°, OrdZ _yÎ` hr Zhr ]oÎH$ Ï`o∑V Qy>Q> ahm h° $& _›Zy

^ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| H$s odefVm `h h° oH$ C›hm|Z ]∂S>r ghOVm

Am°a gOrdVm g _mZd _Z H$s Hw$ÓR>mAm| H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° $&

B ZmQ>H$ :

[moUZr ZmQ>` H$s CÀ[oŒm "ZQ≤>' YmVw g _mZV h° Am°a am_M›–

JwUM›– Z "ZmQ>`X[©U' _| BgH$m CX≤^d "ZmQ≤>' YmVw g _mZm h° $&

"ZQ≤ >' YmVw H$m AW© JmÃodj[U Edß Ao^Zd XmZm | Wm $&

XeÍ$[H$H$maZ Z•V, Z•À` Am°a ZmQ>` H$m A›Va Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m h° $& Z•Œm

Vmb-b` H$ AmolV hmVm h°, Z•À` mdmolV hmVm h°, oH$›Vw ZmQ>`

agmolV hmVm h° $& gßÒH•$V gmohÀ` _| ZmQ>H$ H$m H$mÏ` hr _mZm J`m

h° $& CgH$m CX≤Ì` AmZ›X ‡moflV ]Vm`m J`m h° $& ZmQ>H$ gmohÀ` H$s

dh od⁄m h°, oOgH$s g\$bVm H$m [arjU aßJ_ßM [a hmVm h° $&

ZmQ≤>`H$bm H$s [na^mfm XV h˛E adr›–ZmW Z H$hm h° oH$ odo^›Z

de^yfm Am°a AßJ odj[ H$ AZwH$aU ¤mam ‡H•$oV ‡oVo]oÂ]V

H$aZdmbr H$bm ZmQ>H$ h° $& dÒVwVï ZmQ>H$ XIZ H$s MrO h° $& CgH$

Xe©H$ Am°a lmVm hmV h°, Om [mÃm| ¤mam MnaÃm| H$ Ao^Zd g ‡^modV

hmV h° BgobE AmMm`m Z Cg –Ì`H$mÏ` H$s gßkm Xr h° $& ZmQ>H$

e„X, [mÃ, de-^yfm, AmH•$oV, md^ßJr Am°a oH´$`mAm| AmoX H$

AZwH$aU ¤mam VWm mdm| H$ ‡Xe©Z ¤mam Xe©H$m| H$m WmW© OrdZ H$

oZH$Q> bmVm h° $& Ao^Z` ZmQ>H$ H$m ‡YmZ AßJ h° $& g\$b ZmQ>H$

dh h° oOg XIV h˛E Xe©H$ h AZw^d Zhr H$a [m` oH$ dh ZmQ>H$

XI ahm h° $& ZmQ>H$H$ma H$m g]g ‡YmZ JwU `h h° oH$ dh _mZd

_ZmodkmZ H$m gy˙_ [maIr hm $&

^maVr`-g_rjm-emÒÃ H$ AZwgma ZmQ>H$ H$ VrZ ‡_wI VÀd

225



1. ohßXr H$r _ohbm C[›`mgH$mam

H$s _mZdr gßdXZm S>m™. Cfm `mXd 17

2. ohßXr H$r _ohbm C[›`mgH$mam

H$s _mZdr gßdXZm S>m™. Cfm `mXd 32

3. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar - amO›– `mXd

4. H$WmH$ma amO›– `mXd M›–^mZw gmZJU 141

5. ÒdmVßÕ`mŒma H$Wm boIH$mE™ Co_©bm JwflVm 355



8. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar - amO›– `mXd



11. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar - amO›– `mXd 194








19. Am[H$m ]ßQ>r _›Zy ^ßS>mar

20. _.^ß. H$m H$Wm gmohÀ` __Vm ew∑b 55

21. qhXr H$s _ohbm C[›`mgH$mam S>m™. Cfm `mXd 68

H$s _mZdr` gßdXZm

22. _.^ß. H$m H$Wm gmohÀ` __Vm ew∑b 56

226


23. C[›`mg pÒWoV Am°a JoV M›–H$m›V ]mßoXdS>H$a 243






29. C[›`mgH$ma _›Zy ^ßS>mar _›Zy ^ßS>mar 69


31. C[›`mgH$ma _›Zy ^ßS>mar _›Zy ^ßS>mar 68

32. _. ^ß. H$m aMZm gßgma _›Zy ^ßS>mar 11

33. _. ^ß. H$m aMZm gßgma _›Zy ^ßS>mar 69


35. Am[H$m ]ßQ>r _›Zy ^ßS>mar

36. _hm^mO _›Zy ^ßS>mar

37. _hm^mO _›Zy ^ßS>mar

38. _. ^ßS>mar H$m C[›`mg gmohÀ` Zo›XZr o_l 43

39. _. ßS>mar H$m C[›`mg gmohÀ` Zo›XZr o_l 58-59

40. _. ^ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ`H$m S>m™. __Vm ew∑bm 59




43. AmYwoZH$ oh›Xr C[›`mg S>m™. ZraO O°Z 124

Ï`o∑VÀd odKQ>Z H$ oZH$f [a




227












55. _.^ß. H$s C[›`mg gmohÀ` Zo›XZr o_l 107



58. _. ^ß. H$m H$Wm gmohÀ` _›Zy ^ßS>mar 238



61. _. ^ß. H$m H$Wm gmohÀ` _›Zy ^ßS>mar

62. _. ^ß. H$m H$Wm gmohÀ` _›Zy ^ßS>mar

63. Òdm_r _›Zy ^ßS>mar

64. ZB© H$hmZr oXem Xem gß^mdZm S>m™. B›–ZmW _XmZ 207









228


69. JrVm H$m MwÂ]Z _›Zy ^ßS>mar 32










74. EH$ H$_Oma bS>H$s H$s H$hmZr _›Zy ^ßS>mar 45






80. Ao^ZVm (_¢ hma JB©) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 77




84. Ì_emZ (_¢ hma JB©) _›Zy ^ßS>mar

85. Ì_emZ (_¢ hma JB©) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 85

86. Ì_emZ (_¢ hma JB©) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 89

87. Xrdma, ]¿M Am°a ]agmV _›Zy ^ßS>mar 98

(_¢ hma JB©)


(_¢ hma JB©)

229



(_¢ hma JB©)


(_¢ hma JB©)


(_¢ hma JB©)


(_¢ hma JB©)

93. H$mb Am°a H$gH$ (_¢ hmar JB©) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 118

94. Xm H$bmH$ma (_¢ hma JB©) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 137

95. _¢ hma JB© (_¢ hma JB©) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 141

96. _¢ hma JB© (_¢ hma JB©) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 146











102. AZMmhr JhamB`m™ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 47




230


104. ImQ> og∑H$ _›Zy ßS>mar 57






107. KwQ>Z$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 80


108. hma$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 79


109. KwQ>Z$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 81


110. _O]yar$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 96


111. MÌ_$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 111


112. j` (`hr gM h°)$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 24

113. j` (`hr gM h°)$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 25

114. Vrgam AmX_r (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 28

115. gOm (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ßS>mar 72

116. gOm (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ßS>mar 72

117. ZH$br hra (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 86

118. Zem (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 93

119. Zem (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ßS>mar 94

120. B›H$_ Q>°∑g Am°a ZtX _›Zy ßS>mar 110

(`hr gM h°)

231


121. `hr gM h° (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 134

122. `hr gM h° (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 135

123. ]ßX XamOm H$m gmW _›Zy ßS>mar 24

(EH$ flbQ> g°bm])

124. gßª`m H$ [ma _›Zy ßS>mar 87

(EH$ flbQ> g°bm])

125. D™$MmB© _›Zy ^ßS>mar 123

(EH$ flbQ> g°bm])

126. D™$MmB© _›Zy ^ßS>mar 134

(EH$ flbQ> g°bm])

127. oÃeßHw$ (oÃeßHw$) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 71

128. aV H$s Xrdma (oÃeßHw$) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 91

129. Vrgam ohÒgm (oÃeßHw$)$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 102

130. AbJmd (oÃeßHw$)$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 112

131. B©ImZ AmH$me ZmB© (oÃeßHw$)$ _›Zy ßS>mar 141

132. Agm_o`H$ _•À w (oÃeßHw$) _›Zy ßS>mar 147



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a _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ` H$ ‡_wI [mÃm| H$s

odefVmE™

1. _›Zy ßS>mar H$ C[›`mg H$ ‡_wI [mÃ

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232

233

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h° Am°a dJ©JV-[mÃ H$_ h° $& oh›Xr H$Wm gmohÀ` H$m odMma H$aV

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H$hmZr _| C[b„Y h° $& [y™Or[oV, _OXya, B©gmB©, _wgb_mZ, ]y∂T>m,

`wdH$, od⁄mWu, A‹`m[H$, H$od, bIH$, Hß$Oyg, oH$gmZ, S>m©∑Q>a,

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h° $& O°Z›–Z AoYH$Va Hw ß$R>mJ´ÒV [mÃm| H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° $&

è[mb Z ‡m`ï ‡oVoZoY [mÃm| H$m hr oZ_m©U oH$`m h° Om oH$gr

dJ© H$s odefVmAm| g `w∑V h¢ $& _mhZ amH$eOrZ AoYH$Va

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_›Zy ßS>mar Z XmZm| ‡H$ma H$ [mÃm| H$m oMÃU A[Z C[›`mg Am°a

H$hmoZ`m| _| oH$`m h¢ $&

(1) dJ©JV [mÃ (2) Ïò∑VÀd‡YmZ [mÃ

(1) dJ©JV [mÃ :-

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234

odefVmAm| H$ H$maU oH$gr dJ© odef H$s ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aZ bJV

h°, C›h| dJ©JV [mÃ H$hm OmVm h° $&

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h° oH$ -

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dJ©-[mÃ dhr H$aV h° Om d H$a gH$V h¢ $&''

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(2) Ïò∑VÀd‡YmZ [mÃ :-

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H$aV h˛E obIm h° -

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S>m™. b˙_ramÒr H$ AZwgma ""Ïò∑VÀd‡YmZ [mÃ AWdm

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hmV h¢ $&'' C›hm|Z AmJ MbH$a h r obIm h° oH$ ""Ïò∑V [mÃ _|

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CX≤KmQ>Z H$aV h˛E _ZmodkmZ H$ AmYma [a CgH$m odoeÓQ> Am°a

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235

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[mÃ H•$oÃ_ ‡VrV hmV h¢ $&

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h˛E obIm h° oH$ -

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Edß AmH$f©H$ hmVm h° $&''

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hmV h¢ $&

B _›Zy ßS>mar H$ gmohÀ` _| [mÃ :-

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_Zm^yo_ H$m ‡À`jrH$aU H$aZdmb h° $& BZ [mÃm| _| ‡m`ï Agm_m›`

[mÃm| H$s ‡YmZVm h° $& Am°a Bg Agm_m›` [mÃm _| Òd AWdm Ahß

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‡^modV hmV h¢ $&

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g H$aVr h˛™ $&

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236

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_Zm`Jm $&''1

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`hr CgH$s qMVm h° $& dh [oV H$m g]g D™$Mm XOm© XVr h° VWm

H$hVr h° oH$ -

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∑`m mΩ` hm gH$Vm h° $&''2

oJna gßÒH$ma w∫$ gm_moOH$ ÒÃr h° $& Bgr ‡H$ma _›Zy ßS>mar

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g VrOr hram H$s VwbZm _| A[Zr ]Q>r H$m lÓR> _mZV h° Am°a hram

H$ ÒdV›Ã Ïò∑VÀd H$m bH$a EH$ mfU XV h° oH$ b∂S>oH$`m H$m

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Bg ‡H$ma VmD$Or H$ MnaÃ H$s pÒWaVm AmYwoZH$ hdm H$m Ny>Vr Zhr

AÂ_mOr H$m Ka H$ gXÒ` [a AmoY[À` AmO H$s [r∂T>r H$ obE

AghZr` h° gwae H$m bmB]ár _ [∂T>Zm AÂ_m H$m AmdmaJXu bJVm

237

h° Am°a AÂ_mOr H$m b∂S>oH$`m| H$m [∂T>mZm Zm°H$ar H$aZm [g›X Zhr

dh Jm°am H$ ]ma _| H$hVr h° -

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_V [∂T>mAm - obImAm $& H$mB© ZmH$ar Vm H$admZr Zht h° Bgg,

OdmZ b∂S>H$s EH$ ]ma [°a Ka g ]mha [∂S> J`m Vm o\$a ]mha H$s hm

ahJr $&''3

`h pÒWa[mÃ A[Z odMmam| H$m Zhr N>m ∂S> gH$V Am°a

AmYwoZH$Vm Cg Ny> Zhr gH$Vr $&

M JÀ`mÀ_H$ [mÃ :

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J`m h° $& dh [mÃ Amg-[mg H$ dmVmdaU g A‡^modV Z hmV h˛E

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_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z _mZd _mZd _Z H$s Agßª` AZw^yoV`m| Am°a [mÃm|

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JÀ`mÀ_H$ Ao^`mOZ _| r g\$b hm OmV h° $& OrdZ H$s [nadoV©V

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H$m T>mb bZ _| g_W© hm Eg [mÃm| H$s g•oÓQ> _›Zy ßS>mar H$ H$Wm

gmohÀ` _| ¡`mXmVa od⁄_mZ h° $&

JÀ`mÀ_H$Vm H$m ahÒ` h° - nOOrodfm H$s AXÂ` H$m_Zm $&

Ag\$bVmE™ _ZwÓ` _| oZamem CÀ[›Z H$a Cg g_mflV H$a XVr h°

238

[a›Vw OrdZ H$ ‡oV _mh Cg OrZ H$s ‡aUm XZ _| ghm`H$ og’

hmVm h° - "Ì_emZ' H$hmZr _| boIH$m Z obIm h° -

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ah gH$Vm $& dh OrdZ H$r [yU©Vm H$ obE o\$a ‡_ H$aVm h°, OrdrV

ahZ H$m ‡`ÀZ H$aVm h° dh ha od`mJ Pb bV h° Ï`Wm gh

bVm h° $&''4

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Xya H$aZ H$m ‡`mg H$aVr h° $& dh [mg-[∂S>mg H$ bmJm _| o_b

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oO›Xm ahVr h° $&5

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H$aZ H$m ‡`ÀZ H$a h° $& AÂ_mOr H$s D$[admbr oH$am`XmaZr [wÒVH$m|

Edß [Ã Ï`dhma H$ ghma A[Z OrdZ H$ gyZ[Z H$m Xya H$aVr h° $&

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H$ ‡oV AmbmH$ H$s KoZÓR>Vm gVre H$ _Z_| eßH$m H$m O›_ XVr h°

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H$maU g_m`mOZ hVw Ka bm°Q> AmVm h° $&''6

_ßOar H$m odo[Z H$m N>m∂S>H$a oXbr[ g oddmh H$a bZm VWm

eHw$Z H$m AO` H$m VbmH$ XH$a S>m©. Omer g oddmh H$a bZm VWm

aßOZm H$m A_a H$m N>m∂S>H$a Zm°H$ar H$a bZm $& h JÀ`mÀ_H$Vm H$m

hr [naUm_ h° $& [oV-[ÀZr H$ odMmam| Am°a _yÎ`m| _| Agm_OÒ` H$

239

H$maU d°dmohH$ OrdZ Ag\$b ‡VrV hmVm h° Vm Cg A[Z JÀ`mÀ_H$

MnaÃ H$ H$maU ÒdrH$ma Zht H$aV Am°a A[Z Am[H$m H$ht Am°a

"ES>OÒQ>' H$a bV h° $& ""gmar oO›XJr Cg VZmd _| H$mQ>Z H$s A[jm

Vm Cgg _w∑V hmZm bmI JwZm A¿Mm $&''7

H$^r-H$^r [mÃ H$s _ZïpÒWoV JÀ`mÀ_H$Vm H$m ‡ÒVwV H$a

XVr h° $& "amZr _mß H$m M]wVam' H$hmZr _| H$mH$m H$ gbmh XZ [a

oH$ - ""Aa Jwbm]m ! XI Va N>ma H$ obE gaH$ma Z H$›– Imb

oX`m h° dhm™ Zm_ obIm X A[Z ]¿M H$m $&' ""gaH$ma _ar Ig_

h° Z, Om H$›– Imb XVr _a ob` $& g] Vm [°gdmbm| H$ Mm|Mb

h° $& _a H$m°Z _aX H$_mZdmbm h° Om [m™M È[` _hrZm X oX`m

H$aJm $&''8

Bg ‡H$ma Jwbm]m odamY H$aVr h° [a A›V _| Jwbm]m H$ hmW

g oeew gwajmH$›– H$s [m™M È[` H$s agrX o_bVr h° $& Bgr ‡H$ma

""Hw$›Vr oZoIb H$ AZm`mg MwÂ]Z H$m ]Xm©ÌV Zht H$a [mVr Am°a

oZoIb H$ Jmb [a MmßQ>m O∂S> XVr h° dhr Hw$›Vr ]mX _| _hgyg

H$aVr h° oH$ oZoIb H$m gm_rfl` Cg MmohE CgZ oZoIb H$m _maH$a

]h˛V ]∂S>r JbVr H$s h° $&''9

Ï`o∑V _| JÀ`mÀ_H$ ‡d•oŒm Z hm Vm Cg AZH$ H$oR>ZmB`m| H$m

gm_Zm H$aZm [∂S>Vm h° Am°a A›V _| dh AZH$ _ZmodH•$oV`m| g r

J´ÒV hm gH$Vm h° $& AW©‡YmZ wJ Z Ï`o∑V H$ MnaÃ H$m JÀ`mÀ_H$

]ZmZ _| H$m\$s mJXmZ oX`m h° $& "" "em`X' H$hmZr _| eadmb O]

Ka AmVm h° A[Zr [ÀZr _mbm d A›` [wÈf eßH$a H$ _b-Omb H$m

ghZ H$aVm h° ∑`m|oH$ dh OmZVm h° oH$ OÈaV [∂S>Z [a eßH$a hr

_mbm H$s AmoW©H$ ghm`Vm H$a gH$Vm h° $&''10

240

"j`' H$hmZr _| Hw$›Vr AmXe©dmXr oeojH$m hmZ H$ ]mdOyX

A[Z AmXem H$m IyZ H$a XVr h° Am°a gmodÃr O°g Ag\$b d

_›X]wo’ N>mÃm H$s og\$mnae H$ obE CgH$ od⁄mb` OmZ H$ obE

odde hmZm [∂S>Vm h° ∑`m|oH$ Hw$›Vr br m™oV OmZVr h° oH$ CgH$

o]_ma o[Vm VWm Ka H$s IÒVm hmbV H$m gmodÃr H$s _m™ hr gÂ^mb

gH$Vr h¢ $&11

g›VmZ H$s B¿N>m H$ g_j r _m™-]m[ H$m A[Zm oZU© ]XbZm

[∂S>Vm h°, ""aßOZm H$ o[Vm Zhr MmhV oH$ aßOZm A_a g oddmh H$a

[a›Vw aßOZm H$s oOX H$ AmJ C›h| A[Zm oZU©` ]XbZm hr

[∂S>Vm h° $&''12

"Òdm_r' C[›`mg _| o_Zr H$ _m_m H$m [Vm h° oH$ o_Zr ZaZ

H$m ‡_ H$aVr h° Cgr g oddmh H$aZm MmhVr h° _m_m ZaZ H$m ÒdrH$ma

H$a bV h° [a›Vw KZÌ`m_ H$m XIH$a CgH$m odMma ]Xb OmVm h° $&

Am°a Cg JÀ`mÀ_H$ ‡d•oŒm H$ H$maU KZÌ`m_ g o_Zr H$m oddmh

V` H$a XV h° $&13

oZÂZ dJ© H$m [mÃ Om AmdmO VH$ Zht oZH$mbVm Wm AmO

JÀ`mÀ_H$ MnaÃ H$ H$maU oMÎbm-oMÎbmH$a ‡emgZ ‡Umbr H$m

Jmob`m™ XVm h° $& "_hm^mO' C[›`mg H$m od›Xm A[Z XmÒV

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a°br H$m CÎbI H$aV h˛E H$hV h° oH$ Cg_| EH$ bmI AmXo_`m| H$

goÂ_obV hmZ H$s AmemE™ Am°a [yN>V h° oH$ ∑`m Xm oXZ H$ obE

]gm| Am°a Q≠>H$m| H$s [m]›Xr bJm Xr Om` V] Xm gmh] Bg H$m`© H$m

AZwoMV, AZ°oVH$ Am°a J°a H$mZyZr _mZH$a H$hV h° - ""[wobg H$m

[yam ‡]›Y hmZm Mmoh` Am°a dh ^r gª` ohXm`V H$ gmW oH$

oH$gr Vah H$s H$mB© r Aem^Zr` KQ>Zm Z KQ> $& ‡OmV›Ã _| ‡Xe©Z

[a amH$ Zht bJm gH$V $&''42

Xm gmh] H$s Hw$o[V hmV H$_ bmJm Z XIm hmJm [a O] hmV

h° Vm CZH$m Òda Am°a Vda gm_Zdmb r rVa VH$ [a[am XZ H$s

j_Vm aIVm h° $& AVï Xm gmh] EH$ Hw$eb amOZroVk h° dh A[Zr

MVwaVm g Omamda H$m gmhg g_mflV H$a XVm h° Am°a o]gy H$s _•À`w

H$ _m_b _| H$hV h° AmÀ_hÀ`m H$m _m_bm Zhr Am°a o]›Xm H$m

o]gw H$s _m°V H$m oOÂ_Xma R>hamV h° $&

Bg ‡H$ma "_hm^mO' C[›`mg _| Xm gmh] H$ MnaÃ H$m

266

_hŒd[yU© _mZm Om gH$Vm h° Am°a C›h| EH$ g\$b ZVm hr

_mZ Om`Jm $&

M KZÌ`m_ :-

KZÌ`m_ _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z "Òdm_r' eaVMß– H$s H$hmZr[mÃ _|

Wm ∂S>m [nadV©Z H$aH$ ZdrZ MmnaoÃH$ odefVmAm| H$ gmW A[Z

C[›`mg "Òdm_r' _| oMoÃV oH$`m h° $&

_›Zy ßS>mar H$ "Òdm_r' C[›`mg _| KZÌ`m_ gß`V, oeÓQ> VWm

gÂ` ‡H•$oV H$m wdmZ h° $& dh ‡oVHy$b [napÒWoV g r g_Pm°Vm

H$aZ H$s A[yd© j_Vm aIVm h° $& KZÌ`m_ _| Xygam| H$ _Z H$s [r∂S>m

H$m g_PZ H$s eo∑V h° $& CgH$s [ÀZr o_Zr H$s –oÓQ> _| KZÌ`m_

Amam[, Amj[ VWm Ï`ßΩ` H$aZdmb [wÈfm| g AbJ odefVmAm|

H$m ÒÃmV h° $&

KZÌ`m_ _| oZU©` bZ H$ eo∑V h° $& CgH$m MnaÃ pÒWa h° $&

KZÌ`m_ A[Zr ]hZ Qw>›Zr H$s emXr _| XhO _mßJ OmZ [a CgH$m

odamY H$aVm h° Am°a dh Cg OJh emXr H$aZ g Ò[ÓQ> B›H$ma H$a

XVm h° $& ""_¢ b∂S>H$s H$m gm°Xm Zht H$È™Jm $&''42

o_Zr H$s gmg CgH$ Ï`dhma g XwïIr hmH$a Cg _m™ H$ [mg

dm[g OVm MmhVr h° Vm KZÌ`m_ H$hVm h° ""BgZ JwZmh oH$`m Vm

Bg hr gOm Xm _mß Bg `hm™ g ^OH$a Vm Vw_ _wP gOm X

S>mbmJr $&''43

XhO ‡Wm Z _‹`dJu` [nadma H$s emßoV H$m o_Q>m oX`m h° $&

"Òdm_r' C[›`mg H$s gm°Xmo_Zr H$s ZZX Qw>H$s Om [ß–h gmb H$s h°

[a CgH$s _m™ oXZ-amV ]Q>r H$ oddmh H$s qMVm H$aVr h° $& EH$

naÌVm AmVm h° [aßVw b∂S>H$dmb [¿Mrg hOma È[`m| H$s _m™J H$aV

267

h° $& _m™ KZÌ`m_ g H$hVr h° -

""_m™J h° [¿Mrg hOma Vm XZ hr [∂S>J $& O°g ^r hm, dram

B ßVOm_ È[`m| H$ [rN> ∑`m _ar b∂S>H$s AZ„`mhr hr ah

OmEJr $&''44

KZÌ`m_ H$hmV h° - ""_m™ _¢ XwH$mZ ]MVm A[Z H$s ]MVm

AJa Qw>H$s C›h| [gßX hmVr Vm _¢ O°g ^r hmVm, Ohm™ g ^r hmVm

È[E H$m ‡]ßY H$aVm $& [a ]mV h h° oH$ b∂S>H$s C›h| [gßX Zhr h° $&

d og\©$ gm°Xm H$aZm MmhV h° $&''45 EH$ Xm _hrZ aI b|J Am°a o\$a

dm[g Ô X|J $& KZÌ`m_ A[Zr ]hZ H$m gm°Xm H$aZm Zhr

MmhVm $&

AmJ KZÌ`m_ H$hVm h° - ""_m™ Vw_ OmZVr Zhr h_ma ]ßJmbr

[nadmam _| oH$VZ bmJ Egr emoX`m™ H$aV h° Am°a emXr H$ _hrZ -

Xm _hrZ ]mX b∂S>H$s H$m dm[g CgH$ Ka N>m∂S> OmV h° $&''48

g°Xmo_Zr A[Z [oV KZÌ`m_ H$m g_P Zhr [mVr dh gmMVr

h° - ""gm_Z I∂S> Bg Ïò∑V H$m dh H$^r g_P Zht [m Jr, oH$Vm]m|

g [m`m kmZ Cg OmZZ H$ obE h_em AmN>m [S> J`m h° $&''49

KZÌ`m_ H$ N>mQ> N>mQ> dm∑` o_Zr H$s PßPm°a S>mbV Am°a CgH$

gÂ[yU© Ïò∑VÀd H$m ]Xb XV h° Bgr dOh g o_Zr H$hVr h° -

""oOVZ g IwX odoMÃ ‡_ H$m BZH$m VarH$m ^r CVZm hr

odoMÃ $&''50

gm°Xmo_Zr H$m oddmh CgH$s B¿N>m H$ odamY KZÌ`m_ g

hmVm h° $& dh Egm gmMH$a [oVJ•h AmVr h° oH$ dh oH$gr H$s ^r

[ÀZr ]ZH$a Zhr ah gH$Jr $& dm mJ OmZ H$s mOZmE™ ]ZmVr h° $&

Am°a dh A[Z ‡_r H$ gmW mJ OmVr h° $& KZÌ`m_ ‡_r H$ gmW

268

^mJr [ÀZr H$m [wZï ÒdrH$ma H$a A[Z H$m odoeÓQ> ]Zm XVm h° $&

KZÌ`m_ gmYmaU Ïò∑V`m| g o^›Z h° $& o_Zr H$m ‡_r ZaZ H$hVm

h° - Ka g mJr h˛B© ÒÃr H$m eaU XZdmb Xd [wÈf _°Z A[Z Xe _|

Vm H$^r XI Zhr $& am_ VH$ Vm grVm H$m Zhr ]Mm [m` $& o_Zr

H$hVr h° - ""R>rH$ H$hV hm, am_ Zhr H$a [m` W [a ` H$a XJ $&

CXmaVm, j_m ` g] _a obE oH$Vm]r e„X W BZH$m AW© Vm _°Z

BZH$ gÂ[H©$ _| AmH$a hr OmZm g_Pm $&''51

Bg ‡H$ma o_Zr H$s –oÓQ> _| KZÌ`m_ am_ g r H$hr lÓR> h° $&

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z A_a S>m∑Q>a Omer, ]›Q>r, Xm gmh] Am°a

