sayli sm sem 2.docx

‘A STUDY ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT – MAN MADE DISASTER MUMBAI BOMB BLAST 1993’

INTRODUCTION

A disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving

widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds

the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.

In contemporary academia, disasters are seen as the consequence of inappropriately managed

risk. These risks are the product of a combination of both hazard/s and vulnerability. Hazards

that strike in areas with low vulnerability will never become disasters, as is the case in

uninhabited regions.

Developing countries suffer the greatest costs when a disaster hits – more than 95 percent of all

deaths caused by hazards occur in developing countries, and losses due to natural hazards are

20 times greater (as a percentage of GDP) in developing countries than in industrialized

countries.

Researchers have been studying disasters for more than a century, and for more than forty

years disaster research. The studies reflect a common opinion when they argue that all

disasters can be seen as being human-made, their reasoning being that human actions before

the strike of the hazard can prevent it developing into a disaster. All disasters are hence the

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_research


result of human failure to introduce appropriate disaster management measures. Hazards are

routinely divided into natural or human-made, although complex disasters, where there is no

single root cause, are more common in developing countries. A specific disaster may spawn a

secondary disaster that increases the impact. A classic example is an earthquake that causes

a tsunami, resulting in coastal flooding.

Natural Hazard

A Natural Hazard is a natural process or phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury or

other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and

economic disruption, or environmental damage.

Various phenomena like earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, floods, hurricanes,

tornadoes, blizzards, tsunamis, and cyclones are all natural hazards that kill thousands of

people and destroy billions of dollars of habitat and property each year. However, the rapid

growth of the world's population and its increased concentration often in hazardous

environments has escalated both the frequency and severity of disasters. With the tropical

climate and unstable land forms, coupled with deforestation, unplanned growth proliferation,

non-engineered constructions which make the disaster-prone areas more vulnerable, tardy

communication, poor or no budgetary allocation for disaster prevention, developing countries

suffer more or less chronically by natural disasters. Asia tops the list of casualties caused by

natural hazards.

Man-Made Disasters

Man- Made disasters are the consequence of technological hazards. Examples

include stampedes, fires, transport accidents, industrial accidents, oil spills and nuclear

explosions/radiation. War and deliberate attacks may also be put in this category. As with

natural hazards, man-made hazards are events that have not happened, for instance terrorism.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stampede

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flooding

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_country

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_management


Man-made disasters are examples of specific cases where man-made hazards have become

reality in an event.

Airplane crashes and terrorist attacks are examples of man-made disasters: they cause

pollution, kill people, and damage property. This example is the September 11 attacks in 2001

at the World Trade Center in New York.

Disaster is a sudden, calamitous event bringing great damage, loss, and destruction and

devastation to life and property. The damage caused by disasters is immeasurable and varies

with the geographical location, climate and the type of the earth surface/degree of

vulnerability. This influences the mental, socio-economic, political and cultural state of the

affected area.

Generally, disaster has the following effects in the concerned areas,

1. It completely disrupts the normal day to day life

2. It negatively influences the emergency systems

3. Normal needs and processes like food, shelter, health, etc. are affected and deteriorate

depending on the intensity and severity of the disaster.

Thus, a disaster may have the following main features:-

o Unpredictability

N.K.T.T.COLLEGE

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_attack

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplane_crash

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UA_Flight_175_hits_WTC_south_tower_9-11_edit.jpeg


o Unfamiliarity

o Speed

o Urgency

o Uncertainty

o Threat

DEFINATION

The United Nations defines a disaster as a serious disruption of the functioning of a community

or a society. Disasters involve widespread human, material, economic or environmental

impacts, which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own

resources.

The Red Cross and Red Crescent societies define disaster management as the organisation and

management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of

emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact

of disasters.

Types of disasters

There is no country that is immune from disaster, though vulnerability to disaster varies.

There are four main types of disaster.

Natural disasters: including floods, hurricanes, earthquakes and volcano eruptions that

have immediate impacts on human health and secondary impacts causing further death

and suffering from (for example) floods, landslides, fires, tsunamis.

