sba trainers manual khmer - ilo

karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc

GgÁkarBlkmGnþrCatikm<úCa 2007

esovePAsMrab;GñkbNþúHbNþal

karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUcesovePAsMrab;GñkbNþúHbNþal

km<úCa2007

karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal

2

matikar

matikar >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>3

esckþIepþIm >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 5

kareRtomlkçN³sRmab;karbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 6

]TahrN_ ³ lixitGeBaI¢j >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 9

]TahrN_ ³ TRmg;EtgtaMgsikçakam >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 10

]TahrN_ ³ kmviFIbNþúHbNþalsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 11

]TahrN_ ³ TRmg;vaytMélRbcaMéf¶ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>13

kareRtomemeronrbs;Gñk >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 16

emeronTI 1 ³ karENnaMGMBIkmviFI nigkarENnaMsikçakam[sÁal;Kña >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 17

emeronTI 2 ³ critlkçN³smaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 19

lMhat;TI 1 ³ esckþIrMBwgTuk nigkarcUlrYmviPaKTan >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 21

emeronTI 3 ³ karGPivDÆsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>23

lMhat;TI 2 ³ RbvtþismaKmGaCIvkm >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 25

emeronTI 4 ³ ebskkm nigeKaledArbs;smaKm >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 27

emeronTI 5 ³ lkçnþik³ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 29

emeronTI 6 ³ karCMruj[RsþIcUlrYm >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 31

lMhat;TI 3 ³ karsRmbsRmYl[RsþIcUlrYm >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 33

lMhat;TI 4 ³ karsRmbsRmYl[RsþIcUlrYm ¬2¦>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 35

emeronTI 7 ³ PaBCaGñkdwknaM >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 36

lMhat;TI 5 ³ bBaðananaTak;TgnwgPaBCaGñkdwknaM >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 39

emeronTI 8 ³ karR)aRs½yTak;Tg >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 41

lMhat;TI 6 ³ karcUlCasmaCiksmaKmGaCIvkm >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>44

emeronTI 9 ³ karseRmccitþelIesvakmnanarbs;smaKmGaCIvkm >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>46

lMhat;TI 7 ³ kareFViviPaKlT§PaBpþl;esva >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>49

emeronTI 10 ³ karpþl;esvaBaNiC¢km >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 51

lMhat;TI 8 ³ plRbeyaCn_BIkarcUlrYmkñúgesvaBaNiC¢km >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 53

emeronTI 11 ³ karpþl;esvats‘Umti >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 55

3

matikar


lMhat;TI 9 ³ Gñklk;dUrtampSar crcarCamYyGaCJaFrmUldæan >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 58

emeronTI 12 ³ karTTYlxusRtUv nigParkic©nanaenAkñúgsmaKm >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 60

lMhat;TI 10 ³ KUrrcnasm<½n§smaKmGaCIvkmrbs;Gñk >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 63

emeronTI 13 ³ karRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúrbs;smaKm >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 65

lMhat;TI 11 ³ karerobcMr)aykarN_R)ak;cMeNj nigR)ak;xat nigr)aykarN_smtulü >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>68

emeronTI 14 ³ RbPBcMNUl >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>70

lMhat;TI 12 ³ RbPBcMNUlxagkñúg nigRbPBcMNUlBIxageRkA >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>73

lMhat;TI 13 ³ dMeNIrbRBa©as;vdþ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 75

emeronTI 15 ³ karcuHbBa¢IsmaKmGaCIvkmrbs;GñkenAkm<úCa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 77

emeronTI 16 ³ kareFVIEpnkarskmPaB >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 78

lMhat;TI 14 ³ karviPaKEbbsVt nigkareFVIEpnkarskmPaB >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 79

El,gpþl;famBl >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 81

4

5

esckþIepþIm

smaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc KWCasmaKmTaMgLay EdlGaCIvkrCasmaCikmankars½RKcitþeFVIkarCamYyKña

edIm,ITTYl)anplRbeyaCn_rYmKña dUcCa karTTYl)anhirBaØvtßúsRmab;smaCikTaMgLayrbs;xøÜn b¤karcrcar

CamYyrdæaPi)al edIm,ICRmuj[nItiviFIrdæ)alnanamanPaBRbesIreLIg . enAkñúgn½yTUlMTUlay eKaledA

rbs;smaKmTaMgLay KWCakarelIkkMBs;Epñkesdækic© nigsgÁmsMrab;smaCiknanarbs;xøÜn . smaKm

GaCIvkmmanrab;bBa©Úl ³

GgÁPaBTaMgLay EdlKaMRTsmaCikxøÜnkñúgkarplit nigskmPaBGaCIvkmepSg²

GgÁPaBTaMgLayEdlkarBarplRbeyaCn_nanarbs;smaCikxøÜn nigeFVICatMNag[BYkeK

GgÁPaBTaMgLayEdlsMrbsMrYl nigRtYtBinitüelIskmPaBGaCIvkmrbs;smaCikxøÜn

esovePAsRmab;RKÚbNþúHbNþalenH RtUveRbIR)as;CamYyesovePAGñkGan : karRKb;RKgsmaKm

GaCIvkmFuntUc :. esovePA GñkGan pþl;B½t’manCamUldæan nigkrNIsikSaCaeRcInenAelIRbFanbTepSg²

EdlTak;TgenAkñúgesovePAsRmab;RKUbNþúHbNþal .

karbNþúHbNþal KWCYydl;GñkdwknaM nigbuKÁliksmaKmTaMgLay edIm,I[)anyl;dwg nigeFVIesckþI

seRmccitþnanaCayuT§saRsþ EdlnwgCYyBRgwgsmaKmRBmTaMgGaCIvkmrbs;smaCikTaMgLayrbs;

xøÜn. dUecñHGñkTTYlplRbeyaCn_cugeRkayeK KWCasmaCikTaMgLayrbs;smaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc nig

bNþaGgÁPaBshRKinFuntUc EdlBak;B½n§enAkñúgkarlk;ray karEkécñ karplit nigkareFVIBaNiC¢km .l.

nig.l. esovePAsRmab;RKUbNþúHbNþalenH Tak;TgnwgbBaðanana CaBiessrbs;RsþI enAkñúgsmaKm

GaCIvkmTaMgLay .

esovePAbNþúHbNþalenH eroberogeLIgedayEp¥kelIxøwmsaresovePAsRmab;RKUbNþúHbNþal

{karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc : Edl)ancgRkgnige)aHBum<edaykmviFI In-Focus Programme

rbs;GgÁkarBlkmGnþrCati sþIGMBIkarGPivDÆn_shRKasFuntUc . esovePAenH )anRtUvEksRmYledIm,I

kareRbIR)as;enAkm<úCa edayrYmshkarCamYyRksYg]sSahkm Er: nigfamBl RksYgkic©karnarI nig

shB½n§nieyaCk nigsmaKmBaNiC¢kmkm<úCa .

esckþIepþIm

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karerobcM[manEpnkarbNþúHbNþald¾l¥mYy KWCaRKWHedIm,ITTYl)an\T§iBlCaviC¢manBIkarbNþúH

bNþalEdleKcg;)an. EbbbTCaCMhan²dUcxageRkamenH nwgCYy[GñkerobcMkmviFIbNþúHbNþalmYy

RbkbedayRbsiT§PaB .

CMhanTI 1 ³ viPaKesckþIRtUvkar nigbriyakarsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc

etIGñkyl;dwgGVIxøHGMBIsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUcenAkñúgRbeTs b¤tMbn;rbs;Gñk ? etIsmaKmGaCIvkm

FuntUcTaMgenaHbMeBjmuxnaTIGVIxøH ? etIsmaKmTaMgenaHmancMNucexSayGVIxøH ehIyBYkeKedaHRsaycMNuc

exSayTaMgLayenaHedayviFINa? etIsmaCikPaKeRcInCaburs b¤k¾CaRsþI ? etIsmaCikTaMgenaHmanesckþI

RtUvkardUcKñaEdrb¤eT ? B½t’manGMBIGgÁPaBsmaKmGaCIvkm nigbriyakarGaCIvkm nwgCYy[GñkkMNt;

eKaledAkarbNþúHbNþal nigenAdMNak;kalcugeRkay nwgCYy[GñkGackMNt;eKalbMNgnanasRmab;

kareronsURtrbs;sikçakam .

CMhanTI 2 ³ karviPaKGñkBak;B½n§

karbNþúHbNþal KWCaviFImYysRmab;karksagsmtßPaB. TRmg;epSg²énkarksagsmtßPaB rYmman

CMnYybec©keTs ehdæarcnasm<½n§ eRKOg]bkrN_ nigesvahirBaØvtßúnana . vatRmUv[mankmøaMgrYmKña nig

TMnak;TMngnanaCamYynwgKMnitpþÜcepþImTaMgLay edIm,IbegáIn\T§iBlBIkarbNþúHbNþal . dUecñH vamanPaB

caM)ac;kñúgkarkMNt;karksagsmtßPaB EdlkarbNþúHbNþalGMBIsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUcnwgRtUveFVIeLIg .

karKUsEpnTIKMnitpþÜcepþImnanaeTAGnaKt nigtYGgÁsMxan;² nwgCYybegáIt[)anrUbPaBeBjeljmYy .

CMhanTI 3 ³ kMNt;sikçakameKaledAsRmab;karbNþúHbNþal

etInrNaCasikçakamenAkñúgkarbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk³ buKÁlikrbs;Pñak;garKaMRTnana Gñkpþl;

eyabl;ÉkCn GaCJaFrmUldæannana b¤bNþaGñkRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc ? etIGñknwgBRgwgsmtßPaB

rbs;smaKmGaCIvkmRsþIenAtMbn;NamYyEdrb¤eT ? b¤etIGñkkMBugepþateTAelIRbePTsmaKmGaCIvkm

EdlmkBItMbn;xus²Kña ? etIGñknwgbNþúHbNþalsaxarbs;shB½n§smaKmGaCIvkmTaMgLayenAtam

mUldæanEdrb¤eT ?


kareRtomlkçN³sRmab;karbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk


CMhanTI 4 ³ eFVIkar)a:n;RbmaNtRmUvkarbNþúHbNþal

bEnßmeTAelIB½t’manEdl)anRbmUlBIkareFVIviPaKsmaKmGaCIvkm kar)a:n;RbmaNtRmUvkarbNþúHbNþal

enAkñúgcMeNamGñktMNagsikçakameKaledArbs;Gñk nwgCYy[karbNþúHbNþal eqøIytbeTAtamtRmUvkar

kan;EtRtwmRtUvEfmeTot . karN_enHnwgCYy[eFVI[karbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk kan;EtmanplRbeyaCn_

EfmeTotsRmab;;sikçakamTaMgLay . GaRs½yeTAelIsikçakameKaledArbs;Gñk karN_enHGacRtUv

eFVIeLIgtamry³karBieRKaHeyabl; karBiPakSatamRkumEdl)aneRCIserIs b¤kareRbIR)as;bBa¢IsMNYr .

CMhanTI 5 ³ kMNt;eKaledA nigeKalbMNgkarbNþúHbNþal

eKaledAkarbNþúHbNþal KWCakarBiBN’naCaTUeTAGMBIbBaðananaEdlGñkcg;edaHRsay . vaman

PaBxusEbøkKñaBIeKalbMNgénkareronsURtrbs;sikçakameKaledA EdlepþateTAelIesckþIRtUvkarCak;

lak; ¬GankñúgCMhanTI 4¦ . ]TahrN_ ³ eKaledAkarbNþúHbNþalrbs;RKUbegÁalsmaKmGaCIvkm

FuntUcKW :edIm,IbegáIncMnYnRKUbegÁalsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc[mansmtßPaB : . eKalbMNgénkareron

sURtrbs;sikçakam EdlekIteLIgCabnÞab;eTotenHKW : enAcugbBa©b;énkarbNþúHbNþal sikçakamTaMg

Gs;nwgGacsRmbsRmYlvKÁbNþúHbNþal sRmab;GñkdwknaMsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUcTaMgLay)an : .

CMhanTI 6 ³ kMNt;rkédKU

etIsßab½n nigGgÁPaBNamYy EdlnwgRtUvGeB¢aIjcUlrYmenAkñúgkarEksRmYlemeronkarbNþúH

bNþalbnþ karvaytémø karRtYtBinitüKuNPaB nigkarpÁt;pÁg;fvika ¬b¤cUlrYmviPaKTanCacMENkkñúg

fvika¦ .

cMNucsRmab;eFVIkarBicarNadUcxageRkamenH GacCYy)ankñúgkarkMNt;rkédKUnana ³

CMnajÉkeTs ³ RKUbNþúHbNþalmñak; minGacmanCMnajenARKb;RbFanbTTaMgGs;enaHeT .

vakan;EtRbesIrEfmeTotkñúgkarGeBa¢IjGñkCMnajkarNamñak; EdlGacCYyeFVI[RbFanbT

beRgon kan;EtsmRsbEfmeTotdl;bTdæanCati c,ab;nignItiviFInana . GñkGacGeB¢aIj

GñkCMnajkar [sRmbsRmYlemeronCak;lak;NamYy. ]TahrN_ eKGacGeB¢aIjemFavI

mñak;edIm,IsRmbsRmYlemeronsþIGMBIlkçnþik³ smaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc .

karrkédKUkRmitx<s; ³ etIGgÁPaBNamYy EdlmansmtßPaBeRbIR)as;emeronenAkñúgskm

PaBbNþúHbNþalCabnþbnÞab;rbs;BYkeK ?

karpÁt;pÁg;fvika ³ etIGgÁPaBNamYyEdlKaMRTkarGPivDÆn_EpñkÉkCn nigkarksagsmtß

PaBsßab½nGgÁPaB ? etIBYkeKcab;GarmN_enAkñúgkarpþl;fvika ¬b¤karcUlrYmviPaKTankñúgcMENk

fvika¦ sRmab;karbNþúHbNþal b¤sRmab;kartamdankarbNþúHbNþal Edrb¤eT ? etIGgÁkarCati

nigGgÁkarGnþrCati bNþaPñak;gar rdæaPi)al nigm©as;mUlniFinana KWCaédKUFmtaenAkñúgRBwtþikarN_

bNþúHbNþalGMBIkarRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUcnanaEdrb¤eT?

7


karKaMRTEpñkneya)ay ³ vamanRbeyaCn_ kñúgkarpþl;B’t½mandl;RksYgnana b¤GaCJaFrEdndI

EdlBak;B½n§ GMBIeKalbMNgniglT§plnanaénkarbNþúHbNþal. ]TahrN_ BYkeKGacCYy

kñúgskmPaBtamdanTaMgLay)an .

enATMB½rCabnþbnÞab;eTAenH GñknwgeXIjKMrUlixitGeB¢aIj TRmg;EtgtaMgsikçakam kalviPaKbNþúH

bNþal TRmg;vaytémøsRmab;eFVIkarEksRmYl nigeRbIR)as;enAkñúgkmviFIbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk .

8


]TahrN_ ³ lixitGeBa¢Ij

9

Gas½ydæansRmab;karTMnak;TMng : GñkerobcM :

TIkEnøg / kalbriecäT

Gas½ydæan : GñkTTYllixit :

kmvtßú ³ cMNgeCIgvKÁbNþúHbNþal

sUmeKarBCUnelak elakRsI

eyIgxJúM : CaGñkerobcM :manesckþIrIkrayNas;nwgeKarBGeBa¢IjtMNagmñak;BIGgÁkarrbs;elak

b¤elakRsI cUlrYmvKÁbNþúHbNþal : cMNgeCIg : . vKÁbNþúHbNþalenH nwgRtUverobcMeLIgedayrYm

shkarCamYy /// ¬édKUerobcM nigb¤Gñk]btßmÖ ¦ cab;BIéf¶ /// Ex///qñaM/// dl; éf¶ /// Ex///qñaM/// enA///

¬TIkEnøg¦ .

eKalbMNgvKÁbNþúHbNþalenHKWedIm,I>>> ¬BRgwgsmtßPaBRKUbNþúHbNþal Edl)anbBa¢ak;eQaH

mkenH¼BRgwgCMnajRKb;RKgrbs;GñkdwknaMsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUcTaMgT,ay¼ ksagcMeNHdwgdl;

smaKmGaCIvkmFuntUcelIkarpþl;esvahirBaØvtßúnana .l. ¦ .

vKÁbNþúHbNþalenHerobcMeLIgsRmab; >>> ¬GñkdwknaMnigbuKÁliksmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUcTaMgT,ay

¼ buKÁlikPñak;garKaMRT ¦. sUmGankmviFIENnaMbEnßmdUcmanP¢ab;mkCamYyenH .

edIm,IFana[vKÁbNþúHbNþalenHTTYl)aneCaKC½y eyIgnwgBüayamEksRmYlRbFanbTeday

GnuelameTAtamesckþIRtUvkarbNþúHbNþal nigbTBiesaFn_rbs;sikçakammñak;² . dUecñH

vatRmUv[mankareRCIserIssikçakamedayRbugRby½tñ . RbsinebIGgÁkarrbs;elak elakRsI

cg;cUlrYm sUmbMeBjTRmg;EtgtaMgsikçakamdUcmanP¢ab;mkCamYyenH ehIyepJIvamkeyIg´vijmunenA

>>> ¬kalbriecäT¦ . eyIg´nwgCRmabCUnBIlT§plénsMeNIsMurbs;elak elakRsIenA >>>¬kalbriecäT¦ .

RbsinebIelak elakRsImancm¶l;NamYy sUmkMusÞak;esÞIrTak;Tgelak >>> ¼elakRsI >>>eTAtam

Gas½ydæandUcteTAenH >>> ¬Gas½ydæanTMnak;TMnglMGit¦ .

edayesckþIeKarBrab;Gand¾esaHBIeyIg´


]TahrN_ ³ TRmg;EtgtaMgsikçakam

cMNgeCIgvKÁbNþúHbNþal ³

1/ eQaH Gas½ydæan TUrs½BÞ nigelxTUrsar GuIEml ³ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

2/ ePT burs RsþI

3/ Gayu >>>>>>>>>>>>>> qñaM

4/ eQaHsmaKmrbs;Gñk ³ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

5/ etIGñkmanmuxgarGVIenAkñúgsmaKmrbs;Gñk ? >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

6/ sUmbBa¢ak;tYnaTI¼bTBiesaFn_RKb;RKgBak;B½n§EdlGñkman ³ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

7/ etIsmaKmrbs;GñkRtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAeBlNa ? >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

8/ etIGñkcg;eronGVIxøHBIvKÁbNþúHbNþalenH ? sUmbgðajbBa¢ak;[cM² ]/ karRKb;RKghirBaØvtßú

karcrcarCamYyrdæaPi)almUldæanCaedIm¦ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

9/ etIGñkmaneyabl;GVIxøH elIviFIEdleyIgGacsRmbsRmYlkarcUlrYmrbs;GñkenAkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþal

enH ¬]/ kareRbIR)as;Pasa kalviPaK TIkEnøgsRmab;sikçakamBikar karsñak;enA CaedIm ¦

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

10/ etIGñkmaneyabl;GVIepSgeTotEdrb¤eT ? >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

cMNucKnøwH

RtUveRbIbBa¢IsMNYrxagelIenHenAmuneBlcab;epþImvKÁbNþúHbNþal . GñkGacepJIvaeTACamYylixit

GeBa¢Ij .

10


]TahrN_ ³ kmviFIbNþúHbNþalsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc


taragkalviPaK

kalbriecäT TIkEnøg

11


12


]TahrN_ ³ TRmg;vaytémøRbcaMéf¶TRmg;vaytémøRbcaMéf¶enH RtUvEtEksRmYleTAtamkalviPaKvKÁbNþúHbNþal


TRmg;vaytémøRbcaMéf¶

kalbriecäT ³///////////////////////////////////

CaTUeTA etIGñkdak;BinÞú[emeronenAéf¶enHy:agdUcemþc ?

emeron : critlkçN³smaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc :

etIGñkmankarPan;RcLMGVIxøHenAkñúgemeronenH ? RbsinebIman sUmBnül;

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//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

etIGñkmaneyabl;y:agNa edIm,IeFVI[emeronenHRbesIrCagmun ?

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//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

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emeron : karGPivDÄnsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc :

etIGñkmankarPan;RcLMGVIxøHeTenAkñúgemeronenH ? RbsinebIman sUmBnül;

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//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

etIGñkmaneyabl;y:agNaedIm,IeFVI[emeronenHRbesIrCagmun ?

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emeron : ebskkm nigeKaledA :


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14


emeron : lkçnþik³ :


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sUmGrKuNcMeBaHkarpþl;cemøIyrbs;elakGñk

15

16

KeRmagemeron

Cakic©cab;epþImenAkñúgemeronnImYy²énbNþaemeronTaMg 16 GñksRmbsRmYl¼RKUbNþúHbNþal

KYrsaksYrsikçakamnUvsMNYrmYycMnYn . sMNYrTaMgenH KWGnuBaØat[sikçakamEckrMElkbTBiesaFn_CamYyKña

enAelIRbFanbT . CMhanTI 2 b¤3 CabnþbnÞab;mkeTot manbgðajlMhat; nigkarsEmþgerOg . enAcugbBa©b;

emeronnImYy² RKUbNþúHbNþalRtUvdkRsg;ykcMNucsMxan;²CakareronsURtBIemeronenaH .

sMNYrEdlsikçakamecaTsYrCajwkjy

enAcugbBa©b;KeRmagemeronnImYy² GñknwgeXIjmansMNYrmYycMnYn EdlsikçakamEtgEtecaTsYr

Tak;TinnwgRbFanbTrbs;emeron . TaMgenHKWCa]TahrN_GMBIsMNYr Edlsikçakamrbs;GñkGacecaTsYr .

cemøIyrbs;sMNYrTaMgenaH nwgpþl;[GñknUvkarENnaMmYycMnYn BIviFIeqøIysMNYrTaMgLayenaH Edl

sikçakamrbs;GñkGacelIkeLIg .

El,gpþl;famBl

enAxagcugesovePARKUbNþúHbNþalenH GñknwgeXIjman]TahrN_BIEl,gpþl;famBlcMnYn 10 Edl

GñkGacykeTAeRbIR)as;enAkñúgkarbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk)an . El,gpþl;famBlnImYy²énbNþa El,g

TaMg10y:agenaH KWTak;TgnwgRbFanbTmYy ehIyGñkGacykeTAelg)anl¥bMputenAmun b¤eRkay

emeron EdlTak;TgnwgRbFanbTenaH . GñkmincaM)ac;RtUvelgEl,gTaMgGs;enaHeLIy ehIykareRCIs

erIsykEl,gNamYyykmkelg KWGaRs½yelIcMNab;GarmN_rbs;sikçakam k¾dUcCaeBlevlaEdl

manpgEdr .