KZÌ`m_ BZ g^r MnaÃm| H$ MnaÃ odÌbfU _| _ZmodkmZ Am°a

_ZmJó›W`m| H$m a[ya C[`mJ oH$`m h° $& [mÃ H$ht Ahß [ro∂S>V h°

Vm H$ht H$m_-AV•flV Hwß$oR>V AWdm oH$gr _ZmamJ H$ oeH$ma AWdm

AmYwoZH$Vm ]mY g Ow∂S> h˛E h° $& _›Zy ßS>mar Z _ZmodÌbfU H$

ghma BZ g^r MnaÃm| H$s ghO _mZdr` gßdXZmAm| Am°a AZw^yoV

g Om∂S>m h° $& boIH$mZ BZ [mÃm| H$ A›Vï ]m¯ Ïò∑VÀd H$m ‡ÒVwV

oH$`m h° $& CgH$s MmnaoÃH$ odefVmAm| H$m CÎbI oH$`m h° Vm

H$^r EH$ [mÃ Xyga [mÃ H$ Òd^md, AmMma-odMma AmoX H$m

odÌbfU ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $& Bg ‡H$ma BZ_| _ZwÓ` H$ A›Vï CX≤KmQ>Z

H$s ‡d•oŒm AWm©V≤ Bg_| AnVnaH$ odÌbfU oH$`m h° $&

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z _mZogH$ oÒWoV`m| H$m ÒWmo[V H$aZ H$ obE

AmÀ_H$WmÀ_H$ VWm AmÀ_ odÌbfUmÀ_H$ odoY H$m r ‡`mJ oH$`m

h° $& "EH$ B›M _wÒH$mZ' H$s A_bm H$hVr h° -

""_¢ gwI _mZVr hy™ oH$ gwI-gwodYmAm| H$ ]rM ahZm _ar AmXV

hr Zhr _am gßÒH$ma gm ]Z J`m h° $& [m[-[w ` _| Zht _mZVr,

269

_`m©Xm _| Am°a gr_mAm| H$m ^r _¢Z H$^r _hŒd Zht oX`m $&

oH$gr H$s _O]yar H$m m| \$m`Xm CR>m`m OmE h _wPg ghZ Zht

hmVm $&''52

boIH$m Z A[Z H$Wm gmohÀ` _| gw˙_Vm bmZ H$ obE

gßH$VmÀ_H$, ‡VrH$mÀ_H$ [’oV H$m ‡`mJ oH$`m h° $& "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r'

C[›`mg _| boIH$m Z gdm©oYH$ ‡VrH$m| H$m ‡`mJ oH$`m h° $&

_›Zy ßS>mar H$ H$Wm H$ _wª` [mÃ oZÂZ _‹`dJu` _ZwÓ` hr

h° Om ‡d•oŒm _ybH$ `m Ahß _ybH$ Ï`o∑V Zhr, OrdZ H$ KmV

‡oVKmVm| H$m ghVm, hmaVm, hamVm h˛Am, jw–Vm Am°a _ZwÓ`Vm H$m

ghOVm ZH$maVm A[Zr oZU©` eo∑V H$m ]MmVm, bwQ>mVm A[Zr

oO›XJr H$m dhZ H$aVm h° $&

(2) H$hmZr H$ [mÃ :-

H$hmZr _| r [mÃm| H$m A[Zm ÒdVßÃ _hÀd hmVm h°$ & [mÃm| H$

o]Zm H$hmZr AYyar ahVr h° $& H$hmZr OrdZ H$ WmW© g gÂ]o›YV

hmZ H$ H$maU CgH$ [mÃ ^r gm_moOH$ OrdZ g ob` OmV h° $&

_›Zy ßS>mar Z H$hmZr _| [mÃm| H$m _hŒd[yU© ÒWmZ oX`m h° $& boIH$m

Z Zmar [mÃm| H$ gmW-gmW [wÈf [mÃm| H$m ^r gw›Xa oMÃU oH$`m

h° & H$hmZr H$ AoYH$mße [mÃ g_` H$ AZwgma A[Z Am[H$m

]XbZm Zht MmhV AVï odo^›Z _ZmJ´ ßoW`m VWm Hw ß$R>mAm H$m

oeH$ma hm OmV h° Am°a BZ [mÃm| _| ]ZZ Qy>Q>Z H$s ‡oH´$`m oZaßVa

MbVr ahVr h° $& _›Zy ßS>mar Z BZ [mÃm| H$m Wm©W È[ _| oMoÃV

oH$`m h° $&

_›Zy ßS>mar H$ [m™M H$hmZr gßJ´h h° $& Cg_| Hw$b o_bmH$a 48

H$hmoZ`m™ obIr h° $& Bg H$hmoZ`m| _| _wª`Vï dJ©JV Am°a Ï`o∑VÀd

270

‡YmZ [mÃ oXImB© XV h° $& CZH$s Hw$N> H$hmoZ`m| _| EH$ g ¡`mXm

[wÈf [mÃ h° oOg_| Xm ‡_r, Xm [oV, o[Vm-[wÃ Bg ‡H$ma H$ [wÈf

[mÃ h° $& BZ [mÃm| _| A[Zr g_Ò`m VWm Ï`Wm h° gmW hr A[Zr

odefVm r h° $&

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ H$hmZr gmohÀ` H$ ‡_wI [mÃm| H$m Xm dJm _|

]m™Q> H$a g_rjm H$a ahr hˇ™ $&

(1) dJ©JV [mÃ (2) Ï`o∑VÀd‡YmZ [mÃ

1. dJ©JV [mÃ :-

(1) oXbr[ :-

oXbr[ "_¢ hma JB©' H$hmZr gßJ´h H$ Ao^ZVm H$hmZr H$m ‡_wI

[mÃ h° $& Zm`H$ h° dh A[Z H$m AoddmohV OVmH$a aßOZm Zm_H$s

Ao^ZÃr H$m Z H$db N>bVm h° ]oÎH$ Cg emXr H$m dmXm H$aH$

CgH$m oZa›Va AmoW©H$ emfU H$aVm ahVm h° $& oXbr[ Eg oddmohV

[wÈfm| H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aVm h°, Om Zd`wdoV`m| H$m ‡_-Omb _|

\ß$gmV h° Am°a CZH$m ag MygV h¢ $& CZg [yam-[yam \$m`Xm CR>mH$a

C›h| EH$ Egr JhamB© _| YH$b XV h° Ohm™ CZ `wdoV`m™ H$m OrZm

Xy^a hm OmVm h° $&

aßOZm EH$ Ao^ZÃr h° $& CgH$m [naM` o]OZg_Z oXbr[ g

hmVm h° $& oXbr[ MmbmH$ AmX_r h° $& aßOZm mbr^mbr b∂S>oH$ h°

dh oXbr[ [a odÌdmg H$a bVr h° $& oXbr[ H$m Ao^Z` [g›X Zhr

h° Bgob` aßOZm H$m oddmh H$ ]mX H$m_ N>m ∂S> XZ H$s ]mV dh

H$aVm h° $& oXbr[ H$m [Vm h° oH$ b∂S>H$s Cgr H$s Ama qIMVr h° Om

CgH$s C[jm H$aV h° $& Bgob` oXbr[ [hb aßOZm g Xya-Xya ahVm

h° CgH$s C[jm H$aVm h° $& \$b ÒdÈ[ aßOZm CgH$s Ama AmH$of©V

271

hmZ bJVr h° $& Bg Vah g dh aßOZm H$m A[Z de _| H$a bVm h° $&

oXbr[ aßOZm H$m A[Zr _mh-Omb _| \ß$gmVm h° $& dh ha g_`

Cgg A[Z AmXe© ‡_ H$m ]ImZ H$aVm h° VmoH$ aßOZm h g_P

]°R> oH$ oXbr[ Cgg ]h˛V ‡_ H$aVm h° $& oXbr[ H$hVm h° -

""Vw_ Mmh _wP XoH$`mZyg H$hm m [wamUmJ´ßWr [a b°bm-_OZy

H$m ‡_ hr _a ‡_ H$m AmXe© h° $& VwÂhma o]Zm Vm _¢ A[Z OrdZ

H$s H$Î[Zm r Zhr H$a gH$Vm $&''53

aßOZm oXbr[ H$s ]mV g AÀ`moYH$ ‡^modV hmVr h° $& oXbr[

A[Zr ha em_ aßOZm H$ gmW Ï`VrV H$aVm h° $& oXbr[ H$m Hw$N>

È[` MmohE Bgob` dh o]OZg H$m ]hmZm ]VmVm h° $& aßOZm oXbr[

g ‡_ H$aVr h° BgobE dh _wX©Zr gwaV bH$a OmVm h° VmoH$ dh

CgH$m hmb [yN> Cg CgH$s CXmgr XIr Zhr Om`Jr $& Am°a aßOZm

^mdodde hmH$a Cg H$mam MH$ XVr h° $& aßOZm g H$mam MH$ bH$a

dh Cgg emXr H$m PyR>m dmXm H$aVm h° AÀ`ßV g\$mB© g PyR> [a PyR>

]mbVm h° boH$Z aßOZm CgH$s gmar ]mV gM _mZ ]°R>Vr h° $& oXbr[

MH$ bH$a OmVm h° ]mX _ CgH$ VrZ Mma [Ã oZ`o_V È[ g AmE $&

[a BgH$ ]mX CgH$s H$mB© I]a hr Zhr AmB© Am°a Z dh bm°Q>H$a

Am`m & V] aßOZm CgH$ Ka OmVr h°$ & Ohm™ CgZ Vma obIZ H$

obE _O H$m Q≠>mAa Imbm Vm T>a gma [Ã ‡mflV h˛E $& aIm Zm_ H$s

EH$ b∂S>H$s H$ XhamXyZ g obI [Ã W $& aßOZm H$m oXbr[ H$s [ÀZr,

]¿M VWm ‡o_H$m H$m [Vm Mbm V] dh OmZ JB© oH$ oXbr[ oddmohV

h° Am°a CgZ ‡o_H$m ZmQ>H$ oH$`m Wm $&

aßOZm H$db aßJ_ßM [a Ao^Z` H$aVr h° boH$Z oXbr[ H$m

gmam OrdZ hr Ao^Z` h° dh EH$ Ao^ZVm h° $& oXbr[ H$ Bg

272

Ao^Z` g aßOZm r N>br OmVr h° $& Bg ‡H$ma Ï`dhmnaH$ OrdZ _|

^r dh EH$ g\$b Ao^ZVm gmo]V hmVm h° $&

YZdmZ Zmna`m| H$m A[Z _mhOmb _| \ß$gmZm Am°a CZH$m YZ

h∂S>[ H$a bZm hr oXbr[ H$m o]OZg h° _›Zy ßS>mar Z ÒdmW© bmbw[

oXbr[ H$s _Zmd•oŒm [a ‡H$me S>mbm h° $&

(2) `wdH$ :-

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s "Ì_emZ' H$hmZr H$m ‡_wI [mÃ h° `wdH$ $&

`wdH$ H$ MnaÃ oMÃU H$aH$ boIH$mZ [wÈfm| H$s AmÀ_ H$o›–V d•oŒm

[a ‡H$me S>mbm h° $& Bg H$hmZr _| `wdH$ H$s VrZ ]ma emXr

hmVr h° $& VrZm [oÀZ`m™ _a OmVr h° BgH$ Zer] _| em`X [ÀZr gwI

Zhr h° $& ha [ÀZr H$ _•À`w H$ g_` dh H$hVm h° oH$ A] [ÀZr H$m

o]Zm dh OrodV Zhr ahJm $& dh BVZm H$ÈUm– MrÀH$ma H$aVm h°

oH$ Ì_emZ O°gm gßdXZ ey›` Am°a d°amΩ` g am O∂S> ÒWmZ r [grO

H$a O°g CgH$ gmW amZ bJVm h°$ & boH$Z dh OrodV ahVm h°

∑`m|oH$ OrZ H$s AmaOy ‡_^mdZm g AoYH$ ‡]b hmVr h° $&

`wdH$ H$s [hbr [ÀZr _a OmVr h° $& dh A[Zr [ÀZr H$ e]

gohV H$ÈUmHß$XZ H$aVm h˛Am Ì_emZ _| AmVm h° Am°a \w$Q>-\w$Q>H$a

amVm h° _mZm CgH$m gd©Òd byQ> J`m hm $& Xyga oXZ Ì_emZ _| OmH$a

dh A[Zr [ÀZr H$s amI ]Q>maZ bJVm h° $& CgH$s Am™I bmb hm

J`r h° VWm dh [mJbm| H$s m™oV b∂S>I∂S>m ahm h° $& dh Oma-Oma g

odbm[ H$aV h˛E H$hVm h° -

""Vw_ _wP N>m∂S>H$a H$hm™ JB© gwH$er ? mX h° oH$VZr ]ma Vw_Z

H$g_| ImB© Wr oH$ oµO›XJr ^a Vw_ _am gmW XmJr [a ? A] _°

VwÂhma o]Zm OrodV Zhr ah gH$Vm $& Vw_ _wP A[Z [mg ]wbm bm,

273

Vw_ Zhr Vm _a OrdZ H$m H$mB© AW© Zhr, H$mB© gma Zhr, H$mB© ag

Zhr, VwÂht Vm _am OrdZ Wr, _ar ‡aUm Wr $&''54

[hbr [ÀZr H$ ]mX dh Xygar emXr H$aVm h° $& boH$Z VrZ df©

]rVV hr Xygar [ÀZr r _a OmVr h° CZH$ ed H$m bH$a dh Ì_emZ

_| OmVm h° $& o\$a Cgr ‡H$ma odbm[ H$aVm h° - ""_° VwÂhma o]Zm

H$°g OrodV ahˇ™Jm $& Vw_ hr Vm _am ‡mU Wr $& A] h oZÓ‡mU Xh

H°$g OrodV ahJr ? _wP A[Z [mg ]wbm bm $& gwH$er Vm

AZwJmo_Zr Wr [a Vw_ Vm _ar ghJmo_Zr Wr h_ Vm Xm eara EH$

‡mU W $& O] ‡mU hr Mb J` Vm eara H$m ∑`m ‡`mOZ $&''55

Xygar [ÀZr H$s _•À`w H$ ]mX dh Vrgar emXr H$aVm h° $& boH$Z

Xm df© ^r Zhr h˛E oH$ CgH$s Vrgar [ÀZr _a OmVr h° $& dh Cgr

‡H$ma dhr [wamZr ]mV| Hß$R>ÒW [mR> H$s Vah XmhamVm ahVm h° $& dh

ha ]ma H$hVm h° oH$ OrodV Zhr ahJm, o\$a ^r OrodV ahZ H$m

‡`ÀZ H$aVm h°, dh wdH$ ha od`mJ Pb bVm h° $& Bg ‡H$ma wdH$mm

A[Zm OrdZ fl`mam h° $& Am°a ]mV| Vm og\©$ oXImdm h° $&

`h H$hmZr _mZdr` ‡_ Am°a VXO›` AZw^d H$m Ao^Ï`∑V

H$aZdmbr ge∑V H$hmZr h° $& AmÀ_H$o›–V wdH$ H$m oMÃU H$aZ

_| boIH$m g\$b h˛B© h° $&

(3) [ßoS>V JOmYa emÒÃr Or :-

`h _›Zy ßS>mar H$s "[ßoS>V JOmYa emÒÃr' H$hmZr H$ ‡_wI

[wÈf [mÃ h° $& d Eg [wÈfm| H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aV h° Om A[Z Am[H$m

_hmZ gmohÀ`H$ma g_PV h° hmbmßoH$ C›h| gmohÀ` g H$mB© bJmd

Zhr $& boH$Z d AmÀ_ ‡eßgm _| brZ ahV h° $&

Bg H$hmZr _| H•$oÃ_ gVhr bIH$m| H$ AhßH$ma [a Ï`ßΩ` h°

274

H$hmZr H$ Zm`H$ [ßoS>V JOmYa emÒÃr H$s aMZm N>mÃm[`mJr [oÃH$m

_| N>[ OmZ g dh Òd`ß H$m _hmZ gmohÀ`H$ma g_PV h° $& [war

H$hmZr AmÀ_ ÌbmYr H$ Xe Am°a ´_ _| [∂S> PwR> AhßH$ma g J´ÒV

AmX_r H$s H$hmZr h° $&

[ßoS>VOr H$s _wbmH$mV EH$ bIH$ g hm OmVr h° $& emÒÃrOr

C›h| A[Zr [hMmZ EH$ _hmZ gmohÀ`H$ma H$ Í$[ _| H$amZm MmhVm

h° $& d A[Zm [naM` XV h˛E H$hV h° -

""_° hˇß H$hmZr bIH$ [ß. JOmYa emÒÃr & oX oh›Xr gmohÀ`

g Am[H$m Wm∂S>m r [naM` hmJm Vm Am[Z JOmYa emÒÃr H$m Zm_

AdÌ` gwZm hmJm $& dh ZmMrO _¢ hˇ™ $&''56

emÒÃrOr AmO H$ bIH$m| H$r AmbmMZm H$aV h° $& d CZH$

AZw^d A‹``m VWm gmohÀ`-gmYZm H$s H$o_`m™ ]VmV h° $& H$hmZr

_| EH$ ‡gßJ Egm h° Om emÒÃr Or H$s hrZ ‡d•oŒm [a ‡H$me S>mbVm

h° $& d g_ßXa H$ oH$Zma EH$ wdVr H$m oZhma ah h° Om EH$ _Îbmh

H$m hmW [H$S> H$a Zhm ahr h° $& H$[∂S> rJH$a CgH$ eara g oM[Q>

JE W $& emÒÃrOr I∂S> -I∂S> ]∂S> gV•ÓUm ZÃm| g Cgr –Ì` H$m

agmÒdmXZ H$a ah W $& d ]VmV h° oH$ Cg `wdVr _| H$hmZr H$m

flbmQ>, Ty > ™T> ah W $& [a `h H$hZm _woÌH$b Wm oH$ d H$hmZr H$m

flbmQ> Ty>™T> ah W oH$ wdVr H$ eara _| Hw$N> Ty>™T> ah W $&

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z ImIb Ahß g [ro∂S>V emÒÃr Or H$m oMÃU

AÀ`ßV gw˙_Vm g oH$`m h° $& d AmÀ_‡eßgm _ brZ ahVm h° $&

\$bÒdÈ[ g_mO H$ hßgm H$m H$maU ]Z OmVm h° $& CgH$m Ahß CgH$

Ï`o∑VÀd H$m H$_Oma H$a XVm h° $& CZH$s gmohÀ` gÂ]›Yr AÎ[kVm

C›h| Am°a r ImIbm ]Zm XVr h° $& d A[Z Am[ H$m EH$ Egr JV©

275

_| YH$b XV h° Ohm™ C›h H$db AmÀ_ ‡dßMZm hr o_bVr h° $&

boIH$m Z Bg ÒdmWu Ed_≤ ImIb Ïò∑VÀd H$m ]∂S>r ghOVm g

oMoÃV oH$`m h° $& boIH$m Z emÒÃrOr H$ ¤ma CZ AmYwoZH$ bIH$m|

[a Ï`ßΩ` oH$`m h° Om _m°obH$Vm H$ A^md _| VÒH$a d•oŒm J´hU H$aV

h˛E AmÀ_ ‡eßgm ¤mam A[Z _m lÓR> gmohÀ`H$ma og’ H$aZ H$m

‡`mg H$aV h° $& h AhßH$ma J´ÒV AmX_r H$s H$hmZr h° $&

(4) o_. I›Zm :-

o_. I›Zm "ImQ> og∑H$' H$hmZr H$ ‡_wI [wÈf [mÃ h° $&

d g_mO H$ CZ R>H$Xmam| H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aV h° Om XrZ-hrZ _OXyam|

H$m emfU H$a A[Zr oVOmna`m™ È[`m| g a XV h°ß $&

I›Zm gmh] Q>H$gmb H$ C¿M [XmoYH$mar h° CZH$m Òd^md

H$R>ma h° $& d H$m©bO H$s N>mÃmAm| H$m Q>H$gmb XIZ H$s AZw_oV

XV h° VWm Òd`ß Q>H$gmb oXImZ bJV h° $& dhm™ _OXya H$¿M YmVw

H$m Jbm`r OmZdmbr ô≈>`m| H$ gß_wI H$m_ H$aV h° $& d ô≈>`m™

oZaßVa AmJ ]agmVr h° oOgg _OXya Pwbg OmV h° $& boH$Z I›Zm

gmh] H$m _OXyam| H$s H$mB© [dm© Zhr h° $& oZaßVa _erZ H$s Vah

H$m_ H$aZdmb _OXyam| H$m XIH$a N>mÃmE™ I›Zm gmh] g H$hVr h°

oH$ A[Zr OmZ OmoI_ _| S>mbH$a bmJ `hm™ ∑`y ß AmV h° ? V]

I›Zm gmh] H$hV h° -

""H$m_ H$aZ $& Aa EH$ OJh Imbr hmVr h° Vm [Mmgm| Qy>Q>

[∂S>V h° $& Am[ OmZVr Zhr h_ma Xe _| B›gmZ H$s OmZ ]∂S>r

gÒVr h° $&''57

`h H$hmZr _OXyam| H$ emfU H$s H$hmZr h° $& Bg Q>H$gmb _|

_OXyam| H$ gmW ]h˛V gr XwK©Q>Zm`| hmVr ahVr h° oH$gr H$ hmW H$Q>

276

OmV h° oH$ oH$gr H$ [°a $& boH$Z I›Zm gmh] CZ _OXyam| g H$mB©

ghmZw^yoV Zhr OVmV ]oÎH$ C›h| XwÀH$maV h° $& dh _OXyam| g mar

H$m_ bV h° $boH$Z og\©$ 60 È. _mogH$ dVZ XV h° $& EH$ _OXya

H$s XmZm| Q>mßJ H$Q> JB© Am°a CgH$s [ÀZr I›Zm gmh] g H$m_ _mßJZ

Am`r h° dh o]ZVr H$aVr h° oH$ CgH$ [oV H$m ImQ> og∑H$

MwZZ H$m H$m_ oX`m OmE $& boH$Z I›Zm gmh] Cg XwÀH$maV h° $&

Bg Ï`dhma g N>mÃmE™ Ï`oWV hm OmVr h° V] I›Zm gmh] A[Z

Ï`o∑VÀd H$m CZ [a ]wam Aga Z [∂S> BgobE g\$mB© XZ bJV h° -

""Q>m™J H$Q> JB© Vm h_Z Xm°-gm° È[` _wAmdO H$ X oX` $& Am°a

h_ H$a r ∑`m gH$V h° ? m| BZ bmJm| H$m hm™ o]R>Zm eÈ H$a X|

Vm Q>H$gmb A[ßJm H$m A»>m ]Z Om` $& Am` oXZ hm™ Egr XwK©Q>ZmEß

hmVr ahVr h° $&''58

I›Zm gmh] O°g g_mO H$ C¿M AoYH$mar _OXyam| H$m emfU

H$aV h° $& _OXyam| g AoYH$ _hZV H$adm H$a C›h| _mogH$ dVZ

60 È[` XV h° Om A[ßJ _OXya h° C›h| Q>H$gmb _| hbH$m-gm H$m_

^r Zht oX`m OmVm MßX È[`m| g CZH$s OmZ H$s H$s_V Vmbr OmVr

h° $& g_mO _| I›Zm gmh] O°g g_m H$ R>H$Xma C›h| Hw$N> _wAmdOm

XH$a A[Z CŒmaXmo`Àd g _w∑V hmZm MmhV h° $& ‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _|

o_. I›Zm H$m EH$ g_mO Hß$Q>H$ H$ È[ _| oMoÃV H$aZ _| boIH$m

H$m\$s hX VH$ g\$b h˛B© h° $& BgH$ ¤mam boIH$m Z AmoW©H$ g_Ò`m

[a Jham ‡hma oH$`m h° $&

(5) Hwß$Vr H$ o[Vm :-

"j`' H$hmZr _| Hw ß$Vr H$ o[Vm ‡_wI [wÈf [mÃ h° $& d Eg

[wÈfm| H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aV h° oO›h| emarnaH$ Xw]©bVm H$ H$maU

277

A[Z ]¿Mm| g Zm°H$ar H$amZr [∂S>Vr h° Am°a `hr XwI OrdZ â

gVmVm ahVm h°$ &

`hr gM h° H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s ‡W_ H$hmZr "j`' h° $& Bg H$hmZr

_| o[Vm H$ j`J´ÒV hm OmZ [a Zd`wdVr b∂S>H$s H$m [nadma H$s

gmar XI^mb H$aZr [∂S>Vr h° CgH$s gmar AmH$mßjmE™ odbrZ hm

OmVr h° $& Cg Hw$N> N>m ∂S>H$a [nadma MbmZ H$ obE Zm°H$ar H$aZr

[∂S>Vr h°ß $& Hwß$Vr H$ o[Vm h_em o]ÒVa [a [∂S> ahV h° $& d j`J´ÒV

hmZ H$ H$maU Hw$N> Zhr H$a [mV $& BgobE Ka [nadma H$m

CŒmaXmo`Àd d Hwß$Vr [a gm°[V h° $& d ]r_mar H$ H$maU A›Xa-]mha

g [yar Vah Qy>Q> MwH$ h° $& d H$m\$s ]Xb J` h° $& BgH$ gmW-gmW

CZH$ AmXe© Edß og’mßV ^r ]Xb JE h°, BZH$m N>mQ>m ]Q>m Qw>›Zr

AmR>_r H$jm _| [∂T>Vm h° $& dh EH$ gmb \$b h˛Am h° $& BgobE

Qw>›Zr H$ ImoVa Hwß$Vr H$ o[Vm Hwß$Vr H$m hS>_mÒQ>a g o_bZ H$ obE

H$hV h° $& Qw>›Zr ^r Hwß$Vr g H$hVm h° oH$ dh hS>_mÒQ>a gmh] H$

[mg OmVr Vm CgH$m EH$ gmb ]M OmVm $& o[Vm H$s `h ]r_mar

Hwß$Vr H$m gmMZ H$ obE odde H$a XVr h° -

""h ^JdmZ A] Vm Vy [m[m H$m CR>m b _wPH$m ]Xm©ÌV Zhr

hmVm _¢ Qy>Q> MyH$s h˛™ $&''59

Hwß$Vr H$ o[Vm A[Z Am[H$m Aghm` _hgyg H$aV h° AVï

KaH$m CŒmaXmo`Àd Hwß$Vr [a gm¢[V h° $& Hwß$Vr Qw>›Zr H$m Bbhm]mX

ÔZm MmhVr h° $& BgobE dh o[Vm H$s AZw_oV bZm MmhVr h° $&

o[Vm A[Zr Xw]©bVm ‡H$Q> H$aV h˛E H$hV h° -

""Ô XZm, _° H$m°Z hmVm hˇ™ Hw$N> H$aZdmbm ? A] Vm VwÂhr

g]Hw$N> hm, Om Mmhm H$am $& _° j` H$m amJr $&''60

278

Hwß$Vr [nadma H$s oOÂ_Xmar H$ H$maU gmodÃr H$m Q>`weZ r

H$aVr h° $& gmodÃr H$s _m™ H$hVr h° - "gmodÃr H$s ]mV ]∂S> Ka _|

Mb ahr h° CZ bmJm| H$s EH$ hr oOX h° oH$ b∂S>H$s Xgdt hm Om`Jr

Vm emXr H$aßJ $& Am[ oH$gr Z oH$gr Vah Xgdt _| [h˛™Mdm XroOE

o\$a Vm g™^mb b|J $&''61

gmodÃr H$m [∂T>mZm H$mB© gab H$m_ Zht h° $& Om AmR>dt H$ r

bm`H$ Zhrß h° $& o\$a ^r Hwß$Vr Cg [∂T>mZ OmVr h° AmoW©H$ pÒWoV

H$_Oma hmZ H$ H$maU Am°a Ka H$s oOÂ_Xmar Hw ß$oV [a hmZ H$

H$maU $& o[VmH$s o]_mar H$m Hwß$Vr [a BVZm Aga [∂S>Vm h° oH$ Cg

A[Zr Imßgr r o[Vm H$s Im™gr O°g bJZ bJVr h° $& Hwß$Vr A[Z

j`J´ÒV o[Vm H$s ]r_mar g A[Zr VwbZm H$aVr h° $& Cg Imßgr r

AmVr h° Vm dh gh_ OmVr h° - ""EH$mEH$ Hwß$Vr H$m bJm oH$ `h

Im™gr, `h ImIbr AmdmO [m[m H$s Imßgr g oH$VZr o_bVr

OwbVr h°, hˇ]hˇ d°gr hr Vm h° gh_H$a CgZ Jm∂S>r H$ ere _| g

XIm H$ht CgH$ Mha [a r Vm d°gm Hw$N> Zht Om CgH$ Mha [a

^r d°gr hr _wX©Zr Vm Zht Om CgH$ [m[m H$ Mha [a h° ?''62

`h H$hmZr EH$ gßKf©aV wdVr H$s H$hmZr h° Om [napÒWoV`m|

g b∂S>V-b∂S>V Qy>Q>Vr h˛B© ‡VrV hmVr h° $& Am°a j`J´ÒV o[Vm H$m

A[Z ]¿Mm| H$s qMVm Im` OmVr h° $&

(6) Amem H$ [m[m :-

"`hr gM h°' H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s H$hmZr "gOm' H$ ‡_wI [wÈf