Environmental emergencies: including technological or industrial accidents, usually

involving the production, use or transportation of hazardous material, and occur where

these materials are produced, used or transported, and forest fires caused by humans.

Complex emergencies: involving a break-down of authority, looting and attacks on

strategic installations, including conflict situations and war.

Pandemic emergencies: involving a sudden onset of contagious disease that affects health,

disrupts services and businesses, and brings economic and social costs.

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Any disaster can interrupt essential services, such as health care, electricity, water,

sewage/garbage removal, transportation and communications. The interruption can seriously

affect the health, social and economic networks of local communities and countries. Disasters

have a major and long-lasting impact on people long after the immediate effect has been

mitigated. Poorly planned relief activities can have a significant negative impact not only on

the disaster victims but also on donors and relief agencies. So it is important that physical

therapists join established programmes rather than attempting individual efforts.

Local, regional, national and international organisations are all involved in mounting a

humanitarian response to disasters. Each will have a prepared disaster management plan.

These plans cover prevention, preparedness, relief and recovery.

DISASTER PLAN

This usually involves four phases:

1. Prevention

2. Preparedness

3. Response

4. Recovery

The following guide to producing a disaster plan outlines recommended action in all four

phases, but prevention is the best protection against disaster, natural or man-made.

PHASE 1 : P REVENTION

Identify and minimize the risks posed by the building, its equipment and fittings, and

the natural hazards of the area.

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Carry out a building inspection and alter factors which constitute a potential hazard.

Establish routine housekeeping and maintenance measures to withstand disaster in

buildings and surrounding areas.

Install automatic fire detection and extinguishing systems, water-sensing alarms. Take

special precautions during unusual periods of increased risk, such as building

renovations. Make special arrangements to ensure the safety of library or archival

material when exhibited.

Provide security copies of vital records such as collection inventories, and store these

off-site.

Have comprehensive insurance for the library or archives, its contents, the cost of

salvages operations, and potential replacement, re-binding and restoration of damaged

materials.

PHASE-2: PREPAREDNESS

Getting ready to cope.

Develop a written preparedness, response and recovery plan. Keep the plan up-to-date,

and test it.

Keep together supplies and equipment required in a disaster and maintain them.

Utilize Disaster response techniques.

Prepare and keep an up-to-date set of documentation.

PHASE-3 : RESPONSE

When disaster strikes.

Follow established emergency procedures for raising the alarm, evacuating personnel

and making the disaster site safe.

Contact the leader of the disaster response team to direct and brief the trained salvage

personnel. After getting the permission to enter the site stabilize the environment,

photograph damaged materials for insurance claim, set up an area for recording &

packing materials which are been required.

PHASE - 4: RECOVERY

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Getting back to normal.

Establish a programme to restore both the disaster site and the damaged materials to a

stable and usable condition. Determine priorities, seek the advice of a conservator and

obtain cost estimates.

Contact insurers. Clean and rehabilitate the disaster site. Analyse the disaster plan in

the light of experience.

MEASURES & AWARENESS

Be prepared for any type of disaster. Contact and consult other libraries or archives

and library or archives associations to share information and experience, and with a

view to regional co-operation.

Take advantage of educational sessions, particularly disaster planning workshops and

preparedness exercises.

Seek expert advice and help from the preservation offices of national and large research

libraries, members of the Standing Committee of the Section on Conservation of the

IFLA, the centres of the IFLA-PAC Programme, and the Technical Committees of ICA

and of the International Audiovisual Archives Associations FIAF, FIAT, and IASA.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN INDIA

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1. Introduction

It is really an unfortunate and undesirable situation that in our country where more than 6

crore people are affected by disasters every year. Statistics is shown in figure,

Fig A- Mortality due to natural hazards (1990-2000)

We have no policy on systematic disaster Management. It is only after a disaster strikes that

the wheels of the government, both at the center and at the states, move and that too slowly.

Despite the need to build up capabilities to meet the challenges of disasters, the thrust has

unfortunately been on alleviation and relief. Even the relief has not been quick and adequate,

as few disasters such as Orissa super cyclone, Tsunami of 2004, Gujarat earthquake etc.

experiences has shown. India’s response to and tackling of this two major disasters has thrown

up the following weakness in our disaster management efforts.