Éksaremeron

enAmuneBlcab;epþImemeronnImYy² cUreFVIkarftcmøglMhat;nana EdlGñkcg;EckCUndl;sikçakam .

cUreFVI[R)akdfa GñkmanÉksarbgðajkñúgrebobsøay (Power Point Presentation) Edl)aneRtom

TukCaeRscsRmab;kareRbIR)as; . Cajwkjy sikçakameBjcitþÉksarCasøaybgðajenH. cUreFVI[

R)akdfa mankarerobcMÉksarepSg² sRmab;El,gfamBlCaeRscsRmab;eBlRtUvkar .

kic©karKNenyü

sRmab;emeronTI 13 : karRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúsmaKm : vaGacmanlT§pll¥RbesIr RbsinebI GñkGac

rkRKUbNþúHbNþalmñak;eTotCaKNenyükr b¤CavaKIn .


kareRtomemeronrbs;Gñk

17

emeronTI 1 ³ karENnaMGMBIkmviFI nig karENnaMsikçakam[sÁal;Kña

eKalbMNg

enAcugbBa©b;emeronenH sikçakamnwgGac ³

Bnül;)anBIeKalbMNgnanaénvKÁbNþúHbNþal nigGacerobcMkarbeRgon

yl;BIkarrMBwgTukrbs;sikçakamBIvKÁbNþúHbNþal

bøg;vKÁsikSa ¬40 naTI¦

CMhanTI 1 - 220 naTI

sVaKmn_sikçakamTaMgGs; nigvaKinnana . cUrGnuBaØat[sikçakameFVIkarENnaMKñaeTA vijeTAmktamrebob

dUcxageRkamenH ³

esñI[sikçakameFVIkarsmÖasn_sikçakammñak;eTot EdlGgÁúyenACab;Kña GMBIeQaH TIkEnøgrs;enA

bTBiesaFn_GaCIvkm k¾dUcCakarrMBwgTukrbs;eKsRmab;vKÁbNþúHbNþalenH .

sikçakamEdl)anGgÁúyCab;enaH eFVIkarENnaMdl;RkumFM eTAtamcemøIyBIkarsaksYrKñaeTAvijeTAmkenaH

¬mñak;maneBl 1 naTI¦ .


cUrbegáItvin½ysRmab;vKÁbNþúHbNþal tamviFIdUcxageRkamenH ³

cUrelIkeLIgnUvvin½ymYycMnYn ¬]/ eBlem:agkMNt; kareKarBKñaeTAvijeTAmk sþab;enAeBlmñak;eTot

kMBugniyay¦ . cUresñI[RkumbEnßmnUvGVIEdlRtUveFVI nigGVIEdlminRtUveFVI . esñI[mansikçakamBIrnak;sresrva

enAelIRkdaspÞaMgFM rYcykeTAbiTP¢ab;nwgCBa¢aMgsRmab;eRbI)as;enAGMLúgeBlénvKÁbNþúHbNþal .

sikçakamGacpþl;Caeyabl;BIkardak;Bin½yepSg² ¬dUcCakardak;Bin½y[bg;R)ak; raM b¤eRcog¦ .

emeronTI 1 ³ karENnaMGMBIkmviFI nig karENnaMsikçakam[sÁal;Kña

kMNt;cMNaMrbs;RKUbNþúHbNþal



cUrBnül;BIkmviFInigeKalbMNgnana ¬emIlsøayTI 2 nig 3¦ . cUrsgát;bBa¢ak; elIsar³sMxan;én

karcUlrYmedayskm nigkareronsURtBIKñaeTAvijeTAmk .

18

19

emeronTI 2 ³ critlkçN³smaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc

eKalbMNg

enAcugbBa©b;emeronenH sikçakamTaMgGs;nwg ³

yl;dwgBIviFIEdlsmaKmGacpþl;GtßRbeyaCn_dl;smaCikrbs;xøÜn

Bnül;)anBIeKaledAnanarbs;smaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc



cUrsaksYrsikçakamGMBIeKalbMNgnanaénsmaKmGaCIvkmrbs;BYkeK .

etImanktþaGVIxøHEdl)anCRmujTwkcitþGñkkñúgkarbegáItb¤cUlrYmenAkñúgsmaKmrbs;Gñk ?

etIsmaCikmñak;²TTYl)anplRbeyaCn_GVIxøHBIsmaKm ?

etIsmaCikmanlkçN³rYmKñaGVIxøH ?

cUreFVIesckþIsnñidæanfa ktþaCRmujTwkcitþsRmab;shRKintUctac edIm,Icab;epþImCasmaKmmYy KWmanlkçN³

epSg²Kña ¬sUmemIlenAelIsøayTI 4¦ Ca]TahrN_ ³

edIm,IKaMRTsmaCikTaMgLayrbs;xøÜnkñúgkarGPivDÆplitkm RBmTaMgskmPaBGaCIvkm nana

edIm,IeFVICatMNag nigkarBarplRbeyaCn_epSg²rbs;smaCik

edIm,ICa :s<an :mYysRmab;tP¢ab;rvagrdæGMNacmUldæan nigshRKinTaMgLay.

cUrpþl;[TahrN_GMBIsmaKmGaCIvkmenAkm<úCa Edl)ankekIteLIg edaymUlehtuepSg²Kña .


smaKmTaMgLaymanRTg;RTayxus²KñaeTAtamTMhM nigsmaCikPaB ¬sUmemIlenAelIsøayTI 5¦ .

smaKmTaMgenaHGacepþateTAelIkareFVIBaNiC¢kmCak;lak;GVImYy ¬]/ BaNiC¢krRtI Cagkat;sk; Gñklk;dUrtam

cieBaI©mfñl;¦ b¤CasmaKmEdlepþateTAelIePTCak;lak; ¬smaKmRsþI b¤smaKmburs¦. smaKmmYycMnYneFVI




skmPaBmankMNt;enAEttMbn;PUmisaRsþxøÜnbu:eNÑaH cMENksmaKmmYycMnYnepSgeTot GacRbtibtþikar

kRmitCati .

esñI[sikçakamemIlkfax½NÐ 2>2 kñúgesovePAGñkGan : karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc : sRmab;Ca

]TahrN_mYycMnYnBIRbePTxus² KñaénsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc Edl)ankMBugRbtibtþikarenAkm<úCa .


cUrsRmbsRmYllMhat;TI 1 ³ esckþIrMBwgTuk nigkarcUlrYmviPaKTan

CMhanTI 4 - 55 naTI

GFib,aybEnßmenAelIkarrkeXIjsMxan;²énemeronenH .

BYkeKminGacEtgEtBwgEp¥kelIfvika b¤karKaMRTrbs;rdæaPi)alenaHeLIy edIm,I[)anseRmceKaledA

rbs;xøÜn. Cajwkjy BYkeKnwgEsVgrkCMnYyBImnusS EdlmanTwkcitþRbhak;RbEhlKña ehIydak;bBa©ÚlcMNuc

xøaMgTaMgLayrbs;BYkeK . smaKmGaCIvkmTaMgLay )ankekIteLIgedayeKalkarN_CYyxøÜnÉg .


´RtUvkarCMnYyhirBaØvtßúedIm,Ibg;éføBüa)alRKYsarrbs;´. etIsmaKmGaCIvkm GacCYy´)anEdr

b¤eT ?

CaTUeTAsmaKmGaCIvkmTaMgLaymaneKaledA edIm,ICYyeFVI[GaCIvkmnanarbs;smaCik)an

TTYleCaKC½y. dUecñHsmaKmTaMgenaH GacCYyedaHRsay]bsKÁnana Edlman\T§iBlGviC¢manmkelI

dMeNIrkarGaCIvkm . kgVHxat\NTan eRKOg]bkrN_ nigTIpSar KWCa]TahrN_GMBI]bsKÁEpñkesdækic© .

elIsBIenHeTAeTot smaCikTaMgLayCaFmtaRbQmmuxnwgbBaðasgÁmepSg² EdlGacbgáplvi)ak

y:agxøaMgmkelIPaBrs;ranrbs;smaKmpgeK . cMNayx<s;eTAelIkarEfTaMsuxPaB KWCabBaðaTUeTAmYy .

CYnkal shRKinGacRtUveRbIR)as;edImTunbgVilTaMgGs; b¤k¾RtUvlk;RTBüsm,tþiGaCIvkmTaMgGs; ¬]/

eRKOg]bkrN_ nigRbdab;RbdaepSg²¦ edIm,IRbmUlR)ak;EdleKRtUvkar sRmab;TUTat;éføEfTaMsuxPaB.

RbsinebIsmaCikPaKeRcInRbQmmuxnwgbBaðaenH smaKmGaceFVIkarGegát faetIxøÜnGacbegáIt[man

KeRmagFanara:b;rgsuxPaBFuntUc)anEdrb¤eT b¤k¾CYysmaCikxøÜn[GacTTYl)annUvesva EdlkMBugman

Rsab; . smaKmGaCIvkmmYy KWmindUcKñaeTAnwgGgÁkarsb,úrsFm’eT Edlpþl;fvika[Gñk sRmab;ykeTA

TUTat;éføEfTaMsuxPaB . CaFmta shRKinTaMgLaymankarCRmujelIkTwkcitþedaysarkarmankgVl;

GaCIvkm edIm,IcUlrYmCasmaCiksmaKmGaCIvkmNamYy.

20


21

lMhat;TI 1 ³ esckþIrMBwgTuk nigkarcUlrYmviPaKTan

lMhat;sRmab;RkumFM

karENnaMGnuvtþn_ ³

1/ GeBa¢IjsikçakamTaMgGs; [sresrelIRkdaskatBN’GMBIkarKaMRTmYy EdlBYkeKcg;TTYl)an

BIsmaKmGaCIvkmrbs;BYkeK . esñIsuM[BYkeKsresrenAelIRkdaskatBN’epSgmYyeTot GMBIGVIxøH

EdlBYkeKKitfa eKGaccUlrYmviPaKTan)andl;smaKmrbs;xøÜn.

2/ biTkatEdl)ansresrrYcehIyTaMgenaHenAelICBa¢aMg edaydak;vaeTAtamRkum : esckþIrMBwgTuk :

nig : karcUlrYmviPaKTan : .

cemøIyEdlGacTTYl)an :

kareFVIviPaK ³

saksYrsikçakamTaMgGs; faetIesckþIrMBwgTuk nigkarcUlrYmviPaKTanTaMgLayrbs;smaCikburs

nigrbs;smaCikRsþI mansPaBdUcKñaEdrb¤eT. enAkñúgkrNImYycMnYn vaGacmanPaBxusEbøkKña. ]TahrN_ ³

RsþIGacmanTMnak;TMngGaCIvkm nigman»kascgbNþajTMnak;TMngticCagburs edaysarmuxgar

rbs;BYkeKenAkñúgsgÁm nigkareFVIdMeNIrkñúgkic©karGaCIvkmmanRBMEdn . dUecñH BYkeKGacmanesckþI


rMBwgTukx<s;CagBIsmaKmGaCIvkmrbs;BYkeK edIm,ICYyxøÜnÉgkñúgkarbegáItbNþajGaCIvkmnana. RsþIGac

mancMNab;GarmN_y:agxøaMgGMBITIkEnøgsRmab;EfTaMkUnrbs;BYkeK EdlGacCYy[eKcMNayeBlevla

eRcInEfmeTotkñúgkic©karGaCIvkm .

cUreFVIesckþIsnñidæanelIlMhat;enHfa smaKmGaCIvkmTaMgLay Gacpþl;karKaMRTeRcInRbePT Edl

Tak;TinnwgesckþIRtUvkarTaMgEpñkesdækic© nigsgÁm dl;smaCikTaMgLay. GñkdwknaMRtUvEsVgyl;

BIGVIxøH EdlCaesckþIRtUvkarrbs;smaCikxøÜn edIm,IeFVI[R)akdfa smaKmGaCIvkmBitCaeqøIytbesckþI

RtUvkarTaMgLayenaH. smaCikTaMgLay RtUvEtEsVgyl;pgEdrfa smaKmGaCIvkmKWkekIteLIgmk

BIkarCYyKñaeTAvijeTAmk . smaCikTaMgGs;RtUvEtcUlrYmviPaKTan edIm,IFana[smaKmmanPaBeCaK

C½y .

22

23

emeronTI 3 ³ karGPivDÆsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc

eKalbMNg

enAcugbBa©b;emeronenHsikçakamTaMgGs;nwgGac ³

yl;dwgBIviFIEdlsmaKmGacpþl;GtßRbeyaCn_dl;smaCikrbs;xøÜn

Bnül;)anBIeKaledAnanarbs;smaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc

bøg;vKÁsikSa ¬100naTI ¦

CMhanTI 1 - 775naTI

EbgEcksikçakamTaMgGs;CaRkumtUc² . GñkEdlmkBIsmaKmGaCIvkmEtmYy RtUvcUlrYmedIm,IeFVICa

tMNageGaysmaKmGaCIvkmrbs;BYkeK . esñIsMueGayBYkeKeFVIlMhat;elx 2 ³ RbvtþismaKm

GaCIvkm . sUmemIlsøayTI 6.


cUrbgðajvdþCIvitsmaKmGaCIvkm. sUmemIlkfax½NÐTI 3>1 kñúgesovePAGñkGan nig søayTI 7.


saksYrsikçakamGMBIdMNak;kalvivDÆn_énsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUcrbs;BYkeK ³

etIsmaKmrbs;GñkkMBugsßitenAkñúgdMNak;kaldMbUg b¤manbTBiesaFn_eRcInNas; eTAehIy ?

etIsmaKmrbs;GñkkMBugRbQmmuxnwgkarlM)ak nigman»kasGVIxøHenAdMNak;kalenH ?

etImankarpøas;bþÚrGVIxøHenAkñúgsmaKmrbs;GñkkñúgeBlknøgmk ?

CMhanTI 4 - 55 naTI

GFib,aybEnßmelIkareXIjsMxan;²BIemeronenH.

smaKmTaMgLayRtUvqøgkat;dMNak;kalxus²Kña ¬vdþsmaKm¦ehIymankarxusEbøkKña enAeBl

EdleKQanmkdl;dMNak;kallUtlas; . mankarRbQmmuxnig»kasxus²Kña enAdMNak;kalnImYy²

Edlman\T§iBly:agFMeFgdl;karRKb;RKg smaKmGaCIvkm .




karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc KWmanlkçN³sVitsVajCaxøaMgenAGMLúgeBlcab;epþImdMbUg

Cary³mYyEdlsmaKmRtUvkarlUtlas;eLIg nigTTYl)ankareKarBBIBiPBelakxageRkA. karRbQmmux

nwgkarRKb;RKg KWmansPaBxusEbøkKña k¾bu:EnþmingayRsYlCagenAkñúgdMNak;kalcas;TuM eRBaHsmaCik

TaMgLay Gac)at;bg;qnÞ³cUlrYmrbs;BYkeK ehIysmaKmcaM)ac;RtUvRKb;RKg edayGñkÉkeTs .


eyIg)anbegáItsmaKm {Cagcmøak;eQI } enAeBlfI²enHehIycg;køayCaGgÁPaBmYyd¾rwgmaM Edl

GacCYy[smaCik)anTTYleCaKC½y . etIsmaKmenHRtUveRbIry³eBlbu:nan eTIbQandl;dMNak;kal

cas;TMu ?

vdþCIvitenHbgðajBIdMNak;kalxus²Kña EdlsmaKmTaMgLayRtUvqøgkat; edIm,IQandl;dMNak;kal

cas;TMu . vadUcCamnusSEdr GgÁPaBnImYy²mancritlkçN³erog²xøÜn . minmannrNaGacTayTuk)an

faetIeBlevlab:uNÑa EdlsmaKmnImYy²RtUvkarsRmab;dMNak;kalnImYy²enaHeT . GPi)alkic©l¥kñúg

GgÁPaB karebþCJacitþrbs;smaCik nigPaBeCaKC½yrbs;GaCIvkmTaMgLay KWCaktþasMxan; edIm,IQan

dl;dMNak;kalcas;TuM. bu:EnþminEmnral;GVI² RtUvBwgEp¥kelIsmaKmenaHeT enAmanktþaBIeRkACaeRcIneTot

pgEdr EdlCH\T§iBldl;karvivDÆrbs;smaKm briyakarGaCIvkm ninñakaresdækic© esßrPaBneya)ay .l.¦

etIsmaKmrbs;´GackøayeTACasmaKmd¾FMmYynigmanGMNaceTAtamviFINa ?

smaKmeCaKC½ymYy KWCasmaKmEdlmankarRKb;RKgl¥RbesIr ehIypþl;esva nigTMnijnana

EdlGacCYy[smaCikTaMgGs;rbs;xøÜn ¬ehIyminEmnsRmab;EtRkumtUcmYyeT¦elIkkMBs;GaCIvkm

nigbegáInmUlFnrbs;pgeK . smaKmEbbenH KWTMngCaGacTak;TajsmaCikfI²EfmeTot ehIyGac

køayCaEpñkmYyénbNþajTUlMTUlay b¤køayCashB½n§ . tamvIFIenH smaKmGacbegáIn\T§iBlrbs;xøÜn

nigkøayeTACasmaKmmYyEdlmanGMNac .

etImankarxusKñay:agdUcemþcxøHrvagshkrN_ nigsmaKmGaCIvkm ?

shkrN_manlkçN³EbøkKñaBIsmaKmGaCIvkm KWmanlkçN³RsedogKña CaBiessenAeBl

vaQandl;karEckrMElkesvakmCashkrN_ . karN_enHKWCYysmaCikrbs;eK Ca]TahrN_enAkñúg

plitkm karTijdMunigskmPaBEsVgrkTIpSar. vadUcCasmaKmGaCIvkmpgEdr smaCikTaMgLay

rbs;eKKWCaGaCIvkr ehIyGacmanPaBskmenAkñúgkic©karBaNiC¢kmNamYy . shkrN_manlkçN³

EbøkKñaBIsmaKmGaCIvkmenARtg;sßanPaBpøÚvc,ab; EdlGacbegáIteLIgedaynrNamñak; Edlminman

GaCIvkmpÞal;xøÜn . kñúgnamCasmaCikshkrN_ BYkeKGackøayeTACam©as;rYmKñaelIshRKasGaCIvkm

NamYy)an ]TahrN_KWshkrN_ . GñkGacrkeXIjshkrN_enARKb;RbePT skmPaBTaMgGs;dUcCa

karEfTaMsuxPaB karFanara:b;rg karsnSMR)ak;nig\NTan. sRmab;smaKm GaCIvkmmYycMnYn eKGac

Tak;TajsmaCikEfmeTot enAeBlbegáItCashkrN_ edIm,Ipþl;;;;esvaCak;lak;NamYy ¬karEfTaMkumar

kardwkCBa¢Ún \NTan¦ EdlsmaCikrbs;xøÜn RBmTaMgGñkdéTeTotkñúg shKmn_GacTTYl)annUvesva

TaMgenaH .

24


25

lMhat;TI 2 ³ kalRbvtþirbs;smaKmGaCIvkm

lMhat;sRmab;RkumFM

esckþIENnaM ³

esñI[sikçakamEdlmkBIsmaKmGaCIvkmEtmYy eFVICatMNag[smaKmrbs;BYkeK edIm,IKUrsÞwg

mYyenAelIRkdaspÞaMgFM EdltMNag[Rbvtþirbs;smaKm . rUbsÞwgEdlFMTUlay KWCanimitþrUbénkar

ekIneLIgnUvcMnYnsmaCik . ]bsKÁnanaEdlsmaKm)anCYbRbTH KWRbdUceTAnwgduMfenAkñúgsÞwg .

TMnak;TMngGaCIvkmsMxan;²)anRtUvbegáIteLIg KWRbdUceTAnwgs<anmYy Edl)ansg;rMlgsÞwg.l. kar

KUrenH KYrEtbgðajBIviFIEdlsmaKmRtUv)anbegáIteLIg vibtþiFM² smiT§plsMxan;² nigEpnkarGnaKt

TaMgLay .

biTrUbKMnUrTaMgenaHenAelICBa¢aMg ehIyGnuBaØat[RkumnImYyeTABinitüemIlrUbPaBrbs;RkumdéT

eTot rYcehIycUreFVIkarBiPakSa .


lT§plEdlGacTTYl)an ³

26

27

emeronTI 4 ³ ebskkm nigeKaledArbs;smaKm

eKalbMNg


yl;BIeKalbMNgénkarmanebskkm nigeKaledAc,as;las;

GacbegáItebskkm nigeKaledAsmaKmrbs;BYkeK ¬eLIgvij¦ )an.



elIkTwkcitþsikçakamTaMgGs;[KitGMBIesckþIEføgGMBIebskkm nigeKaledAsmaKmrbs;BYkeK .

etIsmaKmrbs;GñkmanebskkmEdrb¤eT ? etIvamanGtßn½ydUcemþcEdr ?

etIsmaKmrbs;GñkmaneKaledAc,as;las;Edrb¤eT ? etIvamanGtßn½ydUcemþcEdr ?

etIsmaCikTaMgGs;)andwgGMBIebskkm nigeKaledATaMgenHEdrb¤eT ? dwgedayviFINa?

ehtudUcemþc)ansmaKmGaCIvkmRtUvmanebskkm nigeKaledAc,as;las; ?


cUrBnül;faebskkm KWCaBaküeBCn_EdlmanlkçN³samBaØ nigmanPaBc,as;las; EdlbUkbBa©Úl

BIeKaledAnigeKalbMNgTaMgLayrbs;smaKm RBmTaMgesckþIsgÇwm nigeKaleedArbs;smaCik

TaMgLay . vaeqøIynwgsMNYr ³

etIGñkCanrNa kñúgnamCaGgÁPaBmYy ?

ehtudUcemþc)anCaGñk ¬b¤GgÁPaBenH¦ kekIteLIg ?

etIGñkeFVIGVIxøH ?

etIGñkbeRmI[nrNaxøH ?

eKaledAKWBiBN’naBisþarEfmeTotGMBIesvaGVIxøH EdlsmaKmnwgpþl;CUndl;smaCikrbs;xøÜn .

emeronTI 4 ³ ebskkm nigeKaledA rbs;smaKm




eyageTAelIkrNIsikSa enAkñúgkfax½NÐ 4>3 EdlCa]TahrN_GMBIebskkm nigeKalbMNg

rbs;shB½n§nieyaCk nigsmaKmGaCIvkmkm<úCa ¬sUmemIlsøayTI 8 - 11¦. saksYrsikçakamdUc

xageRkamenH ³

etIGñkcUlcitþGVIxøH nigmincUlcitþGVIxøHeTAelIebskkm nigeKaledATaMgLayrbs;smaKm

TaMgBIrenH ?

etIvamanGtßn½yRKb;RKan; nigGacyl;)anEdrb¤eT ?


esñI[sikçakamEdlmkBIsmaKmdUcKña sresrGMBIebskkm nigeKaledAsmaKmrbs; BYkeKenAelI

RkdaspÞaMgFMmYy. esñI[BYkeKBinitüelIebskkm nigeKaledAnana ehIyeFVIkarEklMGrRbsinebI

mancMNucxVHxatNamYy .

sikçakammYycMnYnminGacyl;BIebskkmsmaKmrbs;BYkeKeT b¤smaKmrbs;eKminmanebskkm

enHEtmþg. enAkñúgkrNIenH esñI[sikçakamTaMgenaHbegáItebskkm nigeKaledA EdlBYkeKKitfa manlkçN³

RKb;RKan;sRmab;smaKm .

CMhanTI 5 - 55 naTI

GFib,aybEnßmelIkarrkeXIjsMxan;² .

smaKmRtUvkar[manebskkmmYy nigeKaledAc,as;las;mYycMnYn edIm,I[smaCik nigBiPBelak

xageRkAyl;BIeKaledAsñÚlrbs;smaKm. eKsresrvaCaPasasamBaØ EdlGacBnül;)any:agRbesIr

CRmujTwkcitþsmaCik nigTajykkareCOCak;BIsMNak;GñkxageRkA .

ebskkm nigeKaledATaMgenHRtUvkarqøúHbBa©aMgBIesckþIRtUvkar nigGaTiPaBnanarbs;smaCik

TaMgT,ay . vaRtUv)aneKBiPakSa nigseRmcykedaysmaCikkñúgmhasnñi)at .

28

29

emeronTI 5 ³ lkçnþik³smaKm

eKalbMNg

enAcugbBa©b;emeronenH sikçakamnwg ³

yl;BIeKalbMNgénkarmanlkçnþik³

GacBinitüesIerIelIlkçnþik³smaKmrbs;BYkeKeLIgvij



elIkTwkcitþsikçakam[KitGMBIlkçnþik³smaKmrbs;BYkeK

etIsmaKmrbs;Gñkmanlkçnþik³Edrb¤eT ?

etIGñkKitfa lkçnþik³enHmaneKalbMNgGVIxøH ?

eFVIkarsnñidæanelIkarBiPakSafa lkçnþik³pþl;[smaKmnUvrcnasm<½n§nigc,ab;epSg²rbs;xøÜn

¬sUmemIlsøayTI 12¦ ³

vaKWCaGVIEdlsmaCiksßabnikTaMgLayRBmeRBogKña nwgkøayCacritlkçN³rbs;GgÁPaB

smaKm .

vapþl;CamUldæansRmab;karBiPakSaKñaGMBIkarBRgIksmaKmenAeBlGnaKt .

vapþl;B½t’mandl;BiPBelakxageRkAGMBIviFINaxøH EdlsmaKmenHRtUvdMeNIrkareLIg .

vapþl;lT§PaB[Rkum)anTTYlkarcuHbBa¢ITTYlsÁal;CapøÚvkar RbsinebIeKtRmUv[eFVI .


saksYrsikçakam faetImaRtaGVIxøHEdlBYkeKKitfa nwgGacrkeXIjenAkñúglkçnþik³ . cUrkt;Rta

cemøIyenAelIRkdaspÞaMgFMmYy ehIyeFVIkarsnñidæanedayeyageTAelIkfax½NÐTI 5>1 ¬emIlsøayTI

13 nig 14¦ .

emeronTI 5 ³ lkçnþik³smaKm



eyageTAelIlkçnþik³rbs;smaKm]sSahkmFuntUcnigmFümraCFanIPñMeBjenA]bsm½<n§ : k : én

esovePAGñkGan. esñI[sikçakameFVIkarCaRkumtUc²EdlmansmaCikBI 3 eTA 4nak; . enAkñúgRkumtUc²

TaMgenH esñI[BYkeKGanlkçnþik³enaHedayRbugRby½tñ rYceFVIkareRbobeFobcMNucTaMgLayénlkçnþik³

enaHenAkñúgkfax½NÐ 5>1 kñúgesovePAGñkGan . etIcMNucTaMgenaHmanenAkñúgÉksarenHEdrb¤eT?

etImancMNucGVIxøH EdlminmanenAkñúgÉksarenH ?

