savidge - lowell mill and carbonton dam removals
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ASSESSING AQUATIC FAUNAL
RESPONSE TO DAM REMOVAL:TWO CASE STUDIES IN NCTimothy W. Savidge, The Catena Group Inc.
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DAM REMOVAL AS STREAM
MITIGATION IN NC NC Dam Removal Task
Force (NCDRTF)
recommends large scale damremoval as an appropriateand desirable form of
compensatory streammitigation.
In 2002 NCDRTF prioritized11 dams in NC that would
provide the highestecological benefit by beingremoved
Removal of # 1 Lowell MillDam and # 4 Carbonton Damby Restoration Systems, LLC
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Monitoring Protocol
Generate baseline data (Habitat conditions,
faunal composition and distribution etc.) withinand outside area of dam influence
Identify success metrics Design five-year monitoring that will allow for
documentation of success criteria
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LOWELL MILL DAM REMOVAL LITTLE
RIVER: GOALS Restoration of appropriate aquatic
community in 34,990 linear feet of
river and stream channel fromlentic to lotic conditions
Known Barrier for American Shad:potential restoration of 497,800
linear feet for anadromous fishpassage
Restoration of Rare, Endangeredand Threatened Aquatic Species:11 rare mussel, 6 rare fish, and 1rare salamander species knownfrom basin, including two federallyendangered species
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Pre-removal aquatic surveys
14 sites within Little River (3upstream, 7 in reservoir pool,
4 downstream Reservoir pool dominated by
lentic-adapted species
Higher mussel diversity andrelative abundance (CPUE)in un-impounded sitescompared to impounded sites
Decreasing diversity andabundance withinimpoundment towards dam
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Post Removal Monitoring
Re-sample the monitoringsites, at various times duringmonitoring period, dependingon metric (i.e. musselrecruitment surveys not until
Year-4) Sample upstream of former
impoundment at next barrier
to anadromous fish passage
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Anadromous Fish Sampling
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Restored Anadromous Fish Passage
Spawning American shadcaptured upstream of formerdam, at Atkinson Mill Dam onLittle River during Year-1 andYear-2 Monitoring and in
lower portions of BuffaloCreek
Young of Year found within
former impoundment duringYear-5 Monitoring
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Young Of Year American Shad in
Former Impoundment
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Measures of Success: Appropriate
Aquatic Community Establishment of a suite of lotic-adapted fish
species within former impoundment. Increases of relative abundance and species
diversity of lotic freshwater mussel fauna withinformer impoundment
Increases of relative abundance and species
diversity of lotic aquatic snail fauna within formerimpoundment
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Restoration of Lotic Habitat
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Establishment of Appropriate Aquatic
Community: Fish Community
Fish surveys using NC Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) surveysconducted at 6 stations (> 600 foot wadeable section) during
Year-1, Year-3 and Year-5. Method produces a numeric scorebased on 12 metrics (species richness and composition, trophicguild composition, abundance, health etc.)
Scores ranged from 38-54 (Fair-Excellent) Year-1 (Ave. 46);
42-56 (Good/Fair-Excellent) Year-3 (Ave. 49),
50-56 (Good-Excellent) Year-5 (Ave. 53)
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Establishment of Appropriate Aquatic
Community: Mussels and Snails
Transition from suite of lentic and habitat generalist mussel species, tohabitat generalist and lotic adapted ones, post removal recruitment
Gravel Elimia found at 1 site in very low numbers pre-removal; and at 5sites in high numers post removal
Restoration of Rare Endangered and
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Restoration of Rare, Endangered andThreatened Aquatic Species
11 rare mussel species: 6
rare fish species, 1 raresalamander species
outside of impoundment
area
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Rare, Endangered and Threatened
Aquatic Species 1 rare species within impoundment
pre-removal (Atlantic Pigtoe: 1
individual) 4 rare species within impoundmentpost-removal (Pinewoods Shiner:11 individuals, 4 locations; NeuseRiver Waterdog: 2 individuals, 1location; Creeper: 1 individual, 1location; Tar River Spinymussel: 1individual 1 location
Potential habitat for other rare
mussel species established,number of locations
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Rare, Endangered & Threatened
Species Habitat