[mÃ h° $& d Eg [wÈfm| H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aV h° Om oZXmf h° boH$Z

›`m`-Ï`dÒWm C›h| _wOna_ H$ama XVr h° $&

_›Zy ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr H$ A›VJ©V Qy>Q>Z o]IaZ H$m oMÃU

279

oH$`m h° $& AmO H$ OrdZ H$m AW©VßÃ Bg AH$b AmX_r H$m Zht

VmS> ahm Ao[Vw CgH$ g_ÒV gÂ]›Ym| _| Xama [°Xm H$a ahm h° Am°a

CgH$ gmMZ H$ VraH$m| _| [nadV©Z H$a ahm h $& BgH$s oZVm›V ]m°o’H$

oH$›Vw OrdZJV mdwH$Vm g _w∑V Ao^Ïò∑V "gOm' H$ A›VJ©V

XIZ H$m o_bVr h° $&

Amem H$ [m[m [a ]rg hOma È[` J]Z H$aZ H$m BÎOm_

bJm`m OmVm h° $& C›h| Xm gmb H$s gOm hmVr h° $& boH$Z A[rb

_ßOya H$admZ H$ ]mX [m[m H$m nahm oH$`m OmVm h° $& Ob g Ny>Q>Z

[a Ka AmZ H$ ]mX [m[m H$m ad°`m hr ]Xb OmVm h° $& d A[Z

Am[H$m EH$ H$_a _| ]›X H$adm bV h° $& dh A[Z ]Q> _w›Zy H$m

]h˛V fl`ma H$aV h° boH$Z [napÒWoV de d Cg XmXm-XmXr H$ gmW

Jm™d O XV h° $& Amem H$m A[Zr ÒHy$b ]g N>m∂S>H$a [°Xb OmZm

[∂S>Vm h° $& A] d [hbdmb [fl[m Zht ah J` $& d gmam oXZ Mw[Mm[

bQ> ahV `m Hw$N> [∂T>V ahV $& H$^r-H$^ma Hw$N> obIV ^r h° $&

[m[m H$m h ÈIm-ÈIm Ï`dhma XI Amem H$s CZH$ [mg OmZ H$s

ohÂ_V Zhr hmVr $&

g_mO H$ S>a g [m[m H$hr r Zm°H$ar H$aZ H$ ob` ]mha Zhr

Om gH$V h° ∑`m|oH$ g_mO H$ bmJ VmZ H$gV h° $& [naUm_ ÒdÈ[

XmXm Or Ka J•hÒWr MbmZ H$ hVw ohgm] obIZ H$m H$m_ H$aH$

25 È[` ÔZ bJV h° $& boH$Z dh H$m_ Ny>Q>Z [a d A[Zr

[›eZ _| g 15 È[` ÔV h° $& Ka H$s oJaVr hmbV XIH$a

Amem H$s _m™ A∑ga ]r_ma ahZ bJVr h° $& Amem H$ [m[m AßYar

H$mR>ar _| AH$b ahV h° VWm A[Zm mOZ d Òd`ß ]ZmV h° $&

Amem H$ [m[m H$m O] B¡OV H$ gmW nahm oH$`m OmVm h° V]

280

Ka H$ gma gXÒ` \y$Q>-\y$Q>H$a am [∂S>V h° $& boH$Z [m[m nahmB© hmZ

[a ^r Iwe Zhr hmV Am°a Z hr CZH$s Am™Im| _| Iwer H$s M_H$

oXImB© XVr h° $&

Amem H$ [nadma H$m H$mQ> © H$s gOm g ^r ]∂T>H$a AßVhrZ

`mVZmAm H$s gOm wJVZr [S>r BgobE CgH$ [m[m H$m H$sZ Zhr

hmVm oH$ C›h gOm Zhr hwB© $& dh ]H$gya h° boH$Z ›`m` Ï`dÒWm

C›h| AmgmZr g _wOna_ H$ama XH$a H$Q>Ka _| I∂S>m H$a XVr h° $& \$b

ÒdÈ[ CgH$m Ï`o∑VÀd IßoS>V hmVm h° $& Am°a d [yar Vah Qy>Q> OmV

h° $& Amem H$ [m[m H$ Bg IßoS>V Ï`o∑VÀd H$m boIH$mZ hˇ]hˇ

oMÃU oH$`m h° $&

(7) eßH$a :-

"eßH$a' "`hr gM h°' H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s "Zem' H$hmZr H$m ‡_wI

[wÈf [mÃ h°$ & dh Eg [wÈfm| H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aV h° Om eam]r h°

Am°a È[`m| [°gm| H$ _m_b _| A[Zr [oÀZ`m| [a oZ^©a ahV h° $&

H$hmZr _| gßÒH$mam| H$ ‡oV AmJ´h h° $& oddmohV Zmar A[Z

gßÒH$mam| g _w∑V Zhr hm [mVr $& [oV H$m [a_Ìda _mZVr h° Am°a

XwïI gh bVr h° $& [oV H$ _ma, Ï`ßΩ`, C[jm, AmoX PbV h˛E r

dh Ka H$m N>m∂S>Z H$s H$Î[Zm Zhr H$aVr & AmZ›Xr A[Z [oV H$m

N>mS>H$a Zhr OmVr $&

eßH$a eam]r h° $& CgH$ o[Vm Zhr _m™ Cg ghr amÒV [a Zhr

bm gH$Vr $& BgobE AmZßXr g emXr H$a XVr h° VmoH$ eßH$a gwYa

gH$ boH$Z eßH$a Am°a r o]J∂S> OmVm h° $& eam] [rZ H$s bV H$

H$maU CgH$ KaH$m gmam YZ, IV IobhmZ Am°a Jm`-^°g r Mbr

OmVr h° $& gmW-gmW AmZßXr H$s oH$Ò_V Am°a ]¿Mm| H$m odÓ` r

281

Mbm OmVm h° $& AmZßXr oXZ-^a _OXyar H$aVr h° Bg È[`m| g eßH$a

Ee H$aVm h°, eam] [rVm h° $& O] AmZ›Xr g [°g Z o_b dh Cg

[rQ>Vm h° $& EH$ oXZ CgH$m Mm°Xh gmb H$m ]Q>m oH$eZ Am J`m

Am°a ]m[ [a P[Q> [∂S>m $&

""H$∑H$m $& Vw_Z _m™ H$m hmW bJm`m Vm _¢ VwÂhmam IyZ [r

OmD™$Jm, _¢ gM H$hVm hˇ™, VwÂhmam IyZ [r OmC™Jm $&''63

oH$eZ Ka N>m∂S>H$a Mbm OmVm h° ]ma gmb H$ ]mX dh AmVm h°

Vm XIVm h° A^r r dhr hmb h° $& o[Vm Ze _| H$hVm h° - ""∑`m

∑`m bm∂S> bS>m ahm h° _m™ g ? Aa, A[Z ]m[ H$m r Vm Hw$N> X !

Hw$N> XZm h° Vm BYa X BYa _¢ Vam ]m[ hˇ™, gmb $&''64

eßH$a AmZßXr g eam] H$ [°g bVm h° [°g Z o_bZ [a Cg

[rQ>Vm h° VWm [°g o_bZ [a dh AmZßXr H$m JwUJmZ H$aVm h° -

""Var O°gr gVr Zmar H$m ^JdmZ OÈa ^bm H$aJm AmZßXr

Egr Am°aV H$ gmW Vm JdmZ r XwÌ_Zr Zht oZ^m gH$Vm $&''65

AmZßX A[Z ]Q> H$ gmW ahZ Mbr OmVr h° eßH$a g VßJ

AmH$a $& ]Q>m oH$eZ≤ Am°a ]hˇ AmZßXr H$s A¿N>r ImoVa H$aV h° $&

boH$Z hr AmZßXr [∂S>mog`m| H$s ogbmB© ]wZmB© H$a Cgg ‡mflV [°g

eßH$a H$m OVr ahVr h° $& Am°a eßH$a eam] [rZ _| _ΩZ ahVm h° $&

‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| boIH$m Z eßH$a H$ _m‹`_ g [wÈf ‡YmZ

g_mO Ï`dÒWm [a Jham AmKmV oH$`m h° $&

(8) S>m. X`mb :-

_›Zy ßS>mar H$s "B›H$_Q>°∑g Am°a ZtX' H$hmZr H$ ‡_wI [wÈf

[mÃ h° S>m. X`mb $& dh hß_em AmÀ_‡eßgm _| brZ ahV h° $& Bg

H$hmZr _| ^´ÓQ>mMma Am°a CgH$ ododY Í$[m| H$m oMÃU h˛Am h° $&

282

S>m©∑Q>a X`mb ‡gmX MVwdXr ]mbamJ odefk h° $& C›hm|Z A[Z

H$m ewÈ g hr S>m©∑Q>a X`mb H$ Zm_ g [naoMV H$aadm`m S>m™. MVwdXr

H$ Zm_ g Zhr $& dh Eg [wÈfm| H$m ‡oVnZoYÀd H$aVm h° Om [nadma

‡_wI hmV h° gma [nadma [a A[Zr hHy$_V MbmV h° $& BZH$ [mg

]h˛V H$_ [eßQ> AmV h° oOgH$ H$maU AmoW©H$ A^md ahVm h° boH$Z

`h ]mV d ÒdrH$ma Zhr H$aV $&

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_oh_m H$m Ka _ o]R>m H$a aIm h° S>m©. X`mb H$m h ]mV [gßX Zhr

d H$hV h° -

""]m[-]Q>r XmZm| H$m ]g EH$ hr oOX Wr S>m©∑Q>ar [∂T>Jr $& bm

gm], hm JB S>m∑Q>a A] ]g go_Zma-do_Zma _| hr S>mbVr o\$am,

Ka oR>H$mZm Vm H$mB© hmZm Zhr h° BZH$m [Vm Zhr gmbm ∑`m O_mZm

Am`m h° $&''66

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CgH$m oddmh OÎX g OÎX H$aZm MmhV h° $& _oQ≠>H$ H$ ]mX b∂S>H$s

H$m Ka aIZ _| d odÌdmg Zht H$aV $& d gmMV h° b∂S>oH$`m| H$m Vm

Ka-J•hÒWr hr H$aZr h° oOVZr OÎXr g™^mb| CVZm hr A¿N>m $&

X`mb A[Z ]Q> _oh_ H$m BßOroZ`a m dH$sb ]ZmZm MmhV h° O]

oH$ dh EH$ ohgm] obIZdmbm ∑bH©$ ]Z J`m h° $&

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Jmb_mb Vm XwoZ`m a H$m oH$` ahV h° $& gmam H$m_ _wP gm¢[ J`m

h° oH$ O°g ^r hm gma ]hr-ImVm| H$m Bg Í$[ _| V°`ma H$Í$ oH$

H$mB© AmßM Z Am` $& ]M J` Vm EH$ hµOma È[` XZ H$m dm`Xm

oH$`m h° $&''67

283

]MwAm H$ Bg H$WZ _| dV©_mZ H$s odH•$V Ï`dÒWm H$ Xe©Z

hmV h° Ohmß B›H$_Q>°∑g dmbm| H$s OmßM g Ï`m[mna`m| H$s ZtX Jmb

hmVr h° X`mb ]m]y H$ [mg B›∑dm`ar Am OmZ [a C›h| JhZ oZ–m

AmVr h° ∑`m|oH$ B›H$_Q>°∑g H$s Va\$ g [Ã Am OmZ [a C›hm|Z

A[Zr VrOr _oh_m g Om S>rJ hmßH$s Wr dh C›h| gÀ` ‡VrV hmZ

bJVm h° $&

S>m©. X`mb A[Zr ^VrOr _oh_m Om Ebm[Wr H$s S>m©∑Q>a h°

Cgg B©Ó`m© ^md aIV h° ∑`m|oH$ dh gaH$mar AÒ[Vmb _| Zm°H$ar

H$a ‡mBdQ> ‡°o∑Q>g r H$aVr h° $& _oh_m H$s JmS>r bH$a Ky_Zm S>m.

X`mb H$m Ee bJVm h° $& d hmo_`m[°oWH$ H$m gd©lÓR> ]VmV h°

A[Z Am[H$m lÓR> og’ H$amZ H$ hVw d H$hV h° -

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A[Z Xm È[` \$sg aIm g^r ]rg aI b|J Vm Jar]m| H$s JwOa H°$g

hmJr ?''68

S>m©. X`mb H$m _oh_m H$ \$admb _mQ> Vm°ob` g ]∂T>H$a CZH$m

ImXr H$m lÓR> h° Egm ]VmV h° $& Cg MÂ_M g ImZm A¿N>m Zht

bJVm Cg hmW g ImZm A¿N>m bJVm h° $&

S>m©. X`mb A[Zr Yw_ _| _ΩZ h° dh Ahß _ Sy>] hrZ J´ßoW g

J´ÒV h° $& d h_em AmÀ_ ‡eßgm _| brZ ahV h° d g_` H$ gmW

A[Z H$m ]XbZm Zht MmhV $& _›Zy ßS>mar Z AhßdmXr S>m™. X`mb

H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° $&

(9) R>mHw$a VmD$Or :-

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ "EH$ flbQ> g°bm]' H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s "N>V

]ZmZdmb' H$hmZr H$m ‡_wI [wÈf [mÃ h° VmD$Or $& `h H$hmZr

284

_‹`_dJu` [nadma H$s h° oOg_| boIH$mZ [wamZr [rT>r H$s ZB©

[rS>r H$ gmW VwbZm H$s h° $& [wamZ ª`mbmV _| ]∂T>Vm VmD$Or H$m

[nadma ÒdÒW Am°a Iwe h° Z H$ht VZmd h° Z H$hr gßKf© $&

VmD$Or H$m eaX g [yN>m OmZdmbm gdmb CZH$ [mnadmnaH$

emo›V H$m Ò[ÓQ> H$a XVm h° -

""VwÂh| Am` VrZ oXZ hm J`, H$^r XIm Vw_Z ]h˛Am| H$m

b∂S>V h˛E ? gwZr CZH$s Vy-Vy _¢-_¢ ? gm °`m, h_Z ewÈ g hr Egm

ogbogbm o]R>m oX`m oH$ PJ∂S> H$s H$mB© JwßOmBe hr Zhr $&''69

VmD$Or Ymo_©H$ d•oŒm H$ [wÈf h° $& A[Z bbmQ> [a bß]m-gm

oVbH$ bJmV h°, ]ßX Jb H$m g\$X H$mQ> [hZV h°$ & oOg_| gmZ H$

]Q>Z bJ h° VWm oga [a H$b\$Xma gm\$m ]m™YV h° $& CZH$m Mham

Hw$N> AoYH$ oMH$Zm Ed_≤ eara Hw$N> AoYH$ H$gm h˛Am h° $& VmD$Or

H$db hw∑_ XV h° $& [ya [nadma H$ gX≤Ò` VmD$Or H$ Bema [a MbV

h° $& CZH$m H$mB© A[Zm ApÒVÀd Zht h° VWm d A[Z _Ou H$

_mobH$ ^r Zhr h° VmD$Or H$ ]Q> ^r ]∂S> Ymo_©H$ ]Z J` h° d

oZ`o_V Í$[ g _ßoXa OmV h° $& VmD$OrZ C›h| ‡modOZ Am°a OZab

ÒQ>ma [a o]R>m oX`m h° $& Hw$N> gmb [hb N>mQy> H$m`ÒW b∂S>H$s g

oddmh H$aZm MmhVm Wm [a VmD$Or Z A[Zr _Ou g CgH$s emXr

H$am Xr $& VmD$Or H$m A[Zr ]h˛Am| H$m o]Zm Ky ™KQ> ob` Ky_Zm

o\$aZm A¿N>m Zhr bJVm BgobE CZH$s ]h˛E™ h_em Ky™KQ> Am∂T>

ahVr h° $& d A[Zr ]Q>r o]Q≤>Qy > H$m oddmh OÎX g OÎX H$amZm

MmhV h° O] oH$ dh A^r N>mQ>r h° $& VmD$Or O°gm Mmh d°gm hr

gXÒ`m| H$m ImZm-[rZm VWm [hZZm-Am∂T>Zm [S>Vm h° $& BgobE

gma gXÒ` Mm` H$ ]Om` XyY `m bÒgr [rV h° $& eaX Mm` [rZm

285

MmhVm h° [a VmD$Or XyY-bÒgr H$ \$m`X Am°a Mm` g hmZdmb

ZwH$gmZ H$m gwZmV h° $&

Bg_| A›YodÌdmg gmYw _hmÀ_m H$ ‡oV AÀ`oYH$ AmÒWm H$

^r Xe©Z hmV h¢ -

""AÂ_m _hmXd Or H$ _ßoXa _| EH$ ]∂S> M_ÀH$mar _hmÀ_m

Am` h°, C›ht g bH$a Vm]rO ]mßYr, d°X hH$s_m| g h JoR>`m Zhr

Om`Jr $&''70

VmD$Or Bg H$hmZr H$ Zm`H$ h° d OmßV-[mßV H$m _hŒd XZdmb

VWm b∂S>oH$`m| H$s ÒdV›ÃVm H$m ^r AZwoMV _mZV h° $& eaX H$s

]hZ hram H$ AoddmohV ahZ [a VWm CgH$ S>m∑Q>a ]Z OmZ [a

CZH$m h H$WZ CZH$s _mZogH$Vm H$m hr [naMm`H$ h° -

""A] Vm hm J`r ]∂S>r [a [Q> _| g Vm S>m∑Q>a hmH$a Zht oZH$br

Wr, h_mar Vm Hw$N> g_P _| hr Zhr AmVm oH$ am_Ìda Z h gma Ka

H$m ogbogbm ∑`m| o]Jm∂S> aIm h° $& b∂S>oH$`m| H$m H$ht m Ny>Q> Xr

OmVr h° ? bJVm h° am_Ìda Z ]¿Mm| H$s Va\$ g Am™I _y ™X

br h° $&''71

VmD$Or H$s –oÓQ> XyaXeu h° d A[Z ahV D$[a H$s _ßoOb

]ZdmZm MmhV h° $& VmD$Or Ka H$ H$_mßS>a h° $& d A[Z VarH$ g

OrdZ OrV h° VWm Xygam| H$m r OrZ H$ obE ]m‹` H$aV h° $&

VmD$Or A[Zr _Ou H$ _mobH$ h° $& d ]m¯ OJV g ANy>V h°

Am°a A[Z ]¿Mm| H$m r aIZm MmhV h° $& boIH$m Z VmD$Or H$m

EH$ H$_mßS>a H$ Í$[ _| oMoÃV oH$`m h° $&

(10) ]m]m :-

"gßª`m H$ [ma' H$hmZr H$ ‡_wI [wÈf [mÃ h° ‡o_bm H$

286

]m]m $& `h ^mdZm ‡YmZ H$hmZr h° $& gßVmZ H$ obE oN>[r

__Vm H$m gw›Xa oMÃU boIH$mZ oH$`m h° $& ]m]m H$ H´$moYV hmZ

[a ^r AmOr A[Zr ]Q>r H$m Ka AmZ g Zhr amH$ [mVr h° $&

Bgr ‡H$ma AmOr H$s ]Q>r A[Zr [wÃr ‡o_bm g o_b o]Zm Zht ah

[mVr $& ggwamb g b∂S>mB© PJ∂S>m H$aH$, A[Z o[Vm H$ ¤mam A[_mZ

H´$mY H$m PbV h˛E r ‡o_bm g o_bZ AmVr h° $&

‡o_bm H$ ]m]m AÀ`ßV H´$mYr Òd^md H$ h° $& CZH$ H´$mY g

gmam eha Wam©Vm h° $& CZH$s odYdm ]Q>r A[Zr ]¿Mr H$m N>m∂S>H$a

Mbr J`r h° $& BgobE ]m]m A[Zr ]Q>r H$ Zm_ g oM∂T>V h° $&

BgH$s ]¿Mr r [adnae ]m]m Am°a CZH$s [ÀZr Z H$s h° $& O] r

‡o_bm H$s _m™ Ka AmVr h° ]m]m Cgg PJ∂S>V h° Am°a VhbH$m _Mm

XV h° $& d H´$mY _| AmH$a KaH$s gmar MrO| \$H$V h° oMIV-oMÎbmV

h° $& CgH$ Ka AmZ [a CgH$s Q>m ™J Vm ∂S> XZ H$s ]mV H$aV h° $&

CgH$s [ÀZr H$m XwïI hmVm h° d CgH$s mdZmE™ g_PV Zhr Am°a

AmOr g H$hV h° -

""Hw$N> Zhr CZ bmJm| Z Hw$N> bZ-obdmZ H$ obE ^Om

hmJm $& H$mZ ImbH$a gwZ bm, _¢ Cg \y$Q>r H$mS>r Zhr Xy™Jm $& ‡o_bm

[a CgH$s N>m`m ^r Zhr [S>Z Xy ™Jm $&''72 ]m]m _m™ H$s __Vm H$m

È[`m| g Vm°bZm MmhV h° $& boH$Z CZH$s ]Q>r __Vm H$ H$maU

‡o_bm g o_bZm MmhVr h° $& [a ]m]m Cg o_bZ Zht XV $& d _m™

H$s __Vm H$ _yÎ` H$m g_P Zhr [mV $& ]m]m EH$ Eg [wÈf [mÃ h°

Om A[Z AmXem H$ obE ]°R> h° d A[Zr Èo∂T>`m| H$m N>m ∂S> Zhr

gH$V $&

"gßª`m H$ [ma' _| Zmar `mVZm H$m boIH$m Z oMÃU oH$`m

287

h° $& ]m]m A[Zr ]Q>r H$m g_P Zhr [mV Am°a ]Q>r H$m A[_mZ

H$aV h° $& ]m]m H$m bJVm h° oH$ ]Q>r [°gm| H$ obE AmVr h° $&

BgobE ]m]m Cg Xg hOma H$m M°H$ XZm MmhV h° $& boH$Z Cg

M°H$ H$m Rw>H$amH$a dh A[Zr ]Q>r ‡o_bm H$m [m™M È[` XH$a Mbr

OmVr h° $& ]m]m gßH$sU© odMmadmb h° $&

(11) qeX ]mg :-

"qeX' oÃeßHw$ H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s "ÒÃr-gw]moYZr' H$hmZr H$

‡_wI [mÃ h°$& dh Eg [wÈfm| H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aV h° Om oddmohV

hmH$a r oH$gr AoddmohV Zmar H$s mdZmAm| g oIbdm∂S> H$aV

h° VWm C›h| YmIm XV h° $&

qeX Am`H$a od^mJ _| A\$ga h° $& dh EH$ ÒÃr g ‡_ H$m

ZmQ>H$ H$aVm h° $& qeX Cg ÒÃr H$m ]VmV Zhr oH$ dh oddmohV h°

Am°a EH$ ]¿M H$m ]m[ r h° $& dh Iweo_OmO Am°a Iy]gyaV h° $&

CgH$s Am™Im H$s JhamB© _| H$mB© ^r Im OmE $& d H$odVmE™ ^r

obIV h° CgH$s H$odVmE™ [Ã-[oÃH$mAm| _| N>[Vr r h° Am°a Bg

jÃ _| A¿N>m Imgm Zm_ h° $& O] ^r dh ÒÃr qeX g Ka VWm

Kadmbm| H$ ]ma _| [yN>Vr h° Vm dh em`amZm AßXmO _| VrZ-Mma ea

XmhamV W oOZH$m AW© Wm - ""_am Z H$mB© Ka h° Z Xa, Z H$mB©

A[Zm Z [am`m Bg O_rZ Am°a Amg_mZ H$ ]rM _| AH$bm hˇ ™,

o]bHw$b AH$bm $&''73

ÒÃr H$ ob` Bg ea H$m AW© Wm - har PßS>r, bmBZ ∑b`a $&

ÒÃr Cg amÒV [a MbZ bJr $& boH$Z O] qeX oddmohV h° [Vm

MbVm h° Vm dh Qy>Q> JB© JwÒg g [mJb hm JB© V] qeX Cg fl`ma ar

]mVm| _| CbPmVm h°, dh amZ bJm Am°a H$hVm h° - ""o[Vm H$ X]md

288

_| AmH$a H$s h˛B© emXr _a OrdZ H$s g]g ]∂S>r Q≠> OS>r ]Z JB©,

]r]r H$ ahV r _¢ oH$VZm AH$bm hˇ™ Xm AOZo]`m| H$s Vah EH$

N>V H$ ZrM ahZ H$s mVZm $&''74

qeXr A[Zr MVwamB© g Cg ÒÃr H$m ]hbmZ bJm $& dh Cg

H$^r ]mVm| g Vm H$^r H$odVmAm| g odÌdmg oXbmVm h° -

""_Z Am°a eara H$s [odÃ yo_ [a hr Agbr ‡_ [Z[Vm h° $&

Ka H$s Mhma Xrdmar H$ ]rM oZaßVa hmZdmbr oIMoIM _| Vm dh

_aVm hr h° $&''75

Egr ]mV H$aVm h° oH$ ÒÃr H$m A]-gßXe Z ahm Cg odÌdmg

Wm oH$ EH$ oXZ dh Iy™Q> g CI∂S>H$a _ar oJa‚V _| Am Om`Jm $&

qeX Cg A[Zr Omb _| \$gmVm ahVm h° $& dh A[Zr ]rdr H$m Zht

N>m ∂S>Vm $& dh EH$ hr g_` Xm Zmdm| _| [°a aIZm MmhVm h° $& dh

H$hVm h° oH$ emXr H$ ]mX ]rdr C]mD$ Am°a ]OmZ gm ahVm h° $& dh

Egr ]mV H$aH$ Cg ÒÃr H$m A[Zr ‡o_H$m ]Zm` aIVm h° $& H$^r

H$^r ]rdr H$ H$H©$e Òd^md H$s ]mV| H$aV-H$aV am [∂S>Vm h° $& Cg

H$hVm h° oH$ dh ]rdr H$m VbmH$ XJm $& boH$Z VbmH$ bZ _| H$^r

H$mZyZr A∂S>MZ Vm H$^r ]y∂T> ]m[ H$ gX_| H$m ]VmH$a ]mV Q>mb

XVm h° $& dh Cg o_bVm ahVm h° $&

boH$Z Yra Yra qeX A[Zr ‡o_H$m g D$] OmVm h° Am°a gÀ`

[napÒWoV g AdJV H$amZ H$ hVw qeX Cg A[Z Ka J•h‡de H$

oXZ ]wbmVm h° $& dhm™ CgH$s _mQ>r ‡g›Z [ÀZr, ]¿Mm Am°a AmYwoZH$

T>ßJ H$m _H$mZ XIH$a dh Mbr OmVr h° $& BVZm g] Hw$N> hmH$a r

qeX A[Z Ka-[nadma _| Iwe h° $&

Bg ‡H$ma qeX AmR> gmb VH$ ‡o_H$m g ‡_ H$m ZmQ>H$ H$aVm

289

ahm $& CgH$m \$m`Xm CR>mVm ahm $& Am°a oddmohV hmH$a ^r

AoddmohV Zmar H$s mdZmAm| g oIbdm∂S> H$aVm ahm $&

Zmar H$m oIbm°Zm g_PH$a IbZdmb [wÈfm| H$s oZÂZ ‡d•oV

[a _›Zy ßS>marZ Ï`ßΩ` oH$`m h° $&

(12) aod :-

_›Zy ßS>mar H$ "oÃeßHw$' H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s "aV H$s Xrdma' H$hmZr