(a). Inadequate Early Warning System

Though, the forecasting, monitoring and warning mechanisms are beautifully articulated on

paper in practice, the warnings are not early enough and they do not reach all those likely to

be affected.

(b) Lack of Pre-disaster Preparedness

With disasters striking India with increased regularity, there should be a plan in place to

tackle the disaster and reduce its impact. On the contrary, people are caught unaware time

and again. There is not planned information system as to what needs to be done when faced

with a calamity.

(c) Inadequate and Slow Relief

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Relief is an important aspect of the disaster management to provide help to the affected people.

The relief operations are often handled in ad hoc and haphazard manner. How efficiently to

provide food, medicine, to reduce the suffering of the affected people etc are addressed and

met improperly.

(d) Lack of Co-ordination

Disaster management requires concerted efforts from Central Government, State

Government, NGOs, International agencies and private sectors etc. Because of the lack of the

co-ordination, relief material is not property distributed among the people. Even worst

happens when they are mis-utilized and are not distributed uniformly.

(e) Slow Rehabilitation and Reconstruction

While immediately after a disaster strikes, there is hectic relief and rescue mission, mainly

aimed at feeding the people and stalling the outbreak of an epidemic, relief and rescue cannot

go on endlessly and rehabilitation and reconstruction should be given proper attention.

However, this is an area which is often ignored and progressed is slow once the initial attention

fades away. Restoration of infrastructure, hospitals, schools, houses, and sources of living of

the people needs to be given proper attention.

(f) Proper Administration

A quick assessment of the extent of the damage is necessary so that relief and rehabilitation

work can be properly planned. However, it was seen that even many months after the Bhuj

earthquake and Tsunami of 2004, the government was yet to finish the preliminary survey of

assessing the total impact of the damage. Apart from this, poor administration frustrated the

best intentions and efforts of private initiatives. After the quake, Gujarat government was too

slow and indecisive on some of the best rehabilitation plans proposed by the NGOs and

Corporate.

(g) Poor Management of Finances for Post-disaster

Relief

Mostly relief and rehabilitation work suffers from the lack of co-ordination, proper

management, and supervision at all levels and indicated the absence of adequate planning and

preparedness to meet any emergency. Consequently, the funds are mis-utilized and relief

measures were tardy and inadequate, providing scope for pilferage of relief and rehabilitation

remained unutilized and there is huge shortfall in distribution of emergency relief, shelter

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material cloths, house building assistance etc. There have also been reports of relief and

rehabilitation funds being utilized for paying salary arrears of the state government

employees.

(h) Symbolism Rather than Relief

It has been a recurrent experience that rather than making a serious effort at planning and

management for tackling frequent disasters, our government adopts symbolic gestures like

helicopter survey of disaster affected areas. The politics of relief works in a manner that tall

claims are made by the Government other than the affected state to help the affected districts

and by sending huge financial help but these claims prove hollow once the calamity recedes.

(i) No Instruction for Pre-seismic Period

There is no instruction for the pre-seismic period. Unfortunately, in the present administrative

set up, no official will visit the people during pre-seismic period to tell them about an eminent

earthquake. But, during the post-seismic period, a large number of officials will visit the

affected people with food, tents, medicine, cloths and compensation funding to the relatives of

the dead. This scenario has been repeated after Latur (1993), Jablpur (1997), Bhuj (2001),

Andman (2004), and Kashmir (2005) earthquakes. This pathetic situation has to be changed at

the earliest. The issue needs to be seriously pondered at the national level. The sole reason for

this is the lack of knowledge about earthquake precursors and earthquake prediction. Most of

the earthquake disaster management experts, agencies, and offices have a strong conviction

that an earthquake cannot be predicted. They are correct to some extent. Till now, there was

only one case of successful prediction in China. Earthquake prediction has almost become a

taboo in most of the disaster management offices. The relevant rules also are empowered to

take penal action against anyone who talks about earthquake prediction. As a result, an

impression is inadvertently created in the society that moist of the disaster management

agencies come in the picture during post-seismic period to clear the debris and the corpses.