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Habitat
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Former Dam Site
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Lowell Mill Dam
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C BO O O
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CARBONTON DAM REMOVAL
MITIGATION CREDIT CRITERIA Restoration of rare, E, T
species: 8 rare mussel, 4
rare fish species Known fromDeep River, including CapeFear Shiner, Dam recognizedas population barrier
Establishment of AppropriateAquatic Community: Lentic toLotic Faunal AssemblageAfter Removal
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Pre-Removal Sampling
14 sites within reservoirpool
6 un-impoundedreference sites
Developed TargetAquatic Communities(TAC) for various
locations withinimpoundment, based onreference sites
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Formerly Impounded Area Survey Location Map
R t ti f A i t A ti
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Restoration of Appropriate Aquatic
Community
10 of 13 sites in Deep River similar composition to theestablished TAC in Year 1, further developed in following
years; Steady increase in tributaries of lotic adaptedspecies, especially abundance and diversity of darter andshiner species
Gravel elimia found at all sites in former Deep Riverimpoundment post removal (Common to Very Abundant);not found during pre-removal
Rare Endangered and Threatened
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Rare, Endangered and Threatened
Aquatic Species Cape Fear Shiner found at 8
sites (#=41) during Year 2,
collected again during Years3-5
Post Removal Recruitment of
5 Rare Mussel Species inupper 2/3 of impoundment byYear-3; lower 1/3 by Year-5
Yellow Lampmussel,Savannah Liliput, NotchedRainbow*
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C l i C b t D
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Conclusions: Carbonton Dam
CFS located at 11/13 sites within formerimpoundment
Substantial Riffle Habitat Formation withappropriate aquatic community
Post Removal Mussel Recruitment, andincreasing diversity of lotic species
*Former Impoundment Site Sampled by
SCUBA during Pre-removal (14 feet deep)depicted above
Negative Impacts to mussels from dam
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Negative Impacts to mussels from dam
removal? Mussels Stranded in
Former Impoundment(Lentic species)
Mussels Downstream:Release of low DO;Release ofsediment/toxins
Seithi et al. 2004-Wisconsin
Impact from explosives
Mussel Response to Dam Removal
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Mussel Response to Dam Removal
Objectives Determine Mortality to mussels attributed to dam
removal Determine Growth of Mussels below dam
compared to control
Determine changes in mussel density over timeafter dam removal
Mussel Response to Dam Removal:
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Mussel Response to Dam Removal:
Experimental Design Transects across river (10m,
200m,400m, upstream
control) Mussels sampled in sq.m
plots across transects(tagged, measured andreturned)
1 of every 6 plots acrosstransect not sampled (control
for winter handling) Monitored for mortality etc. 3
months, 1 year.5-year
3 M h R l
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3 Month Results
Transect Tagged
Mussels
Recovered/
%mortality
Movement
Control 38 32 (84%)/
0%
3 (9.4%)
10 m 31 14(45%)/ 0%, 4 fd
7 (50%)
200 m 96 57 (59 %)/
1%, 28fd
28 (49%)
400 m 439 353 (80%)/ 0.22%, 25fd
6 (1.7%)
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30m
Transect
200m
Transect
400m
Transect
Control
Transect
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Mussel Groups # of mussels
Original tagged (Group1)3-month tagged (Group 2)
32-month tagged (Group 3)
3124
15
96170
57
438417
112
3835
36
Monitoring Interval % recovered
3-month interval
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
45.2
~
~
59.4
~
~
80.4
~
~
84.2
~
~
15-month interval
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
3.2
16.7
~
52.6
38.2
~
25.6
21.8
~
76.3
61.8
~
32-month interval
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
3.2
4.2
~
2.1
11.2
~
3.6
7.7
~
28.9
26.5
~
44-month interval
Group 1
Group 2
0
0
7.3
7.1
3.9
1.7
23.7
29.4
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Implications for success of dam removal
Useful conservation tool torestore aquatic habitat,
rare species habitat,migrating fish habitat Development of monitoring
protocol with quantifiable
success criteria is key Not without adverseimpacts
Careful cost/benefit to
resource analysis neededfor each situation
Incorporate measures tolessen magnitude of
impacts
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Acknowledgements
Restoration Systems:George Howard, Randy
Turner, John Pryor,
Adam Riggsbee
Fritz Rohde-NMFS TCG Staff
Questions?