H$m ‡_wI [wÈf [mÃ h° aod $& dh wdm [r∂T>r H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aVm

h°, Om ]amOJmar H$s g_Ò`m g ÃÒV h° VWm Kadmbm H$s B¿N>m

AmH$mßjm H$s [yoV© H$aZ _| Ag\$b$ ahVm h° $&

aod BßOrZr`na®J H$m©bO _| [∂T>Vm h° $& dh BßQ>a H$ ]mX H$m_

H$aZm MmhVm h° boH$Z A[Z ]m]yOr H$ H$maU BOroZ`na®J H$m©bO

_ ^Vu hmVm h° $& CgH$ ]m]yOr MmhV h° oH$ dh BßOroZ`a ]Z $&

]m]yOr Cg _Z bJmH$a [∂T>Z H$s gyMZm`| XV h° $& d Ka m Ka H$

A›` gXÒ`m| H$s H$mB© I]a Zhr OV $& Bgr H$maU aod H$m bJVm

h° oH$ dh oXZ-]-oXZ A[Z Ka g Qy>Q> Mbm Om ahm h° $& aod A[Z

Ka H$ obE Hw$N> H$a Zhr [mVm $& dh og\©$ KaH$s oJaVr hmbV XIVm

ahVm h° $& CgH$m N>mQ>m mB© Q>mZr ]r_ma h°, _m™ H$s Am™I H$m Am[aeZ

H$aZm h°, ]hZ MßXm H$m H$m©bO _| ^Vu H$aZm h° Bg ‡H$ma Ka H$

A›` gXÒ`m| H$s g_Ò`m`| h° $& Ka H$ A›` gXÒ`m| H$s OÈaV [yar

Zhr H$s Om ahr h° ∑`m|oH$ aod H$s [∂T>mB© Omar h° $& Bgg aod A[Z

Am[ H$m Xmfr _mZVm h° $& Cgg `h XIm Zht OmVm, o\$a ^r dh

Mw_ h° $-

aod h_em A[Z ]m]yOr g H$VamVm ahVm h° $& CZg S>aVm h°

dh _Z_| gmMVm h° -

290

""]m]yOr ∑`m| Zhr gm\$-gm\$ Cgg H$h XV oH$ aod, ]h˛V

h˛Am A] _a ]g H$m Zhr h° oH$ VwÂhmar [∂T>mB© H$m IMm© CR>mD™$ $&

_a obE VwÂhmar [∂T>mB© g ¡`mXm Q>mZr H$s OmZ h° $& VwÂhmar AÂ_m

H$s Am™I h° $& [a H$hZm Vm Xya d Egm gßH$V r Zhr H$aV $&''76

O] ^r aod Nw>o≈>`m| _ Ka AmVm h° V] AÂ_m H$m Ï`dhma

CgH$ ‡oV odef hr ahVm h° _m H$ Bg Anana∑V Xwbma g aodH$m

]M°Zr hmVr h° $& aod OmZVm h° oH$ AmO g°H$S>m BßOroZ`g© _ma

_ma o\$aV h° $& _°naQ> H$m H$mB© Zhr [yN>Vm og\©$ [°gm MmohE $& ]m]yOr

H$ g[Zm| H$ AmJ aod odde hm OmVm h° $& boH$Z aod oOg Xm°a g

JwOaVm h° dh og\©$ dhr OmZVm h° $& dh A[Z Am[ H$m Kadmbm| H$

gXÒ`m H$ ]rM Qy>Q>Vm h˛Am _hgyg H$aVm h° $& dh Kadmbm| H$ EhgmZm|

H$ ZrM X] J`m h° $& ]amOJmar H$s g_Ò`m g ÃÒV Zd`wdH$

aod H$m oMoÃV H$aZ _ß boIH$m g\$b h˛B© h° $&

(13) ]m]yOr :-

]m]yOr "aV H$s Xrdma' H$hmZr H$ Ama EH$ ‡_wI [wÈf [mÃ

h° $& d aod H$ o[Vm h° $& ]m]yOr Eg o[VmAm| H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aV

h° Om A[Z ]Q> H$s oejm ¤mam odÓ` H$ _hb H$s Amem H$aV h° $&

Bg H$hmZr H$m ha [mÃ AmoW©H$ gßH$Q> H$ H$maU A[Z Am[ g b∂S>Vm

A[Z Am[ g Qy>Q>Vm h° $& ]m]yOr Ka H$s A›` AmdÌ`H$VmAm| H$m

ZOa A›XmO H$aH$ Cg [∂T>mV h° $& aod oH$gr g_maß^ _ Z OmZm

Mmh Vm ]m]yOr Cg [a Oma-O]aXÒVr Zhr H$aV og\©$ H$hV h° -

""`m| AJa o]ÎHw$b B¿N>m Z hm Vm ahZ Xm $& _¢ Hw$N> Z Hw$N>

H$hH$a ]mV gß^mb hr byßJm, VwÂhmar A[Zr B¿N>m H$s ]mV h° $&''77

]m]yOr and H$m BßOroZ`a ]ZmZm MmhV h° Vm H$mB© r oOÂ_Xmar

291

aod [a bmXZm Zhr MmhV $& Cg Ka H$ A›` gXÒ`m| H$r H$mB© qMVm

Zhr $& aod H$m N>mQ>m mB© ]r_ma h° boH$Z ]m]yOr CgH$m S>m©∑Q>am| g

BbmO Zht H$admV CgH$s Wm∂S>r-]h˛V XdmB`m| H$m IMm© [yam H$aZ

dm XwH$mZ _| ohgm] obIZ H$m H$m_ H$aV h° $& Am°a MßXm H$s AJbr

[∂T>mB© VWm A[Zr [ÀZr H$m Am™I H$m Am[aeZ ^r AJb gmb

H$aZH$m oZÌM` oH$`m h° ∑`m|oH$ aod [∂T>mB© H$a ahm h° $& Cg BßOroZà

BgobE ]ZmZm h° VmoH$ Ka H$s hmbV gwYa gH$ $& Jm™ddmb ]m]yOr

H$s Vmar\$ H$aV h° ∑`m|oH$ d A[Zr AmYr VZªdmh A[Z ]Q> H$s

[∂T>mB© [a IM© H$a ah h° $& aod BßOroZàtJ H$m [∂T> ahm h° Bg ]mV

H$m C›h Jd© h° $& C›h| aod [a [yam odÌdmg h° BgobE d Jm™ddmbm| g

H$hV h° -

""aod BßOroZà hm OmE Vm _Z _| _bmb Zhr ah Om`Jm oH$

h_Z A[Zm H$V©Ï` Zhr oH$`m ]¿M H$ ‡oV $& _m-]m[ H$m Agbr

gwI Vm ]¿Mm| H$ gwI _| hr hmVm h° $&''78

]m]yOr H$m A[Z ]Q> H$ ‡oV Bg Vah H$m ÒdflZ XIZm Ï`W©

h° $& AJa aod BßOroZà Zhr ]Z [mVm Vm ∑`m ]m]yOr Bg ]Xm©ÒV

H$a [m`|J ? ]m]yOr H$ ªdm] "aV H$s Xrdma' O°g h° Om H$^r r

R>h gH$V h° $& [mnadmnaH$ ‡_ H$s ZB© g¿MmB©`m| H$m _›Zy ßS>marZ

]∂S> gmhg H$ gmW A[Zr H$hmZr _| ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $& Am°a

]m]yOr H$m WmW© Í$[ _| oMoÃV oH$`m h° $&

(14) amImb :-

amImb "oÃeßHw$' H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s "em`X' H$hmZr H$ ‡_wI

[mÃ h° $& dh Eg [wÈfm| H$m ‡oVoZoYÀ` H$aVm h° Om AWm©OZ H$ hVw

Ka g ]mha ahV h° VWm A[Z hr Ka _| [am` hm OmV h° $& amImb

292

OhmO [a _H$oZH$ h° $& dh gmb _| EH$ _hrZm Nw>o≈>`m| [a Ka AmVm

h° $& BgobE Ka_| KQ>Zdmbr KQ>ZmAm g dh AßOmZ ahVm h° $& O]

dh o[N>b gmb Am`m Wm V] CgH$s [ÀZr _mbm J^©dVr Wr $&

CgH$ ]mX ]wb]wbH$m O›_ h˛Am Am°a dh ]r_mar H$ H$maU Mb

]gr boIZ amImb H$m H$mB© XwïI Zhr $& CgH$ VrZ ]¿M h° $& ]∂S>r

b∂S>H$s arZm Vah gmb H$s h° Am°a _mbm H$m CgH$s emXr H$s qMVm

h° boH$Z amImb H$s H$mB© qMVm Zhr $& amImb H$m ]Q>m ]¿My oXZ^a

D$Y_ _MmVm h°, Vm NmQw> amImb H$m [hMmZVm VH$ Zht $& amImb

Iwer g Ka bm°Q> H$a Am`m h° boH$Z _mbm Ka H$s g_Ò`m`| bH$a

CgH$ gm_Z amVr h° $& oOgg amImb D$] OmVm h° $& amImb H$s

AZw[pÒWoV _| eßH$a _mbm H$m AmoW©H$ _XX H$aVm h° $& amImb H$m

N>mQ>m ]Q>m ^r h_em eßH$a H$ [mg hr ahVm h° $& _mbm amImb g

¡`mXm eßH$a, o[er _m™, H$[ya gmh] H$m _hŒd XVr h° $& BgobE

amImb eßH$a g Z\$aV H$aVm h° $& _mbm h_em Cg eßH$a H$m H$O©

MwH$mZ H$ ob` H$hVr h° oOgg amImb A[Z Am[ H$m AoYH$ Qy>Q>Vm

h˛Am _hgyg H$aVm h° $& amImb A[Z ]¿Mm H$m [∂T>mZm MmhVm h° $&

arZm H$ obE _mbm Om b∂S>H$m [g›X H$aVr h° Cg amImb ZH$maVm h°

∑`m|oH$ dh arZm H$m [∂T>mZm MmhVm h° Bg g] ]mVm| g amImb H$m

AmÀ_odÌdmg OmJVm h° dh H$hVm h° - ""`h _am Ka h° - Bg_| _ar

B¿N>m H$ oIbm\$ Hw$N> Zhr hm gH$Vm $&''79

amImb _mbm [a oZ^©a ahZm Zhr MmhVm $& dh A[Z ]b]wV

[a ]¿Mm| H$m oZdm©h H$aZm MmhVm h° $& _mbm [°gm| H$m hr amZm amVr

h° $& VrZ ]¿Mm| H$m [Q> aZm XwoZ`mXmar oZ^mZm Bg ‡H$ma A[Zr

VH$br\$m| H$m hr XmhamVr ahVr h°, amImb gmMm h° oH$ -

293

""A¿N>m hmVm, dh amImb Z hmH$a „bmqQ>J [[a hmVm, Om

_mbm H$ gma XwIm H$m gmI bVm $&''80

2. Ï`o∑VÀd‡YmZ [mÃ :-

(1) oZoIb :-

"oZoIb' "JrV H$m Mw]Z' H$hmZr H$m ‡_wI [wÈf [mÃ h° $& dm

H$od h° $& CgH$m [naM` EH$ g_mamh _| H$oZH$m g hmVm h° $& H$oZH$m

CgH$ JrV JmVr h° $& oZoIb CgH$ ob` Z` JrVm| H$m g•OZ H$aVm

h° $& XmZm| oZH$Q> Am OmV h° $& oZoIb Am°a H$oZH$m ÒÃr-[wÈf H$

gÂ]›Ym| [a MMm© H$aV h° $& H$oZH$m oddmh [yd© ÒÃr-[wÈf gÂ]›Y

AZ°oVH$ _mZVr h° O]oH$ oZoIb oddmh [yd© ÒÃr-[wÈf gÂ]›Y H$m

Z°oVH$ _mZVm h° $& oZoIb Òd¿N>ßXr wdH$ h° $& oZoIb H$oZH$m g

‡^modV h˛Am h° $& EH$]ma H$oZH$m H$m A[Zr ]mhm _| aH$a My_

bVm h° $& CgH$ Ï`dhma g H$oZH$m Cg Mm™Q>m _maVr h° $& oZoIb

bo¡OV hmH$a Mbm OmVm h° $& oZoIb H$ Mb OmZ g H$oZH$m

AH$bm[Z _hgyg H$aVr h°$ & oZoIb H$oZH$m H$m [Ã obIVm h° -

""A[Z Cg oXZ H$ Ï`dhma g _° ]hX bo¡OV hˇ™ $& AmO VH$ _°

oOVZr r b∂S>oH$`m| H$ gÂ[H©$ _| Am`m hˇ™ g]Z _ar Egr haH$Vm|

H$m ÒdmJV oH$`m h° $& Egr haH$V H$aZ H$ ob` ‡naV oH$`m h° $& Vw_

Egr d°gr b∂S>H$s Zhr hm $& gmYmaU b∂S>oH$`m| g o^›Z hm, CZg

C¿M, CZg lÓR> $&''81

oZoIb ÒdN>ßXr [mÃ h° AZH$ oÒÃ`m| g gÂ]›Y aIVm h° $& dh

[AZ H$odÀd H$ _m‹`_ g H$oZH$m H$m \$gm bVm h° $&

_›Zy ßS>mar Z oZoIb H$m EH$ Òd¿N>ßXr wdH$ H$ È[ _| ‡ÒVwV

oH$`m h° $&

294

(2) bobV :-

_›Zy ßS>mar H$s "EH$ H$_µOma b∂S>H$s H$s H$hmZr' H$hmZr H$m

‡_wI [wÈf [mÃ h° bobV $& bobV H$m Í$[ g ‡W_ [naM` _m_m

_m_r H$ Ka hmVm h° $& bobV AZmW b∂S>H$m h° $& dh XmZm| Kwbo_b

OmV h° $& bobV C¿M oejm H$ ob` odXe OmZm MmhVm h° $& d

XmZm| H$ o]XmB© H$ g_` Ï`oWV hm OmV h° $& bobV H$ Mb OmZ H$

]mX Í$[ H$m oddmh dH$sb gmh] g hm OmVm h° $& O] bobV odXe

g dm[g AmVm h° Vm Í$[ g o_bZ OmVm h° $& Í$[ H$s Am™I ^a

AmVr h° bobV H$hVm h° -

""Am™Im H$ ]ma _| Om ZdrZ ImO h˛B© h° CgH$m VwÂh [Vm h° ?

EH$mEH$ oXb [a MmQ> bJZ g Am™Im g [mZr ]hZ bJVm h° -

Am™Im H$m gÂ]›Y X` g hmVm h° _a AmZ g VwÂhma X` H$m r

H$hr ... $&''82

bobV CgH$ oXb _| A[Z ‡oV ‡_ o\$ag OmJ•V H$aVm h°

bobV Cg A[Z gmW mJ MbZ H$ obE H$hVm h° boH$Z [aÂ[amJV

gßÒH$ma H$ H$maU Í$[ V°`ma Zhr hmVr, bobV H$m Bg g] ]mVm| _ß

odÌdmg Zhr hmVm EH$ gflVmh VH$ bobV Í$[ H$m ^mJ OmZ H$

obE CÀgmohV H$aVm h° -

""g_P g H$m_ b Í$[ $& h oO›XJr m| hr o_≈>r _| o_bm XZ

H$s dÒVw Zhr $& o\$a Va _ZH$s hmbV _¢ VwPg AoYH$ OmZVm hˇ™,

∑`m Ï`W© _| A[Z H$m PwR>bmZ H$s H$moee H$a ahr h° $& _ar ]mV

_mZ Om $&''83

bobV H$s ]mVm g Í$[ mJ OmZ H$ obE V°`ma hmVr h°, boH$Z

Cgr amV dH$sb gmh] A[Z o_Ã H$s [ÀZr H$ mJ OmZ H$m g_mMma

295

XV h° Am°a Í$[ H$m H$hV h° Í$[Z AmOVH$ oH$gr A›` [wÈf H$s

Ama Am™I CR>mH$a ^r Zht XIm $& [naUm_ ÒdÈ[ Í$[ ^mJ Zhr

gH$Vr $& bobV A[Zr ‡o_H$m H$m Zhr [m gH$Vm $&

(3) H°$bme :-

"H°$bme' "H$b Am°a H$gH$' H$hmZr H$m [wÈf [mÃ h° $& dh

H$mbm h° $& CgH$s [ÀZrH$m Zm_ amZr h° $& dh amV-oXZ ‡g _| H$m_

H$aVm h° $& _erZm| H$ ]rM ahH$a Òd`ß EH$ _erZ ]Z OmVm h° $&

CgH$ _Z _| Z H$mB© mdZm h° - Z hr ag $& Cgr amZr _| oXbMÒ[r

Zhr $& dh amZr H$s A[jm H$aVm h° $& H°$bme H$s ]Í$Ir H$ H$maU

amZr AZm`mg eIa H$s Ama AmH$of©V hmVr h° $& O] eIa H$m

oddmh hm OmVm h° Vm amZr CgH$s [ÀZr g b∂S>Vr-PJ∂S>Vr h° $&

amZr H$ Ï`dhma g VßJ AmH$a H°$bme A[Zm _H$mZ ]XbZm MmhVm

h° boH$Z amZr Bg ]mV g gh_V Zhr h° $& AßV _| H°$bme amZr H$m

bH$a Z` _H$mZ _| ahZ Mbm OmVm h° $& H°$bme [oV dJ© H$m

‡oVoZoYÀd H$aVm h° $& h_em AW© H$ obE OwQ>m h˛Am `h Ï`o∑V

Ka H$s Ama g A[ojV hm OmVm h° $& AßV _ dh XwïIr ]Z

OmVm h° $&

(4) hare :-

hare "VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra' H$hmZr H$m ‡_wI [mÃ h° $&

dh bIH$ h° $& AoddmohV h°, AmoW©H$ A^md H$ H$maU Xe©Zm Z

EH$ H$_am oH$am` [a X aIm h° $& Xe©Zm H$m [oV o]_ma h° $& O] r

hare Imbr ]°R>Vm h°, Xe©Zm CgH$ [mg AmH$a ]°R>Vr h° $& hare

Xe©Zm H$m m^r H$hVm h° boH$Z [napÒWoVde VZ_Z g fl`mgr Xe©Zm

hare H$s Ama AmH$of©V hmVr h° $& oXZ-]-oXZ [oVH$s hmbV oJaVr

296

OmVr h° V] Xe©Zm amVr h°, hare gmMVm h° oH$ - ""EH$ ]ma CoMV

AZwoMV H$m kmZ ybH$a ]S>r Oma g B¿N>m h˛B© oH$ Bg amVr, ]]g

Zmar H$m OmH$a A[Zr ]mhm| _| a by™, A[Z obE Zhr, CgH$ gßVmf

H$ obE, CgH$s gmßÀdZm H$ obE, boH$Z o\$a ª`mb Am`m, Bg

AmJ H$m ObmZ g bm^ $&''84

Xe©Zm EH$ ]ma A[Zm oga hare H$ grZ [a oQ>H$m XVr h° V]

Cg hQ>mH$a hm°gbm ]ßYmVm h° $& dh hare g Hw$N> Ama MmhVr h° [a

hare OmZH$a ^r AßOmZ ]Zm ahVm h° $& Xe©Zm H$m hare H$ ‡oV

]T>Vm bJmd XIH$a Xe©Zm H$m [oV Cg [rQ>Vm h° Am°a Ka g ]mha

oZH$mb XVm h° $& hare Xe©Zm [a H$hmZr obIVm h° Cg_ Xe©Zm H$m

_Zmd°kmoZH$ odÌbfU H$a Cg CXmŒm ]ZmZ H$s H$moee H$aVm h° $&

hare H$m Ï`o∑VÀd AmH$f©H$ h° wdm _Zmd•oŒm H$m oMÃU hare H$

_m‹`_ g boIH$mZ oH$`m h° $&

(5) oedZmW :-

oedZmW "AZMmhr JhamB©`m™' H$hmZr H$m [wÈf [mÃ h° dh Jar]

b∂S>H$m h° $& dh gwZßXm g oh›Xr Am°a BoVhmg [∂T>Vm h° $& dh gflVmh

_| VrZ oXZ [∂T>Z AmVm h° $& boH$Z ]mX _| amO AmZ bJVm h° $&

CgH$m amO AmZm gwZßXm H$m [gßX Zhr $& gwZßXm oedZmW H$m H$^r

[°gm Vm H$^r Q>`weZ oXbdmVr h° $& gwZßXm O] Cg [∂T>mZ g B›H$ma

H$aVr h° Vm dh oZame hm OmVm h° $& oedZmW H$ Ka H$s pÒWoV

A¿N>r Zhr CgH$ ]m[ H$m bH$dm h° _m™ XI Zhr [mVr Am°a Xm

N>mQ>r ]hZ Am°a VrZ ^mB© h° $& BZ g^r H$s oOÂ_Xmar oedZmW

[a h° $& oedZmW oH$gr Z oH$gr ]hmZ gwZßXm g ZmQ≤>g _mßJVm h° $&

EH$ ]ma gwZßXm [∂T>mZ g B›H$ma H$aVr h° V] oedZmW Cg [Ã obIVm

297

h° oH$ gwZßXm H$m ÒZh Cg ]ma-]ma Cg Ka H$s Va\$ ItM H$a b

AmVm h° VWm h ÒZh Am°a odÌdmg oN>›Z OmZ g em`X dh qOXm

Zhr ah gH$Vm $& boH$Z gwZßXm CgH$m [Ã [∂T>H$a ZmamO hm

OmVr h° $& EH$]ma gwZßXm H$m ]wIma AmVm h° V] oedZmW ha amO

CgH$m hmb [yN>Vm h° $& EH$ oXZ dh gwZßXm H$ H$_a _| ‡de H$aVm h°

Cgr d∑V gwZßXm H$s m^r dhm™ AmVr h° Am°a oedZmW H$m gwZßXm [a

PwH$m h˛Am XIVr h° $& Bg KQ>Zm H$ ]mX °`m-^m^r oedZmW H$m

Ka AmZ Zhr XV $& Am°a gwZßXm r H´$moYV hm OmVr h° $& oedZmW

A[Zr Hw$N> H$oR>ZmB`m™ hb H$aZ H$ hVw EH$ oH$Vm] gwZßXm H$m XVm

h° oOg_| EH$ ‡_[Ã h° $& oOg [∂T>H$a gwZßXm H´$m oYV hmH$a

oedZmW H$ Jmb [a V_mM _ma XVr h° $& oedZmW AmÀ_hÀ`m H$a

bVm h° $& ]mX _| gwZßXm H$m [Vm MbVm h° oH$ ‡_[Ã oedZmW H$m Z

hmH$a oH$gr Am°a b∂S>H$ H$m Wm $& oedZmW H$m AmÀ_hÀ`m g gwZßXm

Ï`oWV hm OmVr h° dh A[Z Am[H$m hÀ`mnaZ g_PZ bJVr h° $&

_›Zy ^ßS>marZ oedZmW H$ _m‹`_ g ^mdwH$ gßdXZerb

Ï`o∑V H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° $& oedZmW H$m oMÃ [mR>H$ H$ X` VH$

[h˛™MmZ _| boIH$m g\$b h˛B© h° $&

(6) eIa :-

eIa "hma' H$hmZr H$m [wÈf [mÃ h° $& dh amOZroVH$ [mQ>u H$m

gXÒ` h° $& CgH$m oddmh Xr[m g hmVm h° dh odamYr [mQ>u H$s

gXÒ`m h° $& [mQ>udmb BZH$ XmÂ[À` gÂ]›Y H$ ]ma _| AmeßoH$V h°

boH$Z oddmh H$ ]mX XmZm| A[Zr-A[Zr [moQ> ©`m| H$m H$m_

H$aV h° $& [mQ>u H$s JwflV ]mV H$^r ^r EH$ Xyga H$m ]VmV Zht $&

MwZmd AmVm h° eIa Am°a Xr[m EH$-Xyga H$ odamY _| I∂S> ahV h°

298

MwZmd _| eIa I∂S>m h° `h OmZH$a Xr[m [hb oZame hm OmVr h°

boH$Z eIa H$hVm h° -

""]rgdt gXr H$ ha [∂T>-obI ÒÃr-[wÈf H$m Bg ]mV H$s [yar

ÒdVßÃVm h° oH$ dh A[Z oZOr odMma aI Am°a CZH$m A_b _

bmZ H$ obE Vh oXb g H$moee H$a $&''85

MwZmd _| XmZm| H$ VZmd ]∂T> OmV h° $& Xr[m eIa H$ oIbm\$

^mfU XVr h° $& CgH$s Yo¡O`m™ C∂S>mVr h° $& boH$Z eIa A[Z

H$m_ _| Ï`ÒV h° $& Xr[m A[Z gma JhZ [mQ>u H$ obE bwIm XVr h°

o\$a r eIa Mw[ ahVm h° $& EH$]ma dh eIa H$s ]mV gwZVr h° dh

A[Z o_Ã g H$hVm h° -

""_ar OrV H$s gß^mdZm hr _wP oI›Z ]Zm` X ahr h° gmMVm

hw ™ _° hma ^r J`m Vm Cg b¡Om H$m gh byJm $& [wÈf hˇ ™ Am°a

ghZ H$m AmXr $& [a OrV J`m Vm Xr[m H$m ∑`m hmJm $& Vw_ XIV

hm [Jbr hm J`r h° CgH$ [rN> $& dh hma H$m Y∑H$m ]Xm©ÌV Zht

H$a gH$Jr Am°a gM [yN>m Vm BgobE _¢ MmhVm hˇ ™ oH$ _¢ hma

OmD™$ $&''86

eIa H$s BZ ]mVm| g Xr[m BVZr AÒdÒW hm OmVr h° oH$ gw]h

odojflVmdÒ`m _| A[Zm dmQ> [oV H$s [Q>r _| S>mb XVr h° $& Zmar

[wÈf [a hmdr hmZm MmhVr h° [a [wÈf A[Z dmH≤$MmVw`© ¤mam A[Z

CXÌ` _| g\$b hmVm h° $&

(7) oXbr[ :-

o_. d_m© "MÌ_' H$hmZr H$ ‡_wI [wÈf [mÃ h° $& d A[Zr

]r_ma ‡o_H$m H$m À`mJ H$a oH$gr Ama g oddmh H$a bV h° $&

CgH$s AßV[r©∂S>m H$m _›Zy ßS>mar Z oMÃU oH$`m h° $& o_. d_m© A[Z

299

OrdZ _ß gwIr h° CgH$s [ÀZr gmohÀ`‡_r h° H$hmZr obIVr h° Am°a

d_m© H$m gwZmVr h° $& d_m© gwZV-gwZV A[Z AVrV _ Im OmV h° $&

dh H$hmZr Cg A[Z AVrV H$s H$hmZr bJVr h° $&

oZ_©b d_m© e°b g fl`ma H$aV W $& boH$Z oZ_©b H$m

oMH$Z[m©∑g oZH$bm Wm Bg ]r_mar _| e°b CgH$s XI^mb H$aVr

h° $& [naUm_ ÒdÈ[ dh ]r_ma hm OmVr h° Cg Q>r.]r. hm J`m $&

Am°a oZ_©b A¿N>m hm J`m $& ewÈ _| oZ_©b e°b H$s XI^mb H$aVm

h° boH$Z ]mX _| CgH$m _Z AmQ> OmVm h° $& ]r_ma e°b _| Z H$mB©

gm°›X`© h° Am°a Z H$mB© AmH$f©U $& Yra-Yra e°b H$ ‡oV CZH$m

bJmd H$_ hmVm J`m $& e°b oZ_©b H$m [hMmZ JB© $& dh e°b g Xya

OmZ H$ obE Q≠> qZJ H$m ]hmZm ]ZmVm h° $& e°b H$ o[Vm oZ_©b H$m

IV obIV h° oH$ AJa e°b H$s emXr hˇB© Vm dh ]M gH$Vr h° Egm

S>m©∑Q>am| H$m H$hZm h° boH$Z oZ_©b A[Zr YwZ _| _JZ h° $& dh Hw$N>

Zht H$aVm $& [naUm_ ÒdÈ[ e°b H$s _•À`w hm OmVr h° $& oOgg

oZ_©b H$m XwïI hmVm h° dh Cg KQ>Zm H$m ^yb Zhr [mVm Am°a

AVrV H$s h KQ>Zm dV©_mZ _ r o_. d_m© H$m ÏòWV H$aVr h° dh

oMÎbmV h° - ""_° H$hVm hˇ ™ _am MÌ_m Xm, Zhr Vm _am X_ KwQ>

Om`Jm $&''87

_›Zy ßS>marZ Bg [mÃ _ CgH$s AßV[uS>mAm H$m oMoÃV oH$`m

h° $& Ïò∑V oH$VZm r ∑`m| Z Mmh dh A[Zr ]rVr h˛`r qOXJr g

ZmVm Vm ∂S> Zhr gH$Vm ∑`m|oH$ AVrV H$ [mÌd© [a hr ôdÓ` H$r

_ßoOb IS>r hmVr h° $&

(8) gVre :-

gVre "Vrgam AmX_r' H$hmZr H$m [wÈf [mÃ h° $& ‡ÒVwV H$hmZr

300

_| _›Zy ßS>mar Z [wÈfm| H$ _mZogH$ AßV¤©›¤ H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° $&