The present situation is skewed. On one hand, it is accepted that a large magnitude earthquake

is due and it may occur anytime; On the other hand, most of the disaster management agencies

feet that an earthquake cannot be predicted. If we want to protect people from an earthquake,

it is essential that a suitable precursory warning is issued even in case of moderate scale of

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earthquake as it makes the people of the region aware the region is prone to disaster, and they

should be careful.

Measures/Facts Taken to Improve Disaster Management in India

Central Level

At the central or national level, Ministry of Home affairs is entrusted with the nodal

responsibility of managing disaster. At the apex level, there are to cabinet committee’s viz.

cabinet committee on national calamity and cabinet committee on security. All the major

issues concerning natural disasters are placed before cabinet committee on natural calamity

whereas calamities which can affect internal security or which may be caused due to use of

nuclear, biological or chemical weapons etc. are placed before cabinet committee on security.

The NCMC (National Crisis Management Committee) is the next important functionary. The

cabinet secretary heads it. It includes secretaries of concerned department/ministers. Its main

function is to give direction to Crisis Management Group (CMG) and any minister/department

for specific action needed for meeting the crisis situation. CMG lies below the NCMC. The

Central Relief Commissioner is its chairman. His primary function is to coordinate all the

relief operations for natural disaster. Apart from coordinating the relief operations, it reviews

the contingency plans formulated by Central Ministers/Department and measures required for

dealing with natural disaster. CMG meets every six months however in event of any disaster it

frequently meets to review the relief operation and explore all possibilities to render all

possible help to the affected region.

State and District Level

At the state level, there are state relief commissioners who are incharge of the relief measures

in wake of natural disaster in the perspective states. The chief secretary is the overall in charge

of the relief operations in the state. The relief commissioner and additional relief commissioner

work under his direction and control. In addition, there are number of secretaries, head of

various departments who also work under the overall direction of chief secretary. At the

district level, districts are headed by District Collector or district magistrate who is responsible

for the overall supervision and monitoring of relief measures and preparation of disaster

management plans. At the tehsil level DSO/SDM take care of the disaster management.

Development of Response System

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Mitigation and preparedness measures go hand in hand for vulnerability reduction and rapid

response to disaster. Several inadequacies of response were noted in the aftermath of Bhuj

earthquake, 2001. The govt. decided to remove the inadequacies to maintain preparedness at

all times. Major response initiatives include:

(i) Preparation of Special Response Teams

The central Govt. is now in the process of training and equipping specialist and rescue teams.

Each team includes doctors, paramedics, structural engineers etc. These teams will be

stationed in different parts of the country.

(ii) Incident Command System

In order to professionalize the response system, it is proposed to develop incident command

system. It is a very effective system in which the most experienced and knowledgeable person

at a disaster site is designated as incident commander who is charged with the responsibility of

inter-agency coordination and management of the incident.

(iii) Standard Operating Procedure

Standard operating procedure are being laid down to ensure that all step need to be taken for

disaster management are put in place. Each department/sector will have their own SOP’s for

each level of functionaries.

(iv) Emergency Operation Centre

It has also been recommended for setting up of emergency operation centers at the national

capitals, state capitals and district headquarters. EOC will function as nerve centers for

integrated command and control structure. They will be convergence points for all inter

agency coordination and will be equipped with the state of the art communication network.

Technological Developments

Technological innovations are vital for effective disaster management, Govt. of India is taking

several measure to upgrade technological inputs. The important developments include:

(i) India Disaster Resource Networ k

This is a web enabled centralized data base which will ensure quick access to resources to

minimize response time tune in emergencies. This database will be available at National, State

and district level simultaneously. Police network is another important communication network

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to be used for disaster management. In emergency, mobile satellite based units which can be

transported to disaster sited are being procured.

