sayre2e ch29 integrated_lecture_pp_ts-150670-1

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Ernest Meissonier. Memory of Civil War (The Barricades). Salon of 1850-51. 1849.

11-1/2" × 8-1/4”.


Map: Revolutionary Activity in Europe in 1848.

The Revolutions of 1848: From the Streets of Paris to Vienna and Beyond

What events did Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels foresee in their Communist Manifesto?

• Marxism — the view that the conditions in which one earns a living determines all other aspects of life. Capitalism must be eliminated because of its inherent unfairness. In the Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels call for “the forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions.”

• The Streets of Paris — In 1848 rioters overthrew Louis-Philippe.

• The June Days in Paris: Worker Defeat and Rise of Louis-Napoleon — the rioting mob demanded the “right to work.” The army overcame the street fighters many of whom were deported to Algiers. An almost paranoid distrust of the working class gripped France. Louis-Napoleon was elected leading the capitalists to power. He later was proclaimed Emperor Napoleon III.

• The Haussmannization of Paris — Baron Haussmann was chosen to plan and supervise the modernization of Paris by destroying the old city and rebuilding it anew. Napoleon III and Haussman shared the desire to transform Paris into the most beautiful city in the world. Reforms included improved housing, sanitation, and increased traffic flow. Streets were widened, great public parks were developed. But these reforms also involved the wholesale destruction of working-class neighborhoods throughout Paris.

• Revolution across Europe: The Rise of Nationalism — The Paris uprising of 1848 triggered a string of successive revolts in Austria, many of the lesser German states, and throughout Italy. One of the most important factors contributing to revolution was nationalism, the exaltation of one’s home territory. The Slavic people, for example, attempted to throw off the rule of the Austrian Habsburgs.

Discussion Question: Was Marxism a cause or an effect of the revolutionary fervor in Europe in the 1830s and 1840s?


Thibault. The Barricades on the rue Saint-Maur-Popincourt before the Attack by General Lamoricière’s Troops on Sunday, 25 June 1848. 1848.

4-5/8" × 5-7/8”.


Alfred Stevens. What Is Called Vagrancy. Exposition Universal, 1855. 1855.

52" x 63-3/4”.


Felix Thorigny. Demolition of the rue de la Barillerie to allow for construction of the Boulevard de Sébastopol, Paris, 1st arrondissement.

1859.


Map: Paris ca. 1870.

The American Civil War

How did the American Civil War affect popular attitudes toward warfare?

• Romanticizing Slavery in Antebellum American Art and Music — Many in Europe and across the globe had a romanticized view of slavery due in no small part to the depiction of slavery in art and music. Johnsons Negro Life in the South is a prime example though its meaning is ambiguous. The minstrel show is a theatrical event that presented black American melodies, jokes, and impersonations, usually performed by white performers in blackface. These shows were a popular representation of African Americans before the Civil War. Stephen Foster wrote a new kind of music in an attempt to humanize the characters.

• Representing the War — After the beginning of the war the images of contented slaves disappeared. Johnson’s A Ride for Liberty: The Fugitive Slaves is entirely different in mood from his earlier painting. “Special artists” were sent to battlegrounds to picture events. Winslow Homer created war illustrations for Harper’s Weekly. Matthew Brady captured the mechanistic nature of modern warfare with a camera on the battlefield of Antietam and the Battle of Gettysburg.

Discussion Question: Is “propaganda” an appropriate term to apply to Homer’s illustrations and Gardner’s and O’Sullivan’s photographs of war?


Eastman Johnson. Negro Life in the South (Kentucky Home). 1859.36" × 45”.


Eastman Johnson. A Ride for Liberty: The Fugitive Slaves. ca. 1862-63.22" × 26-1/4”.


Winslow Homer, After. The Army of the Potomac—A Sharpshooter on Picket Duty. After Homer's painting. Published in Harper's Weekly. 1862.

9-1/8" × 13-13/16”.


Timothy O’Sullivan (negative) and Alexander Gardner (print). A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, July 1863, from Alexander Gardner’s

Gardner’s Photographic Sketchbook of the War, 1866 (also available as a stereocard). 1863-66.

6-1/4" × 7-13/16”.


Winslow Homer. The Veteran in a New Field. 1865.24-1/8" × 38-1/8”.


Winslow Homer. Closer Look: Prisoners from the Front. 1866.


Winslow Homer. Closer Look: A Visit from the Old Mistress. 1876.


Tingqua, Attributed to. Shop of Tingqua, the Painter. ca. 1855.10-1/2" × 13-3/4”.

The British in China and India

What is imperialism?

• China and the Opium War — China had long held strict controls on shipping. The East India Company began to selling large quantities of opium from India to the Chinese. Opium addiction grew rapidly and the Chinese moved to ban the drug. “Might makes right” can summarize the ensuing British course of action. They declared war and subsequently crushed China.