gVre Am°a CgH$s [ÀZr eHw$Z A[Z XmÂ[À` OrdZ _ gwIr h° $&

oddmh H$s VrZ gmb ]mX ^r gßVmZ ‡moflV Z hmVr h° Bgr H$maU

eHw$Z A[Zr S>m©∑Q>ar Om™M H$adm bVr h° boH$Z gVre _ A[Zr

S>m©∑Q>ar Om™M H$admZ oH$ ohÂ_V Zhr hmVr gVre A[Z Am[ H$m

Z[wßgH$ g_PZ bJVm h° $& CgH$ _Z _| r h odMma AmVm h° oH$

em`X eHw$Z r Cg Zm_X© g_PVr h° $&

gVre eHw$Z H$ H$m_ _ hmW ]Q>mZ H$ hVw A[Zr _m™ H$m Ka

]wbmZm MmhVm h° boH$Z eHw$Z H$m Vrga AmX_r H$s C[pÒWoV

Agh` hm OmVr h° dh _Zm H$aVr h° $& dh gVre H$ o]Zm AbJ

Zhr ahZm MmhVr $& boH$Z A] hr eHw$Z gVre H$s ]m™hm _ OmZ

g H$VamVr h° Cgg _w™h \$aH$a gmVr h° $& oOgg gVre A[_moZV

hmVm h° $& gVre gmMVm h° -

""dh H$^r eHw$Z H$m _m™ Zhr ]Zm gH$Vm h° Vm ? ∑`m dh

eHw$Z H$s Bg B¿N>m H$m [yar H$aZ _| ghm`H$ hm gH$Vm h° ? ∑`m dh

A[Zr Bg Xw]©bVm H$ gm_Z KwQ>Z Q>H$H$a Egr VQ>ÒW CXmaVm bm

gH$Vm h°, ∑`m dh Cg ]¿M H$m ÒdrH$ma H$a gH$Jm ?''88

`h gVre H$s [m°ÈfhrZVm J´ßoW H$m Ma_gr_m h° $& eHw$Z H$m

[naoMV AmbmH$ Vrgam-AmX_r ]ZH$a CZ XmZm| H$ ]rM C[pÒWV

hmVm h° $& AmbmH$ bIH$ h°, eHw$Z Am°a CgH$ ]rM [Ã-Ï`dhma

MbVm ahVm h° $& BgobE gVre [aemZ h° $& dh eHw$Z H$ ]ma _|

∑`m-∑`m gmMZ bJVm h° $& gVre Am©o\$g g AmY oXZ H$s Nw>≈>r

bH$a Ka bm°Q> AmVm h° [a Ka H$m XadmOm ]ßX XIH$a dh H´$moYV

hm OmVm h° dh eHw$Z Am°a AmbmH$ H$m aßJ hmW [H$∂S>Zm MmhVm h°

301

[a XadmOm IQ>IQ>mZ H$m gmhg Zht H$a [mVm -

""dh gM_wM [m°ÈfhrZ h° $& H$mB© _X© ]¿Mm hmVm Vm Xm bmV

_maVm XadmO H$m Am°a Pm|Q>m [H$∂S>H$a ]mha H$a XVm eHw$Z H$m Am°a

Xm Pm[∂S> _maVm Cg b\ß$J H$m $&''89

gVre H$s hrZ-^mdZm Cg odMobV H$a XVr h° VWm AW© H$m

AZW© gmMZ H$m _O]ya H$a XVr h° $& dh eHw$Z [a gßXh H$aVm h° $&

gVre H$m _ZmodÌbfUmÀ_H$ MnaÃ boIH$m Z ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $&

(9) oZerW :-

"`hr gM h°' H$hmZr H$m ‡_wI [wÈf [mÃ h° oZerW $&

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z oZerW H$ ¤mam ‡_ H$ gß`_ H$m ]Vm`m h° oZerW

Xr[m g ‡_ H$aVm h° $& dh Xr[m H$ gmW Ky_Vm h° $& Yr[m g dh

H$hVm h° -

""AmÀ_r`Vm H$ ` jU AZH$h hr ahZ X Xr[m'', oZerW

Xr[m H$s gw›XaVm H$s ‡eßgm H$aVm h° dh XmZm| Kam| gmW ]°R>V h°

boH$Z oH$gr H$maU de CZ XmZm| _| AZ]Z hm OmVr h° oOgH$

H$maU oZerW H$bH$Vm Mbm OmVm h° $& Am°a Xr[m H$mZ[wa _| A[Zm

emYH$m`© H$aZ bJVr h° $& Xr[m H$ Mb OmZ H$ ]mX oZerW ]h˛V

]Xb OmVm h° $& dh Xw]bm hm J`m h° CgZ emXr Zhr H$s o\$a EH$

]ma Xr[m Cg H$bH$Œm _ o_bVr h° $& oZerW Cg _XX H$aVm h° o\$a

Xr[m CgH$s Ama AmH$of©V hmVr h° $& oZerW H$^r oH$gr H$m EhgmZ

Zhr bVm boH$Z Xr[m H$s ImoVa AZH$ bmJm| g o_bVm h° Am°a

Xr[m H$m _XX H$aVm h° $& Xr[m oZerW g EH$È[ hmZm MmhVr h° [a

oZerW Cgg Xya hr ahVm h°$ &

Xr[m H$ H$mZ[wa [h˛™MZ [a oZerW Cg [Ã obIVm h° Cg_

302

A›V _| obIVm h° "ef o\$a' CgH$ Bg Ï`dhma g Xr[m ZmamO

hmVr h° $& oZerW [Ã _| r A[Zr mdZm`| Ï`∑V Zhr H$a [mVm $&

O] Xr[m g o_bVm h° V] r dh _m°Z hr ahVm h° $& H$me dh [Ã _|

A[Zm ‡_ Ï`∑V H$a [mVm Vm Xr[m gßO` H$m N>m ∂S>H$a oZerW H$m

A[ZmVr $& boH$Z oZerW Egm Zhr H$aVm oOgg Xr[m o\$a EH$

]ma Z` oga g gßO` H$m MmhZ bJVr h°$& oZerW Xr[m H$ _m_b _|

A›V VH$ _m°Z hr ahVm h° $& dh Xr[m H$m ]VmVm Zhr $&

(10) Hwß$XZ :-

Hwß$XZ "ZB© Zm°H$ar' H$hmZr H$m ‡_wI [wÈf [mÃ h° $& CgH$s

[ÀZr a_m BoVhmg H$s ‡m‹`mo[H$m h° dh A[Z OrdZ g gwIr h°

Hw ß$XZ H$m S>m©. o\$ea H$ ¤mam ZB© Zm°H$ar o_bVr h° $& CgH$ ]mX

Hwß$XZ H$m Ïò∑VÀd ]Xb OmVm h° BgobE a_m H$m bJVm h° - ""ZB©

Zm°H$ar H$ gmW Hwß$XZ H$s gmar [g©ZmobQ>r hr Zht ]mV H$aZ H$m

bhOm VH$ ]Xb J`m h° $& oH$VZm AmÀ_odÌdmg Am J`m h° gma

Ïò∑VÀd _| ! e] O°g Q>[H$m [∂S>Vm h° $&''90

Hwß$XZ H$m Hß$[Zr H$m ‚b°Q> o_bVm h° $& Cg gOmZ H$s oOÂ_Xmar

dh a_m H$m gm¢[Vm h° $& Ka H$m_ _ Ï`ÒV a_m H$m A[Zm b∑Ma

V°`ma H$aZ H$m Q>mB©_ (g_`) Zhr o_bVm $& boH$Z Hwß$XZ H$m CgH$s

oM›Vm Zhr h° $& dh Vm A[Zr YwZ _ _JZ h° $& dh Cg amV Xa VH$

A[Z gmW [mQ>u _| aIVm h° $& _h_mZm| H$s Amd^JV H$aZm,

S>H$maeZ H$aZm B›hr H$m_m _ a_m Im OmVr h° $& Hw ß$XZ A[Z

ÒdmW© H$ obE CgH$s Zm°H$ar r Nw>S>m XVm h° $& [naUm_ ÒdÈ[ a_mH$m

Ïò∑VÀd Edß ApÒVÀd o_Q> OmVm h°$ & a_m H$m©bO [a A[Zr

ghob`m| H$ obE bßM b OmZm MmhVr h° boH$Z Hwß$XZ _Zm H$aVm

303

h° $& dhr Hwß$XZ A[Z _h_mZm| H$ obE bßM ]ZmZ H$m a_m H$m AmXe

XVm h° Bg ‡H$ma a_m H$m Ï`o∑VÀd [yar Vah o_Q> OmVm h° Ohm™ ZB©

Zm°H$ar H$ H$maU Hwß$XZ H$m Ï`o∑VÀd Am°a AoYH$ oZIa Am`m h° $&

Hwß$XZ a_m H$m A[Z OrdZ _| "em-[rg' ]ZmH$ma aIVm h° $&

_›Zy ßS>marZ Hwß$XZ H$m WmW© È[ _| oMoÃV oH$`m h° $&

(11) odo[Z :-

_›Zy ßS>mar H$s "]ßX XamOm| H$m gmW' H$hmZr H$m ‡_wI [wÈf

[mÃ h° odo[Z $& odo[Z oddmohV [wÈf h° $& CgH$s [ÀZr _ßOar

‡m‹`mo[H$m h° $& odo[Z A[Z XmÂ[À` OrdZ _| gwIr Zhr h° dh

[ÀZr H$ Abmdm oH$gr Am°a g ‡_ H$aVm h° $& dh [ÀZr H$m odÌdmg

VmS> XVm h° $& dh [ÀZr g A[Z ahÒ`m| H$m Xya aIVm h° Am°a Cgg

fl`ma H$m ZmQ>H$ H$aVm h° $& boH$Z EH$ oXZ amO IwbVm h° oH$

odo[Z H$m [hb EH$ oddmh hm MwH$m h° VWm Cg EH$ ]¿Mm r h° $&

`h ]mV OmZH$a _ßOar Qy>Q> OmVr h° $& ndo[Z Am°a _ßOar AbJ hm

OmV h° $& _ßOar VWm CgH$ AmZdmb ]¿M H$ ‡oV odo[Z H$ _Z _|

H$mB© bJmd Zht ahVm $& dh H$hVm h° - ""_¢ oXÎbr N>m ∂S> Xy ™Jm $&

BgH$ ]mX _wPg `hm™ ahm Zht Om`Jm $& Vw_ em`X `ht bm°Q>H$a

AmZm [g›X H$amJr Bg Ka H$m A[Z Z_m hr ahZ Xm $&''91

odo[Z _ßOar g gß]ßY VmS>H$a A[Z JV OrdZ g Ow∂S>Zm MmhVm

h° $& CgH$ _Z _| _ßOar H$ ‡oV bJmd Zhr dh Xygar _ohbm H$ gmW

OrdZ ]rVmVm h° $&

_›Zy ßS>marZ [wÈf H$s ´_ad•oV g Zmar [a hmZdmb AÀ`mMma

H$m odo[Z H$ _m‹`_ g Ï`∑V oH$`m h° h Egm [mÃ h° Om A[Zr

[ÀZr g N>bVm h° oOgH$m Cg VoZH$ r [ÌMmVm[ Zhr hmVm $&

304

(12) oXbr[ :-

`h "]ßX XamOm H$m gmW' H$hmZr H$m Xygam [wÈf [mÃ h° $&

odo[Z g AbJ hmZ H$ ]mX VWm A[Z ]Q> AogV H$m hmÒQ> b

^OZ H$m ]mX _ßOar AH$br hm OmVr h° $& Bgr Xm°amZ _ßOar H$m

Xygam [oV h° $& _ßOar bmH$oZ›Xm H$ H$maU Zm°H$ar N>m ∂S> XVr h° $&

O] AmogV Nw>o≈>`m| _| Ka AmVm h° oXbr[ Cgg Iwe Zhr hmVm $&

_ßOar oXbr[ H$ Am©o\$g OmZ H$ ]mX AogV H$m bH$a Ky_Z

oZH$bVr h° $& Nw>o≈>`m™ g_mflV hmZ [a AogV bm°Q>Z bJVm h° Cgr

Xm°amZ ÒHy$b g o]b AmVm h° boH$Z oXbr[ \$sg XZ g B›H$ma H$a

XVm h° H$hVm h° -

""`h ÒHy$b H$m\$r _hßJm h°, Bg _hrZ m| r H$m\$s IM© hm

J`m $& ∑`m O_mZm Am J`m h°, h_ BVZm [∂T> ob` h° [a Egr bÂ]r

Mm°∂S>r \$sg Zhr Xr $&''92 V] _ßOar gmMVr h° CgZ Zm°H$ar ∑`m|

N>m ∂S> Xr ? Am°a _ßOar Am°a odo[Z _| Xama [∂S>Vr h° $& oXbr[ H$

H$maU _ßOar H$s oO›XJr Xm Qw>H$∂S> _| ]™Q> OmVr h° EH$ oXbr[ H$

gmW Am°a Xygar ]Q> AogV H$ gmW $& odo[Z H$s Vah oXbr[ ^r

_ßOar H$m gßVwÓQ> Zhr H$a [mVm $&

(13) Hwß$O :-

Hwß$O "EH$ ]ma Am°a' H$hmZr H$m ‡_wI [wÈf [mÃ h° $& o]›Zr

Hwß$O H$s ‡o_H$m h° $& o]›Zr Xe©ZemÒÃ H$s ‡m‹`mo[H$m h° $& Z°ZrVmb

_| XmZm| [oV [ÀZr ]ZH$a hmQ>b _| ah MwH$ h° $& Hwß$O o]›Zr g emXr

H$aH$ Z`r oO›XJr H$s ewÈAmV H$aZ H$s ]mV H$aVm h° $& boH$Z

Hwß$O _Yw g emXr H$aVm h° Am°a o]›Zr H$ gmW gÂ]›Y ]Zm` aIVm

h° $& O] o]›Zr Bg gÂ]›Y H$m Vm∂S>Zm MmhVr h° Vm Hwß$O fl`ma ar

305

]mV| H$aVm h° -

""o]›Zr emXr _wP BVZm gßH$sU© Zhr ]Zm gH$Jr oH$ _° A[Z

Am°a gma gÂ]›Ym| H$m PwR>bm hr Xy™ $& emXr A[Zr OJh ahJr Am°a

_am VwÂhmam gÂ]›Y A[Zr OJh $&93

Hwß$O Z emXr _Yw g H$s Am°a o]›Zr H$m AH$br OrZ H$ obE

N>m ∂S> oX`m $& dh o]›Zr g Xya OmZm MmhVm h° $& BgobE OmZ

]wPH$a S≠> qgJ-Q>]b [a _Yy H$m [Ã N>m ∂S> XVm h° $& dh o]›Zr H$m

N>m∂S>Z H$m V°`ma Zhr Am°a A[Zr [ÀZr H$maU Cg N>m∂S>Z [a _O]ya

hmVm h° dh H$hVm h° -

""Vw_ emXr H$a bm o]›Zr $& _ar Xw]©bVm H$s H$s_V AmoIa

Vw_ ∑`m| MwH$mAm - _wP bJVm h° oH$ O] VH$ _° oZ_©_Vm g A[Z

H$m H$mQ> Zhr bVm Vw_ oH$gr Am°a oXem _| gmMmJr hr Zhr $& Bg

]ma _wP Hw$N> oZU©` b hr bZm MmohE $&''94

Hwß$O o]›Zr g AbJ hmZm MmhVm h° $& o]›Zr r g_P OmVr h°

oH$ dh [wamZ ‡_ gÂ]›Y Zhr ah Am°a dh Hw ß$O g Xya OmZ H$m

oZU©` bVr h° $& oOgg Hwß$O _Z hr _Z Iwe hmVm h° $& Hwß$O ÒdmWu

h° dh A[Zr [ÀZr VWm ‡o_H$m g ^r ‡_-gÂ]ZY ]Zm` aIZm

MmhVm h° $& boH$Z AmoIa ‡o_H$m H$m À`mJ XVm h° $& Hwß$O ‡_ H$m

_mÃ dÒVw _mZZdmbm ZrMd•oŒm H$m [mÃ h° $& Eg [mÃ H$m oZ_m©U

H$aH$ boIH$m Z A[Z ge∑V dmÒVddmXr –oÓQ>H$mU H$m [naM`

oX`m h° $&

(14) oeoea :-

"oeoea' "D™$MmB©' H$hmZr H$m ‡_wI [wÈf [mÃ h° $& oeoea H$s

emXr oedmZr g hm JB© h° $& dh A[Z XmÂ[À` OrdZ g gwIr h° $&

306

boH$Z AMmZH$ EH$ oXZ Xama [∂S> OmVr h° $& oeoea H$m EH$ [Ã

¤mam _mby_ hmVm h° oH$ oedmZr A[Z ‡_r g eara gÂ]›Y H$a

Am`r h° $& oeoea [ÀZr H$ J°a Ï`dhma g AÀ`ßV XwIr hm OmVm h° $&

dh oedmZr g AbJ hmZm MmhVm h° $& XmZm| gwIr W o\$a r [ÀZr

A[Z ‡_r g eara gÂ]›Y H$a Am`r Bg ]mV g Cg AmÌM`© hmVm

h° oedmZr Z CgH$m odÌdmg Vm∂S> oX`m $& BgobE dh H$hVm h° -

""A[Zr N>mQ>r g N>mQ>r ]mV H$m r oZ¤©¤ md g _wPg H$h

XZ H$m AmVwa Vw_, BVZr AmJ ]∂T> JB© Am°a _¢ OmZ ^r Zht

[m`m $&''95

nedmZr H$hVr h° oH$ CgZ odÌdmgKmV Zht oH$`m $& boH$Z

oeoea CgH$s ]mVm| [a odÌdmg Zhr H$aVm $& dh Cgg AbJ hmZm

MmhVm h° $& oedmZr ^r H$hVr h° AJa CZH$ gÂ]›Ym| H$m AmYma

BVZm oN>N>bm VWm H$_Oma h° Vm Eg gÂ]›Ym| H$m Qy >Q> OmZm hr

]hVa h° $&

oeoea [ÀZr H$m joUH$ mdwH$Vm _ Zhr ]oÎH$ OmZ]wPH$a

[a [wÈf g eara gÂ]›Y H$a bZm r ghZ H$a bVm h° ∑`m|oH$ CgH$

MnaÃ H$s odefVm h° oH$ dh MmhVm h° oH$ og\©$ EH$]ma CgH$s

[ÀZr A[Zr JbVr _mZ b $& [a [wÈf H$ Ò[e© _mÃ g Zmar A[odÃ

hm OmVr h° Bg [`H$ma H$s gßH$sU©Vm Cg_ Zhr h° $& o\$a ^r dh

MmhVm h° oH$ Om Hw$N> h˛Am h° CgH$ obE oedmZr ‡m`oÌMV H$a $&

oedmZr H$hVr h° oH$ CgZ oeoea H$m _Z H$s Cg D$MmB©™ [a o]R>m

aIm h° Ohm™ H$mB© Zht Am gH$Vm $& BZ ]mVm g oeoea gwbh H$a

bVm h° Am°a oedmZr H$m A[ZmVm h° $& EH$ g_Pm°Vm dmXr [oV H$

Í$[ _| oeoea H$m oMoÃV oH$`m h° $&

307

(15) ZaZ :-

ZaZ "oÃeßHw$' H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s "AmV OmV mMmda' H$hmZr

H$m ‡_wI [wÈf [mÃ h° $& ZaZ Ao^Z` ¤mam Zmar H$m N>bVm h° $&

CgH$m [naM` o_Vmbr g EH$ XmdV _| hmVm h° $& dh CgH$ gmW

ZmQ>H$s` AßXmO g ]mV H$aVm h° $& Zae A[Zr A_naH$Z [ÀZr g

od¿N>X H$a maV Am`m h° $& dh A[Zr _hŒdH$mjmE™ Am°a A[Zr

Mm`mda d•oŒm H$ ]ma _| H$hVm h° -

""bJVm h° _a rVa EH$ oOflgr ]°R>m h°, Om _wP Kw_mVm h° $&

o[N>b gmV gmb g _° H$db Ky_ ahm hˇ ™ ^Q>H$ ahm hˇ ™, Z`-Z`

ÒWmZ, Z`-Z` bmJ $& [Vm Zhr H$hmß OmH$a AßV hmJm $&

ZaZ o_Vmbr H$m A[Zr qOXJr H$ ]ma _ g] Hw$N> ]VmVm h°

VmoH$ dh o_Vmbr H$m A[Z de _ b gH$ $& boH$Z dh Cg_

H$m_`m] Zhr hmVm ∑`m|oH$ o_Vmbr A[Z H$m©bO OrdZ _| EH$

gh[mR>r g N>br Om MwH$s h $& EH$ [b dh Zae H$s Ama AmH$of©V

hmVr h° boH$Z Xyga hr [b dh A[Z Am[ H$m gß^mb bVr h° $&

_›Zy ßS>mar Z Zae O°g ´_ad•oŒmdmbm| [a Jham ‡hma oH$`m h°

`h [mÃ A[Z Ao^Z` oZ[wUVm H$ ]b [a ÒÃr H$m der^yV H$aZm

MmhVm h° [a H$m_`m] Zhr hmVm $& dh OrdZ _ H$^r gwIr Zhr hm

gH$Vm ∑`m|oH$ dh Q>ZH$ d•oVdmbm h° $& dh OmV g_` o_Vmbr g

H$hVm h° -

""Bg AmV-OmV Mm`mda H$m Z_ÒH$ma $&''96

(16) eam ]m]y :-

eam ]m]y "Vrgam ohÒgm' H$hmZr H$m ‡_wI [wÈf [mÃ h° $& CgH$m

Ï`o∑VÀd IßoS>V h° $& dh gß[mXH$ h° CgH$s [oÃH$m H$_©^yo_ h° $& d

308

A[Zr [oÃH$m H$ _m‹`_ g ´ÓQ>mMma H$m O∂S> g CImS>Zm MmhV h°

boH$Z Cg_| Ag\$b ahV h° $& dh A[Z og’mßVm H$ AZwgma

amOZroV ZVmAm| H$s [mb ImbZm MmhV h° $& [naUm_ ÒdÈ[ CZH$s

[oÃH$m R>fl[ hm OmVr h° $& eam]m]y Òdmo^_mZ g OrZm MmhV h° dh

Zm°H$ar H$aZ H$ obE odde hm OmV h° boH$Z AoYH$ oXZm| VH$ d

Zm°H$ar Zhr H$a [mV $& H$_D$ ]r]r CgH$s C[jm H$aVr h°, ]Q>m

gwYra ^r CZH$m A[_mZ H$aVm h°, C›h| ha Vah g bmMmar ghZr

[∂S>Vr h° $& `hm™ VH$ oH$ OmÈ H$m Jwbm_ ^r ]ZZm [∂S>Vm h° $& C›h|

]r]r H$ AmXemZwgma amQ>r gH$Zr [∂S>Vr h°, Ka H$m R>rH$-R>mH$ H$aZm

[∂S>Vm h° $& d gmMV h° AJa EH$ ]ma CZH$s [oÃH$m o\$a g O_ J`r

Vm ]r]r g Zm°H$ar Nw>∂S>dm X|J $& Bgr Amem _| dh ha em_ bmB]´ar

OmV h° $& dhm™ EH$ gmflVmohH$ _ OZVm [mQ>u H$ _ßoÃ`m| H$s VÒdra|,

CZH$s OrdoZ`m™, BQ>aÏ`yO, ‡eßgm AmoX H$m [∂T>H$a d ]war Vah

]m°Ibm OmV h° Am°a Amde _| AmH$a H$hV h° -

""bIH$, gß[mXH$, A‹`m[H$, g] H$ g] Mb Om ah h° bmBZ

bJmH$a $& O` Hw$gu _°`m $& `h Vm eam ]m]y hr Ògmbm CÎby H$m

[Q≤>R>m h° Om og’mßVm H$s Xw_ [H$∂S> g]H$m boV^md ghVm ahVm h° $&

EH$ oXZ Eg hr X\$m r hm OmEJm $& H$mB© Xm Am™gy ]hmZ r Zhr

AmEJm $&''97

eam]m]y g¿MmB© H$s amh [a MbZm MmhV h° boH$Z dV©_mZ

`wJ H$ ^´ÓQ>mMma _| Sy>] bmJ C›h| A[Z gmW KgrQ>Zm MmhV h° $&

boH$Z eam]m]y A[Z og’mßVm [a hr S>Q>H$a ahZm MmhV h° $& Cg

amOZroVH$ ´ÓQ> ZVmAm| H$s Mmh˛H$mnaVm H$aZm [gßX Zhr h° d ´ÓQ>

Zm°H$aemhr Om O∂S> g CIm∂S>Zm MmhV h° $& ^´ÓQ> g_mO g d OwS>

309

Zhr [mV $& d A[Z Am[H$m g_`mZwgma ]XbZm Zhr MmhV

[naUm_Vï ]yar Vah hma OmV h° $& eam]m]y H$ IßoS>V Ï`o∑VÀd H$m

oMÃU H$aZ _ boIH$m g\$b h˛`r h° $&

(17) Ao_V :-

"Ao_V' "Zm`H$, IbZm`H$, odXyfH$' H$hmZr H$m [wÈf [mÃ

h° $& [napÒWoVde dh [ÀZr Am°a gmg H$m X]md _| AmH$a A[Zm

AmÀ_gÂ_mZ Im ]°R>Vm h° VWm H$_Oma ]Z OmVm h° $&

Ao_V EH$ ZmQ>H$H$ma h°, AmoW©H$ A^md H$ H$maU dh A[Z

ZmQ>H$ _ßoMV Zhr H$a gH$Vm $& Ao_Vm h_em ZmQ>H$ obIZ VWm

Cg _ßoMV H$aZ _ hr Ï`ÒV ahVm h° $& dh H$mB© Zm°H$ar Zhr H$aVm $&

CgH$s [ÀZr ]∂S> Ka H$s ]Q>r h° $& dh Zm°H$ar H$aVr h° BgobE OmZ

]yPH$a [oV H$m A[_mZ H$aVr h° $& Ao_V A[Zr [ÀZr H$m gmW

]Xm©ÌV Zhr H$a [mVm $& dh A[Zr [ÀZr H$ Qw>H$S>m| [a [b ahm h° $&

CgH$s [ÀZr Ao^ZÃr h° o\$a ^r Ao_V ZßXm Zm_H$ Ao^ZÃr H$m

A[Z Z` ZmQ>H$ _| bVm h° $& [naUm_ ÒdÈ[ CgH$s [ÀZr H$ Ah_≤

H$m R> g [h˛™MVr h° dh A[Zr _m™ H$s ghm`Vm g Ao_V H$m Iar

ImQ>r gwZmZm MmhVr h° $& CgH$s gmg Í$[` XH$a CgH$m AmÀ_gÂ_mZ

IarXZm MmhVr h° VmoH$ dh CgH$s ]Q>r H$ gmW Iwe ah $& [hb

Ao_V CZ [°gm| H$m bZ g B›H$ma H$aVm h° boH$Z ]mX _| CgH$m

AmÀ_gÂ_mZ _O]yar _| V]Xrb hmVm h° $& dh A[Zr gmg H$s

IbZm`H$s haH$V g ]war Vah hma OmVm h° $&

310



1. Òdm_r _›Zy ^ßS>mar 9

2. Òdm_r _›Zy ^ßS>mar 26


(oÃeßHw$ H$hmZr gßJ´h)