(ii) Installation of Early Warning and Hazard Detection Equipment

Early warning systems have already been installed for cyclones and floods in the country by

IMD and CWC. There is a well-established organizational set up for detecting, tackling and

forecasting cyclones. There are six cyclone warning centers at Kolkata, Bhubneshwar,

Vishakapatnam, Chennai, Mumbai and Ahemdabad. Cyclone tracking is done with the help of

INSAT satellite. Cyclone detection radars are located at ten centers in different coastal areas.

CWC does flood forecasting. There are nearly 700 stations from where hydrological and hydro

meteorological data are collected. Now, govt. has also succeeded in acquiring and installing the

Tsunami warning and detection system in the aftermath of Tsunami disaster of 2004.

What India Needs

The following suggestions can be offered for effective disaster management system in India:

(I) There should be a proper multi-tier organizational structure in a focused and co-ordinated

manner responsible for the overall management at national, state, districts and village levels.

(II) The basic design of disaster management should consist of planned co-ordinated efforts in

following important areas:

-Identification and prediction

-Early warning system

-Evacuation

-Relief

-Rescue

-Rehabilitation

-Compensation

-Reconstruction

-Preparedness

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(III) There is a need to share the expertise and experiences so that states can learn from each

other. There is also a need for training personnel likely to face natural disaster and those who

deal with the relief operations.

CASE STUDY ON MUMBAI BOMB BLAST 1993

HISTORY

The 1993 Mumbai bombings were a series of 13 bomb explosions that took place in

Bombay (now Mumbai), Maharashtra, India on Friday, 12TH March 1993. The coordinated

attacks were the most destructive bomb explosions in Indian history. The single-day attacks

resulted in over 350 fatalities and 1200 injuries.

The attacks were coordinated by Dawood Ibrahim, don of the Mumbai-based international

organized crime syndicate named D-Company.

Ibrahim is believed to have ordered and helped organize the bombings in Mumbai, through

one of his subordinates, Tiger Memon. The bombings are also believed to have been financially

assisted by the expatriate Indian smugglers, Hajji Ahmed, Hajji Umar and Taufiq Jaliawala,

as well as the Pakistani smugglers, Aslam Bhatti and Dawood Jatt . The Indian authorities

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have also alleged the involvement of the Pakistani intelligence agency, Inter-Services

Intelligence (ISI), in the blasts. Several of the terrorists received arms, ammunition and

explosives training in Pakistan or were recruited from Dubai, UAE.

Supreme Court of India gave its judgement on 21st March 2013 after over 20 years of judicial

proceedings sentencing the accused. However, the two main suspects in the case, Dawood

Ibrahim and Tiger Memon, have not yet been arrested or tried.

BACKGROUND / PLOT

In December 1992 and January 1993, there was widespread rioting in Bombay following the

6TH December destruction of Babri Mosque in Ayodhya. Two thousand people died in the

Ayodhya incident, and a series of riots soon erupted throughout the nation, most notably in

Bombay. After five years following the December–January riots, the Srikrishna

Commission Report stated that nine hundred individuals, lost their lives and over two

thousand were injured.

CONFESSION OF GUL MOHAMMED

Three days before the bombings took place on 9TH March 1993, a small time hood from the

Behrampada slum in North east Mumbai named Gul Noor Mohammad Sheikh

a.k.a. "Gullu" was detained at the Nav Pada police station. A participant in the communal

riots that had rocked Mumbai the previous year, Gullu was also one of the 19 men handpicked

by the gold smuggler and chief mastermind, Tiger Memon and sent to Pakistan via Dubai on

19TH February 1993, for training of the use of arms and bomb making.

Upon completion of his training, Gullu returned to Mumbai via Dubai on 4TH March 1993,

only to find that in his absence the police had picked up his brothers to get him to surrender.

In a vain attempt to secure his brothers' release, Gullu surrendered to the police. He confessed

to his role in the riots, his training in Pakistan, and a conspiracy underway to bomb major

locations around the city, including the Bombay Stock Exchange, Sahar International

Airport and the Shiv Sena Bhavan. However, his conspiracy claim was dismissed by the police

as "mere bluff".