GnuBaØat[RkumtUcnImYy²bgðajlT§plRkumrbs;eK. cUreFVIkarsnñidæanfa lkçnþik³rbs;smaKm

GaCIvkmFuntUcnigmFümraCFanIPñMeBj KWCa]TahrN_d¾l¥mYy EdlsmaKmTaMgLayenAkm<úCa

GacykCaKMrU)an .

CMhanTI 3 - 55 naTI


smaKmRtUvkar[manlkçnþik³mYy EdlRtUv)ansresrCalaylkçN_GkSr ehIysmaCikTaMgLay

Gacyl;)an . vaRtUv)aneKemIleXIjfa CakarFana[manRbB½n§ nigKNenyüPaBmYysmrmüsRmab;

kareFVIesckþIseRmc nigkareRbIR)as;GMNacenAkñúgGgÁPaBsmaKm . lkçnþik³erobrab;GMBItRmUvkar nig

plRbeyaCn_nanaénkarkøayCasmaCikPaB .

lkçnþik³RtUveKBRgageLIgedayGnuelameTAtamc,ab;rbs;RbeTs . enAeBlGñkdwknaMsmaKm

eFVIBRgagesckþIEføgGMBIebskkm BYkeKGacemIl]TahrN_epSg²BIsmaKmdéT² eTotk¾dUcCabTbBa¢a

nignItiviFInanasRmab;kartmál;Tuklkçnþik³enAkm<úCa sUmemIl]bsm<½n§ :x : énesovePAGñkGan. Cajwk

jy smaKmEsVgrkemFavImñak; edIm,IEksRmYlseRmceTAelIlkçnþik³enaH . lkçnþik³enaH nwgcaM)ac;RtUvepJI

bBa¢ÚnCaEpñkmYyénEbbbTcuHbBa¢I .


{ vahak;dUcCamankarsúRKsajNas; dUcCakareRbIR)as;eBlevlaeRcIn nigGs;esah‘uyeRcIn

kñúgkarcuHbBa¢ICapøÚvkar . ´CasmaCikmñak;kñúgRkumsnSMR)ak;nig\NTan eyIgmandM eNIrkareTAy:agl¥

edaymincaM)ac;cuHbBa¢I etIehtudUcemþc)anCasmaKmGaCIvkmmYyminGacdMeNIrkar edaymincaM)ac;

cuHbBa¢I ? }

karseRmccuHbBa¢IsmaKm BitCaRtUvcMNayelIkic©karrdæ)alx<s; rYmmankarcMNayeBlevla

eRcIn karbg;Bn§bEnßm nigcMNayepSg²eTot . vaGacBak;B½n§nwgEbbbTkariyaFibetyü karsYredj

edalepSg² karrMxan nigbBaðaBukrlYy. k¾bu:Enþ karcuHbBa¢ICapøÚvkar KWnaMmknUvplRbeyaCn_CaeRcIn

dUcCa)ankarTTYlsÁal;BIrdæaPi)alCaédKUBiPakSa smtßPaBGnuvtþ tampøÚvc,ab;enAeBlNaEdlcaM)ac;

mansmtßPaBebIkKNnIFnaKar mansmtßPaBeFVIRbtibtþikarCapøÚvkar ehIymansmtßPaBeFVIkar

edjéføCMnYsmux[smaCikTaMgLay manzan³sgÁm nigmankareKarBBIshKmn_ niglT§PaBTTYl)an

mUlniFiBIrdæaPi)al b¤m©as;CMnYynana .

30

31

emeronTI 6 ³ karCRmuj[RsþIcUlrYm

eKalbMNg

enAcugbBa©b;emeron sikçakamTaMgGs;nwg ³

mankaryl;dwgc,as;las;BIviFI EdlsmaKmGaCIvkmGacCYyKaMRTya:gRbesIrbMput dl;shRKinRsþI .



elIkTwkcitþsikçakam[qøúHbBa©aMgBIkarGnuvtþCak;Esþgrbs;smaKmbc©úb,nñ nigviFIfI² EdlsmaKmenaH

man edIm,IKaMRTdl;esckþIRtUvkarnanarbs;shRKinCaRsþI .

etIsmaKmrbs;GñkmanEt { burs } b¤ {RsþI } ? edayGaRs½yeTAelIlkçnþik³rbs;xøÜn ? tamkarGnuvtþ

Cak;Esþg ?

etIGñkKity:agNaBIeKalbMNgénkarmansmaKmGaCIvkm {sRmab;EtRsþI } ?

etIGñkKitfaburs nigRsþITTYl)anplRbeyaCn_esIKñaeT enAeBlBYkeKcUlrYmkñúgsmaKmGaCIvkmcRmuH

ePT ? ebIEmn ehtuGVI ? ebIminEmn ehtuGVI ?

etIRsþIkan;kab;tYnaTIsMxan;²Edrb¤eT enAkñúgsmaKmGaCIvkmcRmuHePTrbs;Gñk ? etIBYkeKmaneyabl;

eT enAkñúgGgÁRbCuMTaMgLay ?


EbgEcksikçakamCaRkumtUc² ehIyesñI[BYkeKeFVIlMhat;TI 3 b¤lMhat;TI 4 ³ karsRmbsRmYl[man

karcUlrYmBIRsþI .

ENnaMlMhat;enHTukdUcCaviFImYy edIm,IEsVgrkyuT§saRsþnanasRmab;edaHRsayPaBGn;exSay

énmuxnaTIrbs;shRKinCaRsþI dUcEdl)anbBa¢ak;edayr)aykarN_Gegátrbs;GgÁkar ILO . etIsmaKm

GaCIvkmGaceFVIGVIxøH edIm,IKaMRTshRKinCaRsþI ?





GFib,aybEnßmelIkarrkeXIjnana . eyagkfax½NÐ 6>3 énesovePAGñkGan.

enAkñúgsmaKmGaCIvkmPaKeRcIn EdlmansmaCikPaBcRmuHePT RsþIkRmnwg)ankan;muxtMENg

sMxan;² dUcCaRbFan nigGnuRbFanNas; . BYkeKmanmuxtMENgdUcCaelxaFikar b¤karTTYlxusRtUv

nana EdlqøúHbBa©aMgBITsSn³bursmkelIRsþIenApÞH b¤kñúgRKYsar. vamansar³sMxan;kñúgkarTTYlsÁal;fa

TaMgbursnigRsþImankarcUlrYmviPaKTany:agsMxan; edIm,IbegáItsmaKmmYy nignaMykmknUvKuNtémø

CaeRcInepSg²Kñadl;smaKm . dUecñHvamansar³sMxan; EdlmanRsþIkan;kab;muxtMENgsMxan;² .

enAkñúgsßanPaBmYycMnYn RsþIGacBi)akbeBa©jmtirbs;BYkeKenAcMeBaHmuxshesvikbursrbs;xøÜn .

dUecñHvaGacCaKMnitl¥mYykñúgkarbMEbkRkumRsþIecjBIRkumburs edIm,ICYy[BYk eKmankarTukcitþ kñúgkar

beBa©jmti nigKankarrMxan. tMNagRkumnImYy² GacbgðajKMnitnana rbs;BYkeKeTAkan;RkumFM .

smaKmGaCIvkmKYrdak;bBa©ÚlbBaðananarbs;RsþIeTAkñúgrebobvar³rbs;xøÜn dUcCakarEfTaMkumar snþisux

nigviFIpSaP¢ab;rvagkarGPivDÆshRKasRsþI nigkatBVkic©rbs;BYkeKenAkñúgRKYsarrbs;eK. bBaðaTaMgenH

KYrEtcat;TukCabBaðasMxan; ehIyminRtUvdak;vaenArebobvar³cugeRkayeLIy . evTika nigsikçasalaepSg²

GacRtUv)anerobcM[maneLIgpgEdr .

32


33

lMhat;TI 3 ³ karsRmbsRmYl[manRsþIcUlrYm

lMhat;sRmab;RkumFM


1> cUrBiPakSasMNYrdUcxageRkamenHeTAtamRkumtUc² ³

etIsmaCikRsþImanesckþIRtUvkarxusEbøkKñaBIsmaCikbursEdrb¤eT ?

etImansmaCikRsþIeRcInnak;eTotEdrb¤eT EdlminTan;)anTTYlplRbeyaCn_ ?

etIGñkdwknaMGacsRmbsRmYl[manRsþIcUlrYmenAkñúgsmaKm edayviFINa ?

2> cUresñI[manviFIfI²edIm,IFanafaRsþI)ancUlrYmy:agskm nigesIPaBKñadUcsmaCikburskñúgsmaKm .

cUrsresrcemøIyenAelIRkdaspÞaMgFMmYy rYcbiTbgðajenAelICBa¢aMg .

3> cUrBinitüemIlRkumepSg² ehIyeFVIkareRbobeFob nigBiPakSaelIsMeNIrbs;RkumnImYy² .

cemøIyEdlGacTTYl)anKW ³

begáItKN³kmkarRsþImYy edIm,IFanafakgVl;nanarbs;smaCikRsþI KWmanenAkñúgrebobvar³ .

begáItcMnYnkUtasRmab;karcUlrYmrbs;RsþIkñúgGgÁPaB TaMgenAkñúgmuxgarRKb;RKg nigkargar

epSg²eTotenAkñúgsmaKm .

sRmbsRmYlkarBiPakSaTaMgT,ayrbs;Rkumburs GMBIviFIEdleKGacsRmbsRmYl nigeqøIy

tbeTAnwgtYnaTInanarbs;eKEdlpøas;bþÚr TaMgkñúgkic©karRKYsar nigkñúgkic©karGaCIvkm ¬siT§

kñúgkareFVIesckþIseRmc nigbnÞúkkargar ¦ .

RbsinebIsmaCikRsþIPaKeRcInminecHGkSr smaKmKYrKb,I ³

- eFVI[R)akdfamankarR)aRs½yTak;TgpÞal;mat;eRcIn nigmankareRbIR)as;ÉksarCalayl½kç

GkSrtictYckñúgkmviFIhVwkhVWn .l.

- CRmuj[mankmviFIGb;rMGkçrkmkñúgsmaKm b¤pSarP¢ab;eTAnwgkmviFIGkçrkmrdæaPi)al b¤

GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al CaBiessRbsinebIkarGb;rMenHGaceFVI)anenAkEnøgsmaKmEtmþg .

eRCIserIseBlevla nigTIkEnøgsRmab;erobcMGgÁRbCuMsmaKmedayKitKUBIkatBVkic©RKYsar

rbs;RsþI nigburs.

erobcMsikçasalaBiess²sþIGMBIbBaðanana Edl)anelIkeT,IgedaysmaCikRsþI dUcCasnþisux

rbs;Gñklk;CaRsþIenAtamcieBa©Imfñl; sV½yPaBhirBaØvtßú kmsiT§ielIRTBüsm,tþinana .l.

elIkTwkcitþsmaCikTaMgT,ay [eFVIkarpøas;bþÚr\riyabTrbs;BYkeKkñúgGgÁRbCMunana ehIyeFVI

[R)akdfaRsþIcUlrYm)aneRcIndUcCabursEdr .


34

bnÞab;BIkarBiPakSa ¬EdlebkçCnCabursRbEhlCaGacTTYl)ankareBjcitþeRcInCag¦ sYrsikça-kam sMnYrxageRkamenH ³

1> etIGñkmanGarmN_dUcemþc enAeBlkMBugBiPakSa?2> GñkNabeBa©jeyabl;eRcInCag - RsþI b¤ burs ?3> etIsßankarN_EbbenHGacQaneTArk»kasesIKñasMrab;RsþI kñúgkarQreQaHCaGñkdwknaM sMrab;

eFVIkare)aHeqñat Edrb¤eT ?4> etIsmaKmGaCIvkmGaceFVIxøH edIm,IFanafa bBaðanigcMNab;GarmN_rbs;RsþIRtUv)aneKsþab; yk

eTABiPakSa ehIyeqøYIytb ?


35

lMhat;TI 4 ³ karsRmbsRmYl[manRsþIcUlrYm ¬2¦

lMhat;sRmab;RkumFM

karENnaMGnuvtþn_ ³esñI[sikçakamsþab;krNIsikSaxageRkam. [BYkeKR)ab;Gñk ¬edaymincaM)ac;KityUr¦ faetIBYkeK

eBjcitþebkçCnmYyNaCag . EbgEcksikakamCa 2Rkum ³ GñkEdleBjcitþebkçCnRsþIenA 1RkumehIyGñkEdleBjcitþebkçCnbursenA 1RkumepSgeTot . [BYkeKGgÁúyCa 2CYrTl;muxKña ehIyeFVIkarEvkEjk edayeyaleTAtamkaryl;eXIjrbs;RkumnimYy² nigBüayamKaMRTebkçCnEdlxøÜneBjcitþnigeFVIkarsMerccitþCaelIkcugeRkay .

krNIsikSasmaKmGaCIvkmrbs;GñkkMBugeRCIserIsGKÁnayk . bnÞab;BIkareFVIetsþ nigsmÖasn_mk enA

sl;ebkçCnEtBIrnak;KWelakvuT§I nig GñkRsI narI sMrab;eFVIkareRCIserIsCaelIkcugeRkay. edayGaRs½yeTAelIB½t’manrbs;GñkTaMgBIr sUmeFVIkareRCIserIsfaetIebkçCnmYYyNaEdlGñkeBjcitþCag .

RbvtiþelakvuTI§elakvuTI§manbTBiesaFn_kñúgkargarGaCIvkmCaeRcInqñaMmkehIy . Kat;Føab;eFVICanaykRbtþibtþi

enARkumh‘und¾FMmYYyenATIRkugPñMeBj . Kat;manbriBaØab½RtEpñkKNenyü mkBIsklviTüal½yénRbeTsGURsþalI . elakvuTI§manekrþ_eQaHl¥ CamnusSesaHRtg; nigRtwmRtUv .

RbvtiþGñkRsInarIGñkRsInarIFøab;eFVICanaykenAGgÁkarGnþrCatimYy kñúgcMeNamGgÁkarepSg² EdlKaMRTkarGPivDÆn_

EpñkGaCIvkm . kalBI 10 qñaMknøgeTAenH Kat;)anCYybegáItsmaKmGaCIvkmRsþImYy EdlTTYl)aneCaKC½yCaeRcInenAeBlbc©úb,nñenH. Kat;manCMnajl¥Nas;kñúgkarksagbNþaj nigEsVgrkfvikaehIysÁal;mRnþICaeRcIn enAtamPñak;garepSg² .

36


eKalbMNg

enAcugbBa©b;emeronenH sikçakamTaMgGs;nwgGac ³

eFVIkMNt;sMKal;elIcritlkçN³nanarbs;GñkdwknaMl¥

kMNt;BItYnaTI nigkargarnanarbs;GñkdwknaMsmaKmGaCIvkm



GeBa¢Ijsikçakam[bgðajBIKMnitrbs;BYkeKsþIGMBIPaBCaGñkdwknaM .

etIGñkrMBwgGVIxøHBIGñkdwknaMsmaKmGaCIvkmrbs;Gñk ?

etImanlkçN³vinicä½yGVIxøHEdlGñkRtUveRbI edIm,IeRCIserIsGñkdwknaMmñak; ?

cUrkt;cemøIyTaMgLayEdl)aneqøIyeTAnwgsMNYrenAelIkþarexon b¤enAelIRkdaspÞaMgFMBIreday

ELkBIKña . cUrkt;bEnßmBItYnaTI b¤lkçN³vinicä½ynanaEdlmansar³sMxan; bu:EnþBuMTan;RtUv)aneqøIy.


eyageTAelIkfax½NÐ 7>1 enAkñúgesovePAGñkGan EdlBiBN’naGMBImuxnaTIRKb;RKg nig

critlkçN³l¥rbs;GñkdwknaM cUreFVIkarbgðajy:agxøImYyedayeRbIR)as;søayTI 15 - 18 .

cUreFVIesckþIsnñidæanfa vaKWCakarBi)akkñúgkarEsVgrkGñkdwknaMl¥TaMgLay EdlmancritlkçN³

l¥RKb;sBVnAkñúgbuKÁlmñak; . CaBiessvamankarlM)aksRmab;smaKmGaCIvkmFuntUcnana Edlkar

dwknaM nigmuxnaTIRKb;RKgRtUv)andak;bBa©ÚlKñaeTA[buKÁlmñak; . edaysarmUlehtuTaMgGs;enH bBaða

dwknaM RtUv)aneKyl;fa CabBaðaTUeTA .

manviFImYysRmab;beBa¢ósbBaðaénPaBCaGñkdwknaMTaMgenaH KWRtUveFVI[R)akdfa PaBCaGñkdwknaM

enH KWminsßitpþúMenAelIEtmnusSmñak; . smaCikKN³kmkarTaMgLay KWcaM)ac; RtUvedIrtYnaTIrbs;eK

edayRsbeTAtamGaNtþirbs;xøÜn . hirBaØik nigelxaFikarKYrKb,I)anTTYlkarbNþúHbNþalcaM)ac;

nana edIm,IeFVIkarrbs;BYkeK[kan;EtmanRbsiT§PaB nigmanÉkraCüPaB .

emeronTI 7 ³ PaBCaGñkdwknaM




esñI[sikçakameFVIkarCaRkumtUc² edIm,IedaHRsaylMhat;TI 5 { bBaðadwknaM } .


esñI[sikçakambeBa©jTsSn³rbs;BYkeKeTAelIbBaðananaénPaBCaGñkdwknaM .

CaTUeTA etIsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUcTaMgLayenAkm<úCa manbBaðaGVIxøHkñúgkardwknaM ?

etIbBaðaTaMgLayenH CH\T§iBldl;smaKmTaMgenaHy:agdUcemþc ?

etIbBaðaTaMgLayenH GacRtUvedaHRsayy:agdUcemþc ?

cUrBnül;fa bBaðananaénPaBCaGñkdwknaM GacekItmaneLIgedaymanGñkdwknaMenaHmanPaBxøaMg

køaeBk b¤k¾manPaBGn;exSayeBk . RbsinebIGñkdwknaMenaHmanPaBxøaMgkøaeBk smaKmGaceRbobdUcCa

eFVIeTAtamEtRsþImñak; b¤bursmñak; EdlKannrNamñak;epSgeTot ha‘neFVIkarpþÜcepþImKMnitNamYy . RbsinebI

GñkdwknaMenaHmanPaBGn;exSayeBk smaCikTaMgLaynwgCYbkarlM)akkñúgkarEsVgrkTisedA .

CMhanTI 5 - 55 naTI

cUrGFib,aybEnßmenAelIkarrkeXIjsMxan;²déTeTot .

GñkdwknaMTaMgLayRtUveFVIkarEjkecj[c,as;las;rvagGaCIvkmpÞal;xøÜn nigGgÁPaBGaCIvkm .

BYkeKminRtUvbMBarbMBansmaKmedIm,IplRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜneLIy. GñkdwknaMBUEk [GaTiPaBeTAelI

plRbeyaCn_rYm manPaBesaHRtg; nigmanKNenyüPaBelIral;skmPaBrbs;xøÜn .

ebIeTaHbIGñkdwknaMTaMgLayenaHmanlkçN³l¥viessvisaly:agenHkþI vaCakarsMxan; kñúgkarman

GñkdwknaMfI²epSgeTot . mnusSkñúgRkumdEdlenaH minKYrRtUv)ane)aHeqñat[Cab;CasmaCikKN³kmkar

BImYyqñaMeTAmYyqñaMy:agenHeT. GñkEdlmanskþanuBldwknaMTaMgLay KYrTTYl)an»kasnanasRmab;

karGPivDÆn_ .

bBaðadwknaMk¾GacbNþalBImUlehtuepSg²dUcCa CemøaHplRbeyaCn_ karBwgEp¥keTAelIGñkdwknaM

Etmñak; EdlmanGMNac man\T§iBl k¾bu:EnþBuMmanCMnajdwknaMRKb;RKan; nigbBaðakgVHGñkdwknaMCaRsþIePT

nanaenAkñúgsmaKmTaMgLay EdlmansmaCikCaRsþIPaKeRcIn .


RbFanPUmirbs;eyIgGacGak;Gn;citþ RbsinebIKat;minRtUv)anesñI[eFVICaGñkdwknaMsmaKmrbs;

eyIgeTenaH . etIeyIgGaceFVIGVIxøH ?

37


GñkdwknaMtamEbbRbéBNITaMgLay mankareKarBBImCÄdæannanaenAkñúgshKmn_ ehIymankarebþCJa

citþsRmab;karGPivDÆn_shKmn_enaH. fVIebIBYkeKmancritlkçN³viC¢manTaMgenH k¾BYkeKminEmncaM)ac;

CaGñkdwknaMsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUceLIy. CajwkjyNas; EdlGñkdwknaMsmaKmGaCIvkm RtUv)an

eRCIsecjBIcMeNamGñkdwknaMshRKasnana CnsuIvilcUlnivtþi ¬ruWERtt¦ b¤GñkÉkeTs EdlmanbT

BiesaFn_nana . GñkdwknaMtamEbbRbéBNITaMgLay GacedIrtYnaTICaTIRbwkSa tYnaTIsIlFm’ b¤

BiFIkarepSg² kñúgkrNImanvibtþi b¤CaEpñkmYyénkareFVIesckþIseRmcCapøÚvkarNamYy .

etIsmaCikTaMgLayGacRtYtBinitüemIlGñkdwknaMy:agdUcemþc ?

GñkdwknaMEdlmanPaBesaHRtg;nigmanfamPaB KWpþl;TMnukcitþdl;smaCiknanaenAkñúgsmaKm

rbs;BYkeK . BYkeKmanKNenyüPaBcMeBaHsmaCikTaMgLay tamry³karsþab; nigkarR)aRs½yTak;Tg

BIkarvivDÆn_ karbMeBjkargar nigkarlM)akepSg² . bMNgR)afñarbs;smaCik {edIm,IRtYtBinitüemIl}

GñkdwknaM GacCasBaØamYyénkarmineCOTukcitþ GacCakarBuHBaredIm,IGMNacépÞkñúg b¤edaysarsmtßPaB

dwknaMminRKb;RKan; . karRKb;RKgl¥GacCYyBgVagbBaðaTaMgenH)an . vaTamTar[EbgEckkarTTYlxus

RtUvTaMgLay ehIysmaCikepSgeTot EdlmanCMnajdwknaMl¥ KYrKb,IelIkTwkcitþ[)anTTYl

»kasdwknaMpgEdr. smaKmGaCIvkmmYy KYrBwgEp¥kelIGñkdwknaM EdlmankarTTYlxusRtUvepSg²Kña

edayEp¥kelIsmtßPaB nigplRbeyaCn_ EdlGacbMeBj[KñaeTAvijeTAmk . muxtMENgRKb;RKg

TaMgLay KYrTuk[enATMenr ehIykare)aHeqñatnanaKYreFVIeLIg[)aneTogTat; dUcEdl)anEcgenAkñúg

lkçnþik³.