4. Ì_emZ (_° hma JB©) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 90

5. AH$br _›Zy ^ßS>mar

(VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra)

6. Vrgam AmX_r (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar

7. Am[H$m ]›Q>r (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 105

8. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar Edß amO›– `mXd

9. amZr _m H$m M]yVam _›Zy ^ßS>mar 124

(`hr gM h°)

9. JrV H$m MwÂ]Z (_° hma JB©) _›Zy• ^ßS>mar

10. em`X (oÃeßHw$) _›Zy ^ßS>mar

11. j` (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar

12. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar Edß amO›– `mXd

13. Òdm_r (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar

14. _hm^mO (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 132

15. _hm^mO (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar

16. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ` __Vm ew∑b 217

H$m _ZmodÌbfUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z

17. H$b Am°a H$gH$ (_° hma JB©) _›Zy ^ßS>mar

18. EH$ ]ma Am°a (EH$ flb°Q> g°bm]) _›Zy ^ßS>mar

19. KwQ>Z _›Zy ^ßS>mar


20. Vrgam AmX_r (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar

311


21. amZr _m H$m M]yVam _›Zy ^ßS>mar

(`hr gM h°)

22. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar EH$ amO›– `mXd

23. _hm^mO (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 124


25. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar EH$ amO›– `mXd 52











36. Am[H$m ]ßQ>r (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 122



39. _hm^mO (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 18

40. _hm^mO (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 201

41. oh›Xr C[›`mg H$s oXemE™ S>m™. dX‡H$me Ao_Vm^ 127


43. Òdm_r (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 87



46. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ gmohÀ` _| oMoÃV S>m™. _mYdr OmYd 108

g_Ò`m`|

312


47. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ`H$m S>m™. __Vm ew∑bm 232

_ZmodÌbfUm_H$ A‹``Z





52. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar Edß amO›– `mXd 251

53. Ao^ZVm (_° hma JB©) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 79




(_° hma JB©)





59. j` (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 24

60. j` (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 12

61. j` (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 16

62. j` (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 25




66. B›H$_Q>°∑g Am°a ZßX _›Zy ^ßS>mar 100

(`hr gM h°)


(`hr gM h°)

313



(`hr gM h°)


(EH$ flb°Q> g°bm])





72. gßª`m H$ [ma (EH$ flb°Q> g°bm]) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 88

73. ÒÃr gw]mYrZr (oÃeßHw$) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 35






79. em`X (oÃeßHw$) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 60

80. em`X (oÃeßHw$) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 53

81. _° hma JB© _›Zy ßS>mar 31-32

(_° hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h)

82. EH$ H$_Oma b∂S>H$s H$s H$hmZr _›Zy ^ßS>mar 45


83. EH$ H$_Oma b∂S>H$s H$s H$hmZr _›Zy ^ßS>mar 47






314




87. MÌ_ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 108




90. ZB© Zm°H$ar _›Zy ^ßS>mar 16


91. ]ßX XamOm H$m gmW _›Zy ^ßS>mar 24


92. ]ßX XamOm H$m gmW _›Zy ^ßS>mar 27


93. EH$ ]ma Am°a _›Zy ^ßS>mar 56


94. EH$ ]ma Am°a _›Zy ^ßS>mar 57


95. D™$MmB© _›Zy ^ßS>mar 119


96. AmV AmV `m`mda (oÃeßHw$) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 12

97. Vrgam ohÒgm _›Zy ^ßS>mar 97


ïï [ßM_ A‹`m` ïï

a _›Zy ßS>mar H$ gmohÀ` H$m oeÎ[[j

1. erf©H$ ‡`mOZ

2. H$WmdÒVw H$m gßJR>Z

3. [mÃ [naH$Î[Zm

4. XeH$mb Am°a dmVmdaU

5. ^mfme°br

315

316

[ßM_ A‹`m`

B _›Zy ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ` H$m oeÎ[[j :-

M ‡ÒVmdZm :

gmohÀ` H$s oH$gr ^r od⁄m _| "oeÎ[' H$m _hŒd[yU© ÒWmZ

h° $& Mmh dh H$hmZr C[›`mg, ZmQ>H$ m± H$mÏ` ∑`m| Z hm $& gmohÀ`

_| oeÎ[ hr dh _m‹`_ h°, oOgH$ ¤mam aMZmH$ma A[Z Ehgmg

H$m, A[Z mdm| H$m, Ed_≤ odMmam| H$m A[Z X` H$s gßdXZm H$m

Ï`doÒWV È[ _| gw ßXa È[ _| ‡ÒVwV H$aZ H$m H$m`© H$aVm h° $&

""AmYwoZH$ oh›Xr AmbmMH$ VWm gmohÀ`H$ma oeÎ[, oeÎ[-odoY,

oeÎ[ odYmZ AmoX e„Xmß H$m ‡`mJ AßJ´Or mfm H$ AmQ>©-E∑‡eZ

Q>H$ZrH$ H´$m\$Q> AmoX oH$gr Z oH$gr e„X H$ [`m©` H$ È[ _| ‡`mJ

H$aV h° $&''1

BVZ gma [`m©` H$m EH$ _mÃ H$maU `h h° oH$ oH$gr ^r

aMZm H$m "oeÎ[' CgH$ aMZmH$ma H$ H$m°eb [a AmYmnaV h° $&

BgrobE EH$ H$ obE "oeÎ[' H´$m‚Q> h° Vm A›` H$ obE E∑g‡eZ

`m™ AmQ>© h° $& d°g gßÒH•$V gmohÀ` _| "oeÎ[' e„X H$m AW© Hw$N>

od¤mZ 64 H$bmAm| H$ gmW Vm Hw$N> H$m°eb[yU© H$bm H$ obE H$aV

h° boH$Z o\$a r oh›Xr _ß "oeÎ[' e„X ‡`w∑V hmVm h° $& ""AßJ´Or

H$m "H´$m\$Q>' e„X hr dmÒVd _| "oeÎ[' H$m [`m©` ]Z gH$Vm

h° $&''2 gmohÀ` H$s oH$gr ^r od⁄m C[›`mg, H$hmZr, ZmQ>H$,

H$odVm H$ Xm È[ hmV h° EH$ AmßVnaH$ Í$[ nOgH$m gÂ]›Y aMZmH$ma

H$ CXÌ` g hmVm h°, oOg d A[Z [mR>H$m| H$ g_j ‡ÒVwV H$aZm

MmhVm h° $& Xygam ]m¯ Í$[ hmVm h° $& BZ XmZm| Í$[m| H$ od^mOZ g

oH$gr ^r aMZm H$ A‹``Z Ed_≤ _yÎ`mßH$Z _| AmgmZr hmVr h° $&

317

boH$Z "oeÎ[' H$ AßVJ©V XmZm| Í$[ EH$-Xyga _| odobZ hm OmV

h° $& `h ^r H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ "oeÎ[' H$ AßVJ©V XmZm| Í$[

oH$gr r aMZm È[r og∑H$ H$ ÒdÈ[ Am°a C‘Ì` Í$[r Xm [hby h° $&

oH$gr r aMZmH$ma H$ [mg Ao^Ï`o∑V H$ obE EH$ oZoÌMV odf`

dÒVw hmVr h° $& odf` aMZm H$s ]m¯ ‡oH´$`m Am°a dÒVw CgH$s

AmßVnaH$ ‡oH´$`m hmVr h° $& odf` H$m oZoÌMV Í$[ g dÒVw _| [naUV

hmZm hr [∂S>Vm h° $& BgrobE H$Wm-gmohÀ` _| odf` H$s A[jm

dÒVw AÀ`moYH$ _hŒd[yU© hm OmVr h° $Am°a dÒVw H$m AZw^d H$

YamVb g ‡mflV H$aH$ H$WmH$ma oOg _m‹`_ ¤mam ‡ÒVwV H$aZ H$m

‡`ÀZ H$aVm h° dh C[›`mg `m H$hmZr H$m oeÎ[ H$hbmVm h° $&

H$WmH$ma H$ gm_Z dÒVw H$ MwZmd H$ gmW-gmW CZH$ AZwÈ[ Cg

‡ÒVwV H$aZ H$ obE oeÎ[ H$ MwZmdH$s g_Ò`m ahVr h° $& hmbmßoH$

aMZm H$s dÒVw H$ AZwÈ[ hr CgH$m oeÎ[ oZo_©V hmVm h° Am°a

dÒVw H$ [nadV©Z H$ gmW-gmW CgH$ AZwÈ[ hr oeÎ[ _| r [nadV©Z

A[nahm`© hmVm h° $&

A] ‡ÌZ CR>Vm h° oH$ oeÎ[ ∑`m h° ? oeÎ[ H$m emo„XH$ AW©

H$bm H$m H$m°eb h° $&

""S>m™. ‡_ Q>ZmJa oeÎ[ H$m EH$ gmYZ _mZV h° Am°a oeÎ[

oH$gr H$bmH$ma H$s H$bm ¤mam Ao^Ï`∑V md Edß oM›VZYmam H$m

Ò[ÓQ> H$aZ H$m gmYZ m od⁄m h° $&''3

""oeÎ[ g Ao^‡m` hmW g H$mB© dÒVw V°`ma H$aZ AWdm

hÒVH$mar m H$marJar g h¢ $&''4

""oeÎ[ JwU H$bmH•$oV H$ odo^›Z AßJm H$s oeÎ[JV

EH$mßVodoV $&''5

318

""oeÎ[ - gßkm [w. oZ_m©U gO©Z, g•oÓQ> aMZm''6

oeÎ[odoY H$m Ò[ÓQ> H$aZ H$m ‡`mg AZH$ od¤mZm| Z oH$`m

h° - S>m™. gÀ`[mb MwY H$ _VmZwgma - ""C[›`mg aMZm _ oOg

‡oH´$`m g b˙` VWm gßdXZm^yoV CgH$ VÀdm| H$WmZH$, [mÃ, gßdmX,

dmVmdaU AmoX _| [naUV hm Am°[¿`mogH$ Í$[ H$m oZ_m©U H$aV

h°, dhr CgH$s oeÎ[odoY h° $&''7

S>m™. Am_ew∑b H$m _V h° oH$ - ""H$bm H$s aMZm _| oOZ VarH$m|

aroV`m| Am°a odoY`m| H$m C[`mJ oH$`m OmVm h° d hr Cg H$bm H$s

oeÎ[odoY H$ Zm_ g [wH$mar OmVr h° $&''8

"oeÎ[' H$s EH$ odefVm `h ^r h° oH$ dh aMZmH$ma Am°a

g_` H$ AZwgma [oadoV©V hmVm ahVm h° $& d°g [nadV©Z gßgma H$m

emÒdV oZ`_ h° $& Bg_ Hw$N> [wamZm Mbm OmVm h° Am°a CgH$ ]Xb

Z`m ‡ÒWmo[V hmVm h°, Cgr Vah g ‡À`H$ aMZmH$ma H$s EH$ aMZm

[’oV hmVr h° `h aMZm [’oV Cg aMZmH$ma H$s oZOr C[bo„Y

hmVr h° $&

oeÎ[[j H$ AßVJ©V H$Wm, gßdmX, mfme°br, [mÃ AmoX H$m

g_mde oH$`m OmVm h° $& Bg ‡H$ma h_ H$h gH$V h° oH$ oH$gr H$Wm

gmohÀ` C[›`mg, H$hmZr, ZmQ>H$ AmoX H$s lÓR>Vm CgH$ dÒVw H$bm

Am°a oeÎ[ H$ gßVwobV g_›d` [a oZ^©a H$aVr h° $& AVï H$Wm

gmohÀ` EH$ H$bm h° Am°a oeÎ[ Bgr H$bm H$s [naUoV h° $& H$bm

H$m odH$mg _ZwÓ` H$s ghO gm°›X`m©Zw^yoV H$m [naUm_ h° $& AVï

H$Wm H$m gm°›X`©‡YmZ H$aZdmbm oeÎ[H$bm H$m hr Í$[ h° $& gmohÀ`

_| oeÎ[ H$m EH$ _hŒd[yU© ÒWmZ h° -

""‡oV^m H$ gmW-gmW Hw$eb oeÎ[ H$m hmZm ]h˛V OÈar h° $&

319

oeÎ[odhrZ ‡oV^m CÀH•$ÓQ> aMZm H$m g•OZ H$aZ _| Ag_W© h° Egr

‡oV^m Cg Hw$eb H$marJa H$ g_mZ h° Om Am°Oma Z hmZ H$ H$maU

A[Zr H$marJar oXImZ _| Ag_W© h° $&''9

"oeÎ[m' e„X H$ gÂ]›Y _| gßojflV È[ g oddMZ H$aZ H$

]mX A] h_ _›Zy ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ` H$ oeÎ[[j [a –oÓQ>[mV

H$a|J $&

_›Zy ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ` _| oeÎ[ Ao¤oV` h° $& boIH$m

amOZroVH$ Am°a _Zmd°kmoZH$ odMmaYmam g ‡^modV h° $& BgH$

H$Wm gmohÀ` _| H$Wm H$m gwgßJoR>V ÒdÈ[, MnaÃm| H$m _Zmd°kmoZH$

oZÈ[U, gßdmX [naH$Î[Zm dmVmdaU, mfme°br VWm C‘Ì` g]

VÀd _ZmodÌbfU H$ aßJ _| aßJm h˛Am h° $& CZH$s ^mfm odo^›Z

‡H$maH$s odefVmAm| g w∑V h° $& mfm _| VÀg_≤-AßJ´Or CXy© H$

e„Xm H$m ‡`mJ h˛Am h° gmW _| _whmda|-bmH$mo∑V`m| H$m r WmVœ`

oZdm©h h˛Am h° $& _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ` H$m oeÎ[[j hr

A[Z Am[ _| CZH$s EH$ odefVm h° $&

A] h_ _›Zy ßS>mar H$ H$Wm _| oeÎ[ H$bm H$m XI|J $&

Bg oeÎ[ [j _| g_modÓQ> hmZdmb VÀd h°ß -

(1) erf©H$ H$m ‡`mOZ

(2) H$WmdÒVw H$m gßJR>Z

(3) [mÃ [naH$Î[Zm

(4) XeH$mb Am°a dmVmdaU

(5) ^mfm-e°br

(1) erf©H$ H$m ‡`mOZ :

oH$gr r gmohÀ`H$ma H$s aMZm C[›`mg, H$hmZr, ZmQ>H$ AmoX

320

H$m [∂T>V g_` [mR>H$ H$s ZOa g]g [hb aMZm H$ erf©H$ [a

[∂S>Vr h° $& Zm_ Í$[mÀ_H$ Bg OJV _| erf©H$ `m Zm_ H$m A[Zm

_hŒd h° $& OrdZ _| Ïò∑V H$m Zm_H$aU OrdZmaß^ _ H$a oX`m

OmVm h°, BgrobE H$^r-H$^r BgH$ Zm_ Am°a Ïò∑VÀd _| _hX›Va

oXImB© XZ bJVm h° $& gmohÀ` _| Egm Zhr hmVm, bIH$ aMZm H$m

g_mflV H$aZ H$ ]mX r Cg H•$oV H$m Zm_H$aU H$a gH$Vm h° $&

erf©H$ g h_ H•$oV _| ∑`m h° ? H$m°Z gm odf` h° ? H°$gr aMZm

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H$m hm gH$Vm h° $& O°g __©Ò[eu AßV, A‡À`moeV AßV,

AoZÌM`mÀ_H$ AßV, odf` H$s [yU©Vm ]mYH$ AßV, ZmQ>H$s` AßV,

gß`wH$V AßV AmoX $& Amaß^ Am°a _‹` g g_mZ A›V r Jham ‡^md

S>mbZdmbm hmZm MmohE $& [a AßV _mZd H$m odMma Am°a gmMZ H$

ob` _O]ya H$aV h° $& _oÒVÓH$ [a N>m` ahZdmb AßV _›Zy ßS>mar

H$s Ì_emZ, j`, gOm, amZr _m™ H$m M]yVam, oÃeßHw$, Vrgam ohÒgm,

D™$MmB© AmoX H$hmoZ`m| H$ h° $& AmO H$s H$hmZr gßKf©erb

_ZwÓ` H$ OrdZ-`WmW© H$m Ao^Ï`o∑V XVr h° $& AmX_r A[Z ]mhar

Am°a AmßVnaH$ Xm Í$[m| _| OrdZ H$ obE odde h° $& CgH$s `h

oddeVm H$hmZr H$ AßV VH$ ]Zr ahVr h° $& ha g_Ò`m H$m g_mYmZ

Zht h° BgrobE H$hmZrH$ma A[Zr H$hmZr H$ AßV _| g_Ò`m H$m

329

g_mYmZ Zht XV $& g_Ò`m H$m [mR>H$ A[Zr-A[Zr –oÓQ> g gwbPmZ

H$ obE ÒdVßÃ ahV h° Am°a oH$gr r [mR>H$ H$ _Z _| H$hmZrH$ma H$

‡oV eßH$m `m Ag_mYmZ Zht ahVm $& AmO H$s H$hmZr H$m AßV

[mR>H$m H$m gmMZ H$ obE odde H$aVm h° $&

"g`mZr ]wAm' H$hmZr H$m AßV Bg È[ _| oXIm`m J`m h° ""[a

dmÒVodH$Vm OmZH$a ]wAmOr r amV hr amV hßg [∂S>r $& [mßM AmZ

H$s gwamhr Vm ∂S> XZ [a Zm°H$a H$m ]war Vah [rQ>Zdmbr ]wAmOr,

[Mmg È[`dmb gQ> H$ fl`mab Qy>Q> OmZ [a r, hßg ahr Wr, oXb

ImbH$a hßg ahr Wr, _mZm C›h| ÒdJ© H$s oZoY o_b J`r hm $&''26

Vm ""ÒÃr-gw]moYZr' H$hmZr H$m AßV C[XemÀ_H$ h° - A]

MmhVr hˇ™ R>R> XwoZ`mXmar H$s ]mV| A[Zr hOma hOma _mgw_ oH$emar

]hZm| H$ [Îb g ]mßY Xy ß oOgg d _ar Vah ^Q>H$Z g ]M

OmEß $&''27

boIH$m Z "Òdm_r' C[›`mg H$m AßV ]h˛V gw›Xa oX`m h° -

""Xm wOmAm| H$s Odr∂S> _ß Cg bJm CgH$s gmar Q>H$Z g_mflV hm

J`r h° CgH$ gma ¤ß¤ g_mflV hm JE $& oZoÌMV Am°a oZ¤©¤ hm AmE

CgH$ _Z H$ AmJ _mß H$m `h dm∑` hr Jy ßOVm ahm oOgZ A[Zm

gwI XwïI A[Z JwU-Xmf Òdm_r H$ hmWm| _| gm¢[ oXE $&''28

Bg ‡H$ma _›Zy ßS>marZ A[Z C[›`mgm| _| Am°a H$hmoZ`m| _|

ododY ‡H$ma g H$WmdÒVw H$m gßJR>Z oH$`m h° $& CZH$s aMZm H$m

H$m°eb H$WmdÒVw H$ gßJR>Z _| oXImB© XVm h° $& H$Wm dÒVw H$m M`Z

VWm H$hmZr H$m Amaß^, _‹` Am°a AßV _| bm`m J`m H$gmd CZH$s

H$hmoZ`m| H$m ‡^mdembr Am°a amMH$ ]Zm J`m h° $& CZ_| C]mD$[Z

H$m A^md hmZ g EH$ hr ]°R>H$ _| oH$gr H$hmZr H$m [∂T> OmZm

330

[mR>H$m| H$ ob` EH$ gwIX AZw^d hmVm h° $&

(3) [mÃ [naH$Î[Zm :

aMZmH$ma A[Z Amg[mg H$ OrdZ-OJV g KQ>ZmE™ Am°a [mÃm|

H$m MwZmd A[Z H$WmZH$ H$ AZwÈ[ H$aVm h° $& H$WmZH$ oZ_m©U

[mÃm| H$ oH´$`mH$bm[ g hmVm h° $& Vm KQ>ZmE™ r oZaW©H$ Am°a ÒdVï

Ò\y$V© Zht hmVr $& CZH$m CXÌ` Ïò∑V MnaÃm| H$ OrdZ H$

gmaVÀd H$m oXImZm hmVm h° $& [mÃm| H$ o]Zm H$WmZH$ H$m oZ_m©U

hm Zhr gH$Vm $& H$Wm VÀd Am°a [mÃm| _| [aÒ[a gm_ßOÒ` AmdÌ`H$

h° $& C[›`mg H$ [mÃm| Am°a _mZdr` OrdZ H$ [mÃm| _| odef AßVa

Zhr ah OmVm $&

H$hmZr Am°a C[›`mg H$ ]ohaßJ VÀdm| _| erf©H$ Am°a H$WmdÒVw

gßJR>Z H$ ]mX V•Vr` _hŒd [mÃ oZ`mOZ H$m h° $& H$hmZr AmH$ma _

bKw hmVr h° Cg_| ¡`mXm [mÃm| H$m oZ`mOZ em^m Zhr XVm $&

C[›`mg AmH$ma _| ]∂S>m hmVm h° Cg_| [mÃm H$s gßª`m ¡`mXm hmVr

h° $& C[›`mg _| ghm`H$ [mÃm| H$m oZdm©h ^r hmVm h° $& Om ‡_wI

[mÃm| H$m MmnaoÃH$ odH$mg H$aV h° $&

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z A[Zr H$hmoZ`m| _| gm_m›`Vï Xm ‡H$ma H$

[mÃm| H$s [naH$Î[Zm H$s h° - dJ©JV [mÃ Am°a Ïò∑VJV [mÃ $&

M dJ©JV [mÃ :

dJ©JV [mÃ ‡oVoZoYH$ [mÃ hmV h° $& g_mO H$ EH$ odef

dJ© H$m ‡oVnZoYÀd H$aV h° $& dhmß oZoÌMV Ïò∑V H$s OJh Xygam

H$mB© r ah Vm r H$mB© \$aH$ Zht [∂S>Vm - O°g "ImQ> og∑H$' H$

I›Zm gmh], "ZH$br hra' H$s o_gO gaZ, "aV H$s Xrdma' H$m aod

AmoX $&

331

M Ïò∑VJV [mÃ :

Ïò∑VJV [mÃ H$s A[Zr oZOr odefVm hmVr h° $& ` [mÃ

A[Z Am[ _| [yU© hmV h¢ $& BZH$m ÒWmZ A›` H$mB© [mÃ Zht b

gH$Vm $& O°g - "Z`r Zm°H$ar' H$s a_m, "`hr gM h°' H$s Xr[m, "]ßX

XamOm| H$ gmW' H$s _ßOar $& [mÃ Mmh| Vm A[Z Am[ g Ow∂S> h˛E

g_mO H$m AßJ ^r ]Z gH$V h° ß, ‡oVoZoYÀd ^r H$a gH$V h¢ `m

g]g AbJ r ah gH$V h¢ $& _›Zy ßS>mar H$ Hw$N> [mÃ A›V_w©Ir r

h° $& CZH$ g_ÒV MnaÃ Ïò∑VdmXr Am°a AmÀ_H$o›–V h° $&

[napÒWoV`m| H$ gm_Z Z PwH$Zm VWm ÒdoZ_m©U H$s j_Vm CZH$

MnaÃm| H$s odefVmEß h° $& d°g BZH$ [mÃm| H$ [napÒWoV`m| H$ ‡oV

od–mh H$aZ H$s j_Vm Zht h° $& boH$Z dV©_mZ jUm| H$m ÒdrH$maZ

H$s ‡d•oŒm AoYH$ h° $& d A[Zr AßVJ´©oW`m| g VWm JV OrdZ H$s

A›VH©$WmAm| g ‡^modV Am°a [naMmobV ahV h° $& EH$ odef ]mV

h° oH$ CZH$ MnaÃ Ïò∑VdmXr h° $& h Ïò∑VdmX dÒVwVï maVr`

g_mO H$ ZamrdmX H$m hr [`m©` h° $& CZH$ Zmar-[mÃ `WmW©Vï

^maVr` Zmar H$m hr MnaÃ h° $&

_›Zy ßS>mar H$ [mÃm| H$ Zm_m| H$s –oÓQ> g odMma oH$`m Om` Vm

AoYH$mße Zm_ [mÃ H$ JwUmZwHy$b h° $& C›hm|Z Hw$N> Zm_ Vm AoV

gwßXa J∂T> h°ß $& "o_Vmbr' ]∂S>r gwßXa Zm_ h° $& "bI' g "bIm' ]ZmH$a

EH$ Z` Zm_ H$m C›hm|Z g•OZ H$a oX`m h° $& "_wabm', "eHw$Z' AmoX

Zm_ Hw$N> Eg h° ß Om [wamZ Zm_m| _| hbH$m-gm [nadV©Z H$a ]Zm

oXE h° $&

_›Zy ßS>mar H$ gmohÀ` _| [mÃ-[naH$Î[Zm _| d°od‹` –oÓQ>JmMa

hmVm h° $& CZH$ H$Wm gmohÀ` _| ‡YmZ Í$[ _| Zmar Am°a [wÈf [m`

332

OmV h° $& CZH$ [mÃ g^r AdÒWmAm| H$ h¢ $& "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' C[›`mg

H$m ]ßQ>r ]mÎ`mdÒWm H$m h° Vm "gOm' H$s Amem oH$emar h° $&

boIH$mZ AoYH$mße `wdm MnaÃ hr oMoÃV oH$E h° ß $& ‡m° ∂T> Edß

d•’mdÒWm H$ [mÃ Zm_ _mÃ H$m hr Am` h¢ $& g_mO H$ g^r dJm H$

‡oVoZoYH$ Í$[ _| H$B© [mÃ BZH$s H$hmoZ`m| _| h¢ $& oeojV Edß

AoeojV [mÃ ^r Am[H$m o_b|J $& A[Zr H$hmoZ`m| _| C›hm|Z

[maß[naH$ Am°a AmYwoZH$ [mÃm| H$s o_br-Owbr [naH$Î[Zm H$s h° $&

Hw$N> [mÃm| _| _Zm¤ß¤ r A¿N>m C^mam h° $& BgrobE CZH$s gOrdVm

[mR>H$m| H$m odef Í$[ g ‡^modV H$aVr h¢ $&

(4) XeH$mb Am°a dmVmdaU :

XeH$mb Am°a dmVmdaU H$ AßVJ©V g_mO `m amÓQ≠ > H$s

gm_moOH$, amOZroVH$, gmßÒH•$oV, Ymo_©H$ [napÒWoV`m™, ahZ

ghZ, aroV-nadmO AmoX AmV h° $& ∑`m|oH$ _mZd H$m g_mO g

[•WH$ H$mB© AoÒVÀd Zht h° $& dmVmdaU [mÃm| H$m gßgma h° $& BgobE

gmohÀ`H$ma H$m A[Z [mÃm| H$s [napÒWoV-odef H$m gy˙_-oMÃU

H$aZm hmJm ∑`m|oH$ Xe-H$mb Am°a [napÒWoV H$ gßX^© _| hr [mR>H$

CgH$ [mÃm| H$ H$m`©-H$bm[m| H$m ghr _yÎ`mßH$Z H$a gH|$J $&

AmYwoZH$ `wJ _| H$mb© _m∑g©Z Oh `h H$hm oH$ ‡dmh[oVV

hmVm h° Vm _ZwÓ` H$ Amg[mg H$s pÒWoV`m| H$m oMÃU hmVm ahm h°

Vm dhr Xe-H$mb H$m oMÃU H$h OmVm h° $&

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ` _| XeH$mb Am°a dmVmdaU H$m