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The arrest of Gul Mohammed spurred Tiger Memon to advance the date of the blasts which

were to coincide with the Shiv Jayanti celebrations in April 1993 to 12TH March to pre-empt

any police action.

THE BOMB ATTACK

At 1:30 pm a powerful car bomb exploded in the basement of the Bombay Stock

Exchange building. The 28-storey office building housing the exchange was severely damaged,

and many nearby office buildings also suffered some damage. About 50 were killed by this

explosion. About 30 minutes later, another car bomb exploded elsewhere in the city and from

1:30 pm to 3:40 pm a total of 13 bombs exploded throughout Mumbai. Most of the bombs were

car bombs, but some were in scooters.

Three hotels, the Hotel Sea Rock, Hotel Juhu Centaur, and Hotel Airport Centaur, were

targeted by suitcase bombs left in rooms booked by the perpetrators. Banks, the regional

passport office, hotels, the Air India Building, and a major shopping complex were also hit.

Bombs exploded at Zaveri Bazaar, area opposite of Century Bazaar, Katha Bazaar, Shiv

Sena Bhavan, and Plaza Theatre. A jeep-bomb at the Century Bazaar exploded. Grenades

were also thrown at Sahar International Airport and at Fishermen's Colony, apparently

targeting Hindus at the latter. A double decker bus was very badly damaged in one of the

explosions and that single incident accounted for the greatest loss of life – perhaps up to ninety

people were killed.

Locations attacked included:

Fisherman's Colony in Mahim causeway

Zaveri Bazaar

Plaza Cinema

Century Bazaar

Katha Bazaar

Hotel Sea Rock

Sahar Airport

Air India Building

Hotel Juhu Centaur

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Worli

Bombay Stock Exchange Building

Passport Office

AFTER BOMB BLAST

The official number of dead was 257 with 1,400 others injured (some news sources say 317

people died; this is due to a bomb which killed 60 in Calcutta on 17TH March). Several days

later, unexploded car bombs were discovered at a railway station. Terrorist groups based in

Pakistan were suspected to be responsible for these bombings, and evidence uncovered pointed

to the involvement of underworld don Dawood Ibrahim.

On 25TH August 2003, two large and destructive bombs left in taxis exploded in south Mumbai

– the Gateway of India and Zaveri Bazaar in the busy Kalbadevi area – killing 52 people and

wounding more than a hundred others. Two Pakistan based militant groups, Jaish-e-

Mohammed and Lashkar-e-Toiba, were found to be responsible for the attacks. Along with

the July 2006 train bombings in Mumbai, these attacks are believed to be in retaliation for

the 2002 Gujarat riots in which more than a thousand persons, including 790 Muslims and 254

Hindus were killed which was in turn triggered by gruesome burning of Hindu pilgrims in the

Sabarmati Express train, though the Gujarat government denies such a connection.

On 11TH July 2006, the Chief Minister of Maharashtra during the blasts, Sharad Pawar,

admitted, on record, that he had "deliberately misled" people following the 1993 Mumbai

blasts by saying there were "12 and not 11" explosions, adding the name of a Muslim-

dominated locality to show that people from both communities had been affected. He tried to

justify this deception by claiming that it was a move to prevent communal riots by falsely

portraying that both Hindu and Muslim communities in the city had been affected adversely.

He also admits to lying about evidence recovered and misleading people into believing that

some of it pointed to the Tamil Tigers as possible suspects.

The bombings also caused a major rift within the D-Company, the most powerful criminal

organisation in the Mumbai underworld headed by Dawood Ibrahim. Infuriated at the

bombings, Ibrahim's right hand man Chotta Rajan split from the organisation, taking most of

the leadership-level Hindu aides such as Sadhu Shetty, Jaspal Singh and Mohan Kotiyan with

him. Rajan's split divided the Mumbai underworld along communal lines and pitted Chotta

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Rajan's predominantly Hindu gang against Dawood Ibrahim's predominantly Muslim D-

Company. The ensuing gang war took the lives of more than a hundred gangsters and

continues to this day. Seven of the accused (Salim Kurla, Majeed Khan, Shakil Ahmed,

Mohammed Jindran, Hanif Kadawala, Akbar Abu Sama Khan and Mohammed Latif) were

systematically assassinated by Chotta Rajan's hitmen.