38


39

lMhat;TI 5 ³ bBaðananaénPaBCaGñkdwknaM

lMhat;sRmab;RkumFM


cUrGankrNIsikSaxageRkam rYceqøIynwgsMNYrdUcteTAenH ³

1/ etIelakdara:manbBaðaGVIxøHCamYynwgPaBCaGñkdwknaMrbs;Kat; ?

2/ etIGacmanpllM)akGVIxøH ebIsinCabBaðaTaMgenaHenAEtbnþekIteLIgeTot ?

3/ etIGñkedaHRsaybBaðaTaMgenaHedayviFINa edIm,IeCosvagkuM[manCemøaHF¶n;F¶rekItmaneLIg?

krNIsikSa

elakdara: KWCaRbFansmaKmsNæaKar nigePaCnIydæanenAextþesomrab . xøÜnKat;pÞal;KWCa

GñkbegáItsmaKmenHeLIgGs;ry³eBl 5 qñaMknøgmk ehIy)anxitxMeFVIkaredIm,Iva . CaeRcInqñaM

knøgmk manshRKinRsþICaeRcInnak; EdlCaGñkmanm:asIunkinRsUvÉkCn )ancUlrYmCamYysmaKm .

manRsþImYycMnYnmantYnaTIsMxan;²enAkñúgsmaKmGaCIvkmenH dUcCahirBaØiknigelxaFikarCaedIm .

k¾bu:Enþ elak dara:)anTTYlykkarTTYlxusRtUvsRmab;TMnak;TMngnanaCamYyrdæaPi)al m©as;mUlniFi

RBmTaMgCamYyGgÁPaBnanaenAkñúg]sSahkmeTscr .

fI²enH elakdara:kMBugcUlrYmkñúgkare)aHeqñatXuM - sgáat;. Kat;mankarmmarjwky:agxøaMg

CamYynwgCIvPaBneya)ayrbs;Kat; ehIymaneBltictYcsRmab;smaKm . dUecñH Kat;)anesñI[

mRnþICMnYykarRKb;RKgmñak; edIm,ITTYlykParkic©mYycMnYn. smaCikRsþImYycMnYn BuMsb,aycitþnwg

sßankarN_enH k¾bu:Enþminha‘nelIkeLIgBIkgVl;nanaTaMgenaHeT .



1/ smaKmRbQmmuxnwgbBaðananadUcxageRkamenH ³

CemøaHplRbeyaCn_ nigPaBéføfñÚrkñúgnamCaRbFansmaKm

KankareKarBdl;lkçnþik³smaKm nigGPi)alkic©tamlT§iRbCaFibetyü

xVHkarTukcitþrvagsmaCikTaMgLay nigfñak;dwknaM

xVHxatkarR)aRs½yTak;TgKñaenAkñúgsmaKm

2/ smaKmmankarRbfuyRbfan ³

kar)at;bg;kitþis½BÞ enAeBlsmaKmenHkøayCaGgÁPaBBak;B½n§neya)aymYy CaCagkarEsVg

rkplRbeyaCn_GaCIvkm

karbegáInbBaðaRKb;RKgrbs;xøÜn CamYynwgGñkdwknaMEdlmineFVIkartMNag[smaKm

kat;bnßyPaBeCaKC½yrbs;xøÜn enAeBlEdlsmaCiknanaGaccMNayeBlevla nigFnFan

eRcInEfmeToteTAelIyuT§karneya)ay CaCagelIkic©karGaCIvkm nigkic©karsmaKm

kar)at;bg;smaCikrbs;xøÜn nigQaneTArkkarbiTTVar

3/ bBaðaTaMgenHGacedaHRsaytamviFIdUcteTAenH ³

cab;epþImkarRbwkSaeyabl;eRkApøÜvkarenAkñúgcMeNamsmaCiknana edIm,IBinitüemIlfaetI

kgVl;TaMgLayenaHRtUv)anEckrMElk ehIyskmPaBrYmKñaGaceFVIeTA)anEdr b¤y:agNa

erobcM[manRkumtMNagtUcmYy edIm,IBiPakSaCamYyRbFannigbuKÁlikRKb;RKg

esñI[manGgÁRbCuMmhasnñi)atBiessmYy edayGaRs½yelIesckþInanaEdlmanEcgenAkñúg

lkçnþik³rbs;smaKmGaCIvkm edIm,IeFVI[R)akdfamankarRKb;RKgtamEbbRbCaFibetyü

esñI[mankarcUlrYmBIGñksRmuHsRmYl ¬mkBIxageRkA¦ edIm,IsRmbsRmYlkarR)aRs½yTak;

TgrvagsmaCiknana nigRbFan RbsinebICemøaHenaHTMngCaminGaceCoseTArYc .

40

41

emeronTI 8 ³ karR)aRs½yTak;Tg

eKalbMNg


GacBnül;)anfaehtuGVI)anCakarR)aRs½yTak;Tgd¾manRbsiT§PaB mansar³sMxan;sMrab;

PaBeCaKC½yrbs;smaKmGaCIvkmmYy .

Gacyl;dwgBIeKalkarN_CamUldæanénviFIeFVIkarR)aRs½yTak;Tg)anenAxagkñúg nigeRkAGgÁ

PaB.

bøg;vKÁsikSa ¬60 naTI ¦


esñI[sikçakamEckrMElkbTBiesaFn_BIsmaKmrbs;BYkeK GMBImeFüa)ayeFVIkarR)aRs½yTak;Tg

nigCMnajnana. cUreFVIkarEjk[dac;BIKñarvagkarR)aRs½yTak;TgxagkñúgGgÁPaB ¬kñúgcMeNamGñkdwknaM

nigsmaCikTaMgLayrbs;smaKm¦ nigkarR)aRs½yTak;TgxageRkA ¬rvagsmaKmGaCIvkm nigédKU

xageRkAdUcCardæaPi)al b¤édKUBaNiC¢kmdéT²eTot ¦ .

Tak;TinnwgkarR)aRs½yTak;xagkñúgGgÁPaB cUrsaksYrsikçakamdUcteTAenH ³

etIkarR)aRs½yTak;TgenAkñúgGgÁPaBrbs;Gñk manRbsiT§PaBRtwmkMritNa? etIkarR)aRs½y

Tak;Tgrbs;GñkCYbRbTHnwgbBaðaGVIxøH ?

etIGñkmanmeFüa)ayGVIxøHsRmab;kareFVITMnak;TMngenAkñúgGgÁPaBrbs;Gñk ³ RBwtþib½Rt GgÁRbCuM

nana GñkdwknaMcuHsYrsuxTukçrbs;smaCik ?

etIGñkRtUvkarGVIxøH edIm,IeFVI[karR)aRs½yTak;TgenAkñúgGgÁPaBrbs;Gñk manRbsiT§PaBCagenH ?


karsEmþgerOg ³ karcUlCasmaCikmñak;kñúgsmaKm ³ sUmemIllMhat;TI 6 .






karR)aRs½yTak;TgGaceFVIeLIgenAxagkñúgGgÁPaB nigenAeRkAGgÁPaBrvagsmaKm nigmnusSsMxan;²

RkumTaMgLay nigPñak;garnanaenAkñúgshKmn_ .

bBaðananaénkarR)aRs½yTak;Tg KWekItmaneLIgCaTUeTAenAkñúgsmaKmGaCIvkm . maneBlxøH

smaCikTTYl)anB½t’mantictYceBk b¤eRcIneBk CagGVIEdlBYkeKRtUvkar . CYnkal B½t’manTaMgenaHmin

)anRtUvEckrMElkesIKñaeTenAkñúgcMeNamsmaCikTaMgLay EdlGacnaMeTArkkarmanmnÞilsgS½y

nigQaneTArkCemøaH .

karR)aRs½yTak;TgenAkñúgbriyakarxageRkAGgÁPaB GacRtUveFVIeLIgtamry³karTak; TgpÞal;mat;

nigminpÞal;mat; . xitþb½NÑ b¤RkdaspÞaMgFM ¬pUesÞI¦ EdlmansresrbgðajBIeKalbMNg nigskmPaB

nanarbs;smaKm GacCameFüa)ayd¾manRbsiT§PaBbMput .


RBwtþib½Rt GacCameFüa)ayd¾l¥mYyénkarR)aRs½yTak;Tg bu:EnþetIvaCakargayRsYlb¤kñúgkarEsVg

rkB½t’manfI² nigBak;B½n§ sMrab;GnaKtEvgq¶ay?

Gñkmancm¶l;enH KWRtwmRtUvehIy . nirnþrPaB nigPaBTak;Tin KWCaktþaKnøwHkñúgkarbegáIt[man

RBwtþib½RtenH. dUecñH vamansar³sMxan;kñúgkar)a:n;sanCamunnUvesckþIRtUvkarB½t’man nigkarrMBwgTuknana

rbs;smaCikTaMgLay. Ep¥kelImUldæanenH GñkGaceFVIkarseRmcfaetIRBwtþib½RtenHnwgeqøIytbeTAnwg

tRmUvkarnanarbs;BYkeKEdrb¤y:agNa. RbsinvaeqøIytbEmn vanwgCYyGñkpgEdrkñúgkarkMNt;RbePT

B½t’man ehIyRtUverobcMjwkjab;bu:NÑa . RkumsresrRBwtþib½RtenaH KYrmansmaCik EdlmanCMnajxag

sresrl¥ manKMniteRcIn mancMeNHdwg nigmanTMnak;TMngeRcIn . RBwtþib½RtGacpþl;B½t’manGMBIbnøas;

bþÚresdækic© EdlCH\T§iBlelIskmPaBGaCIvkm lMhUrsac;R)ak; kargar RbvtþishRKinEdleCaKC½y

maRtac,ab;EdlTak;TgmYycMnYn EdlCH\T§iBledaypÞal;dl;shRKasrbs;smaCikTaMgLay nig

B½t’manGMBIsmaCik GñkdwknaM b¤édKUyuT§saRsþnana .

{ enAkñúgmuxgarrbs;´CaRbFansmaKmGñktm,ajtUcmYykñúgshKmn_CnbT ´manBiesaFn_nig

karlM)ak²edIm,ITTYl)ankarykcitþTukdak; nigkarKaMRTBIGaCJaFrmUldæanenATIrYmextþ . eyIgdUcCaKan

sar³sMxan;GVIbnþicesaHsRmab;BYkeK . BYkeKykcitþTukdak;sþab;EtGaCIvkr EdlmanGMNac nig

manRTBüFneRcIn rs;enATIrYmextþenaHEtbu:eNÑaH . }

vaKWCakarBitEdlfa enAeRkAGMBICMnajcrcar karTMnak;TMngEdlmanGMNacBIxageRkay KWGackMNt;

lT§plBIkarcrcarenaH . GñkEdlmankarGb;rMtictYc b¤manR)ak;tictYc b¤ GñkEdlmkBITIkEnøg

42


epSgmYy b¤GñkEdlsßitenAkñúgRkumCnCatiPaKtic CagGñkEdleKsÁal; GacmankarlM)akCaeRcInkñúgkar

ykQñHelIvismPaB EdlditdamenAkñúgGarmN_rbs;BYkeKenaH. sRmab;mUlehtuRsedogKñaenHEdr

RsþIGacmankarlM)aky:ageRcInkñúgkarcrcarCamYyburs. karerobcMGgÁRbCuMenATIkEnøgGBüaRkwtümYy

¬minenAkEnøgrbs;PaKINamYy¦ KWCameFüa)aymYyedIm,Ikat;bnßyvismPaBTMnak;TMngGMNacenH

EdlGacbNþal[mankarcrcaresIPaBKñamYy . manyuT§saRsþepSg²eTotdUcCa ³ karcrcarkñúg

lkçN³CaRkum CaCagkarcrcarkñúglkçN³buKÁlmñak;² karGnuBaØat[smaCikxus²KñabgðajTidæPaB

epSg²KñaelIkarGHGag ¬karCECk¦ RBmTaMgkMNt;kalbriecäT nigeBlem:agsRmab;karRbCuMenaH

EdlGnuBaØat[smaCiksmaKmTaMgGs;cUlrYm .

43


44

lMhat;TI 6 ³ karcUlCasmaCiksmaKmGaCIvkm

lMhat;sRmab;karsEmþgerOg


cUreFVIkarEbgEcksikçakamCaBIrRkum . RkummYyeFVICatMNag[smaKmmYy ehIyRkummYyeTot

eFVICatMNag[shRKin EdlminTan;)ancUlrYmCamYysmaKmenAeLIy .

pþl;eBlevla[RkumnImYy²cMnYn 10 naTI edIm,IGanesckþIENnaMsRmab;karsEmþgerOgenH.

rYcerobcMkarsEmþg nigeRCIserIsGñks½RKcitþmñak;BIRkumnImYy² EdlnwgRtUveLIgsEmþg . Gñks½RKcitþ

TaMgBIrnak;nwgsEmþg ³

1/ tYCaGñkdwknaMmñak;kñúgsmaKmmYy EdlxitxMbBa©úHbBa©ÚlsmaCikskþanuBl edaybgðajBI

plRbeyaCn_nanaénkarcUlrYmCamYysmaKm .

2/ tYCaGñkEdlminEmnCasmaCikmñak;rbs;smaKm bgðajBIkarsgS½y ehIyBüayamelIkBI

mUlehtunanaénkarmincg;cUlrYmCamYysmaKm .

karsEmþgenHminKYr[elIsBI 10 naTIeLIy . smaCikRkumdéTeTotCaGñksegátelIkarsEmþg

enH. cUresñI[BYkeKmYycMnYnp©itp©g;GarmN_eTAelIRbFanbTénkarBiPakSa rIÉGñkepSgeTot

segátelIPasaEdl)aneRbI karR)aRs½yTak;EdlmineRbIBaküsMdI ¬kayvikarrbs;tYGgÁsEmþg ³ éd

clnaEPñk .l.¦ RBmTaMgGakb,kiriya rbs;tYGgÁsEmþgTaMgBIr .

enATIbBa©b;énkarsEmþgerOgenH cUrsaksYrtYGgÁsEmþgnUvsMNYrdUcxageRkamenH ³

etIkarbBa¢Únsarrbs;GñkeTAkan;mnusSmñak;eTot manPaBgayRsYl b¤lM)ak ?

etIGñkKitfa GñkmancMNucxøaMgGVIxøH enAkñúgkarR)aRs½yTak;TgenaH ?

etIGñkKitfa GñkKYreFVIkarEklMGbEnßmcMNucGVIxøH ?

cUrsaksYrsmaCikRkumÉeTotGMBIkarsegátrbs;BYkeK ³

etIEpñkNamYyénsarTaMgenaHEdlbBa¢ÚneTA)anRbesIr ? ehtuGVI ?

etIEpñkNamYyénsarTaMgenaHEdlmin)anbBa¢ÚneTA ? ehtuGVI ?

manEpñkmYycMnYnénsarTaMgenaH RtUv)anTTYly:agKab;RbesIr ehIygayRsYlyl; edaysar

PasamanlkçN³c,as;las; B½t’manEdl)anTak;TgKña enaHKWCaGVIEdlsmaCikskþanuBlRtUvkarcg;dwg

edaysarEtkgVl;nanarbs;eKRtUv)anykcitþTukdak;sþab; .l.


Rkum 1 ³ smaCikrbs;smaKm smaCikmñak;rbs;RkumGñknwgedIrtYCa elak sMNag eyageTAtamesckþIENnaMnana dUcxag

eRkamenH. sUmeRCIserIsGñks½RKcitþmñak;sRmab;tYGgÁ elak sMNag eFVICatMNag[RkummYy

ehIyCYyKat;edIm,IerobcMkarsMEdgrbs;Kat; .

RkumTI 2 ³ minEmnCasmaCiksmaKm smaCikmñak;rbs;RkumGñknwgedIrtYCa GñkRsI davI eyageTAtamesckþIENnaMnanadUcxag

eRkamenH . sUmeRCIserIsGñks½RKcitþmñak;edIm,IedIrtYCa GñkRsI davI eFVICatMNag[RkummYy ehIy

CYyKat; edIm,IerobcMkarsMEdgrbs;Kat; .

45

tYGgÁTI 1 ³ smaCikrbs;smaKm - elak sMNagGñkKWCa elak sMNag smaCikmñak;kñúgsmaKmm:asuInkinRsUv . Gñkman»kasedIm,ICYbsMeNH

sMNalCamYy GñkRsI davI CaGñkRKb;RKgRkumh‘unm:asuInRsUvmYy EdlKat;)anbegáIteLIg Gs;

ry³eBlmYyqñaMknøgmkehIy . Gñkcg;bBa©úHbBa©Úl GñkRsI davI [køayCasmaCikmñak;kñúgsmaKm .

kargarrbs;Gñk KWBüayambBa©úHbBa©Úl GñkRsI davI [køayCasmaCikmñak;kñúgsmaKm eday

bgðajplRbeyaCn_nanaBIkarcUlrYmCasmaCikPaB .

tYGgÁTI 2 ³ GñkminEmnCasmaCik

GñkKWCaGñkRKb;RKgRkumh‘unma:suInkinRsUvmYy EdlGñk)anbegáIteLIg)anry³eBlmYyqñaM

ehIy . GñknwgCYbsMeNHsMNalCamYy elak sMNag EdlmkBIsmaKmma:suInkinRsUv . elak

sMNagcg;bBa©úHbBa©ÚlGñk [køayCasmaCikmñak;kñúgsmaKm bu:EnþGñkenAmanmnÞilsgS½ymYycMnYn

fa etIGñkKYrcUlCasmaCiksmaKm b¤y:agNa .

kargarrbs;Gñk ³ CRmab elak sMNag GMBImUlehtunanasRmab;karenAminTan;cg;cUlCasma

CiksmaKm ehIybgðajBImnÞilsgS½yGMBIplRbeyaCn_nanaénkarkøayCasmaCikdl;Kat; .

enATIbBa©b;énkarsMeNHsMNalenH GñknwgRtUveFVIkarseRmc faetIcUlCasmaCik b¤k¾mincUl

b¤k¾BnüareBlTukeFVIkarseRmccitþrbs;GñkenAeBleRkay .

46


eKalbMNg

enAcugbBa©b;emeron sikçakamnwg ³

mankaryl;dwgbEnßmelIRbePTesvakmnana EdlsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUcGacpþl;CUndl;

smaCikTaMgLay

yl;dwgBIviFIeFVIesckþIseRmcCayuT§saRsþ nigmanB½t’manRKb;RKan; kñúgkarpþl;esva edayb¤

tamry³smaKm .



esñI[sikçakamEckrMElkbTBiesaFn_ nigTsSn³nanaCuMvijkarpþl;esvakm .

etImanRbePTesvaGVIxøH EdlsmaKmGñkkMBugpþl;CUnsmaCikenAeBlenH ?

etIsmaKmcg;pþl;esvaeRcInCagenHeToteT enAeBlGnaKt ?

etIGñkKitfa manesvaGVIxøHEdlsmaCikTaMgLaycg;[smaKmpþl;dl;BYkeK ?

etIsmaCikburs nigsmaCikRsþImanGaTiPaBepSgKñaEdrb¤eT Tak;Tinnwgesvakmnana Edl

BYkeKcg;[smaKmpþl;CUn ?


cUrbgðajBIRbePTénesvakmepSg² EdlsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUcTaMgLayGacpþl;CUn)an eday

eyageTAelIkfax½NÐ 9>1 nigeRbIR)as;søayTI 19 dl; 23 .

kñúgeBlbgðajsøayTI 20 dl; 23 cUrpþl;]TahrN_mYycMnYnGMBIesvanana EdlsmaKmGaCIvkm

enAkm<úCa)ankMBugpþl;[smaCikxøÜn . ]TahrN_mYycMnYnmanenAkñúgkfax½NÐ 9>6 ¬eKhTMB½rrbs;

sNæaKar nigpÞHsMNak;enAesomrab¦ nigkfax½NÐ 9>7 ¬karbNþúHbNþalGMBIkareFVIGaCIvkm ¦ .

emeronTI 9 ³ karseRmccitþelIesvakmnanarbs;smaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc




EbgEcksikçakamTaMgGs;CaRkumtUc² [)aneRcInRkumtamEdlGaceFVI)an EdltMNag[

smaKmGaCIvkmdUcKña . [RkumnImYy²KitrkesvaNamYy EdlsmaKmmin)anpþl;CUnenAeBlbc©úb,nñ

bu:EnþGaccg;pþl;CUnenAeBlGnaKt . esñI[RkumnImYy²viPaKlT§PaBkñúgkarpþl;esvaenaH edaysak

sYrsMNYrTaMgLaykñúglMhat;TI 6 . [BYkeKbgðajlT§plRkum nigesckþIsnñidæannanadl;RkumFM .

CMhanTI 4 - 55 naTI

GFib,aybEnßmelIkarrkeXIjsMxan;² edayeyageTAelIbTBiesaFn_nana Edl)anpþl;

CUnedayGñkcUlrYm .

esvakmnanaGacCYyBRgwgGaCIvkmrbs;smaCiktamviFIepSg²Kña . esvamYycMnYnBak;B½n§nwg

karbNþúHbNþal karRbwkSaeyabl; nigB½t’man nigesvamYycMnYneTotBak;B½n§kñúgkarksagTMnak;TMng

BaNiC¢km b¤esvapÁt;pÁg;hirBaØvtßú b¤esvapþl;lT§PaBTTYl)anhirBaØvtßúdl;BYkeK . manesvamYy

cMnYneTot CaRbePTskmPaBBak;B½n§nwgneya)ay dUcCakarbBa©úHbBa©ÚlrdæaPi)al b¤karpþl;\T§iBl

dl;mtisaFarN³ . ehIyenAmanesvakmmYycMnYneTot EdleqøIytbnwgesckþIRtUvkarEpñksgÁmrbs;

smaCikTaMgLay dUcCakarFanara:b;rgsgÁm karEfTaMsuxPaBkumar .l.

smaKmminGacsgÇwmfa eKGacedaHRsaybBaðaTaMgGs;enaHrbs;smaCikxøÜnTaMgLay)aneLIy.

karRKb;RKgnigsmtßPaBhirBaØvtßúrbs;smaKm KWEtgEtmankRmit . dUecñH smaKmKYreFVIkarseRmc

eTAelIesvamYyNa EdlRtUvRbwgERbgpþl;CUnsmaCik .

vaCakarsMxan;EdlRtUvRKb;RKgesvanImYy²edayRbugRby½tñ . mann½yfaRtUv)a:n;RbmaNesckþI

RtUvkarsRmab;va témøR)ak;cMNUlEdlGacbegáIt)an b¤meFüa)ayedIm,ITUTat;cMNay sRmab;esvaenaH .

smaKmxøÜnÉgGacpþl;esvamYycMnYn rIÉesvadéTeTotGacpþl;rYmKñaCamYyédKUepSg² b¤

edaykarcrcareFVIkic©snüaCamYyGñkpþl;esvaepSgmYyeTot .


´mankaregOgq¶l; faetIsmaKmrbs;´mansmtßPaBRKb;RKan; edIm,IRbmUlB½t’man EdlRtUvkar

muneBleFVIkarseRmccitþ edIm,Icab;epþImeFVIskmPaBNamYy b¤y:agNa . eyIgminmanR)ak; edIm,I

cMNaysRmab;TIRbwkSa Edlmantémøx<s; . etIeyIgGaceFVIGVI)anxøH ?

tamBiteTA vamingayRsYlcab;epþImRbmUlTinñn½yenHeT . eKKYrdwgfa etIeKKYreTARbmUlenATINa

nigsYrsMNYrGVIxøH . karBiPakSaCamYysmaCikTaMgLay nwgCYycg¥úlbgðajBIesvaGVIxøH EdlnwgGac

CYyBYkeK)an . GñkminKYremIlrMlgeT elIkaryl;dwgEdlmanrYceRsceTAehIyenAkñúgcMeNam

smaCikenaHeT . qøgtamry³bNþajkic©karsgÁm nigbNþajGaCIBnanarbs;BYkeK GtifiCn RKYsar

47


RkumRsþI vihar¦ BYkeKCajwkjyFøab;)anB¤BIesvanana EdlKYr[cab;GarmN_ b¤B¤BIGñkpþl;esvanana .

kareFVIkic©snüaeTA[GñkCMnajmñak; b¤TIRbwkSaNamñak; edIm,IeFVIkarsikSaelIlT§PaBénesvaNamYyenaH

nwgminGaceCos)aneLIy. bu:EnþCamYynwgkareRtomlkçN³CaeRscrbs;Gñk kargarrbs;GñkCMnajkar

enaHnwgmanlkçN³c,as;las; ehIyeRbIR)as;eBlevlatictYc . KYrmannrNamñak;BIsmaKmrbs;Gñk

cUlrYm[)aneBjeljenAkñúgkarsikSalT§PaBpþl;esvaenaH. vaKWCalMhat;RbkbedaykareronsURt

mYy Edlnwgpþl;nUvCMnaj EdlmanRbeyaCn_CaeRcIndl;Gñk. témøcMNaysRmab;karsikSalT§PaB

pþl;esvaenH KYrcat;TukCakarvinieyaKmYy EdlGacTUTat;mkvijeday esvaBaNiC¢kmd¾mannirnþrPaB .