• Indentured Labor and Mass Migration — Many Chinese were driven to emigrate due to the worsening economic conditions. Many went to California after gold was discovered and they were an important source of labor for the railroad. They were technically indentured workers—laborers working under contract to pay off the price of their passage. East Indian indentured workers faced similarly harsh conditions.

• Company School Painting in India —The British East India Company employed Indian artists as draftspersons, instructing them in European techniques. In art schools, Indians began to study and copy European prints.


Edward Duncan. The Iron Steam Ship HMS Nemesis, Commanded by Lieutenant W. H. Hall, with Boats from the Sulphur, Calliope, Larne and

Starling, Destroying the Chinese War Junks in Anson’s Bay, on 8 January 1841. 1843.


Map: The movement of indentured labor in the late nineteenth century.


Sheikh Muhammad Amir. A Horse and Groom. Calcutta, India. 1830-50.11" × 17-1/2”.

The Rise and Fall of Egypt

How did imperialism affect Egypt?

• Mehmet Ali, an Ottoman Turk, consolidated Ottoman authority and established himself as the country’s titular viceroy, though he effectively ruled the country on his own. Cotton became Egypt’s chief cash crop. The Suez Canal was opened in 1869 and Ali’s grandson built an opera house and commissioned an opera, Aida. He proclaimed that Egypt was now part of Europe. He accrued huge debts, was forced to abdicate, and the British purchased the Egyptian share in the canal.


Edouard Riou. Turkish Paddle Steamer going up the Suez Canal. For a souvenir album to commemorate the Voyage of Empress Eugenie to the

inauguration of the canal in 1869. 1869.

The Opening of Japan

What is Japonisme?

• Industrialization: The Shifting Climate of Society — Japan initially focused on closing the technology gap between its army and navy and Western military powers. New rulers were determined to decrease the influence of the previous shogun’s clan, the regional provincial leaders and warlords, and the samurai class. Exports of traditional Japanese products financed the industrialization process. Railway lines were developed. Eiichi Shibusawa was the founder of the National Bank of Japan and in charge of national industrialization until 1873.

• Japanese Printmaking — By the late nineteenth century, the Japanese economy was booming, as was the art of woodblock printing, a tradition that had developed steadily since 1603. The export trade in prints was a vital part of the economy. The first and most prominent of the artists was Suzuki Harunobu. His prints depicted daily life and the life of the most beautiful poet of the Heian court. Woodblock prints were mass-produced and thus affordable to artisans, merchants, and other city dwellers. Another leading artist was Kitagawa Utamaro and Katsushika Hokusai produced probably the most famous series of Japanese prints in Thirty-Six Views of Mount Fuji.


Shimbashi Station, Tokyo, from Famous Places on the Tokaido: A Record of the Process of Reform. 1875.


Suzuki Harunobu. Two Courtesans, Inside and Outside the Display Window. Edo period. ca. 1768-69.

26-3/8" × 5-1/16”.


Suzuki Harunobu. Visiting (Kayoi), from the series Seven Komachi in Fashionable Disguise. Edo period. ca. 1766-67.

12-1/16" × 5-5/16”.


Kitigawa Utamaro. How the Famous Brocade Prints of Edo are Produced (Edo Meibutsu Nishiki-e Kosaku). ca. 1790.

38.3 × 74.3 cm.


Kitigawa Utamaro. The Fickle Type, from the series Ten Physiognomies of Women. ca. 1793.14-13/16” × 9-3/4”.


Katsushika Hokusai. The Great Wave, from the series Thirty-Six Views of Mount Fuji. ca. 1823-39.

10-1/8" × 14-1/4”.

Closer Look: Katsushika Hokusai, The Great Wave

Studio Technique Video: The Printmaking Process of Woodcut

MyArtsLabChapter 29 – Global Confrontation and Civil War

http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/shared_hss_assets/art/WPSGlobalModules/closer_looks_2009/PGT_72/web/index.html

http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/shared_hss_assets/art/WPSGlobalModules/closer_looks_2009/PGT_72/web/index.html

http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/art/MAL/videos/process_videos/woodcut-large.html

http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/art/MAL/videos/process_videos/woodcut-large.html

http://www.learn.columbia.edu/ha/html/ancient_athens_parthExSw.htm

http://www.learn.columbia.edu/ha/related_sites/acropolis_360_public/html/1_5/1.3_01.html

http://www.learn.columbia.edu/ha/html/ancient_athens_parthExW2.htm

http://www.learn.columbia.edu/ha/html/ancient_athens_parthExW.htm

http://www.myartslab.com/


Vincent van Gogh. Japonaiserie: The Courtesan (after Kesai Eisen). 1887.41-3/8" × 24”.


Kesai Eisen. "Le Japon,” Cover of special issue of Paris Illustré, May 1886. 1886.


Édouard Manet. The Battle of the "Kearsage" and the "Alabama.” 1864.54-1/4" x 50-3/4”.

sayre2e ch29 integrated_lecture_pp_ts-150670-1

Documents

modernization of paris

winslow homer

opium war china

memory of civil war

streets of paris tovienna

osullivans photographs

american civil warhow

rise of louis