ARRESTS, CONVICTIONS & VERDICTS.

Many hundreds of people were arrested and detained in Indian courts. In 2006, 100 of the 129

finally accused were found to be guilty and were convicted by Justice PD Kode of the specially

designated TADA court. Many of the 100 are still missing including the main conspirators and

masterminds of the attacks – Tiger Memonand Dawood Ibrahim. On 12TH September 2006, the

special TADA court hearing the case convicted four members of the Memon family for their

involvement in the 1993 Mumbai bombings.

Three other members of the Memon family were acquitted by the special TADA court with the

judge giving them the benefit of the doubt. The four members of the Memon family are being

held after being found guilty on charges of conspiring and abetting acts of terror. All four of

them face jail terms from five years in prison to life imprisonment, that will be determined

based on the severity of their crime. A day later, the TADA court announced that it would

start pronouncing the verdict of the thirty-one people charged with transporting and planting

bombs.

Yakub Memon, the brother of prime accused Tiger Memon, was charged for possession of

unauthorised arms. After the blasts, family members of Tiger, including Yakub, escaped

from Mumbai to Dubai and Pakistan. Correspondents say Tiger Memon owned a

restaurant in Mumbai and was allegedly closely associated with Dawood Ibrahim, the chief

suspect.

Except for Tiger and his brother Ayub, the entire family returned to India and were promptly

arrested by the Central Bureau of Investigation in 1994. Since then, Yakub has been in custody

and is undergoing treatment for depression. The Memon family was subsequently tried in

court and found guilty of conspiracy. The defence lawyers have asked for leniency in the

sentencing and have caused delays in the process.

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Two of the accused, Mohammed Umar Khatlab and Badshah Khan (pseudonym given by

the prosecution to hide his real identity) turned state approvers.

Dawood Ibrahim, believed to have masterminded the terrorist attacks, is the Don of the

Mumbai organised crime syndicate D-Company, largely consisting of Muslims. He is suspected

of having connections to several Pakistan based terrorist groups, such as al-Qaeda and its

leader, Osama bin Laden, as well as Lashkar-e-Toiba and was declared a terrorist by the

governments of India and the United States in 2003. Ibrahim is now wanted by Interpol as a

part of the worldwide terror syndicate of Osama bin Laden. He has been in hiding since the

blasts and is believed to be hiding in Pakistan, which the Pakistani government

denies. The Bush administration in the United States imposed sanctions on Ibrahim in 2006.

The penalty stage of the longest running trial in India's history is still ongoing. In February

2007, prosecutors asked for the death penalty for forty-four of the hundred convicted. The

prosecution also requested the death penalty for those convicted of conspiracy in the case.

Asghar Yusuf Muquddam and Shahnawaz Qureshi, who have been found guilty for

involvement in the blasts pleaded for leniency, claiming that they were not terrorists and were

emotionally driven to participate in the act. Mukadam claimed that the main conspirators took

advantage of his "frame of mind" after the demolition of Babri Masjid and the subsequent

riots, alleging police partiality during the riots. "Vested interests" instigated him to act as he

did. Quareshi was trained in Pakistan to handle arms and ammunition. He and Muquddam

parked the explosive filled vehicle at Plaza cinema, Mumbai which resulted in 10 deaths and 37

injuries. Qureshi reached Pakistan via Dubai, where he claims he was taken "under the

pretext of providing ... an alternative job". He claims that his house was set on fire during the

riots.

THE MENON FAMILY – PRIME SUSPECT & THE ORGANISER OF THE

BOMB BLAST.

Yakub Memon has spent approximately 15+ years in prison. He was sentenced to death

by hanging.

Convicted for conspiracy.

N.K.T.T.COLLEGE


Arranging finance and managing its disbursement through co-accused, Mulchand Shah

and from a firm, Tejarath International, owned by absconding accused, and brother,

Ayub Memon to achieve objectives of conspiracy.