{´minKitfa vaCakarl¥mYysRmab;smaKmGaCIvkm EdlRtUvCab;Bak;B½n§nwgkic©karneya)ay

TaMgLayenaHeT . skmPaBneya)ayTaMgLay nwgeFVI[smaKmR)ascakBIkic©karGaCIvkmCasñÚl

ehIyGñkkan;GMNacTaMgLay GacmineBjcitþCamYynwgkarrMxanBIGaCIvkreT }.

smaKmTaMgLayminGac ¬nigminKYrR)afña¦ eqøIytbeTAtamRKb;tRmUvkarrbs;smaCikeLIy.

bu:EnþenAeBlsmaCiknanarbs;GñkRbQmmuxnwgkarlM)aky:ab;yWun kñúgdMeNIrkarkic©karGaCIvkm

edaysarbriyakarc,ab;minGMeNaypl CajwkjyvamantémøedIm,IKitBIdMeNaHRsayRtwmRtUv .

]TahrN_ enAkñúgRbeTsmYycMnYn karcuHbBa¢IGaCIvkmKWmankarBi)ak Bn§GakrmankRmitx<s; sRmab;

GaCIvkmtUc² nItiviFIBn§Ky bgá[mankarBnüareBlenAkñúgkarTTYl)anvtßúFatuedIm ¬b¤TunepþIm¦ tUblk;

eRkApøÚvkarRtUv)anhamXat; b¤vaCakarBi)aksRmab;GaCIvkmFuntUcTaMgLay edIm,IGnuvtþeTA tambTdæan

kargar. CYnkal GaCJaFrnigPñak;garrdæaPi)alTaMgLay min)andwgBIesckþIlM)aknana EdlGaCIvkm

FuntUc)ankMBugCYbRbTH ehIyBYkeKrIkraynwgB½t’manEdlGñkpþl;[ . enAkñúgkrNIedayELk²eTot

GgÁPaBrbs;GñkGacTMnak;TMngCamYysma KmGaCIvkmFM² b¤smaKmnieyaCk ¬shB½n§¦ Edlman

bTBiesaFn_eRcInkñúgkarBiPakSaCamYyGaCJaFrrdæaPi)al .

48


49

lMhat;TI 7 ³ kareFVIviPaKlT§PaBpþl;esva

lMhat;sRmab;Rkum


cUrBiPakSaenAkñúgRkumrbs;Gñk riHrkesvaNamYy EdlsmaKmrbs;GñkminTan;)anpþl;CUnenAeBl

bc©úb,nñ bu:EnþGaccg;pþl;CUnenAeBlGnaKtd¾xøIxagmuxenH . cUr)a:n;RbmaNBIlT§PaB énkarpþl;esvaenaH

edayeqøIynwgsMNYrnanadUcmanbgðajenAkñúgTRmg; .

Ep¥kelIkarviPaKenH cUreFVIkarseRmc faetIsmaKmKYrpþl;esvaenaH b¤k¾minKYr . b¤k¾KYrpþl;esva

enaHrYmKñaCamYyédKUdéTeTot .

cUrbgðajlT§plénkareFVIviPaKrbs;GñkeTARkumFM .


50

51

emeronTI 10 ³ karpþl;esvaBaNiC¢km

eKalbMNg

enAcugbBa©b;emeron sikçakamTaMgGs;nwgGac ³

yl;dwgBIplRbeyaCn_énkarcUlrYmkñúgkarpþl;esvaBaNiC¢km

yl;dwgBIeRKaHfñak;nana EdlGacekIteLIgenAkñúgkarpþl;esvaBaNiC¢km .


CMhanTI 1 -110 naTI

esñI[sikçakamEckrMElkbTBiesaFn_nigTsSn³nanaCuMvijesvaBaNiC¢kmTaMgLay .

etIsmaKmrbs;GñkFøab;manbTBiesaFn_enAkñúgkarEsVgrkTIpSarrYmKña karTijrYmKña b¤karlk;rYmKña

Edrb¤eT ?

etIkarpÁt;pÁg;bc©úb,nñ b¤bBaðaEsVgrkTIpSarrbs;smaCikTaMgLay GacRtUv)anedaHRsay

tamviFINa ? tamry³karTijrYmKña b¤karlk;rYmKña ?

etIsmaCikrbs;GñkGaceFVIkarrYmKña)anl¥RKb;RKan; edIm,IeqøIytbnwgtRmUvkarnanaénkar

erobcMTMnak;TMngBaNiC¢kmEdrb¤eT ?

etIGñk)anCYbRbTHbBaðalM)ak²GVIxøHenAkñúgesvaBaNiC¢kmrYmKña ? etIGñkedaHRsaykarlM

)akTaMgenaHedayviFINa ?


EbgEcksikçakamCaRkumtUc² ehIyesñI[BYkeKedaHRsaylMhat;TI 8 ³ plRbeyaCn_ BIkar

cUlrYmesvaBaNiCkm . GnuBaØat[RkumTaMgenaHsresrcemøIyrbs;eK rYc[BYkeKmkcUlrYmCaRkum

FMvij . cUrRbmUlKMnitTaMgLayBIRkumkargarnImYy² ehIysresrKMnitTaMgenaHenAelIkþarexon .

cUreFVI[R)akdfa minmanKMnitEdldUcKñaRtUv)ansresreLIgvijeT ehIyk¾minRtUv[)at;bg;KMnit

EdlsMxan;²pgEdr . eFVIkarsegçb edayeyageTAelIkfax½NÐ 10>2 énesovePAGñkGan nigbgðaj

søay TI 25 nig 26.




CMhanTI 3 - 55 naTI

GFib,aybEnßmelIkarrkeXIjsMxan;² edayeyageTAelIbTBiesaFn_nana dUcEdl)anpþl;CUneday

sikçakam .

smaKmGacbegáItplRbeyaCn_esdækic©BIkarcUlrYmKña (economies of scale) tamry³karpþúM

tRmUvkarrbs;smaCikTaMgLaysRmab;karpÁt;pÁg; nigesvakmnana b¤karRbmUlpþúMsmtßPaBplitkm

rbs;smaCik . CamYynwgPaBxøaMgEdl)anbegáIneLIgenH smaKmmanlT§PaBedIrtYCaQÜjkNþal

b¤CaGnþrbuKÁl ehIyeFVIkarcrcarelIlkçx½NÐGMeNaypleRcInEfmeTot sRmab;karerobcMTMnak;TMng

BaNiC¢kmTaMgenH Edlkic©karenHminGacRtUveFVIeLIg edayshRKinFuntUcmñak;²)aneLIy. karpþl;

esvaCak;EsþgTaMgenHdl;smaCik nwgkøayCaplRbeyaCn_d¾sMxan;mYydl;smaKm .

smaKmRtUvedIrtYnaTICaQÜjkNþalenH RbsinebIxøÜnGaceFVIenAkñúglkçN³GaCIvkmEtbu:eNÑaH .

vaKYrEtGacbgÁab;[mankarbg;éføsRmab;kargarenH .

vaGacCYydl;smaCikTaMgLaypgEdr tamry³karerobcM[manmeFüa)ayBaNiC¢kmrYmKña

dUcCama:suIn b¤meFüa)aydwkCBa¢Ún EdlGaceRbIR)as;edayshRKinmñak;² . esvaBaNiC¢ kmRbePTenH

TamTar[mankarRKb;RKgedayRtwmRtUv ehIyvaGacdMeNIrkareTA)an EtenAeBlNaEdlesvaenH

GacTUTat;cMNaynana sRmab;RbtibtþikarxøÜnbu:eNÑaH .


{smaKmrbs;´)anerobcMbegáIt[maneragCagmYy Edl)anbMBak;eRKOg]bkrN_ nigeRKOg

sgðarim EdlsmaCikTaMgLaycUlrYmKñaerobcM sRmab;karbBa¢aTijBIRkumh‘unFMmYyenAbreTs .

GtifiCnminsb,aycitþCamYynwgKuNPaB EdlmankarxusEbøkKña BIkarbBa¢aTij mYyelIk eTAkarbBa¢a

TijmYyelIkeTot ehIykMBugBicarNa edIm,IbBaÄb;kic©shRbtibtþikarCamYyeyIg . etIeyIgGac eFVIGVI

)anxøH ? }

bBaðaenHekItmanCaTUeTAcMeBaHsmaKmCaeRcIn EdlRKb;RKgmeFüa)ayBaNiC¢kmrYmKña ehIy

edIrtYnaTICaQÜjkNþalrvagGtifiCnnana nigsmaCikxøÜn . smaKmrbs;Gñk)aneFVIkargar

mYymhas©arü eday)annaMmknUvGtifiCnd¾FMmYy ehIy)anerobcMeragCag EdlmanbMBak;eRKOg

]bkrN_rYmKñamYy sRmab;smaCikTaMgLay . eTaHCay:agenHkþI k¾enAmanbBaðamYycMnYn EdlRtUv

edaHRsaypgEdr . karN_enHsEmþgecjnUvPaBsúRKsajkñúgdMeNIrBak;B½n§nwgGaCIvkm CMnYsmux[

smaCikTaMgLayrbs;xøÜn . GVIEdlGñkGaceFVIeTA)an KWGñkRtUvGeBa¢IjGtifiCnrbs;Gñk edIm,ImkBinitü

emIleragCagedaypÞal; . GñkGacbegáItbTdæanKuN PaBCamYyGtifiCn ehIyeFVIkar)a:n;RbmaN faetI

KuNPaBEdleKcg;)anTaMgenH GacseRmc)anEdrb¤eT edayeyaleTAelIviFIsaRsþeFVIkarbc©úb,nñ

lkçx½NÐeRKOg]bkrN_bc©úb,nñ RBmTaMgeBlevlaénkarbBa¢aTijTaMgLayenaH . Cayfaehtu

GtifiCnrbs;Gñk GacnaMGñk[manTMnak;TMngCamYyGñkTTYlem:AkarbnþeTot sRmab;karpøas;bþÚrbT

BiesaFn_ cMeNHdwg nigbec©keTs .

52


53

lMhat;TI 8 ³ plRbeyaCn_BIkarcUlrYmkñúgesvaBaNiC¢km

lMhat;sRmab;Rkum

esckþIENnaMsRmab;kargarCaRkum ³

cUrGankrNIsikSadUcxageRkamenH rYcBüayameqøIysMNYr .

sMNYr ³

enAkñúgGgÁRbCuM etIRkumKYrBiPakSanigseRmcelIGVIxøH muneBlsmaKmGacplitniglk;sURteTA[

GaCIvkrenaH ?

krNIsikSa

GñkKWCaGñkdwknaMmñak;rbs;smaKmGaCIvkmplitsURt . Gñkman»kas)anCYbCamYyGñkvinieyaK

¼GaCIvkrBIRbeTsCitxag Edl)anbgðajBIkarcab;GarmN_kñúgkarTijsURtcMnYneRcIn BIsmaCik

TaMgLayrbs;smaKm .

GñkemIleXIjvaCa»kasd¾l¥mYysRmab;smaCikTaMgLayrbs;smaKm edIm,IbegáInR)ak;cMNUl

rbs;BYkeK . eRkAGMBIenH vaGacCa»kasmYysRmab;smaKmGaCIvkm edIm,IbegáInPaBrwgmaMrbs;xøÜn

nigTak;TajsmaCikfI²eTot .

GñkkMBugerobcMGgÁRbCuMépÞkñúgmYy CamYysmaCikrbs;smaKmGaCIvkmTaMgGs; edIm,IBiPakSa

nigseRmc faetIsmaKmnwgplitsURtsRmab;GaCIvkr EdlmkBIRbeTsCitxagenaHEdr b¤eT .



etIGaCIvkrenaHKWCamnusSKYr[Tukcitþ)anEdrb¤eT ehIyeyIgsÁal;Kat;edayviFINa?

etIKat;cg;TijplitplsURtenHkñúgbrimaNbu:nan ?

etIsmaCiksmaKmmaneRKOg]bkrN_RKb;RKan; edIm,IpliteTAtambrimaNEdlRtUvkarenaH

Edr b¤eT ?

etIKuNPaBEbbNa EdlGaCIvkrrMBwgcg;)anBIplitplsURtenaH ?

etIsmaCikNaxøH EdlnwgplitsURt ehIylk;vatamry³smaKmGaCIvkm ?

etIkardwkCBa¢ÚnplitplsURtnwgRtUverobcMeLIgy:agdUcemþc ?

etIl½kçx½NÐGVIxøHEdleyIgRtUvsresrenAkñúgkic©snüaCamYyGaCIvkrenaH ?

etIeyIgseRmcelItémølk;plitpledayviFINa ?

etIeyIgEbgEckplkéRmrvagGñkplit nigsmaKmedayviFINa ?

etIvtßúFatuedImGVIxøH nigbec©keTsEbbNaEdleyIgRtUvkar ?

etIeyIgGacTTYlkarKaMRTBIédKUepSg²eTotdUcCa rdæaPi)al b¤édKUÉeTot Edrb¤eT?

etIeyIgRtUvbegáItKN³kmakar edIm,IeFVIkarCamYyGtifiCnenH Edrb¤eT?

etIsmaKmeyIgRtUvcuHhtßelxaenAkñúgkugRta CamYyGñklk;sURtmk[eyIgEdrb¤eT ?

54

55

emeronTI 11 ³ karpþl;esvats‘Umti

eKalbMNg


yl;dwgBIeKalbMNgrbs;esvats‘Umti

yl;dwgBICMnajnanaEdlRtUvkar edIm,IeFVIkargarts‘Umti

yl;dwgBIviFIeFVIEpnkar nigGnuvtþyuT§nakarts‘Umti .



esñI[sikçakamTaMgGs;eFVIkarEckrMElkbTBiesaFn_ nigTsSn³nanaGMBIesvats‘Umti .

etIsmaKmrbs;GñkmanbTBiesaFn_kñúgkarts‘UmtiEdrb¤eT ?

etIGñkmanbTBiesaFn_eCaKC½y b¤braC½yNamYyEdrb¤eT ?

etIGñkKitfa GVIxøHCakarlM)akkñúgkarpþl;esvats‘UmtienH ?


eRCIserIssikçakamcMnYn4nak;eLIgsEmþgsac;erOg dUcEdlmankñúglMhat;TI9 :Gñklk;dUrtampSar

crcarCamYyGaCJaFrmUldæan : .

bnÞab;BIkarsEmþg cUrsaksYrsikçakamTaMg4nak;enaHCamunsin faetIBYkeKmanGarmN_ y:agNa .

GVIEdl)andMeNIrkareTA)anRbesIr nigGVIEdlCakarlM)ak ? etIBYkeKGaceronGVIxøH BIbTBiesaFn_enH ?

bnÞab;mkcUrsaksYrRkumTaMgmUl etIBYkeK)ansegátelIGVIxøH nigetIBYkeK )aneronsURtBIxøHBIkar

segátenaH ?


cUreFVIkarEbgEcksikçakamCaRkumtUc² [)aneRcIntamEdlGaceFVIeTA)an EdlRkumnImYy²tMNag

[smaCiksmaKmmYy . esñI[RkumnImYy²RtiHriHelIehtukarN_ b¤bBaðasMxan;² EdlsmaCikTaMgLay

kMBugRbQmmux ehIyEdlGacRtUvedaHRsay)antamry³karbBa©úH bBa©Úl b¤karts‘Umti . etIyuT§nakar

ts‘UmtimaneKalbMNgGVIxøH ? etIyuT§nakarts‘UmtienH eFVIeTAtamCMhanGVIxøH ?




GnuBaØat[RkumeLIgbgðajKMnitTaMgLayrbs;BYkeK ehIyTukeBlsRmab;eFVIkarqøúHbBa©aMgCamYy

sikçakamÉeTot² .


cUrbgðajBICMhanxus²KñakñúgyuT§nakarts‘Umti ¬sUmemIlkñúgsøayTI 27¦ nigeyageTAdl;kfax½NÐ

11>1 énesovePAGñkGan .

CMhanTI 5 - 55 naTI

GFib,aybEnßmelIkarrkeXIjsMxan;² edayeyageTAelIbTBiesaFn_nana Edlsikçakam)an

pþl;[ .

karbBa©úHbBa©Úlnigkarts‘Umti KWmansar³sMxan;edIm,IkarBarb¤elIkkm<s;plRbeyaCn_nanarbs;

smaCik CaBiessTak;TinnwgbTbBa¢aTaMgLay nigeKalneya)ayrbs;rdæaPi)al . shRKasFuntUc

CaeRcIn CaBiessshRKas EdlRKb;RKgedayRsþI esckþIRtUvkarrbs;BYkeK kRmRtUv)anBicarNaeday

GñkerobcMeKalneya)ayTaMgLayenaH enAeBlBYkeKsresrbTbBa¢aepSg² begáItkRmitBn§Gakr

b¤karbegáItnItiviFIénkarcuHbBa¢I . smaKmGaceFVI[PaBsúRKsajTaMgenHmanlkçN³samBaØ ehIy

eFVI[bnÞúkTaMgenHFUrRsal)anmYycMnYn .

eKaledAKWkarTTYl)annUvkitþis½BÞ xN³EdlsmaKmRtUv)aneKRbwkSasuMeyabl; EdlCakarBit

enAeBleKalneya)ay b¤bTbBa¢afI²)ankMBugRtUverobcMeLIg . dUecñH smaKmGacRtUveKGeBa¢IjeFVICa

smaCikmYykñúgKN³kmkar b¤cUlrYmkñúgevTikaCaeTogTat; edaysarsmaKmRtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal;Ca

semøgmYy b¤CatMNagrbs;shRKin ¬RsþI¦enAkñúgshKmn_Rsuk b¤ kRmitCati .

kartsU‘mti KWCakargarCMnajmYyRbePT ehIyTamTar[mankarGPivDÆyuT§saRsþ edayRbugRby½tñ ³

karRbmUlB½t’man karerobcM[mantMNagnana edIm,IbgðajBIkrNIl¥NamYy yl;dwgBInrNaEdl

RtUveFVIkarBiPakSaCamYy karkMNt;rk { GñkeCIgÉk } ehIykt;cMNaMkarKaMRTrbs;BYkeK k¾dUcCakar

EdlGaceRkakQrenAcMeBaHmuxKUbdibkS . CMnajnana EdlcaM)ac;sRmab;eFVIkargarts‘Umti[)anRbesIr

enaH KWCMnajeFVIkarR)aRs½yTak;Tg kars‘URTaM nig karyl;citþ .

karts‘Umtimann½yfa karGacniyayeTAkan;GñksarB½t’man)an . eTaHbICay:agenHkþI cUrcgcaM

faGñkcaM)ac;RtUvmanerOgd¾l¥mYy EdlKaMRTmUlehturbs;Gñk . cUrcaMTukkñúgcitþfa GñksarB½t’manTaMgLay

cg;)anerOgmYy ebIeTaHbIvaCaerOgGaRkk;GMBImUlehtu ¬evTnarmN_¦rbs;Gñkb¤smaKmrbs;Gñk

k¾eday [EtvamanRbeyaCn_sRmab;sarB½t’man . cUrBinitüfa erOgr:avrbs;GñkKWqøúHbBa©aMgy:ag

RbesIrBIsmaKmrbs;Gñk .

56



{smaKmrbs;eyIg)anTTYlkaresñI[cUlrYmkñúgevTikaGPivDÆn_mUldæan EdlrdæaPi)almUldæan

GñktMNagvis½yÉkCn nigGñktMNagGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alnana eFVIkarBiPakSaelIkic©karGPivDÆn_nana

sRmab;tMbn;rbs;eyIg . mkdl;eBlenH ´dUcCamineXIjmanplRbeyaCn_ edaypÞal;GVIesaH sRmab;

smaKmrbs;´ ehIy´q¶l;faetIvamanplRbeyaCn_Edrb¤eT kñúgkarcUlrYmkñúgevTikaenH ? }

karBitEdlfa smaKmrbs;Gñk)anTTYlkarGeBa¢Ij[cUlrYmenH KWfavabBa¢ak;BIkitþis½BÞsmaKm

rbs;Gñk kñúgRkEsEPñknanarbs;tYGgÁGPivDÆn_epSg²kñúgtMbn;rbs;Gñk . BYkeKeCOCak;fa smaKmrbs;

GñkeFVICatMNag[semøgshRKinFuntUcTaMgLay ehIysmaKmrbs; GñkGaccUlrYmdl;karGPivDÆ

tMbn; . enHemIleTAdUcCa»kasd¾l¥mYy edIm,IGnuvtþCMnaj nig yuT§saRsþts‘Umtirbs;Gñk . k¾bu:Enþkar

rMBwgTuknanarbs;GñkkñúgkarcUlrYmenAkñúgevTikaenaH dUcCamankRmitx<s; . manmUlehtumYycMnYn

sRmab;karelIkeLIgenH . etIrebobvar³qøúHbBa©aMg BIkgVl;nanaénsmaCikTaMgLayrbs;GñkEdrb¤eT

]TahrN_lT§PaBTTYl)anTwks¥at ePøIg GKÁIsnI pøÚvfñl; TIpSar TIkEnøgbNþúHbNþal nig

meFüa)ayeFVIkarR)aRs½yTak;Tgnana ? etIsmaCikTaMgLayrbs;GñkdwgB¤GMBIevTikaenHEdrb¤eT? etI

lT§plGVIxøH EdlBYkeKrMBwgcg;)an? etIlT§plTaMgenaHTMngCaGacseRmc)anEdrb¤eT? etIGñkGac

bBa©Úlrebobvar³rbs;GñkedayviFINa ? etIGñkGacksagsm<½n§PaBCamYyGñkcUlrYmÉeTot² kñúgevTika

enaH)anEdr b¤eT ? BiPakSaCamYybuKÁlikrbs;Gñk RBmTaMgsmaCiksMxan;² nwgCYyGñkeFVIkar

)a:n;RbmaNBIviFINa EdlsmaKmrbs;GñkGacTTYlplRbeyaCn_y:ageRcInbMput BIkarcUlrYmkñúg

evTikaenaH.

57


58

lMhat;TI 9 ³ Gñklk;dUrtampSarcrcarCamYyGaCJaFrmUldæan

lMhat;sRmab;karsEmþgerOg

esckþIENnaM ³

ENnaM[sikçakamTaMgGs;GankrNIsikSa .

sikçakam 4 nak;RtUv)anEbgEckCa 2 Rkum . sikçakam 2 nak;eFVICatMNag[smaKmRsþI

Gñklk;dUrtampSar ¬CaRbFanmñak; nigsmaCikmñak;¦ . sikçakamBIrnak;eToteFVICatMNag

[mRnþIrdæaPi)almUldæan . sikçakamdéTeToteFVICaGñksegátkarN_ .

GnuBaØat[sikçakam 4 nak; EdlRtUv)aneRCIserIsenaH erobcMkarsEmþg . vaCakarl¥RbsinebI

karsEmþgenaHRtUveFVIeLIgenAGMLúgeBlsRmak ¬20 naTI¦. ENnaM[BYkeKeFVIkarqøúHbBa©aMg

eTAelIsMNYrdUcteTAenH ³

- etIGñkmanesckþIRtUvkarnigeKalbMNgGVIxøH ? etIGñkdwgGVIxøHBIPaKImçageTot ehIyetIBYkeK

cg;)anGVIxøHBIkarcrcarenH ?