CÎbI Ò[ÓQ> o_bVm h° $& dmVmdaU H$ o]Zm [mR>H$m| H$ gÂ_wI

H$hmZr H$m WmW© Í$[ Ò[ÓQ> hm Zht [mVm $& Xe Am°a H$mb H$ o]Zm

g_Ò`m H$s oZo_©V H$m AßXmO [mR>H$m| H$m Am Zht gH$Vm $& AVï

333

XeH$mb Am°a dmVmdaU H$m À`mJH$a H$hmZr H$s aMZm H$aZ g

[mR>H$m| [a ¡`mXm oXZ Aga Zht ahVm $&

M H$mb]mY :

_›Zy ßS>mar H$s Hw$N> H$hmoZ`m| _| ÒdmYrZVm [yd© H$m dmVmdaU

h°, Vm Hw$N> _| ÒdmYrZVm H$ ]mX H$m $& "hma' H$hmZr _| gZ≤ 1945

H$s AmOmX qhX gZm H$m CÎbI o_bVm h° $& "Vrgam ohÒgm' H$hmZr

OZVm [mQ>u H$ emgZH$mb H$s H$hmZr h° $& "_hm^mO' C[›`mg

]h˛MoM©V ]bN>rH$mßS> ha AmYmnaV h°, Om gZ≤ 1976 _| h˛Am Wm $&

lr_Vr _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z A[Zr H$hmoZ`m| _| H$mb H$m CÎbI Ò[ÓQ>

Í$[ g oH$`m h° $& "hma' H$hmZr H$m CXmhaU ‡ÒVwV h° - "]mV `h

gZ≤ 45 H$ Ao›V_ oXZmß H$s h° $& AmOmX qhX \$mO H$ H$naÌ_ [∂T>

[∂T>H$a gmar OZVm ]mdbr hm ahr Wr $& h∂S>Vmb, Owbyg,

g^mAm| H$m ]mOma J_© Wm & H$mbO H$ N>mÃ-N>mÃmAm| _| Ome H$m

Egm ¡dma Am`m Wm oH$ o]Zm _Vb] hr „bS> g AßJyR> H$mQ>-H$mQ>H$a

EH$ Xyga H$ m ZVmOr H$s VÒdra [a IyZ H$m oVbH$ H$aV o\$aV W

Am°a _hgyg H$aV W oH$ A[Z Bg hm°gb H$ H$m_ g AmOmXr H$s

b∂S>mB© H$m C›hm|Z EH$ H$X_ Am°a AmJ ]∂T>m oX`m h° $&

Bg ‡H$ma _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z XeH$mb Am°a CgH$ AZwÍ$[ H$m`©

H$aZdmb bmJm| H$s ‡d•oŒm H$m oMÃU H$_ g H$_ e„Xm| _| A[Zr

H$hmoZ`m| _| oH$`m h° $& CZH$s Hw$N> H$hmoZ`mß g_`-H$mb H$s —oÓQ>

g Hw$N> KßQ>m g bH$a AZH$ dfm VH$ H$s AdoY H$m g_Q>Vr h¢ $&

"ImQ> og∑H$', "EH$ flbQ> g°bm]' H$hmoZ`m| H$m g_` boIH$m ¤mam

hmQ>b H$ hmb _| o]Vm`m h˛Am Wm∂S> g g_` H$m h° $& "Vrgam AmX_r'

og\©$ EH$ oXZ H$s H$hmZr h° Om g]a g em_ VH$ MbVr h° $& Bg

334

Vah Hw$N> H$hmoZ`m| _| AÎ[H$mb H$s KQ>ZmAm| H$m hr H$hmZr H$m

odf` ]Zm`m J`m h° Am°a dh g_` Am°a Cgg Ow∂S>r KQ>ZmEß hr

H$hmZr H$ Vœ` g A[Zm naÌVm ÒWmo[V H$a [mVr h° $& em`X `hr

gmMH$a boIH$m Z H$mb H$m AZmdÌ`H$ odÒVma H$hmZr _| hmZ

Zht oX`m $&

Hw$N> H$hmoZ`mß dV©_mZ H$mb H$s h¢, Vm Hw$N> AVrV H$s $& "Zem'

Zm_H$ H$hmZr _| AVrV H$m 40 df© VH$ [rN> KgrQ>m J`m h° $& "`hr

gM h°' H$hmZr S>m`ar e°br _| hmZ H$ H$maU ÒWmZ Am°a oVoW`mß

gmbh AmZ R>rH$ h¢ $& _›Zy ßS>mar H$s AoYH$mße H$hmoZ`mß dV©_mZ

_ß H$m`m©o›dV hmVr h° $& d dV©_mZ _| gmM H$ ÒVa VH$ hr gro_V

h° $& Hw$N> H$hmoZ`m| _| AVrV _hŒd[yU© hm CR>m h° $& "MÌ_' H$hmZr

_| o_. d_m© H$m dV©_mZ, AVrV Am°a o_gO d_m© ¤mam gwZm`r

OmZ dmbr H$hmZr H$m H$bm]mY; Bg ‡H$ma VrZ ÒVa MbV h° $&

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Or H$ H$Wm-gmohÀ` _| H$mb]mY Ò[ÓQ> h° $&

H$mbmZwgma MnaÃm| H$s [naH$Î[Zm Ò[ÓQ> —oÓQ>JmMa hmVr h° $& "hma'

H$s Zmo`H$m Xr[m Owbyg oZH$mbVr h°, ^mfU XVr h° $& Bg ‡H$ma

H$mZmZwÈ[ AmMaU H$aVr h° $& "_hm^mO' C[›`mg ´ÓQ> amOZroV

H$m X[©U h° $& H$Wm H$ [mÃm| Xmgmh] Am°a gwHw$b ]m]y A[Z

H$mbmZwgma dV©Z H$aV h° $& H$Wm H$ [mÃm| H$s gßdXZm g [mR>H$ H$s

gßdXZm Ow∂S>Vr h° $& BgrobE H$Wm-gmohÀ` _| H$mb]mY Ò[ÓQ> h° $&

_Ywae Or Z "bha' [oÃH$m _| _›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| H$ g_`

gßX^© _| EH$ OJh obIm h° - "A[Z g_` gßX^m H$ ‡oV EH$

A]moYV Iwbm[Z _›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| H$m CZH$s g_H$mbrZ

H$Wm-boIH$mAm| g AbJ H$aVm h° $& g_mO _ß VOr g C^aV Am°a

335

[Z[V ZdYZmT≤>` dJ© H$s _yÎ`-_y∂T>Vm H$ gßX^© _| Z` _yÎ`m| H$

gßH$V CZH$s ]h˛V-gr H$hmoZ`m| _| C^a h¢ $&'29

M ÒWmZ-]mY :

ÒWmZ-]mY H$m [Vm _›Zy ßS>mar H$s AoYH$mße H$hmoZ`m| H$m

[∂T>Z g Mb OmVm h° $& CZH$s H$hmoZ`m| _| AoYH$Va oXÎbr,

H$bH$Vm, O`[wa, AO_a, ^mZw[wam, H$mZ[wa, Bbmhm]mX AmoX

ÒWmZm| H$m CÎbI o_bVm h° $& amOÒWmZ Edß H$bH$Vm _| oejm [mZ

g VWm oZdmg oXÎbr _| hmZ g BZH$m CÎbI _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s

H$hmoZ`m| _| AoYH$ ÒWmZm| [a Am`m h° $& "[ß. JOmYma emÒÃr'

Zm_H$ H$hmZr _|, O°g - "J_u H$s Nw>o≈>`mß g_w–-oH$Zma o]VmZ H$

BamX g _¢ [war Mbm J`m Wm $& "ImQ> og∑H$' H$hmZr _| - "[a [agm|

O] C›h| gyMZm o_br oH$ bIZD$ g oH$gr H$m∞bO H$s N>mÃmAm| H$m

EH$ Xb H$bH$V H$ Xe©Zr` ÒWmZm| H$m XIZ H$ obE Am`m h° .....

"_hm^mO' C[›`mg _| Vm Ò[ÓQ> "gamhm Am°a oXÎbr H$m CÎbI

h° $& "O] g CgZ AmJOZr H$s KQ>Zm H$ ‡_mU OwQ>m` h¢, dh

[mJbm| H$s Vah [rN> [∂S>m h˛Am Wm $& oXÎbr MbZ H$ obE $&' BZ

‡H$ma AoYH$mße H$hmoZ`m| _| ÒWmZ H$m CÎbI Ò[ÓQ> h° $&

M dmVmdaU-]mY :

‡À`H$ H$hmZr _| dmVmdaU hmVm h°, o]Zm dmVmdaU H$ H$mB©

H$hmZr hmVr hr Zht $& "dmVmdaU h_| gß[yU© H$hmZr H$ ^md H$m

]mY H$amVm h° Z oH$ oH$gr EH$ AßJ H$m $& dmVmdaU H$hmZr H$m

[naUm_ h° Z oH$ H$maU $& AVï H$hmZr H$ ododY VŒdm| H$s gmd`dVm

dmVmdaU H$s EH$mB© H$m O›_ XVr h° $&' H$hmZr H$ [mÃm| H$ Ï`m[ma

Am°a dmVmdaU [aÒ[a ‡oVoH´$`mÀ_H$ hmV h¢ $& Eg —Ì` [mR>H$m| H$s

336

gßdXZerbVm H$m ‡naV H$aZ _| g\$b gmo]V hmV h¢ $& _›Zy ßS>mar

H$s H$hmoZ`m| _| odf`dÒVw AWdm [mÃm| H$ _ZmÏ`m[ma H$ AZwHy$b

hr dmVmdaU oMoÃV oH$`m J`m h° $& dmVmdaU H$ H$maU H$œ` AoYH$

‡^mdembr Í$[ g [mR>H$m| H$ _Z _| q]o]V hmVm h° $& EH$ OJh ]g

AS≤>S> H$m ]∂S>m hr WmW© dmVmdaU _›Zy ßS>mar Z ‡ÒVwV H$a AbJ

AbJ [mÃm| H$ oH´$`mH$bm[ H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° $& "S≠>mBda A[Zr

grQ> [a AmH$a ]°R> J`m h° $& gm_mZ Vm R>rH$ g O_mH$a Hw$br ZrM

CVa J`m h° Am°a I∂S>m-I∂S>m ]r∂S>r \yß$H$ ahm h° $& AoYH$Va mÃr

]g _| ]°R> MwH$ h¢, [a Hw$N> bmJ A^r ]mha I∂S> o]XmB© H$s aÒ_

AXm H$a ah h¢ $&'

"Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' H$s Zmo`H$m eHw$Z H$s _ZïpÒWoV H$m oMÃU

H$aZ _| boIH$m Z Om dmVmdaU OwQ>m`m h° dh ]∂S>m _hŒd[yU© h° $&

"amO g]a [rN> H$ AmßJZ g KwgH$a Yy[ gma Ka H$m M_H$mVr

X_H$mVr Xm[ha H$m bmZ _| \°$b-[gaH$a ]°R> OmVr Am°a em_ H$m

]∂S>r Abgm`r-gr Yra-Yra gaH$Vr h˛B© [rN> H$s [hmo∂S>`m _| oN>[

OmVr $& EH$ Xyga H$m R> bV h˛E _m°g_ ^r AmV hr ah $& o\$a ^r

eHw$Z H$m bJVm Wm oH$ g_` O°g R>ha H$a O_ J`m h° Am°a O_ h˛E

g_` H$s h M≈>mZ H$ht g Z o[KbVr Wr, Z Qy>Q>Vr Wr $& ]g Qy>Q>Vr

ahr h° Vm eHw$Z - Yra-Yra, oVb-oVb $&'30

(5) ^mfm-e°br :

^mfm Ao^Ïò∑V H$m ge∑V _m‹`_ h° $& oH$gr r aMZmH$ma

H$s eo∑V CgH$s mfm Am°a e°br hmVr h°, oOgg dh A[Zr odoeÓQ>

Am°a AbJ [hMmZ ]ZmVm h° Am°a [mR>H$m| [a A[Z Ïò∑VÀd H$m

‡^md N>m ∂S>Vm h° $& ‡À`H$ Ïò∑V H$s A[Zr e°br hmVr h°, Bg

337

‡H$ma gmohÀ`H$ma H$s r A[Zr e°br hmVr h° $& oOgg dh A[Z

g_H$mbrZm| g AbJ [hMmZm OmVm h° $& ‡À`H$ aMZm _| bIH$ H$

Ï`o∑VÀd H$s Ao_Q> N>m[ hmVr h° $& Bg AmYma [a h_ _›Zy ßS>mar

H$ H$Wm gmohÀ` H$s mfm-e°br [a odMma H$a|J $&

AmO H$m H$WmH$ma AZw^d H$m YZr h°, ∑`m|oH$ AmdaU _w∑V

`WmW© CgH$s AmßIm| H$ gm_Z h° $& _›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`mß Bgr

]mV H$m Ehgmg oXbmVr h¢ oH$ `WmW© g Q>H$amB© h˛B© hmZ g C›h|

oeÎ[ H$s H$mB© AmdÌ`H$Vm Zht $& o\$a r wJm| g Mbr AmB© h˛B©

[na[mQ>r H$m Vm∂S>m Zht Om gH$Vm $& BgrobE oeÎ[ g gß]ßoYV Om

]mV h_| CZH$s H$hmoZ`m| _| o_br C›h| ‡ÒVwV H$aZ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m

J`m h° $&

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s ]|Q>r aMZm Z dmVm©bm[ _| H$hm Wm oH$ -

""__r H$s H$hmoZ`mß [∂T>V g_` Egm bJVm h° oH$ _mZm __r A[Z

gmW grYr ]mV H$a ahr h° $& amO_e© H$ OrdZ _| __r O°g ]mV

H$aVr h°, Cgr mfm _| dh [AZr H$hmoZ`mß obIVr h° $&''

_›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| Am°a C[›`mg H$ [mÃ O°g gOrd h¢

d°g hr CZH$s mfm r OrdßV h° $& boIH$m H$ [mg A[Z AZw^d

Edß AZw^yoV H$m gß‡ofV H$aZ H$ obE OrdßV Am°a ghO mfm h° $&

AH$b mfm H$ ÒVa [a r CZH$s H$hmoZ`mß g_•’ hm JB© h° $& AmO

H$s Jhar, OoQ>b, AmßVnaH$ gßdXZm Am°a ¤ß¤mÀ_H$ AZw^dm| H$m

gß‡ofV H$aZ H$ obE oOg ‡H$ma H$s mfm H$s OÈaV hmVr h° dh

CZH$ [mg h° $& ∑`m|oH$ oH$Vm]r mfm Z obIH$a d Cg _mhm°b H$s

^mfm obIVr h¢ oOg_| CZH$ [mÃ gmßg bV h¢ $&

_›Zy ^ßS>mar qhXr ^mfm H$ ‡oV ‡`ÀZerb Zht h° ß $& ^mfm

338

emÒÃr` –oÓQ> g ew’ oh›Xr mfm H$m A[Zr aMZmAm| _| ‡`mJH$a

og\©$ ]wo’Orod`m| H$ obE A[Zm gmohÀ`-oZ_m©U C›hm|Z Zht oH$`m

h°, Ao[Vw C›hm|Z OZ-gm_m›` H$s Ï`Wm-H$Wm OZ-gm_m›` VH$

[h˛ßMmZ H$ obE OZ-gm_m›` H$s ]mbMmb H$s ^mfm H$m ‡`mJ

oH$`m h° $& BgrobE CZH$s mfm H$m h_ Xm Í$[m _| XIV h° $&

1. e„Xm| H$m ‡`mJ $&

2. ^mfm H$m ‡`mJ $&

M e„Xm| H$m ‡`mJ :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar AO_a _| ahr h°, dhmß g _mhm°b _| Kwbr-o_br

h¢ $& Cg ‡Xe odef H$ e„X ÒdVï hr _›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| _|

‡Mwa _mÃm _| [m` OmV h° $& Aa]r-\$magr e„Xm| H$m ghO ÒdrH$ma

BZH$s mfm _| h° $& ‡maß^ H$ Xm H$hmZr-gßJ´hm H$s H$hmoZ`m| _| h

‡^md AoYH$ h° $& _›Zy ßS>mar H$ ÒWmZm›VaU H$ gmW CZH$s mfm

_| [nadV©Z AmVm J`m h° $& _›Zy ^ßS>mar AO_a g H$bH$Vm Am°a

H$bH$Vm g oXÎbr [h˛ßMr h° $& CZH$s H$hmoZ`m| H$m XeH$mb

dmVmdaU Am°a ^mfm H$m ^r ‡`mg Cgr AZwfßJ g h˛Am, `h ^r

Òd`_d Ò[ÓQ> h° $&

lr_Vr _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s ^mfm _| g_`-gßX^©, [nade Am°a

[mÃmZwHy$b e„Xm| H$m ‡`mJ h˛Am h° $& Xer-odXer VWm Z` T>ßJ g

‡`w∑V A‡MobV e„Xm H$ ‡`mJ r o_bV h¢ $& VÀg_ Am°a VX≤^d

e„X, Aa]r-\$magr H$ e„X, AßJ´Or H$ Ï`dhma _| ‡`w∑V hmZdmb

e„X _›Zy ßS>mar H$s mfm _| [m` OmV h¢ $& CXmhaUmW© -

""Hw$ebj_, oÃeßHw$, AßJ-‡À`ßJ, –, jUmße $&

339

„`mh, b„]m-bw]m], O‘mOhX, eD$a, _wµJmbVm $&

XwΩJr, N>o_`mß, N>_mH$m, ZmZB©, AmoX $&''31

M A›` maVr` mfmAm| H$ e„X :

m ]ßJbm :

H$bH$Vm oZdmg _| ]ßJbm mfm H$m _›Zy ßS>mar Z Wm∂S>m ]h˛V

OmZm Wm qH$Vw CZH$m [nade qhXr ^mfm hr ahZ H$ H$maU CZH$s

^mfm [a ]ßJbm mfm H$m AoYH$ ‡^md oXImB© Zht XVm $& o\$a r

]ßJmbr [nade H$ ‡^md g _›Zy ^ßS>mar ANy>Vr Zht ahr $& CZH$s

EH$ H$hmZr H$m Zm_ hr ]ßJbm JrV H$ ‡maß^ H$ Hw$N> e„Xm| g hmVm

h° $& "EImZ AmH$me ZmßB', Bg H$hmZr _| Cg ]ßJbm JrV H$s [ßo∑V`mß

Hw$N> Bg Vah aI Xr h¢ oH$ H$hmZr H$ ^md Cgg Ow∂S> OmV h° $&

"emZm ]ßYw emZm ‡mUhrZ E ehaa BoVH$Wm$&'32

m odXer mfm H$ e„X :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m [nadma gwoeojV ahm h° $& o[Vm, [oV VWm

]hZ H$ Ka AßJÓr r [naoMV ]mbr h° $& AmO r maVr` oejm

Ï`dÒWm _| AßJ´ Or H$m ÒWmZ ]Zm ahZ g ^maVr` OZVm [a dh

N>m`r ahr h° $& _›Zy ßS>mar H$s mfm _| AßJÓr H$ e„X ghO Í$[ _|

Am` h°ß $& H$ht-H$ht am_Z obo[ _| r oXIm`r XV h¢ $& d°g XdZmJar

obo[ _| obI AßJ´ Or H$ e„X Am°a dm∑` h_| H$B© H$hmoZ`m| _|

o_b|J $& O°g - o_a|oS>`›g, Q≤>`yZ, AmQ>uo\$oe`b, BZ\$sna`mnaQ>r,

H$Â[b∑g, Zg©ar amB_ $& Hw$N> dm∑` r –ÓQ>Ï` hß - "BQ≤>g ∑brà

H$g Am\$ gwgmBS>' & "AmZ gZ≤S> AmB E_ h°fl[r' $&

CXy © H$ gmW AßJ´ Or e„Xm| H$m o_bmH$ma ]Zm` J` e„X -

\°$eZ[aÒV ]rod`mß, _mB© oS>à XmÒV $& AßJÓr g ohßXr _| oH$`m

340

"Vrgam ohÒgm' H$hmZr _| ‡`w∑V EH$ _∑Ir_ma AZwdmX ^r _›Zy

^ßS>mar H$s H$b_ g oZH$bm h° $& O°g "gwB© [Q>H$ g›ZmQ>m' $& EH$

H$hmZr H$ erf©H$ _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z oÃ^mfm \$m∞a_yb H$m ]∂S> hr gwßXa

T>ßJ g ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° ï "EH$ flbQ> g°bm]' $&

m gß`w∑V e„X :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z A[Zr ^mfm _| AZH$ e„Xm| H$m ‡`mJ oH$`m

h° $& ‡MobV gß`w∑V e„Xm| H$ gmW gßX^m©ZwHy$b Z` gß`w∑V

e„Xm| H$m ‡`mJ r ]∂S>r ghOVm g H$a oX`m h° $& ‡MobV gß`w∑V

e„X h_| Om CZH$s H$hmoZ`m| _| o_b, d h¢ - _m_m-dm_m,

[mQ>u-dmQ>u, Xw∑IZ-gw∑I_, XßS>-\ß$S> $& "N>V ]ZmZ dmb' H$hmZr

_| ]∂S>r ghOVm g _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z "jUmßH$' e„X H$m ‡`mJ

oH$`m h° $&' "jUmßH$' H$ obE YZr m¢hm| H$ ZrM AmßIm| H$ H$Q>ma

Hw$N> Am°a ogHw$∂S>, bbmQ> H$s VrZ gbdQ>| Hw$N> Am°a AoYH$ C^a

Am`t $&''

m bmH$JrV :

Hw$N> H$hmoZ`m| _| ÒWmZr` ]mob`m| _| ‡MobV JrVm| H$s H$o∂S>`m

^r h° oOZH$ e„Xm| [a odMma oH$`m Om gH$Vm h° $& O°g - "_O]yar'

H$hmZr H$s [ßo∑V`mß -

"AmAm ar oMo∂S>`m MwZ H$am

]Qy> D$[a amB-Zy_ H$am

ZyZ H$am - ZyZ H$am $&'33

m ]mbMmb H$ e„X ‡`mJ :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z A[Zr H$hmoZ`m| _| XeH$mb H$ AZwgma

]mbMmb H$ e„Xm| H$m ‡`mJ ]h˛bVm g oH$`m h° $& Hw$N> CXmhaU

341

‡ÒVwV h¢ -

""A\$gam| g P∂S>m|, M[amog`m| H$m Pm∂S>m $&

VJU-_JU-[JU H$m V[©U $&

Nw>ar H|$Mr H$m Eb. [r. Mbm $&

H$b_ oKÒgy ∑bH©$, Or^ oMÒgy hm JE $&

]∂S> ]m[ H$s ]Q>r A\$ga gßJ bQ>r $&

AZIm` oXZ AZgm`r amV| $$&''34

m H$hmdV| Am°a _whmda :

‡_MßX H$ wJ _| AÀ`oYH$ ‡MobV H$hmdVm| Am°a _whmdam| H$m

‡`mJ BYa Hw$N> H$_ hr oXIm`r XVm h° $& boH$Z _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m

‹`mZ AmYwoZH$ Vœ` H$s H$hmoZ`mß obIZ [a r CZH$s Ama J`m

h° $& Hw$N> ‡`mJ –ÓQ>Ï` h¢ ï

""gm° gwZma H$s EH$ bwhma H$s $&

Myß-Myß H$m _wa„]m $&

A` hm` $& Jmd H$s N>mar Am°a [ya] H$s Mmb $&

XyYm| ZhmB©, [yVm| \$br $&''35

M ^mfm H$ gmohpÀ`H$ JwU :

_›Zy ßS>mar H$s mfm _| gmohoÀ`H$ JwUm| H$s H$_r Zht h° O°g -

m ‡dmhmÀH$_Vm :

_›Zy ßS>mar H$s mfm H$m ‡dmh ZXr H$s Cg Ymam H$ g_mZ h°

Om A[Z _ßVÏ` VH$ ÈH$Zm OmZVr hr Zht $& C’aU –ÓQ>Ï` h° -

""aOZrJßYm H$s _hH$ Yra-Yra _a VZ-_Z [a N>m OmVr h° $& V^r

_¢ A[Z mb [a gßO` H$ AYam| g Ò[e© _hgyg H$aVr hˇß, Am°a _wP

bJVm h° h Ò[e©, h gwI, h jU hr gÀ` h°, dh gM PyR> Wm,

342

o_œ`m Wm, ^´_ Wm - Am°a h_ XmZm| EH$ Xyga H$ AmqbJZ _| ]ßY

ahV h¢ - MwoÂ]V, ‡oVMwoÂ]V $&''36

m oMÃmÀ_H$Vm :

_›Zy ßS>mar H$s VyobH$m O] MbVr h° V] [mÃm| H$ Mha [mR>H$m|

H$ gÂ_wI CâV MbV h° $& EH$ CXmhaU Bg ‡H$ma h° - ""Am°a Cg

jU O] _ar ÒV„Y Am°a bwflV MVZm bm°Q>r Vm _ar AmßI â

Am`t $& _¢Z XIm, _a gm_Z Xg hOma H$m M°H$ [∂S>m Wm Am°a hmW

_| [mßM H$m ZmQ> - Amßgyâr AmßIm| H$ [ma _wP bJm O°g XmZm| H$

Í$[ AÒ[ÓQ> g AÒ[ÓQ>Va hmV Mb Om ah h¢ $&''

m ZmQ>H$s`Vm :

ZmQ>H$s`Vm H$ o]Zm H$hmZr oZIma Zht AmVm $& _›Zy ßS>mar

H$s H$hmoZ`m| _| ZmQ>H$s`Vm H$s PbH$ XIr Om gH$Vr h° $- ""Vm

Bg Vah Mb ahr h° eIa Am°a VwÂhmar XmÒVr ? hr [∂T>mB© hmVr h°

`hmß ]°R>H$a ..... hr g] H$aZ H$ obE AmVm h° dh hmß ..... $&'

o]Œm a H$s b∂S>H$s Am°a H$aV] XIm BZH$ $& oOVZr Ny>Q> Xm CVZ

hr [°a [gaV Om ah h¢ BZH$ $& EH$ Pm[∂S> XyßJr Vm gmam am_mßg P∂S>

Om`Jm Xm o_ZQ> _| ..... $&''37

m [mÃmZwHy$bVm :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Egr H$hmZr-boIH$m h° Om A[Zr [mÃmZwHy$b

^mfm H$m J∂T>Vr h° $& "oÃeßHw$' H$hmZr _| o^›Z-o^›Z C_´ H$ [mÃm|

H$s mfm OmZH$a hr C_´ OmZr OmVr h° $& [mÃ AJa [∂T>m-obIm hm

Vm CgH$s mfm _| AßJÓr H$ H$B© e„X Am`|J $& [mÃ AJa _woÒb_

dmVmdaU _| ahm hm Vm \$magr-CXy© H$ e„Xm| H$m ‡`mJ CgH$s mfm

_| oXIm`r XJm $& "Ao^ZVm' H$hmZr _| [¿Mrgm| CXy© e„Xm| H$m h_

343

XIV h° $& gamhm Jmßd H$ J´m_rU OZ "_hm^mO' _| mO[war e„Xm|

¤mam A[Zr Ï`Wm-H$Wm H$m ‡H$Q> H$aV h° $&

m ododY e°ob`m| H$m ‡`mJ :