Arranged for air tickets through Altafali Mushtaqali Sayyed, East West travels for the

youths who were sent for arms and ammunition training to Pakistan. Also made

arrangements for their lodging and boarding.

Purchased motor vehicles which were used while planting bombs.

Requested co-accused, Amjadali Meherbux and Altafali Sayyed, to store suitcases

containing arms, ammunition, hand grenades and detonators.

Essa and Yusuf Memon , brothers of Yakub.

Both were charged for allowing their flat in Al-Hussaini building, Mahim, to be used to

host conspiracy meetings as well as storage of arms and explosives.

Essa has already spent about 13 years in prison. He was sentenced to life imprisonment

for his role in the bombings on October 2006.

Yusuf is a chronic schizophrenia patient, but has spent less than a year in prison. He

had also allowed the use of his van to plant bombs. Yusuf was sentenced to life

imprisonment for his role in the attacks, but granted bail on medical grounds

stipulating that he would remain in hospital for treatment.

Rubina Memon. Her Maruti car was the first piece of evidence in the trial. She was

convicted of allowing the use of her Maruti van, registered in her name, by other

accused, who had delivered the explosives and was awarded a life sentence.

Three members of the Memon family – Suleiman, Hanifa and Raheen were acquitted

with the judge giving them the benefit of doubt.

THE ACCUSED INVOLVED

Mohammed Moin Qureshi, Feroz Amani Malik, Bashir Khairulla, Zakir Hussain and

Abdul Akhtar Khan had pelted hand grendes in Mahim Causeway causing three deaths

and injuring six. The driver Salim Shaikh, did not pelt any hand grenades.

Bashir Khairulla convicted for his participation in arms, ammunition and explosives

training conducted by Tiger Memon in Sandheri and Bhorghat

N.K.T.T.COLLEGE


Convicted for participating in the conspirator's meetings in the house of Mubina Baya

and for participating in the filling of RDX in the vehicles. Sentenced to life

imprisonment on 20TH July 2007.

Zakir Hussain was convicted for participating in the arms, ammunition and weapon

training in Pakistan, for participating in conspirator's meetings and participating in the

filling of RDX. Sentenced to death on 24TH July 2007.

Abdul Akhtar Khan convicted for taking arms, ammunition and explosives training in

Pakistan. Sentenced to death on 24TH July 2007.

Firoz Amani Malik convicted for taking arms, ammunition and explosives training in

Pakistan. Sentenced to death on 24TH July 2007.

Moin Qureshi convicted for participating in the arms, ammunition and explosives

training, participating in the conspirator's meeting and participating in the filling of

RDX in vehicles on 11TH March. Was also found guilty for being in possession of 17

hand grenades. Sentenced to life imprisonment on 24TH July 2007.

CONCLUSION

India in the recent years have made significant development in the area of disaster

management. A new culture of preparedness, quick response, strategic thinking and

prevention is being ushered. The administrative framework is being streamlined to deal with

the various disasters. Effort are also being made to make disaster management a community

movement wherein where is greater participation of the people. However, a lot more need to

be done to make disaster management a mass movement in near future.

N.K.T.T.COLLEGE


REFERENCES

[1] D.E. Tallman, G.G. Wallace, Synth. Met. 90 (1997) 13.

[2] H.W. Kroto, J.E. Fischer, D.E. Cox, The Fullerenes, Pergamon, Oxford, 1993.

[3] A.G. MacDiarmid, A.J. Epstein, in W.R. Salaneck, D.T. Clark, E.J. Samuelson, (eds.),

Science and Applications of Conducting Polymers, Adam Hilger, Bristol, 1991, p.117.

[4] D.I. Eaton, Porous glass support material, US Patent No. 3 904 422 (1975).

[5] GOVT OF INDIA (2001), "High Powered Committee on Disaster Management-Report",

Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, New Delhi

[6] GOVT OF INDIA (2003), "Disaster Risk Reduction- The Indian Model", Ministry of Home

Affairs, Govt. of India, New Delhi.

[7] GOVT OF INDIA (2004), Disaster Management Status Report 2004, Ministry of Home

Affairs, Govt. of India, New Delhi.

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