- kMNt;BIGVIEdlGñkcg;seRmc)an[manPaBc,as;las;nigvas;Evg)an .

- etITMhMénkartéføkñúgkic©crcarrbs;GñksßitenARtwmNaEdr ³ ]TahrN_ enARtg;cMNuccab;epþIm

cMNuccg;)an ¬CacMNucEdlGñkyl;RBm¦ nigcMNuc { edIrecj} rbs;Gñk ¬enAeBlGñk

dkxøÜnfyBIkarcrcar¦. etIGñkmanCeRmIsGVIepSgeTot RbsinebIkarcrcarRtUvbraC½y ?

etIGVIeTACa {CeRmIsd¾RbesIrbMputsRmab;kic©crcar EdlGacyl;RBm)an } b¤TItaMg { dk

fyvij } rbs;Gñk ?

- cUrkMNt;fanrNanwgniyayGVIenAkñúgCMnYbRbCuM .

GeBa¢IjsikçakamTaMg 4 nak;[cUlmk rYccab;epþImsEmþgerOg .

GñksegátkarN_TaMgLay nwgRtUvykcitþTukdak; ³

- etIPaKITaMgBIrmaneKaledAc,as;las;Edrb¤eT ?

- etIPaKITaMgBIrsþab;KñaeTAvijeTAmkEdrb¤eT ?

- etIGñkvaytémølkçN³sm,tþirbs;Gñkcrcary:agdUcemþcEdr? etIBYkeKCamnusS BUEkbBa©úHbBa©Úl

ts‘U nigCamnusSEdlmankareCOTukcitþEdr b¤eT ?

- etIkartéføKñaenaH RbkbeTAedaykarRbkYtRbECg b¤karshkarKña ? etIGacmanpllM)ak

GVIxøH EdlnwgekIteLIgcMeBaHTMnak;TMngrvagsmaKm nigrdæGMNacmUldæanenAeBlGnaKt ?

- etIkarcrcarRtUvbBa©b;eTAdUcemþcEdr ? etIlT§plmanPaBc,as;las; sRmab;PaKInImYy²

Edr b¤eT ? etImankarkt;RtaTuklT§plTaMgenaHEdrb¤eT ?


59

tMNagsalaextþkMBg;cam

krNIsikSa

GñkeFVIkarenAsalaextþkMBg;cam . salaextþmanEpnkarruHerITIpSarkNþalTIrYmextþ ykeTA

sagsg;enACayRkugvij . mUlehtu ³

- EtgEtmanPaBkxVk;CaeRcInenAkñúgTIpSar EdlbNþal[manstVl¥itnigkNþúrCaeRcIn.

- salaextþmanbMNglk;TItaMgpSarenH. dIpSarenHGaclk;)annUvtémøy:agl¥ sRmab;kar

sagsg;sNæaKard¾RbNitmYy .

- TItaMgpSarfIenaHnwgmanTIFøaFMTUlaysRmab;karctrfynþ .

GñknwgCYbBiPakSaCamYytMNagsmaKmRsþIGñklk;dUrtampSar 2 nak;. sUmeRtomlkçN³

sRmab;CMnYbRbCuMenH .

tMNagsmaKmRsþIGñklk;dUrtamTIpSarrYmextþkMBg;cam

krNIsikSa

GñkKWCaGñklk;dUrenApSarmYykñúgTIrYmextþkMBg;cam ehIyCasmaCiksmaKmRsþIGñklk;dUr

enAkñúgpSarenaH . smaKmrbs;Gñk)anTTYlB½t’manfa salaextþmanKeRmagruHerITIpSarkNþal

TIrYmextþ enH rYcykeTAsagsg;enAtMbn;CayRkugvij .

smaCikTaMgLayrbs;smaKmmincg;[mankarruHerITIpSarenHeT . TIpSarfI KWsßitenAq¶ayeBk

ehIynwgTak;Taj)anGtifiCntictYcNas; . éføQñÜlenApSarfIenaHTMngCax<s;Cag . GñkTaMgGs;Kña

nwgRtUvcMNayéfødwkCBa¢Ún edIm,IykTMnijrbs;GñkeTAdl;TIpSarenaH . Gñk)anesñI[manGgÁRbCuMmYy

CamYymRnþIsalaextþ .

éf¶enH GñknwgCYbRbCuMCamYytMNagsalaextþ 2 nak; . sUmeRtomlkçN³ sRmab;karCYbRbCuM

enH.

60


eKalbMNg


mankaryl;dwgRbesIrCagmunGMBIkargarRKb;RKgépÞkñúgsmaKmrbs;eK

GacBnül;)anBItYnaTI nigkarTTYlxusRtUvTaMgLayrbs;KN³kmkarxus²Kña enAkñúgsmaKm

Gacerobrab;)anBImuxgarsMxan;rbs;RbFan elxaFikar nighirBaØik .

bøg;vKÁsikSa ¬85 - 90 naTI¦


elIkeLIgBIkaryl;dwgrbs;sikçakamTaMgLayenAelIrcnasm<½n§RKb;RKgépÞkñúg nigkarTTYlxusRtUv

nanarbs;muxtMENgsMxan;²enAkñúgsmaKm .

etIenAkñúgsmaKmrbs;GñkmanmuxtMENgGVIxøH ? RbFan ? hirBaØik ? elxaFikar ?

etIenAkñúgsmaKmrbs;GñkmanKN³kmkarGVIxøH ? KN³kmkarRbtibtþi? mhasnñi)at ? KN³-

kmkarsvnkm ? ehtudUcemþc)anCaKN³kmkarTaMgenHRtUv)anbegáIteLIg ?

etIKN³kmkarxus²KñaTaMgenHmantYnaTI nigkarTTYlxusRtUvGVIxøHenAkñúgsmaKm ?


EbgEcksikçakamTaMgGs;CaRkumtUc² tamEdlGaceFVIeTA)an smaCikRkumTaMgLay KYrCaGñk

mkBIsmaKmGaCIvkmdUcKña. esñI[RkumnImYy²eFVIlMhat;TI 10³ KUrrcnasm<½n§rbs;smaKmeK .

enAeBlRkumTaMgGs;bgðajBIrcnasm<½n§rbs;BYkeK cUreFVI[R)akdfacMNucTaMgLaydUcxageRkam

enHRtUv)anykmkBiPakSa ³

etIRsþImantYnaTIeFVIesckþIseRmcenAkñúgsmaKmenHEdrb¤eT ?

etIrcnasm<½n§enHmanGñkRKb;RKgeRcIneBk ¬eBalKWmanmuxtMENgeRcIn¦ sRmab;TMhMRbti

btþikarnanarbs;xøÜn nigcMnYnsmaCikPaB ?

etImansvnkrEdlbMeBjkargarÉkraCümYymkBIKN³kmkarRbtibtþiEdrb¤eT ?

etImanbuKÁlikTTYlR)ak;ExEdrb¤eT ? RbsinebIman etImanmuxtMENgGVIxøH ? ehtuGVI?

emeronTI 12 ³ karTTYlxusRtUv nigParkic© nanaenAkñúgsmaKm


emeronTI 12 ³ karTTYlxusRtUv nigParkic©nanaenAkñúgsmaKm

CMhanTI 3 -115 naTI

cUrBnül;BItYnaTInanarbs;KN³kmkarepSg² ¬sUmemIlsøayTI 28 eTAdl; 31¦ .

1> mhasnñi)at ³ KWCaGgÁkMBUlmYyrbs;smaKmGaCIvkm ehIyCaGñkEdlbegáItc,ab; nig

bTbBa¢aepSg² . mhasnñi)atRtUveKR)arB§eLIgkñúgmYyqñaMmþg edIm,I ³

BinitüemIlskmPaBnana nigkic©karhirBaØvtßúrbs;qñaMknøgeTA

vaytémøyuT§saRsþbc©úb,nñrbs;GgÁPaB nigeFVIkarseRmcelIyuT§saRsþGnaKt

seRmcelIviFIEbgEckFnFan nigplRbeyaCn_nanarbs;GgÁPaB

pþl;karyl;RBmelIEpnkarskmPaB nigEpnkarfvikasRmab;ry³eBlbnÞab;

eFVIkare)aHeqñateRCIserIssmaCikKN³kmkarRbtibtþi nigsvnkrnanakñúgGgÁPaB .

2> RkumRbwkSaPi)al ³ RkumRbwkSaPi)alRtUv)aneRCIstaMgeLIgedaymhasnñi)at nigeFVICatM

Nag[smaCiknana enAkñúgGgÁRbCMumhasnñi)atnana ³

RkumRbwkSaPi)almansmaCikBI 5 eTA 7 nak; rYmTaMgRbFan b¤nayk

RkumRbwkSaPi)aleFVIkarRbCuMCaeTogTat; enAerogral;mYyExmþg b¤BIrExmþg

RkumRbwkSaPi)aleFVIesckþIsMerccitþEdlTak;TgnwgyuT§saRsþ nigpþl;dMbUnandl;RkumGñk

RKb;RKg

3> KN³kmakarRbtibtþi ³ TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarRKb;RKgrbs;smaKmGaCIvkm ³

KN³kmkarenHTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarRKb;RKgRbkbedayRbsiT§PaBeTAelIskmPaBnana

CaFmtaKN³kmkarenHmanRbFanmñak; hirBaØikmñak; nig elxaFikarmñak;

4> svnkrkñúgGgÁPaBsmaKm b¤GñkTTYlkarTukcitþ ³

RtUv)aneKe)aHeqñateRCIserIsenAGMLúgeBlmhasnñi)at

RtYtBinitüemIlskmPaBnanarbs;smaKm ehIyeFVI[R)akdfaRkumRbwkSaPi)aldwknaMsma

KmedayGnuelameTAtamesckþIseRmcnana Edl)aneFVIeLIgenAkñúgGgÁmhasnñi)at

eFVI[R)akdfa svnkmeTAelIkic©karhirBaØvtßúsRmab;smaKmRtUv)aneFVIeLIgRbcaMqñaM . svnkr

GacCaGñkmkBIxagkñúgsmaKm b¤xageRkAsmaKm .

CMhanTI 4 - 55 ¬naTI CeRmIs¦

eyageTAelIkfax½NÐ 12>3 énesovePAGñkGansþIGMBItaragBiBN’nakargar cUrBnül;fa vaCa

karGnuvtþl¥ sRmab;buKÁlikrbs;smaKGaCIvkm EdlmantaragBiBN’nakargar . ÉksarenHpþl;Ca

]TahrN_mYycMnYnGMBIkargarrbs;RbFansmaKm hirBaØik nigelxaFikar. taragBiBN’nakargarTaMgenH

caM)ac;RtUvEksRmYl[RsbeTAtamesckþIRtUvkarCak;Esþgnanarbs;smaKmGaCIvkmnImYy² .

61




rcnasm<½n§smaKmmanrab;bBa©Úlmhasnñi)atrbs;smaCik KN³kmkarRbtibtþi GnuKN³kmkarnana

¬ebIcaM)ac;¦ RBmTaMgKN³kmkarsvnkm .

vamansar³sMxan;ebIsmaCikTaMgGs;yl;dwgBIeKalbMNg nigkargarrbs;EpñknImYy² kñúgcMeNam

EpñkTaMgGs;rbs;GgÁPaBsmaKm .

smaKmTaMgLay EdlmanmUldæansMxan;Ep¥kelIsmaCikPaB )anbegáIt[manskm PaBCabnþ

bnÞab;TaMgenaH nwgRtUvkarcaM)ac;edIm,IeFVIÉkeTskmGgÁPaBrbs;BYkeK RBmTaMgkarRKb;RKgedaykarCYl

GñkRKb;RKgTUeTAmñak; buKÁlikrdæ)al RBmTaMgbuKÁlikbec©keTsÉeTot².


{ etIsmaKmKYrCYlbuKÁlikGaCIBenAkñúgdMNak;kalNa ? }

smaKmnImYy²mancritlkçN³erog²xøÜn dUecñHvaminmancemøIyNamYy EdlGacsmRsbsRmab;

CakareRbIR)as;TUeTAeTAnwgsMNYrenHeT. caM)ac;RtUvBicarNaGMBI³ etIsmaKmenHQrenAkñúgpøÚvGPivDÆn_

rbs;xøÜnRtg;cMNucNa ? etIsmaKmrMBwg[mankarBRgIk[)anqab;rh½sEdrb¤eT ? etIsmaKm)anpþl;

esvanana smRsbeTAtameBlevla nigFnFanmnusS EdlxøÜnmanEdrb¤eT b¤etIesvaTaMgenH

TamTar[manCMnajCak;lak;Edrb¤eT ? etIsßanPaBhirBaØvtßúmanlkçN³y:agNa ³ etIFnFannanamanlm

RKb;RKan; nigmanesßrPaBehIyb¤enA ? eKKYreFVIkarkt;sMKal;fa kareRCIserIsbuKÁlik KWminEmn

CadMeNaHRsayEtmYy EdlGaceFVI)anenaHeT . smaKmGacKitBicarNapgEdr kñúgkarCYlGñkCMnaj

¼TIRbwkSaNamñak;kñúgry³eBlxøI kareFVIkic©snüabnþ b¤karbegáItRkumh‘unmYy b¤shkrN_mYysRmab;

TTYlykskmPaBBaNiC¢kmCak;lak;mYyenaH . smaKmTaMgLayEdlCab;sm<½n§PaBeTAnwgshB½n§

Cati Cajwkjab;GacesñIsuMesvanigkarKaMRTnanaBIshB½n§rbs;BYkeK .

62

emeronTI 12 ³ karTTYlxusRtUv nigParkic©nanaenAkñúgsmaKm

63

lMhat;TI 10 ³ KUrrcnasm<½n§smaKmGñk

lMhat;sRmab;Rkum

esckþIENnaM ³

cUrKUrrcnasm<½n§rbs;smaKmGñk

cUrbgðajva ehIyeRbobeFobCamYyrcnasm<½n§rbs;RkumdéTeTot



64

emeronTI 13 ³ karRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúrbs;smaKm

65

eKalbMNg


yl;dwgBIsar³sMxan;énRbB½n§hirBaØvtßú EdlmantmøaPaBsRmab;smaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc

GacBnül;xøwmsarr)aykarN_hirBaØvtßúnana)an .

sRmab;emeronenH vaGaccaM)ac;GeBa¢IjGñkbNþúHbNþalNamñak; EdlmanbTBiesaFn_Epñk

hirBaØvtßú mkcUlrYm .

bøg;vKÁsikSa ¬60-80 naTI¦


esñI[sikçakameFVIkarEckrMElkcMeNHdwg nigbTBiesaFn_enAelIkarRKb;RKghirBaØvtßú enAkñúg

smaKmrbs;BYkeK .

ehtuGVI)anCavamansar³sMxan;kñúgkarrkSaTukkMNt;ehtuhirBaØvtßú ?

enAeBlenH etIsmaKmrkSaTukkMNt;ehtuhirBaØvtßúGVIxøH ?

etIsmaKmraykarN_BIsßanPaBhirBaØvtßúrbs;xøÜn eTAkan;smaCikTaMgLay edayviFINa ?

etIsmaCikyl;y:agNa eTAelIsßanPaBhirBaØvtßúrbs;smaKm ?


eyageTAelIkfax½NÐTI 13>2 nig 13>6 énesovePAGñkGan cUrBnül;BIktþasMxan;² rbs;RbB½n§

cuHbBa¢I ¬emIlenAelIsøay TI 32 dl; 36¦ .

KeRmagfvika ³ KeRmagfvika KWRtUverobcMeLIgedayhirBaØik nigmankaryl;RBmedaymha

snñi)at . eKalbMNgsMxan;rbs;eRmagfvika KWedIm,IeFVI[karcMNaynana sRmab;ry³eBl

mYyqñaM mancMnYnTabCagfvikacMNUl nigmankarRBmeRBogBIsmaCiknana.




karcuHbBa¢IéføsmaCikPaB ³ karcuHbBa¢IéføsmaCikPaB KWRtUverobcMeLIgedayhirBaØik edIm,Ikt;Rta

cMnYnsac;R)ak; EdlsmaCikmñak;²)anbg; nigcMnYnR)ak;bu:nan EdlenAminTan;)anbg; .

esovePAebLa nigesovePAcMNUlcMNay ³ esovePAenHsMrab;kt;Rtasac;R)ak;cMNUl nig

cMNay . esovePAcMNUlcMNayenH manlkçNHx<s;CagesovePAebLa edayfvikacMNUl

nigcMNayRtUvbMEbkecjBIKña eTAtamRbePTepSg² ¬ebovtS nig cMNayrdæ)al .l.¦

r)aykarN_R)ak;cMeNj nigR)ak;xat ³ r)aykarN_enHbgðajBIfvikacMNUl cMNayrbs;smaKm

sMrab;ry³eBlCak;lak;NamYy ]TahrN_mYyqñaM .

taragsmtulü ¬CeRmIs¦³ taragenHbgðajBIsßanPaBhirBaØvtßúrbs;smaKmenAeBlNamYy

¬]TahrN_ 31 FñÚ 2005 ¦ rYmTaMg edImTun bMNul sþúk RTBüsm,tþinana sac;R)ak;kñúgéd .l.

KUstaragcMNUlcMNayenAelIkþarexon b¤elIRkdaspÞaMgFM ehIyGeBa¢Ijsikçakam[bMeBj

xÞg;cMNUl nigcMNaynana rhUtTal;EtRkumTaMgmUlyl;dwgBIrebobeFVI nigeRbIR)as;taragenH .

CMhanTI 3 - 220 naTI ¬CMerIs ¦

EbgEcksikçakamCaRkumtUc² rYcesñI[BYkeKeFVIlMhat;TI 11 { sresrr)aykarN_R)ak;

cMeNjnigR)ak;xat RBmTaMgtaragsmtulürbs;Gñk } .


GFib,aybEnßmelIkarrkeXIjsMxan;² edayeyageTAelIbTBiesaFn_nanadUc Edl)anpþl;CUn

edaysikçakam .

ebIsinCaKanRbB½n§hirBaØvtßúmYyEdlGacGnuvtþ)an mantmøaPaB nigmanesckþIBnül;c,as;las;

smaKmGaCIvkmFuntUcTaMgLaynwgCYbbBaða dUcCakarminyl;RBm b¤karminTukcitþeTAkic©karhirBaØvtúß

nana EdlnaMeTArkkar)at;bg;kitþis½BÞrbs;xøÜn .

Tinñn½yhirBaØvtßúEdlGaceCOTukcitþ)an nigmanPaBc,as;las;KWCatRmUvkarcaM)ac; edIm,I

eFVIesckþIseRmcCayuT§saRsþnanaenAkñúgsmaKm . édKUxageRkATaMgLay dUcCa FnaKar m©as;

mUlniFinana b¤rdæaPi)al GacesñIsuMr)aykarN_hirBaØvtßú . karerobcMhirBaØvtßúkñúglkçN³GaCIB

c,as;las;l¥ nwgpþl;[mankitþis½BÞl¥ .

manr)aykarN_hirBaØvtßúsMxan;²bIRbePTKW ³

1/ Epnkarfvika ³ EpnkarfvikamYyEdlbgðajBIcMNUlnigcMNay Edl)aneRKagTuksRmab;

ry³ eBlmYy ¬CaFmtamYyqñaMmþg¦

66


2/ r)aykarN_smtulü ³ KWbgðajBIRTBüsm,tþinanarbs;smaKm R)ak;kas eRKOg]bkrN_

.l.¦ nigbMNulnana ¬R)ak;kas b¤esvakmnana EdlenACMBak;GtifiCndéT²eTot ¦

3/ r)aykarN_R)ak;cMeNj nigR)ak;xat ³ KWbgðajBIcMnYnR)ak;bu:nan EdlsmaKmkMBugrk)an

b¤cMnYnR)ak;bu:nanEdlsmaKmkMBugxatbg; .

karRtYtBinitüemIlelIKNnITaMgLay b¤kareFVIsvnkm KWbgðajfaetIKNnITaMgenaH manlkçN³

RtwmRtUv nigsmrmüeTAtamsßanPaBhirBaØvtßúrbs;smaKm Edrb¤y:agNa . vaGacbgðajBIkMhusqÁg

nana b¤karbnøMNamYy EdlGacRtUvrkeXIjedaysvnkrxagkñúgGgÁPaB b¤ edayRkumh‘unCMnaj

svnkmxageRkAGgÁPaBNamYy . enAkñúgkrNITaMgBIrdUcxagelIenH r)aykarN_RtUvEtdak;bgðaj

eTAmhasnñi)at .

viFIeRbIR)as;RbB½n§cuHbBa¢I nigesovePAkMNt;ehtuepSg² KYrKb,IEsVgyl;minRKan;Et sRmab;

hirBaØik nigbuKÁlikBak;B½n§TaMgGs;bu:eNÑHeT bu:EnþsRmab;GñkdwknaMTaMgGs;. kñúgn½yTUeTA KWsRmab;

smaCikTaMgGs;KYrEtEsVgyl; .


{ etIGñkRtUvkarKNnIFnaKarmYyEdrb¤eT edIm,I[mankarRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúd¾RtwmRtUv? ´eCO

Cak;elIhirBaØikrbs;´eRcInCagbuKÁlikFnaKarEdl´minsÁal; ehIyRtUvEtbg;éfø }.

KNnIFnaKar KWminEmnEtgEtCaktþasMxan;Etm:üagsRmab;[mankaryl;fa mankarRKb;RKg

hirBaØvtßú)anl¥enaHeT bu:EnþvatMNag[plRbeyaCn_CaeRcIn ehIyvarwtEtsMxan;CagenHeTAeTotsRmab;

smaKmTaMgLay EdlmanRbtibtþikarhirBaØvtßúsMxan;² CaeRcInCamYysmaCiknana shRKasTaMgBYg

m©as;mUlniFi b¤rdæaPi)al . KNnIFnaKarGnuBaØat [smaKmeFVIkarcMNayR)ak;rbs;xøÜn edayeRbIR)as;

mUlb,Tanb½Rt CMnYs[kareRbIR)as;sac; R)ak;pÞal;enARKb;eBlTaMgGs; . GñkGacTTYlR)ak;cMNUl

pgEdr tamry³kardak;R)ak;beBaØI eTAkñúgKNnIFnaKar b¤tamry³mUlb,Tanb½RtFnaKar . r)aykarN_

KNnIFnaKarRbcaMEx nwgkt;RtaRbtibtþikarR)ak;Edl)andak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgKNnI nigR)ak;Edl)an

dkBIKNnI b¤R)ak;Edl)andkkñúgTRmg;CamUlb,Tanb½Rt . r)aykarN_enH nwgCYydl;Gñkkñúgkar

RtYtBinitüemIlkMNt;ehtunanarbs;Gñk b¤RbsinebIFnaKar)aneFVIkMhusqÁg . FnaKarCaFmtatRmUv[

Gñkbg;R)ak;sRmab;esvaTaMgenH . FnaKarTaMgLay KWsßitenAeRkamc,ab;nignItiviFInanad¾twg

rwugrbs;RbeTsCatimYy . FnaKarEdlKYr[Tukcitþ)an KWCaFmtaCaFnaKar Edl)ancuHbBa¢IenAkRmit

FnaKarkNþal ¬b¤FnaKarCati¦ . eTaHbICay:agenHk¾eday vadUcCashRKasdéTeTotpgEdr FnaKar

TaMgLayGacRbQmmuxnwgesckþIlM)aknanakñúgkarpþl;esva EdlmanKuNPaBx<s;bMput edaysarEt

sßanPaBm:aRkUesdækic© bBaðaCRmHbBa¢I nigkMhusqÁgénkarRKb;RKg .l.

67


68

lMhat;TI11³ karerobcMr)aykarN_R)ak;cMeNjnigR)ak;xat nigr)aykarN_

lMhat;sRmab;Rkum

EbgEcgsikçakamCaRkumtUc² ehIypþl;RkdasBN’mYycMnYndl;RkumnImYy² edaymanbBa¢I

raymuxcMNUlcMNay EdlbgðajBIr)aykarN_R)ak;cMeNj nigR)ak;xat nigr)aykarN_smtulü .