‡À`H$ aMZmH$ma A[Z mdm| Am°a odMmam| H$m odef [X≤YoV

g Ao^Ï`∑V H$aZ H$m ‡`mg H$aVm h°, Cg hr e°br H$hm OmVm h° $&

‡ÒVwoVH$aU H$m T>ßJ hr e°br h° $& S>m∞. ZraOm H$m H$WZ h°, ""e°br

Vm ‡ÒVwoV H$m T>ßJ h° Am°a oeÎ[ [yar aMZm H$s gmH$maVm H$m VßÃmÀ_H$

AmYma $& oeÎ[ H$s aMZm oOg ‡oH´$`m odef _| g C^aVr h° dh h°

e°br $&38 e°br H$m gß]ßY og\©$ gmohÀ` g Zht hmVm ]oÎH$

gmohÀ`H$ma g r hmVm h° $& ∑`m|oH$ gmohÀ`, gmohÀ`H$ma H$ AZw^yV

`wJ-OrdZ H$m ‡oVq]] hmVm h° $& AVEH$ aMZmH$ma H$ gßÒH$ma,

AZw^d, ÈoM H$m`©jÃ VWm [nade AmoX H$m r Cg_| odef _hÀd

hmVm h° $& e°br H$œ` H$ AZwgma A[Zm Í$[ r [nadoV©V H$aVr h° $&

_›Zy ßS>mar H$r gmohoÀ`H$ ‡oV^m H$hmZr, C[›`mg Am°a ZmQ>H$ H$

_m‹`_ g ‡H$Q> h˛B© h° $& boIH$m H$m gVV `h ‡`ÀZ ahm h° oH$

CZH$ H$œ` H$s _yb gßdXZm, [mR>H$m| H$ X`m| H$ AVb JhamB© _|

CVaH$_ C›h| odMma-_ßWZ H$ obE ‡d•Œm H$a| $& AVEd CZH$ gmohÀ`

_| e°ob`m| H$m d°od‹` h° $& EH$ H•$oV _| d Mma-[m±M e°ob`m| H$m

‡`mJ r H$m°eb g H$aVr h° $& BZH$ ‡`mJ M_ÀH$ma-‡Xe©Z m

oeÎ[ H$s H$marJar oXIbmZ H$ obE Zht Ao[Vw A[Zr aMZm H$

Ame` H$m g_PZ _| [mR>H$m| H$m oH$gr ‡H$ma H$s AgwodYm Z hm,

Bgr ‡`mOZ g oH$E JE h¢ $& `hr CZH$s aMZmYo_©Vm Edß

‡`mJYo_©Vm H$s gMVZ C[bo„Y h° $&

1. dU©ZmÀ_H$ m oddaUmÀ_H$ e°br :

dh gmohÀ`-g•OZ H$s gdm©oYH$ ‡MobV Am°a ‡mMrZ ‡Umbr

344

h° $& AmO `h e°br H$db _mZd H$ ]m¯-OrdZ H$ oMÃU _| hr

Zht ]oÎH$ AßVoZ©Í$[U _| ^r A[Zm gm_œ`© oXIm ahr h° $&

_›Zy ßS>mar Z A[Zr aMZmAm| _| oX≤d_wIr odf`-dÒVw H$m ‡oV[mXZ

oH$`m h° $& EH$ Ama d _mZd H$s AßVïÌMVZm g Ow ∂S>r h˛B©

g_Ò`mAm| H$m CX≤KmQ>Z H$aVr h° Vm Xygar Ama odH•$V VWm odgßJV

gm_moOH$, amOZroVH$, [mnadmnaH$, Ymo_©H$ pÒWoV`m| H$m COmJa

H$aVr h°ß $& Bg Xygar pÒWoV _| dU©ZmÀ_H$-e°br g H$m\$s H$m_ ob`m

OmVm h° $& dÒVwVï dU©ZmÀ_H$ e°br _| g_Ò`m H$m qOXm [H$∂S>H$a

Cgr Í$[ _| [mR>H$m| VH$ gß‡ofV H$aZm OmoI_ H$m H$m`© hmVm h° $&

boIH$m Z A[Z H$Wm-gmohÀ` _| Bg e°br H$m Ã-VÃ ‡`mJ oH$`m

h° $& CZH$s ‡maßo^H$ aMZmAm| _| g_Ò`m-AßH$Z H$ obE r BgH$m

‡`mJ H$_-AoYH$ _mÃm _| h˛Am h° $& "_hm^mO' C[›`mg _|

g_Ò`m H$ CX≤KmQ>Z _| h e°br H$m\$s g\$b hm MwH$s h° $&

""o]gy H$ _maZ H$m VarH$m Mmh Z g_P _| Am ahm hm, [a

_aZdmb H$m Zm_ em`X g]H$ _Z _| ]h˛V gm\$ Wm $& Zm_ ^r,

H$maU ^r $& [a H$db _Z _| $& ]`mZ H$ g_` ^r O]mZ [a H$mB©

Zht bm`m $& o]gy H$m ]m[ r Zht $&''39

"Ao^ZVm' H$hmZr Z ‡m° ∂T>m-Hw$_mnaH$m H$s AH$b[Z H$s

g_Ò`m dU©ZmÀ_H$ e°br ¤mam hr oZamd•V H$s h°, ""Xm°bV H$s JmX

Am°a emhaV H$s _rZma, Om ^r gwI bm gH$Vr Wr, d aßOZm H$

Am±JZ _| ]mah_mgr H$ \y$bm| H$s Vah oIb ahV W $& _Ja o\$a r

aßOZm Iwe Z Wr $& Hw$N> Wm, Om Cg rVa-hr-^rVa ImE S>mbVm $&

‡_ H$m Ao^Z` H$aV CgH$m Or V∂S>[ OmVm oH$ H$me, H$mB© hmVm

oOgg dh gM_wM ‡_ H$a gH$Vr $&''40

345

Bg ‡H$ma dU©ZmÀ_H$ e°br _| r g_Ò`m H$m qOXm [H$∂S>Z H$s

boIH$m H$s H$bm ‡eßgZr` h° $&

2. AmÀ_H$WmÀ_H$ e°br :

AmYwoZH$ wJ _| h gdm©oYH$ ‡MobV e°br h° $& Bg_| bIH$

AmÀ_H$Wm H$s m±oV ‡W_ [wÈf _| H$Wm H$m dU©Z H$aVm h° $& H$^r

dh IwX oZdXH$ hmVm h° Vm H$^r H$hmZr H$m ‡_wI AWdm ghm`H$

[mÃ ^r bIH$ H$m ÒWmZ J´hU H$a bVm h° $& Bg e°br _| J´ ßoWV

H$œ` AÀ`oYH$ odÌdgZr` ]ZH$a [mR>H$ Am°a bIH$ _| [`m©flV

Z°H$Q≤>` ÒWmo[V H$aVm h° $& AVEd ""dU©ZmÀ_H$ e°br H$r A[jm

AmÀ_H$WmÀ_H$ e°br AoYH$ l_-gm‹` h° Am°a H$bmÀ_H$Vm H$s

A[jm aIVr h° $&'' _›Zy ßS>mar H$s AZH$ aMZm-H•$oV`m| _| BgH$m

g\$b ‡`mJ h˛Am h° $& Bg_| [mÃ oOZ AmßVnaH$ Am°a ]m¯ g_Ò`mAm|

g JwOaV h¢, C›h| d IwX hr CX≤KmoQ>V H$aV h¢ $& "ÒÃr-gw]moYZr'

H$hmZr _| [nadma H$ obE, AW©-ÒÃmV ]Zr Zmo`H$m IwX hr A[Zr

g_Ò`m H$m Ï`∑V H$aVr h°, ""Z Ka H$m H$mB© AßHw$e Wm Am°a Z Bg

]mV H$s gß^mdZm oH$ H$ht _am R>m°a-oR>H$mZm bJm X|J $& _am oR>H$mZm

d bJmV ^r ∑`m, CZH$s qOXoJ`m± oR>H$mZ bJr ah|, Am°a Ka H$s

_erZ O°g-V°g MbVr ah, BgH$ obE _wP hr ha _hrZ _ZrAm∞S>©a

_| Vb S>mbH$a OZm [∂S>Vm Wm $&

boIH$m H$s "_¢ hma JB©', "hma', "gµOm', "`hr gM h°',

"AmV-OmV m`mda', "ÒÃr-gw]moYZr' AmoX H$hmoZ`m™ odewX≤Y

Í$[ g AmÀ_H$WmÀ_H$ e°br _| gßaoMV h° $& BZ H$hmoZ`m| H$

AoVna∑V A›`Ã r ]rM-]rM _| Bg e°br H$ ‡`mJ ¤mam [mÃ Òd`ß

A[Zr CbPZ| Ï`∑V H$aVm h¢ $& "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' Am°a "EH$ BßM

346

_wÒH$mZ' C[›`mgm| _| Bg e°br H$m ]Iy]r g ‡`mJ h˛Am h° $& "EH$

BßM _wÒH$mZ' H$s A_bm IwX A[Z OrdZ H$s ^Q>H$Z H$m Ï`∑V

H$aVr h° Om CgH$ OrdZ H$s emH$mßoVH$m H$s O∂S> h¢, ""AmO VH$

_¢Z A[Z OrdZ [a odMma Am°a CgH$m odÌbfU H$aZ H$ AoVna∑V

oH$`m hr ∑`m h° ? ` odMma hr _wP ^Q>H$mV ah h¢, OrdZ-[`±V

^Q>H$mEßJ, Q>H$Zm _wP ÒdrH$m`© h°, [a oH$gr H$m ]ßYZ, oH$gr H$m

XwamJ´h ÒdrH$ma Zht $& A_bm OrdZ _| gr_mAm|, _`m©XmAm| Am°a

]ßYZm| H$m Zht _mZVr, _mZJr r Zht $&''41

AmÀ_H$WmÀ_H$ e°br _| oH$`m J`m g_Ò`mAm| H$m AßH$Z

AÀòYH$ ‡^mdr VWm odÌdgZr` ]ZH$a [mR>H$m| [a grYm AmKmV

H$aVm h° $&

3. S>màr VWm [Ã-e°br :

S>màr VWm [Ã-e°br _Z H$ Jw¯V_ mdm| H$m Ï`∑V H$aZ H$m

ge∑V C[H$aU h° $& boIH$m Z S>màr e°br H$m ‡`mJ "VrZ oZJmhm|

H$s EH$ VÒdra' H$hmZr _| g_W© Í$[ _| oH$`m h° $& Xe©Zm H$s AV•flV

H$m_ H$s g_Ò`m g S>mar H$ [fi H$ [fi aßJ JE h¢ $& Bg_| ÒdflZ

e°br Z `mJ XH$a g_Ò`m H$m ge∑V Í$[ _| CX≤KmQ>Z oH$`m h° $&

Bg_| [mÃ AÀòYH$ Jm[Zr` ]mV|, Om H$db A[Z Am[g ]Vm

gH$Vm h°, CgH$m CX≤KmQ>Z hmVm h° $& AVEd `h e°br [mÃm| H$s

_mZogH$ JwoÀW`m| Edß CgH$s XwIVr aJ H$m WmdV≤ [H$∂S>Z _| g_W©

hmVr h° $& Bgr ‡H$ma "EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ' C[›`mg _| r S>màr e°br

H$ _m‹`_ g A_bm H$ _mZogH$ A›V¤™›¤ H$m oMÃdV≤ AßH$Z hm

[m`m h° $& _ßX _ßX _wÒH$mZ H$m H$dM Am∂T>H$a Am°a A[Zr Mmam| Ama

PyR> Ahß Am°a o_œ`mo^_mZ H$s Xrdma| H$aVr h° $& gma ]ßYZm| Am°a

347

_`m©XmAm| H$m Vm∂S>H$a odoeÓQ> ]ZZ H$s bbH$ _| CgZ ∑`m [m`m,

""`h EH$mH$s OrdZ ]h˛V ]moPb Am°a oZaW©H$-gm bJ ahm h° $&''42

S>màr H$m h EH$ dm∑` AÀòYH$ odÌdgoZ`Vm H$ gmW [mR>H$m|

H$ gÂ_wI CgH$s Ï`Wm H$m aI XVm h° $&

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z A[Z gmohÀ` _| ]rM-]rM _| [Ã e°br H$m

‡`mJ H$aH$ [mÃm| H$s _ZïnwÒWoV`m| Edß OnQ>b CbPZm| H$m Ï`∑V

H$aVm h° $& Bg e°br H$ ¤mam bIH$ H$œ` H$m odÒVma g ]MmVm h°

Am°a CgH$ ‡^md H$s gm_œ`© r ]∂T>mVm h° $& "EH$ H$_Oma b∂S>H$s

H$s H$hmZr' _| [Ã e°br ¤mam hr Zmo`H$m H$m AH$bm[Z, CgH$

ˆX` H$s AVb JahmB© _| oN>[r H$gH$ VWm qOXJr H$m KgrQ>V h˛E

OrZ H$s oddeVm Ï`∑V h˛B© h° $& oOZ ]mVm| H$m CX≤KmQ>Z H$aZ H$

obE H$hmZr H$ oH$VZ hr [fi a OmZ H$s gß^mdZm ahVr h°, boIH$m

[Ãm| H$ MßX [ßo∑V`m| _| Cg g_W©Vm g CR>mVr h° $& dÒVwVï gmßdoJH$

jUm| _| ‡À`j Ao^Ïò∑V O] _woÌH$b-gr hmVr h° V] [Ã

gßõfU hr ge∑V _m‹`_ hmVm h° $& "Ao^ZVm' H$hmZr _| H$db

EH$ [Ã H$s gßaMZm H$aH$ boIH$m Z oXbr[ H$m [yam AVrV aßMZm

H$ gÂ_wI C[pÒWV H$a oX`m h°, Om aßOZm H$ VZ-_Z H$m Vm∂S> XVm

h° $& aßOZm IwX H$hmZr H$ AßV _| oXbr[ H$m [Ã obIVr h°, ""_¢ Vm

H$db aßJ_ßM [a hr Ao^Z` H$aVr hˇ±, [a VwÂhmam Vm gmam OrdZ hr

Ao^Z` h° $& ]∂S> D±$M H$bmH$ma Am°a gY h˛E Ao^ZVm hm Vw_ _a

XmÒV !''43 [Ã H$ MßX dm∑` aßOZm H$ Qy>Q> oXb H$s XmÒVmZ Ï`∑V

H$aZ _| gj_ h¢ $& "AZMmhr JhamB`m±' VWm "g`mZr ]wAm' H$hmZr

_| Bg e°br H$m _mo_©H$ ‡`mJ h˛Am h°, Om g_Ò`m H$s O∂S> hr CY∂S>

XVm h° $&

349

H$s AZw^yoV A[Z _| [mVm h° $& oH$ema oJaH$S>H$a H$m H$WZ gmW©

h°, ""òX h H$hm OmE oH$ _ZmodÌbfUmÀ_H$ e°br _›Zy ßS>mar

H$s aMZmAm| H$m ‡mUVÀd h°$& Vm em`X JbV Z hmJm $&'' boIH$m

Z Bg e°br H$ ¤mam Xo_V, Hwß$oR>V, IßoS>V VWm CX≤dobV [mÃm| H$s

XwIVr aJ [a ]am]a hmW aI oX`m h° $& Bg —oÓQ> g CZH$m "Am[H$m

]ßQ>r', "EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ' C[›`mg VWm "H$sb Am°a H$gH$', "VrZ

oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra', "KwQ>Z', "Vrgam AmX_r', "EH$ ]ma Am°a',

"]m±hm| H$m Kam', "AmV OmV `m`mda' O°gr H$oV[` H$hmoZ`m™

CÎbIZr` h¢ $& boIH$m Z [mÃm| H$ AßV_©Z _| [h˛±MH$a, CZH$ _mZg

[a M∂T>r [Vm~ H$m AÀòYH$ ZOmH$V g AbJm`m h° Am°a CZH$s

g_Ò`m H$m AZmd•V H$a oX`m h° $& hm± Hw$N> CXmhUa –ÓQ>Ï` h¢ -

"Vrgam AmX_r' H$hmZr _| _ZmodÌbfUmÀ_H$ e°br ¤mam A[Zr

[m°ÈfhrZVm H$s J´ßoW g gßÃÒV gVre H$ _mZogH$ ¤ß¤ Edß gße` H$m

qOXm [H$∂S> ob`m h°, ""gmbm emhXm H$ht H$m, H$hmZr bZ Am`m

h° $! eHw$Z Z Cg OÍ$a ]Vm oX`m hmJm $& eHw$Z, oH$g O›_ H$m ]°a

Vw_Z _wPg oZH$mbm h° $! Cg AmX_r H$ gm_Z _wP ZßJm oH$`m,

oOgH$ gm_Z _wP dÒÃm| H$s g]g ¡`mXm AmdÌ`H$Vm Wr !'

"Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' C[›`mg _| eHw$Z H$s _mZogH$ CbPZm| H$m

AÀòYH$ gßdXZerbVm g CR>mH$a EH$ [wZod©dmohVm H$ _mV•Àd g

AbJmd H$s g_Ò`m H$m ‡À`jrH$aU oH$`m h°, ""Ahß Am°a JwÒg g

â-â, eHw$Z H$s bmB© h˛B© MrOm| H$m o]Zm XI, o]Zm Nw>E EH$

Ama gaH$m XZ, C_∂T>V Am±gwAm| H$m rVa-hr-^rVa amH$H$a gyIr

Am±Im| g _mQ>a _| ]°R>H$a o]Xm hm OmZ H$s Ï`Wm ]ßQ>r g H$ht ¡`mXm

eHw$Z H$s A[Zr Ï`Wm h°, Am°a Egr Ï`Wm oOg H$mB© ]Vm r Zht

350

gH$Vm.. AmO r Zht, AmJ r Zht $&''44 Bg ‡H$ma boIH$m H$s

_mZogH$ CbPZm| H$m [H$∂S>H$a, ghr XX© H$s [hMmZ H$am XZ H$m

gm_œ`© ]Om∂S> h° $&

Bg ‡H$ma "`hr gM h°' _| Xr[m H$s AoZU©` H$s ¤ß¤J´ÒV

pÒWoV, "gOm' H$hmZr _| Amem H$m _ZmodÌbfU, "H$sb Am°a

H$gH$' VWm "]m±hm| H$m Kam' H$hmZr H$s Zmo`H$mAm| H$s AV•flV H$m_

Hwß$R>m, "KwQ>Z' H$hmZr H$s ‡oV_m H$s KwQ>Z, "j`' H$hmZr H$s Hwß$Vr

H$s AmßVnaH$ V∂S>[Z, "EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ' H$s A_bm H$m _ßX-_ßX

_wÒH$mZ H$s AmQ> _| oN>[m XX©, "Òdm_r' C[›`mg H$s o_Zr H$m A›V¤™¤

g^r H$m boIH$m Z _ZmodÌbfUmÀ_H$ T>ßJ g odÌbfU H$aH$ CZH$s

g_Ò`mAm| H$m WmdV≤ C[nÒWV oH$`m h° $& boIH$m Z [wÈf-[mÃm|

H$m _ZmodÌbfU r ge∑VVm g oH$`m h° $& "Vrgam ohÒgm' H$hmZr

H$ eam ]m]y, "em`X' H$hmZr H$m amImb, "D±$MmB©' H$hmZr H$m

oeoea, "AmV-OmV `m`mda' H$m ZaZ, "_hm^mO' C[›`mg H$

oÃbmMZ qgh BZ g^r [mÃm| H$ AßV_©Z _| ‡de H$a CZH$s AmßVnaH$

Ï`Wm H$m COmJa oH$`m h° $&

5. gßdmX e°br :

gßdmX ZmQ>H$m | H $ ‡mUVÀd hm V h ¢ Vm X ygar Ama d

H$Wm-gmohÀ` _| ‡mU \y±$H$V h¢ $& d H$œ` Am°a C‘Ì` H$ gßdmhH$

hmV h¢ Vm H$^r H$œ` H$s gßdXZm Am°a g_Ò`m H$s ghr [hMmZ H$am

XZ _| ^r gh`mJ [h˛±MmV h¢ $& d H$^r [mÃ H$m AmÀ_-odÌbfU

H$a CZH$s N>Q>[Q>mhQ> [a dma H$aV h¢ $& AWm©V≤ gmohÀ`H$ma H$ obE

gßdmX EH$ Egm C[H$aU h°, oOgH$ ‡`mJ g dh ]h˛V gma H$m_

H$adm bVm h° $& _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ H$Wm-gmohÀ` _| gßdmX e°br H$m

351

‡`mJ ‡Mwa _mÃm _| h˛Am h° $& C›hm|Z A[Zr H$oV[` H$hmoZ`m| _|

dU©ZmÀ_H$Vm g ]MH$a MQ>H$sb _mo_©H$ VWm gmßH$oVH$ gßdmXm ¤mam

g_Ò`mAm| H$m AßH$Z oH$`m h° $& CZH$ C[›`mgm| _| Vm gßdmX hr

BVZ O]aXÒV h¢ oH$ d [mÃm| H$s AmßVnaH$ Am°a ]m¯ CbPZm| H$m

gVhr Vm°a [a Ò[ÓQ> H$aV h¢ $& S>m. ZraO H$m H$WZ h°, ""^md Am°a

H$œ` H$m gß[ofV H$aZm C[›`mgH$ma H$m Xmo`Àd ]Z OmVm h° $& Bg

H$m`©-[yoV© H$ obE dh g_Ò`mÍ$[ [mÃm| H$m M`Z H$aVm h°, CZH$s

_ZïpÒWoV, AmÀ_JV H$WZ Am°a gßdmXm| H$ _m‹`_ g dh C[›`mg

H$ C‘Ì` H$m Ao^Ï ßoOV H$aVm h° $&''45 AWm©V≤ _ßVÏ` H$m gß‡fUr`

]ZmZ _| gßdmX ge∑V gmYZ h¢ $& boIH$m Z "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' C[›`mg

_| ÒWb-ÒWb [a AmÀ_JV gßdmXm| H$m ‡`mJ H$a AmÀ_-odÌbfU

¤mam g_Ò`m H$ H$maUm| Am°a [naUm_m| H$m D$hm[mh oH$`m h° $&

C[›`mg _| eHw$Z H$m oZÂZ AmÀ_JV gßdmX g_Ò`m H$s O∂S> H$m

oZamd•V H$aVm h°, ""gM, h_ bmJ em`X ]ßQ>r H$m _mÃ EH$ gmYZ

hr g_PV ah ! A[Z-A[Z Ahß, A[Zr-A[Zr _hÀdmH$mßjmAm|

Am°a A[Zr-A[Zr Hw ß$R>mAm H$ gßX^© _| hr gmMV ah $& ]ßQ>r H$

gßX^© _| H$^r gmMm hr Zht $&''46 g_Ò`mAm| g JwOa OmZ H$ ]mX

H$m `h AmÀ_odÌbfU [mR>H$m| H$ oXem-oZXeZ _| ^r H$m\$s

C[`w©∑V h° $&

boIH$m H$ gßdmXm| _| Ï`ßΩ` H$m Egm [°Zm[Z h° oH$ dh grYm

g_Ò`m H$s O∂S> [a H$R>mamKmV H$aVm h° $& Bg —oÓQ> g CZH$m

"_hm^mO' C[›`mg CÎbIZr` h°, oOg_| gßdmX ÒWmZ-ÒWmZ [a

O›_ bH$a A[Zr VrIr Yma g ^´ÓQ>mMma H$ ndodY [hbwAm| H$m

gmhogH$Vm H$ gmW Ama-[ma Mra XV h¢ $& dV©_mZ amOZVmAm| H$s

352

XmJbr ZroV VWm OZVm H$m ]hH$mZ H$ hWHß$S>m H$m XIH$a q]Xm

H$hVm h°, ""hram H$mH$m ! Zht OmZV ? Am[ g] bmJm| H$ Vm g_Yr

]Z h˛E h¢ AmOH$b ! oOg XIm dhr YmVr H$s bm±J CR>mE Mbm Om

ahm h° CZH$ [mg $&''47 gßdmX H$db g_Ò`m H$m qOXm hr Zht

[H$∂S>V ]oÎH$ CgH$s g_W©Vm g Mra-\$mS> H$a XV h¢ $&

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ` _| `WmdH$me CR>mE JE gßdmX

pÒWoV`m| Edß g_Òm`Am| H$m COmJa H$aZ _| gj_ h° $& gmßH$oVH$Vm

VWm Ï`ßΩ` H$m [wQ> obE gßdmX g_Ò`mAm| H$s ‡^md-j_Vm ]∂T>mZ

_| gj_ h¢ $& CZH$ gßdmX-e°br H$s A›`V_ C[bo„Y `h h° oH$

C›hm|Z Hw$N> g_Ò`mAm| H$ CX≤KmQ>Z H$ obE ÒdVßÃ H•$oV`m| Edß

[mÃm| H$m M`Z Zht oH$`m h° $& o\$a r ‡gßJmZwHy$b [mÃm| H$s ]hg

¤mam g_Ò`mE± ÒdVï CX≤KmoQ>V h˛B© h¢ $& odefVï XhO-g_Ò`m,

]mobJ hmZ g [yd© oddmh, oddmh _| ]mYmE± VWm odYdm-g_Ò`m

Z [mÃm| H$ gßdmXm| _| ÒdVï ‡de H$a A[Z H$m oZamd•V oH$`m h° $&

"o]Zm Xrdmamß H$ Ka' VWm ZmQ≤>`-Í$[mßVa "_hm^mO' H$ gßdmX

Vm H$œ` _| ‡mU \y ±$H$V h¢ $& gßdmXm| H$s ^mfm A[Z g^r eÒÃm|

AÒÃm| H$m ‡`mJ H$aH$ H$œ` H$s _yb gßdXZm g Ow ∂S>H$a CgH$m

gß‡fUr` ]ZmZ _| g\$b og’ hm MwH$s h° $& Bgr H$maU Vm CZH$

"_hm^mO' C[›`mg H$s A[jm ZmQ≤>`-Í$[mßVa "_hm^mO' gm_moOH$

OmJaU H$m ‡^mdr gmYZ ahm h° $& Bg ‡H$ma gßdmXm| H$s ghOVm,

gabVm, [mÃmZwHy$bVm, gßojflVVm Am°a gmßH$oVH$Vm H$ H$maU

g_Ò`mAm| H$m WmdV≤ AßH$Z [mR>H$m| H$ oXbm|-oX_mJ [a ÒWm`r

‡^md N>m∂S>H$a C›h| Ambmo∂S>V H$aVm h° $&

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z `wJgÀ` H$s ghr VÒdra CVmaZ H$ obE

353

g_Ò`mZwÍ$[ ododY e°ob`m| H$m ‡`mJ oH$`m h° $& g_Ò`mAm| H$s

‡^mdmÀ[mXH$Vm ]∂T>mZ H$ obE C›hm|Z Ï`ßΩ` e°br, Amde e°br,

oMÃmÀ_H$ e°br VWm H$mÏ`mÀ_ Am°a JrV e°br H$m ^r ghO

Òdm^modH$ ‡`mJ oH$`m h° $&

m g_J´mbmMZ :

Hw$b o_bmH$a H$h gH$V h° oH$ lr_Vr _›Zy ßS>mar H$s mfm

H$s g]g [hbr odefVm h° CgH$s gh≤OVm-O›` gabVm $& CZH$s

^mfm _| mdm| H$m Ï`∑V H$aZ H$s AgmYmaU eo∑V h° $& oOg ]mV

H$m d oOg Í$[ _| ‡H$Q> H$aZm MmhVr h¢, Cg Cgr Í$[ _| CZH$s

^mfm ‡H$Q> H$a XVr h¢ $& mfm H$m Img T>ßJ g J∂T>Z H$s AmdÌ`H$Vm

C›h| H$^r _hgyg Zht h˛B© $& d ‡oV_m H$ YZr h¢ $& CZH$s H$WmAm| _|

^md Am°a odMma, Vœ` Am°a H$Î[Zm, ^mfm Am°a AbßH$ma H$m

AmÌM`©OZH$ Í$[ _| g_›d` h˛Am h° $& X°ZoXZ OrdZ H$s mfm H$m

C[`mJ Cgr Í$[ _| _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z A[Zr aMZmAm| _| oH$`m h° $&

Cgr H$ [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ CZH$s ^mfm _| ‡^md Am°a VmOJr h°, Om

CZH$s H$hmoZ`m| H$m amMH$Vm ‡XmZ H$aVr h° $& ]mbMmb _| H$hmdVm|,

_whmdam| AmoX H$m C[`mJ H$aZ g _›Zy ßS>mar H$ gOrd [mÃ OrdßV

^mfm H$ CX≤KmoQ>V H$aV h¢ $& od¤Œmm H$ ‡Xe©Z H$m A^md Am°a

H•$oÃ_Vm g Xya XeH$mb Am°a [oadeJV [mÃm| H$ AZwHy$b mfm H$m

ghO ‡`mJ H$aZ _| _›Zy ßS>mar og’hÒV h° $& dhr CZH$s mfm H$m

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saurashtra university - connecting repositories · 2013-07-15 · 3 mom'v hþb' h¢...

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