RbsinebIGñkcg;[lMhat;enHgayRsYleFVI sRmab;RkumEdlmanbTBiesaFn_tictYc cUrsresbBa¢Iray

muxcMNUl-cMNay EdlbgðajBIr)aykarN_R)ak;cMeNj nigR)ak;kMhatenAelIkatnana Edlman

BN’EtmYy ehIybBa¢IraymuxRTBüsm,tþi nigbMNulnana EdlsßitenAkñúgr)aykarN_smtulü

RtUvsresenAelIkatBN’epSgmYyeTot .

cUrpþl;RkdaspÞaMgFMBIrsnøwkdl;RkumTaMgBIr ehIyGnuBaØat[BYkeKerobcMr)aykarN_R)ak;cMeNj

nigR)ak;xat RBmTaMgr)aykarN_smtulü edayeRbIR)as;katBN’ ehIydak;vaenATIkEnøg Edl

RtwmRtUv . GnuBaØat[BYkeKbgðajlT§pldl;RkumdéT²eTot .

edIm,IeFVI[lMhat;enHkan;Etmankarcab;GarmN_EfmeTot cUreFVIkarpøas;bþÚrtictYcenAelIbBa¢I

raymuxnanaEdl)anbgðajenAkñúgemeronenH . sUmemIl]TahrN_sþIGMBIr)aykarN_R)ak;cMeNj nig

R)ak;xat nigr)aykarN_smtulüdUcmanbgðajxageRkamenH .


r)aykarN_smtulü

69

70


eKalbMNg


mankaryl;dwgRbesIrBIviFIepSg² edIm,IbegáItnigbegáInR)ak;cMNUlrbs;smaKm

TTYlsÁal;BIsar³sMxan;énkarekIneLIgCalMdab;nUvsmaCikPaB sRmab;karbegáItR)ak;cMNUl

tamry³éføsmaCikPaB nigkarbg;éføsRmab;kareRbIR)as;esvanana .



esñI[sikçakamTaMgGs;eFVIkarEckrMElkbTBiesaFn_nana kñúgkarEsVgrkmUlniFixagkñúgGgÁPaB .

etIsmaKmrbs;GñkmanRbPBR)ak;cMNUlGVIxøH ?

etIsmaKmrbs;GñkrkR)ak;cMNUl)aneRcInmkBIéføsmaCikPaB b¤BIkarbg;éføeRbIR)as;esva ?

etImanesvaGVIepSg²eTot EdlsmaKmrbs;GñkGacbegáIteLIg edIm,IbegáInR)ak;cMNUlBI

karbg;éføeRbIR)as;esva ?

CMhanTI 2 - 440 naTI ¬CMerIs k ¦

ENnaMsikçakamGMBIrebobeFVIlMhat; TI 12 ³RbPBfvikaxagkñúg nig RbPBfvikaBIxageRkA

sYrsikçakamfaetIsmaKmBYkeKTTYl)anfvikaPaKeRcIn mkBIRbPBxageRkA b¤xagkñúg . esñI[

sikçakam EdleqøIyfafvikaPaKeRcIn )anmkBIRbPBxageRkA [QrenAmYyCYr ehIyGñkEdlBwgEp¥k

elIRbPBxagkúñgPaKeRcIn [QrenAmYyCYreTot . sYrBYkeKfaetIRkummYyNa EdleKKitfanwgman

nirnþPaBCag ? cUrBnül;fasmaKmTaMgLayNa EdlBwgEp¥kelIRbPBfvikaBIxagkñúgPaKeRcIn

mannirnþPaBeRcInCag ehIyminsUvBwgEp¥kelIGñkepSgb:unaneT .

[sikçakamEdlBwgEp¥kelIRbPBxagkñúg [GgÁúycuH cMENkGñkEdlenAQr RtUvEsVgrkviFINamYy

edIm,ITak;TajsmaKmkñúgkarRbmUlfvikaBIRbPBxagkñúg ehIyR)ab;eTARkumFM . bnÞab;mk eTIbeKGac

GgÁúycuH)an .

emeronTI 14 ³ RbPBcMNUl



CMhanTI 2 - 440 naTI ¬CMerIs x ¦

EbgEcksikçakamCaRkumtUc²[)aneRcIntamEdlGaceFVIeTA)an EdlRkumnImYy²eFVICatMNag[

smaKmdUcKña . esñI[BYkeKeFVIlMhat;TI 13 { dMeNIrbRBa©as;vdþ } .



manRbPBpþl;mUlniFixagkñúgsMxan;BIry:agKW ³ 1¦ éføsmaCikPaB nigTI 2¦ éføQñÜleRbIR)as;

esvaEdl)anpþl;[. karbg;éføcuHbBa¢IenAeBldMbUg KWpþl;CacMNUlpgEdr bu:EnþCaFmtaGacRKan;Et

TUTat;éførdæ)al EdlTak;TinnwgkarcuHbBa¢IEtbu:eNÑaH ehtudUecñHvaminGacRtUvykeTAeRbIR)as;sRmab;

eKalbMNgepSg²eToteLIy .

enAkñúgry³eBlEvg ¬RbEhl 10 qñaM ¦ smaKmTaMgLayKYrbegáIt[manrcnasm<½n§mYy sRmab;

karpÁt;pÁg;mUlniFi EdlEp¥kelI 40° énR)ak;cMNUl)anmkBIéføsmaCikPaB ehIy 60° )anmkBIéfø

QñÜleRbIR)as;esvaEdl)anpþl;[. mansmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUcmYycMnYn RtUv)anbegáIteLIg eday

mankarCYy]btßmÖBIm©as;mUlniFiCaeRcIn . eTaHbICay:agenHk¾eday karCYyKaMRTBIm©as;mUlniFi nwg

minbnþCaerogrhUtenaHeT . dUecñHenAkñúgry³eBlmFüm nigry³eBlEvg sar³sMxan;énkarbegáIn

R)ak;cMNUltamry³éføsmaCikPaB nigéføQñÜleRbIR)as;esvanwgekIneLIg. ktþaKnøwHedIm,IbegáIn

R)ak;cMNUltamry³éføsmaCikPaB nigéføQñÜleRbIR)as;esva KWkarbegáIncMnYnsmaCikPaB .

R)ak;cMNUlekIneLIg KWGnuBaØat[mankarGPivDÆn_ esvaRbesIrCagmuneRcIneLIgEfmeTot Edlmanskþa-

nuBlkñúgkarTak;TajsmaCiknana . elIsBIenHeTAeTot ebIcMnYnsmaCikekIneLIg KWnaM[mankarekIn

eLIgnUvPaBCatMNagplRbeyaCn_smaKm . karN_enHKWeFVI[RbesIreLIgdl;kitþis½BÞrbs;smaKm

enAkñúgskmPaBbBa©úHbBa©Úlnigts‘Umtinana ehIyPaBeCaKC½yenH CalT§plRtLb;mkvij KWTMng

CaGac Tak;TajsmaCikfI²eRcInEfmeTot .


{ vahak;dUcCafa karekIneLIgsmaCikPaBKWCaktþaKnøWHkñúgkarbegáInR)ak;cMNUl nig kareFVI[

RbesIreLIgnUvesvanana . k¾bu:Enþ etIeyIgGac)anTTYlsmaCikfI²EfmeToty:agdUcemþc)an ebIRbsin

CaeyIgmanmUlniFitictYcdUcsBVéf¶enH ? }

vaCakarBitEdlfa karekIneLIgnUvcMnYnsmaCik nwgnaM[smaKmTTYl)anmUlniFieRcInEfmeTot

tamry³éføsmaCikPaB nigéføQñÜleRbIR)as;esvananaEdl)anpþl;[. CamYynwgR)ak;cMNUlbEnßm

esvaCananaGacRtUv)aneFVI[RbesIreLIg nigBRgIkEfmeTot . cMNucsMxan;enaHKWfa RtUvrkviFInana

edIm,ITak;TajsmaCikfI²EfmeTot . kareRbIR)as;smaCikrbs;GñknaeBlbc©úb,nñ edIm,IeTAbBa©úH

bBa©ÚlsmaCikÉeTot tamry³RbB½n§pSBVpSayBIsmaCikmñak;eTAsmaCikmñak;eTot KWCakarcab;epþIm

71


d¾l¥mYy . smaCiknImYy²kMNt;karbBa©úHtémø EdlshRKasrbs;eKpþl;CUnsmaCikmñak;eTot . GñkEdl

minEmnCasmaCikTaMgLay RtUvelIkElgecjBIkarbBa©úHtémøenH . karN_enHbgðajdl;GñkTaMgLay

EdlminEmnCasmaCik nUvkarelIkTwkcitþmYyKYrCaTIBicarNa edIm,IkøayCasmaCikmñak;nig)anTTYl

plRbeyaCn_BIsßanPaBGnueRKaHenaH . manyuT§saRsþCaeRcIneTot edIm,ITak;TajsmaCikfI²KW ³ karbBa©úH

témøesvaeTA[smaCiksRmab;eFVIkareRCIserIssmaCikfI² karerobcMTivasemÖaFn_kariyal½y RBwtþikarN_

sgÁmnana ¬eBalKW ³ karCb;elogéf¶Rtg;¦ kic©shkarCamYyGgÁPaBepSg²eTot nigeRbIR)as;mRnþI

Edl)aneRCIserIs ebIsinCaplRbeyaCn_nanamaneRcInCagtémøEdl)ancMNay¦ .

{ cab;taMgBIeBlbegáItvamk smaKmrbs;eyIgmanbBaðahirBaØvtßúCaeRcIn . etIeyIgGacbegáInR)ak;

cMNUl Edl)anmkBIxagkñúgsmaKmy:agdUcemþc ? }

eRkAGMBIéføsmaCikPaBenHecj R)ak;cMNUlGacRtUv)anbegáIteLIgtamry³skmPaBnanaCa

eTogTat; b¤Cak;lak; . ]TahrN_ skmPaBeTogTat;TaMgLay Gacrab;bBa©ÚlkarCYlm:asuIn kardk

hUtkéRmeCIgsarenAelIRbtibtþikarBaNiC¢kmnana ¬karTijdul¦ karesñIsuMéføQñÜlBIkarpþl;esva

nanadl;smaCikTaMgLay smaCiknanacUlrYmviPaKTansRmab;éføcUleronvKÁbNþúHbNþal karbg;

éføkarR)ak;sRmab;R)ak;km©I .l.¦ RBwtþikarN_Biess² GacbegáIt[manR)ak;cMNUl)anpgEdr ]TahrN_

karerobcM[manBiB½rN_BaNiC¢km . mansmaKmCaeRcIneTot EdlbegáInR)ak;cMNUlrbs;BYkeKmk

BIedImTun nigRTBüsm,tþinanarbs;smaKm dUcCakarCYlGaKarnana karR)ak;enAelIR)ak;snSM .l.

{ smaCikCaeRcInénsmaKmrbs;´minGacbg;éføsmaCikPaB)aneT etI´KYreFVIGVIxøH ? }

kareRtomCaeRscedIm,Ibg;éføsmaCikPaB nigkarbg;éføsmaCikPaBTan;eBlevla KWCaktþa

bgðajBIkarebþCJacitþcUlrYmrbs;smaCik . GñkKYrEsVgrkBImUlehtu EdlsmaCikTaMgLayrbs;Gñk

minRBmbg; . etImankal³eTs³Biess² )at;bg;karRbmUlpl ¬buNüsB¦ EdlKNnIsRmab;smaCik

TaMgLayminGacbg;)anEdr b¤eT ? etIéføsmaCikPaBmankRmitx<s;eBkeT ? etIsmaCikTaMgLay

)anRCab ehIyetIBYkeKRtUv)anRbwkSaeyabl;Edrb¤eT enAeBlkMNt;GRtaéføsmaCikPaBenH ?

etIsmaCikTaMgLay)anTTYlGVIxøH BIkarbg;R)ak;rbs;BYkeKenH ? etIGVIEdlBYkeKcg;)an ? enAeBl

Gñkyl;c,as;GMBImUlehtuGVI EdlsmaCikrbs;GñkminRBmbg;R)ak; GñkGacesñI[mankarpøas;bþÚr

eKalneya)ay Tak;TgnwgtémøsmaCikPaB rbs;smaKm)an ¬RtUvbg;jwkjab;bu:NÑa cMnYnEdlRtUvbg;

sMbuRtbdiesF karbBa©úHtémø bTBin½ynana .l. ¦ .

72


73

lMhat;TI 12 ³ RbPBfvikaxagkñúg nigxageRkA

lMhat;sRmab;Rkum

esckþIENnaMsRmab;Rkumkargar ³

EckkrNIsikSaxageRkamenHeTA[sikçakam . esñI[sikçakamNamñak; GankrNIsikSaenH [B¤

ehIyesñI[sikçakamdéTeTot kt;RtaRbPBepSg²énfvikacMNUlrbs;smaKmenH . cUrBnül;fa

RbPBfvika GacmkBI : xageRkA : nig : xagkñúg : . esñI[sikçakaerobcMRbPBcMNUlepSg² EdlBYk

eK)ankt;Rta [eTACa 2Rkum ³RbPBxagkñúg nig RbPBxageRkA .

krNIsikSa ³ smaKmplitEt lYg NaMfa ¬RbDit ¦

kmviFIGPivDÆn_rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati (UNDP) )ancab;epþImKMeragmYy Edlmanry³eBl

2qñaM edIm,Ikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk tamry³karGPivDÆmuxrbrrbs;RsþI enAlYg NaMfa RbeTsLav

enAqñaM2002 . skmPaBmYykñúgcMeNamskmPaBCaeRcIn KWkarbegáItsmaKmGaCIvkmplitEt

edIm,IGPivDÆn_plitplkñúgRsuk . enAeBlenaH manGñkplitEtCaRsþIcMnYn 50 nak;kMBugEtCYbkar

lM)ak kñúgkareFVI[GaCIvkmrbs;BYkeKTTYl)anR)ak;cMeNj. KMeragenH)anBnül;BYkeKGMBIeKal

bMNgénkarbegáItCasmaKmGaCIvkm RBmTaMgpþl;karbNþúHbNþaldl;BYkeK edIm,IbegáInplitPaB

nigBRgwgCMnajRKb;RKgsmaKm BYkeK[kan;EtRbesIrEfmeTot. smaKmGñkplitEtenAlYgNaM

fak¾RtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAqñaM 2002.

edaymankarKaMRTTaMgEpñkbec©keTs nighirBaØvtßúBI UNDP nigrdæGMNacmUldæan smaCik

smaKmenHTTYl)anesvakmdUcteTAenH ³

- karbNþúHbNþalGMBIkarbegáIt nigRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkm

- karbNþúHbNþalGMBIrebobeFVIGaCIvkm

- karbNþúHbNþalGMBIrebobdaMEt nigkarEkécñ

- karRbmUl nigEckrMElkB½t’manTIpSar

- lk;EtrYmKña


74

mYyqñaMknøHeRkaymk smaCikTaMgGs;mankareCOCak;fa karkøayCasmaCiksmaKmplitEtlYg

NaMfa BitCamansar³sMxan;sRmab;GaCIvkmrbs;BYkeKEmn . smaCikminRKan;EtmanlT§PaB

begáInkarplitplEtb:ueNÑaHeT EtKuNPaBEtrbs;BYkeKkan;EtRbesIrEfmeTot emøaHehIyBYkeK

manlT§PaBrkTIpSar Edl[témøx<s;eTA[EtBYkeK . BYkeKdwgKuNcMeBaHesvanana EdlsmaKm

)anpþl;CUnBYkeK ehIysmaKmk¾TTYl)ankitþis½BÞ nigkarTTYlsÁal;BImCÄdæanepSg² faCaGñkplit

Et EdlmanKuNPaBx<s; . CalT§pl smaCiksmaKmmankarekIneLIgdl; 200 nak; . smaCik

mñak;²bg;éføsmaCikPaBRbcaMqñaMcMnYn 120000erol . edaysarcMnYnsmaCikmankarekIneLIg

BYkeKGaclk;EtkñúgbrimaNCaeRcIneTA[TIpSarGnþrCati . GñkplitEtepSg²eTot k¾mancMNab;

GarmN_eTAelIkarbNþúHbNþalGMBIrebobdaMEt nigkarEkécñ ehIyBYkeKs½RKcitþbg;éføvKÁsikSaenH .

smaCiksmaKmdwgfa kmviFI UNDP nwgbBa©b;enAqñaM 2004 ehIyBYkeKRtUvEsVgrkyuT§saRsþ

edIm,IeFVI[smaKmenAbnþeTAeTot)an eTaHbICaKankarKaMRTEpñkhirBaØvtßúBI UNDP nigrdæGMNacmUl

dæank¾eday . smaCik)anCYbCuMKña edIm,IBiPakSaKñaGMBIbBaðaenH .

enABak;kNþalqñaM 2003 smaCik)anÉkPaBKñakñúgkarbegáIncMnYnsmaCikPaBdl; 300 nak; nig

begáInéføbg;smaCikPaBrhUtdl; 160 000 erol kñúgmYyqñaM. BYkeK)anÉkPaBpþl;karbNþúHbNþal

eTA[GñkEdlminEmnCasmaCiksmaKm ehIy[BYkeKbg;éføvKÁsikSa nigbBa©úHtMéleTA[GñkEdl

CasmaCiksmaKm . BYkeKk¾)ansMerccitþdkR)ak; 3 PaKry BIéfølk;Ettamry³smaKm TuksRmab;

smaKm .

naeBlbc©úb,nñenH smaKmmanesßrPaB nigmandMeNIrkar)anl¥RbesIr . smaCikmancMnYn 427

nak; . minEtb:ueNÑaH smaKm)anbnþpþl;esvanana EdlKYr[eBjcitþ eTAdl;smaCikxøÜneTotpg .


75

lMhat;TI 13 ³ dMeNIrbRBa©as;vdþ

lMhat;sRmab;Rkum

esckþIENnaMsRmab;Rkumkargar ³

1/ cUrBinitüemIlRkahVikdUcxageRkamenH rYcBnül;Gtßn½yrbs;va .

2/ BüayamBnül;BIdMeNIrbRB©aas;vdþkñúgn½yviC¢man ³

etIman\T§iBlviC¢manGVIxøH BIkarEdlmancMnYnsmaCikeRcIneLIg eTAelIskmPaBnana nig

karpÁt;pÁg;mUlniFirbs;smaKm ?

etIGñkeFVIdUcemþc edIm,ITTYl)an\T§iBlCaviC¢manTaMgenH)an ?

etIGñkRtUveFVIskmPaBGVIxøH edIm,IseRmc[)annUv\T§iBlCaviC¢manTaMgenH ?

3/ cUrbgðajcemøIynanarbs;GñkCaKMnUsRkahVik ehIyBnül;dl;RkumFM .

vdþénkareFVIkarmin)anl¥rbs;smaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc


cemøIynanaEdlGacTTYl)anKW ³

76

77

emeronTI 15 ³ karcuHbBa¢IsmaKmGaCIvkmrbs;GñkenAkm<úCa

eKalbMNg


EsVgyl;BICMhansMxan;²EdlBak;B½n§kñúgkarcuHbBa¢IsmaKmGaCIvkmenAkm<úCa .

bøg;emeron ¬40 naTI¦

esñI[sikçakamTaMgGs;EckrMElkbTBiesaFn_nanakñúgkarcuHbBa¢IsmaKmrbs;BYkeK .

etIsmaKmrbs;Gñk)ancuHbBa¢IehIyb¤enA ? ebI)ancuHehIy ehtuGVI ? ebImin)ancuHeT ehtuGVI ?

RbsinebI)ancuHehIy etIGñkcuHvaenAÉNa ?

etIGñk)aneFVItamCMhanxus²KñaGVIxøH kñúgkarcuHbBa¢IsmaKmrbs;Gñk ?


eyageTAelI]bsm<½n§ x énesovePAGñkGan ehIyENnaMsikçakamTaMgGs;GMBIbTbBa¢a nignItiviFI

nana edIm,IbegáItsmaKmGaCIvkmenAkm<úCa. cUrBüayameqøIysMnYrnanarbs;sikçakam b¤bEgVrsMNYr

TaMgenaHeTA[sikçakamdéTEdlyl;c,as; b¤vaKinEdlmkBIRksYgBaNiC¢kmCaGñkeqøIyvij .

emeronTI 15 ³ karcuHbBa¢IsmaKmGaCIvkmrbs;GñkenAkm<úCa


78


eKalbMNg

enAcugbBa©b;emeronenH sikçakamnwgGac ³

)a:n;RbmaNsßanPaBbc©úb,nñrbs;smaKmBYkeK)an

eFVIEpnkaryuT§saRsþTukCamun edIm,IBRgwgsmaKmsRmab;eBlxagmux

bøg;vKÁsikSa


saksYrsikçakam faetIenAcugbBa©b;énvKÁbNþúHbNþalenH BYkeKmanKMnitc,as;las; sRmab;kar

GPivDÆsmaKmGaCIvkmrbs;eKEdrb¤eT .

EbgEcksikçakamCaRkumtUc² EdltMNag[smaKmdUcKña . EcklMhat;TI 14 sþIBI {karviPaK

EbbsVt nigkareFVIEpnkarskmPaB } . cUrBiPakSaedaysegçb GMBIktþasMxan;² dUcCa cMNucxøaMg

cMNucexSay »kas nigkarKRmamkMEhg skmPaB nighaniyP½ynana . esñI[RkumnImYy²eFVI

lMhat;enHsRmab;smaKmrbs;eKpÞal;. rYcGnuBaØat[BYkeKeLIgbgðajlT§pl dl;RkumFM .

cUreqøIytbnUvsMNYrnanaEdlRkumGacman sRmab;karKaMRTbEnßmeTotdl;smaKmGaCIvkm

rbs;BYkeK . etIBYkeKGacrMBwgTTYl)ankarKaMRTbec©keTs nighirBaØvtßúEdrb¤eT ?

emeronTI 16 ³ kareFVIEpnkarskmPaB


emeronTI 16 ³ kareFVIEpnkarskmPaB

79

lMhat;TI 14 ³ karviPaKEbbsVt nigkareFVIEpnkarskmPaB

lMhat;sRmab;Rkum

1/ sVt ³ cMNucxøaMg cMNucexSay »kas nigkarKRmamkMEhg (SWOT)

1/1 etIsmaKmrbs;GñkmancMNucxøaMgépÞkñúgGVIxøH ehIyetIRtUveRbIR)as;cMNucxøaMgTaMgenaHedayrebob

Na edIm,I[kan;EtRbesIrEfmeTot ? etIGñkmanRTBüsm,tþiGVIxøH ³ FnFanmnusS CMnaj karebþCJacitþ

bTBiesaFn_ bNþajkargar kitþis½BÞ RTBüsm,tþiCasmÖar³ TIkEnøg eRKOg]bkrN_ R)ak;kas ?

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

1/2 etIsmaKmrbs;GñkmancMNucexSayépÞkñúgGVIxøH ? etImanCMnajGVIxøHEdlGñkenAxVHxat ? etI

lkçnþik³manlkçN³eBjeljehIyb¤enA ? etIenAmankarxVHxatenAkñúgkarR)aRs½yTak;Tg Edrb¤eT ?

etIGaCIvkrRsþIenAminTan;mantMNagrbs;xøÜnkñúgsmaKmenAeLIyb¤ ?

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////>

1/3 etImankarKRmamkMEhgBIxageRkAGVIxøH EdlsmaKmrbs;GñkkMBugRbQmmux ? etImanGMNac

xagplRbeyaCn_Na EdlraraMgmin[GñkeCaKC½yEdrb¤eT ? etIsmaCikTaMgLaykMBugman ¬CabeNþaH

Gasnñ¦bBaðaesdækic© EdlraraMgkarKaMRTrbs;eKdl;smaKmEdrb¤eT ?

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

1/4 etIsmaKmrbs;Gñkman»kasBIxageRkAGVIxøH ? etImanbMNgl¥BIrdæaPi)al b¤BIGgÁkareRkArdæa

Pi)alnana EdlGñkGacRsUbTajykplRbeyaCn_)anEdrb¤eT ? etImanskþanuBlEpñkesdækic©

sRmab;smaCiknanarbs;GñkEdrb¤eT RbsinebImankarerobcMBYkeK[)anl¥CageBlbc©úb,nñ ? etIman

»kasTIpSarnana b¤»kasBIkarTijdulEdrb¤eT RbsinebIBYkeKerobcMcgRkgKñIKñaedayxøÜnÉg ?

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

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2/ skmPaB

2/1 enAkñúgGnaKtEdlGacRbemIl)an etIGñkGaceFVIGVI)anxøH edIm,IBRgwgsmaKmrbs;Gñk ? etIman

eKaledAGVIxøHEdlGacseRmc)an CamYynwgFnFanbc©úb,nñrbs;Gñk ?

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2/2 etImankic©karsMxan;²GVIxøHEdlRtUveFVImun ? nigeFVIbnÞab; ? etInrNanwgTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaH

skmPaBnImYy²enaH ? bBaðaEdlRtUveFVIPøam²KW ³

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enAkñúg 6 ExbnÞab;BIeBlbc©úb,nñ eyIgnwgman ³

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enAkñúgry³eBl 2 qñaMbnþeTot eyIgnwgman ³

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eyIgnwgEklMGEpnkarenHenAerogral; 1 ¼2¼3?¦ Exmþg ³

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3/ haniyP½y

vaCakarsMxan;EdleyIgminPJak;ep¥IlenAeBlmankMhusqÁg. bBaðaTaMgLayRtUveRbIR)as;eBl

evla EtPaBeCaKC½ymanel,ÓnyWt ehIyeKGacpþÜlGñk)an . vaCakarl¥EdlGñkRtUveRtomlkçN³

TukCamunsRmab;lT§PaBTaMgenH ehIyenAkñúgkrNImYycMnYn cUrbegáItCMhannana edIm,IkarBarkuM[

bBaðaTaMgenHekIteLIg)an .

3/1 etImanGVIxøH EdlGacRbRBwtþimin)anRsYll¥ ?

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3/2 etImanyuT§saRsþGVIxøH EdlGacTb;Tl;)an enAeBlmanbBaðaekIteLIg ?

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80

El,gpþl;famBl

El,gpþl;famBl

81


mancMNuceRcIndUcKña

kalviPaK ³ elgenAmuneBlcab;epþIm b¤bnÞab;emeronTI 2 { critlkçN³smaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc :

eKalbMNg ³ edIm,Ibgðajfa Cajwkjab;smaCikTaMgLayrbs;smaKmGaCIvkmmYy manGVI²eRcIn

EdldUcKña CaCagmanGVIeRcIn EtepSgBIKña .

smÖar³ ftcmøg {TRmg;lkçN³dUcKña} sRmab;sikçakamTaMgGs; .

nItiviFI ³ Eck { TRmg;lkçN³dUcKña } eTA[sikçakammñak;² . esñI[sikçakamTaMgGs; EsVgrk

édKUmñak;[)anqab;rh½s . enAeBlpþl;CasBaØa[cab;epþIm ENnaMBYkeK[EsVgrkGVI²

EdlédKUTaMgBIrnak;mandUcKña [)aneRcIntamEdlGaceFVIeTA)an . esñI[BYkeK

sresreQaHrbs;édKU ehIycuHenAkñúgkUeLanTImYy nUvGVI²EdleKrkeXIjfa man

lkçN³dUcKña TaMgBIrnak; .

karqøúHbBa©aMg ³ 1/ etImansikçakambu:nannak; Edl)anrkeXIjlkçN³dUcKñaeRcInCag 15 ?

2/ etIGñk)anrkeXIjGVIxøH EdlCaerOgminFmta ?

3/ etIGñk)anrkeXIjlkçN³dUcKñaTaMgenH edayrebobNa ?

4/ etIeyIgTMngCaGacEsVgrkcMNucRsedogKña)aneT enAkñúgsmaKmGaCIvkmTaMg

Lay? eBalKWeyIgmanGVI²eRcIn EdlmanlkçN³dUcKñaCagkarKitTukrbs;eyIg?

5/ etIkarEdlmanGVI²dUcKñaenH CYyGVIxøHdl;eyIgkñúgnamCasmaCiksmaKmGaCIvkm ?

eBlevla ³ 15 naTI

82

El,gpþl;famBl

TRmg;lkçN³dUcKña

cUrbMeBjtaragxageRkamenH nUvGVI²EdlGñkrkeXIjfamanlkçN³dUcKñarbs;sikçakambInak; ³

83


eCaKC½yKW>>>

kalviPaK ³ elgenAmuneBlcab;epþImb¤bnÞab;BIemeronTI 3 { karGPivDÆsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc }

eKalbMNg ³ edIm,Ipþl;»kasdl;sikçakamTaMgGs; eFVIkareRbobeFobKMnitepSg²rbs;BYkeKenAelI

GVICa {eCaKC½y} mann½ydUcemþcsRmab;BYkeK b¤manGtßn½yy:agNa enAdMNak;kal

epSg²KñaenAkñúgCIvitrbs;BYkeK .

nItiviFI ³ esñI[sikçakamKitdl;Baküfa { eCaKC½y } ehIyBYkeKTTYlGarmN_y:agNa .

CadMbUg cUresñI[BYkeKKitBIGtItkal enAeBlEdlBYkeKenACakumarPaB faetI {eCaK

C½y : manGtßn½ydUcemþccMeBaHxøÜneKenAeBlenaH . ]TahrN_ kalenAv½ykumarPaB

BYkeKKitfa eK)anTTYleCaKC½y ebIsinCaeKkøayCat®nþIkr taraPaBynþnana .l.

cUrpþl;eBl[ 2 - 3 naTI .

CaelIkTIBIr cUresñI[BYkeKsresrGMBIGVI EdlBYkeKTTYlGarmN_fa)an {eCaKC½y}

enAeBlEdlBYkeK)ancab;epþImGaCIvkmpÞal;xøÜn . cUrpþl;eBl 2 - 3 naTI .

TIbI cUresñI[BYkeKsresrfa etIeCaKC½ymanGtßn½yy:agNacMeBaHxøÜneK kñúgnamCasma

CiksmaKmGaCIvkm . pþl;eBlevlaBI 2 - 3 naTI edIm,Ikt;RtacemøIynanarbs;BYkeK

bnÞab;mk cUrEbgEcksikçakamTaMgGs;CaRkumtUc² EdlmansmaCikBI 3 eTA 4 nak;

ehIyesñI[BYkeKeFVIkareRbobeFobcemøIyTaMgLay rYcBiPakSaelIcMNucRsedogKña

nigcMNucepSg²Kñanana eTAtamkaryl;eXIjepSg²rbs;BYkeK .

karqøúHbBa©aMg ³ 1/ etIGñk)ankMNt;PaBeCaKC½yenAGMLúgeBlxus²Kñay:agdUcemþc ?

2/ etIehtuGVI)anCamankarpøas;bþÚr ?

3/ etIGñk)aneronsURtGVIxøH BIcemøIynanarbs;sikçakamdéTeTot ?

eBlevla ³ 15 eTA 20naTI

84

El,gpþl;famBl

El,gdeNþImekAGI

kalviPaK ³ elgenAmuneBlcab;epþIm b¤bnÞab;BIemeronTI 4 { ebskkmnigeKaledArbs;smaKm

GaCIvkmFuntUc } .

eKalbMNg ³ edIm,Isgát;bBa¢ak;BIsar³sMxan; énkarxitxMnanarbs;smaCikTaMgGs; nigkarrYm

kmøaMgKña enAkñúgsmaKmGaCIvkm .

kareRtomlkçN³ cUrsresrkic©karsMrab;RkumnImYy²dUcteTAenH ³

RkumTI 1 ³ kargarrbs;Gñk KWRtUvRbmUlekAGITaMgGs; dak;cMkNþalbnÞb;

RkumTI 2 ³kargarrbs;Gñk KWRtUvRbmUlekAGITaMgGs; eTAdak;kñúgRCugxageqVgbnÞb;

RkumTI 3 ³kargarrbs;Gñk KWRtUvRbmUlekAGITaMgGs; dak;enAkñúgRCugxagsþaMbnÞb;

nItiviFI ³ EbgEcksikçakamCabIRkum ehIyesñI[BYkeKeTAtamkEnøgepSg²Kña . pþl;kMNt;Rta

cMNaMeTA[RkumnImYy² ehIyR)ab;BYkeKmin[bgðajeTARkumdéTeTot . pþl;eBl

[BYkeKBI 1-2 naTI edIm,IGankMNt;RtacMNaMenaH ehIyBiPakSaenAkñúgRkumBI

viFIsaRsþ edIm,IbMeBjkargarenH[)aneCaKC½y .

cUrerobcMbnÞb; edaydak;ekAGITaMgGs;enABaseBjbnÞb; . esñI[RkumTaMgGs;cUl

mkkñúgbnÞb; ehIypþl;sBaØadl;BYkeK edIm,Icab;epþImkñúgeBlEtmYy . pþl;eBlBI 3

eTA 4 naTImuneBlpþl;sBaØabBaÄb;BYkeK .

karqøúHbBa©aMg ³ 1/ etIRkumNamYyTTYl)aneCaKC½y ? ehtuGVI ?

2/ etIEl,genHcg;bgðajGMBIGVI ?

3/ etIEl,genHmansar³sMxan;²GVIxøH ?

4/ RbsinebIKannrNamñak;cg;Qb; edIm,IBiPakSaCamYyRkumdéTeTot etInwgmanGVI

ekIteLIg ? etInwgmanplvi)akGVIxøH ?

eBlevla ³ 10 naTI

85


karksagRkum

kalviPaK ³ elgenAmuneBlcab;epþImb¤bnÞab;BIemeronTI6 {karCRmuj[mankarcUlrYmBIRsþI }

eKalbMNg ³ edIm,Isgát;bBa¢ak;BIsar³sMxan;énkarcUlrYmrbs;smaCikmñak;² nigsar³sMxan;énkar

eFVIkarCaRkum .

smÖar³ ³ RkdasBN’ nigkéRnþ

kareRtomlkçN³ ³ kat;RkdasCaragkaer[)anbYnRCugesIKñacMnYnR)aMsnøwk. kat;kaernImYy²[eTACabI

cMENk eTAtamviFIxus²KñaTaMgR)aMsnøwk . Ca]TahrN_ ³

erobcMeRsamsMbuRtcMnYn 4 b¤ 5 ¬eTAtamcMnYnRkum¦ ehIyenAkñúgeRsamsMbuRt

nImYymanRkdaskaerEdl)ankat;Ca 15 cMENktUc² .

nItiviFI ³ EbgEcksikçakamCabIRkumtUc² EdlmansmaCikBI 4 eTA 5nak; . kargarrbs;BYkeK

KWRtUvpÁúMRkdastUc²TaMgenaH[eTACakaer EdlmanTMhMesI²KñaeLIgvijkñúgry³eBl2

naTI. cUrEckRkdaspÞaMgtUc²TaMgenaHcMnYn 2 b¤3pÞaMg[smaCikRkummñak;² .

minGnuBaØat[mankarBiPakSaKñaeTkñúgcMeNamsmaCikkñúgRkum enAGMLúgeBleFVI

kic©karenH. pþl;CasBaØadl;RkumTaMgGs;edIm,Icab;epþIm RKUbNþúHbNþalTaMgGs;

caM)ac;RtUvsegátemIlBIviFIEdlRkumnImYy²eFVIkic©karrbs;eK edIm,Ipþl;eyabl;eqøIytb

enAeBleFVIkarqøúHbBa©aMg .

karqøúHbBa©aMg ³ 1/ etIRkumNamYy)anTTYleCaKC½y ? ehtuGVI ?

2/ etIGñkmanRbtikmGVIxøH enAeBlGñk)aneXIjBIsar³sMxan;rbs;Gñkdl;Rkum

TaMgmUl?

3/ etIkarEdlmansmaCikRkum ¬manbMNg¦ CYyGñk GacmanplRbeyaCn_GVIxøH ?

4/ RbsinebIGñkelgEl,genHmþgeTot etIGñknwgeFVIGVIxøH[xusBImun ?

5/ etIGñk)aneronsURtGVIxøHBIkarelgEl,genH ?

eBlevla ³ 20 naTI

86

El,gpþl;famBl

El,gedaHRsaybBaða

kalviPaK ³ elgenAmuneBlcab;epþIm b¤bnÞab;BIemeronTI 7 { PaBCaGñkdwknaM } .

eKalbMNg ³ edIm,Isgát;bBa¢ak;fa GñkdwknaMTaMgLay nwgseRmceKaledArbs;eK)anRbesIr

ebIsin BYkeKepÞrkargar nigGnuBaØat[smaCikeRbIR)as;KMnitpþÜcepþImrbs;BYkeK.

nItiviFI ³ eRCIserIsGñks½RKcitþBIrnak;edIm,IeFVICaGñkdwknaM ehIyGnuBaØat[BYkeKecjeTAeRkA

bnÞb; . esñI[sikçakamdéTeTotTaMgGs;QrCargVg; edaykan;édKña . esñI[sikçakam

EdlkMBugQrkan;édGñkEdlenACitKñasgçag edIreTAcUleRkamédsikçakamdéT²

eTot edIm,IbegáItCaKMnYcbBaða . BYkeKGacbBaÄb;karedIreTAcUleRkamédKñaenH

enAeBleXIjmanKMnYcbBaðaeRcInkEnøg ehIyEdlKannrNamñak;GacemIleXIj

c,as;fa nrNa kMBugkan;édnrNa .

muneBlGnuBaØat[GñkdwknaMTaMgBIrnak;cUlmkkñúgbnÞb;vij cUrENnaMsikçakam Edl

kMBugkan;édKñaTaMgGs;enaHfa BYkeKKYreFVItamkarENnaMrbs;GñkdwknaM edayKankar

eRbIR)as;KMnitpþÜcepþImpÞal;rbs;eKeT . BYkeKminRtUvElgédGñk EdlxøÜnkMBugkan;éd

TaMgenaHeLIy .

dMNak;kalTI 1 ³

esñI[GñkdwknaMTaMgBIrnak;cUlmkkñúgbnÞb;vij ehIyBnül;BIkargarrbs;BYkeKKWRtUv

edaHRsaybBaða edIm,InaMsikçakamRtLb;mkQrCargVg;vijkñúgry³eBl2 naTI .

BYkeKminGacb:HBal;sikçakamTaMgenaH)aneLIy bu:EnþeKGacesñI[sikçakamTaMgenH

eFVIkarbnøas;TI)an . CaFmta GñkdwknaMTaMgBIrnak;enaH minGacseRmckargarenH

)aneT kñúgry³eBlEdl)anpþl;[ .

dMNak;kalTI 2 ³

esñI[sikçakamTaMgGs;eFVI[manKMnYcbBaðananaTaMgenaHdUckñúgdMNak;kalTI 1

bu:EnþmincaM)ac;esñI[GñkdwknaMTaMgBIrnak;eTAeRkAbnÞb;eT . enAeBlKMnYcbBaðaRtUv)an

begáIteLIg cUrR)ab;eTA[Rkum { sUmGñkRtLb;mkCaCYrvij bu:EnþRtUvrkSakarkan;éd

Gñksgçagrbs;GñkkuM[rbUtecj } . CaFmtaBYkeKGaceFVI)anEtkñúgry³eBl 1 naTI

bu:eNÑaH .

87


karqøúHbBa©aMg ³ 1/ etImanPaBxusEbøkKñaGVIxøHrvagdMNak;kalTI 1 nigTI 2 ?

2/ etIman\T§iBlGVIxøH enAeBlEdlmansikçakamcUlrYmkñúgkaredaHRsaybBaða ?

3/ etIGñk)aneronsURtGVIxøHBIkarelgEl,genH ?

eBlevla ³ 15 naTI

88

El,gpþl;famBl

El,gsagsg;kariyal½ysmaKm

kalviPaK ³ elgenAmuneBlcab;epþIm b¤bnÞab;BIemeronTI 8 { karR)aRs½yTak;Tg } .

eKalbMNg ³ BiPakSaGMBI]bsKÁnanadl;kareFVIkarR)aRs½yTak;Tg nigviFIedIm,IykQñHelI]bsKÁ

TaMgenaH .

smÖar³ ³ RkdasEdlmanBN’xus²Kña kéRnþ kavs¥it .

kareRtomlkçN³ ³ sg;kariyal½ysmaKmmYyeFVIGMBIRkdasTukCaKMrU ehIyrkSavaTukkñúgRbGb;mYy .

cUreFVI[R)akdfa KannrNamñak;GacemIleXIjvaeT .

nItiviFI ³ EbgEcksikçakamCaRkumtUc² EdlmansmaCik 5 nak; . R)ab;BYkeKfakargarrbs;

BYkeK KWRtUvsg;kariyal½ysmaKmmYy EdlemIleTAdUcKñaeTAnwgKMrUedIm kñúgry³-

eBl 20naTI . smaCikRkumnImYy² edIrtYnaTIxus²Kña .

k/ GñksegátkarN_ ³ BinitüemIlKMrUedIm rYcBnül;vaeTAkan;GñknaMsarmñak; . Gñk

segátkarN_GacniyayeTAkan;)anEtGñknaMsar nigGñkpþl;cemøIytbmñak;bu:eNÑaH .

x/ GñknaMsar ³ sþab;GñksegátkarN_ rYcBnül;R)ab;Gñksg; . minGacemIlKMrUedIm

nig minGacb:HBal;sMNg;EdlkMBugsg; .

K/ Gñksg; ³ sþab;GñknaMsar rYcTTYleRKOgsMNg;BIGñkpÁt;pÁg; nigeFVIkarsagsg;kari

yal½y . manEtGñkmñak;bu:eNÑaH EdlGacb:HBal;sMNg; EdlkMBugsagsg;enH)an .

X/ GñkpÁt;pÁg; ³ RtYtBinitüemIleRKOgsMNg; nigpþl;karpÁt;pÁg;eTA[Gñksagsg; .

GñkminGacniyayeTAkan;GñksegátkarN_)aneLIy .

g/ Gñkpþl;cemøIytb ³ BinitüemIlKMrUedIm rYcBinitüemIlsMNg;EdlkMBugsagsg; .

GñkGacniyayeTAkan;mnusSRKb;Kña)anedaykar eqøIy { )aT¼cas+ } b¤ }eT }

EtenAeBlNaEdlmankarsaksYr bu:EnþminGacpþÜmepþImkarR)aRs½yTak;TgNamYy

eLIy .

89


eKalkarN_ nigbTbBa¢anana

1/ GñkmaneBl 5 naTIedIm,IeRtomlkçN³kargarenAkñúgRkumrbs;Gñk. cUrcat;taMg

tYnaTI nigBinitüemIlsmÖar³sagsg;nana .

2/ ral;karR)aRs½yTak;TgTaMgGs; KWRtUveFVIeLIgedaypÞal;mat; . minGnuBaØat[

mankarsresreT enAeBlKMrUedImRtUv)andak;bgðajCUndl;GñksegátkarN_ .

3/ Gñksagsg;GacmaneRKOgsMNg;EtbIbu:eNÑaH rIÉeRKOgsMNg;déT²eTotRtUv

emIlEfedayGñkpÁt;pÁg; .

RKUbNþúHbNþalcaM)ac;RtUvsÁal;tYnaTIrbs;smaCikRkumnImYy² kñúgkarsEmþg edIm,I[

BYkeKGacBinitüemIl)anRbesIrkñúgGMLúgeBlénkarsEmþg. pþl;CasBaØacab;epþIm

dl;BYkeK . cUrBinitüBYkeK edIm,IeFVI[R)akdfa KannrNamñak;kMBugbnøMEPñkeT .

cUrbBaÄb;karsEmþgenHenAeBl 20 naTI)anknøgputeTA .

karqøúHbBa©aMg ³ 1/ etIRkumNamYyEdl)ansagsg;kariyal½y EdlmanPaBRsedogxøaMgeTAnwgKMrU

edIm? etImanktþaGVIxøHEdlCYy[BYkeK)anTTYleCaKC½y ?

2/ etIGñk)anCYbRbTHnwgbBaðaGVIxøH ?

3/ RbsinebIGñkelgEl,genHmþgeTot etIGñknwgeFVIxøH[xusBImun ?

4/ etIGñk)aneronsURtGVIxøHBIkarelgEl,genH edIm,IelIkkm<s;karR)aRs½yTak;Tg

rbs;Gñk ?

eBlevla ³ 50 naTI

90

El,gpþl;famBl

rgVg;edaHRsaybBaða

kalviPaK ³ elgenAmuneBlcab;epþIm b¤bnÞab;BIemeronTI 9 { karseRmccitþelIesvakmnanarbs;

smaKmGaCIvkm } .

eKalbMNg ³ edIm,IEsVgrkdMeNaHRsaynanaedIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgsMNYr kgVl; nigbBaðananarbs;

sikçakam.

nItiviFI ³ erobcMekAGITaMgLayCaBIrrgVg; sikçakamcMnYnBak;kNþalGgÁúyenArgVg;xagkñúg nig

cMnYnBak;kNþaleTotGgÁúyenArgVg;xageRkA . GñkTaMgLayEdl)anGgÁúyenArgVg;

xageRkA nwgRtUveFVICaTIRbwkSa[GñkEdlGgÁúyrgVg;xagkñúg EdlCaGtifiCn .

GtifiCnsYrsMNYr b¤erobrab;bBaðasMxan;²dl;TIRbwkSarbs;eK EdlGgÁúyenATl;muxKña

sRmab;ry³eBl 1 naTI . TIRbwkSamanry³eBl 2 naTI edIm,IeFVIkarBiPakSabBa¢ak;

nigpþl;Caeyabl; . bnÞab;BIry³eBl 3 naTI TIRbwkSaRtUvpøas;TIGgÁúyeTAeqVgéd

ehIybnþeFVIdUecñHCamYyGtifiCnfI EdlelIksMNYr b¤bBaðadUcKñaeTAkan;TIRbwkSafI .

eFVIrebobenH[)anKRmb;bIdg .

ebIsinmaneBlRKb;RKan; cUresñI[sikçakamTaMgGs;EdlGgÁúyenArgVg;xageRkA eTA

GgÁúyrgVg;xagkñúgvijmþg ehIybnþeFVIrebobdUcxagelIenH .

karqøúHbBa©aMg ³ 1/ etIGñkNaxøH)anTTYlcemøIyc,as;las; nigGacykeTAGnuvtþ)an Edrb¤eT ?

2/ etIGñk)anEckrMElkerOgra:vrbs;Gñkdl;GñkdéTeTotEdrb¤eT ?

3/ etIGñkKitfa smaCiknanarbs;smaKm Gacpþl;eyabl;EdlmanRbeyaCn_dl;

smaCikdUcKña)anEdrb¤eT ?

eBlevla ³ 30 naTI

91


El,gsagsg;kMEpg

kalviPaK ³ elgenAmuneBlcab;epþIm b¤bnÞab;BIemeronTI 10 { karpþl;esvaBaNiC¢km } .

eKalbMNg ³ edIm,IbBa¢ak;bgðajfa smaCikTaMgGs;rbs;smaKmGaCIvkmmYy caM)ac;RtUvdwgBI

tYnaTI nigkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;BYkeK kñúgesvaBaNiC¢kmrYmKña .

smÖar³ ³ RbGb;tUcsRmab;dak;sMPar³sagsg;GaKartUcmYy ¬kMNat;eQI duMekAs‘U b¤RbGb;

eQIKUs¦ nigbnÞat;mYy .

nItiviFI ³ EbgEcksikçakamCaRkumtUc² EdlmansmaCikBI 4 eTA 5nak; . cUrR)ab;eTARkum

TaMgenHfa kñúgnamCasmaKmGaCIvkmTaMgLay BYkeKnwgcUlrYmdMeNIrkaredj

éføKeRmagsagsg;kMEpgmYyenAPñMeBj . vanwgmankarRbkYtRbECgCaeRcIn BIbNþa

Rkumh‘unÉktþbuKÁlnana RBmTaMgBIbNþasmaKmGaCIvkmdéT²eTot . esñI[Rkum

nImYy²eFVICaKMrUkMEpg samBaØmYysinenAelIRkdas rYcRbKl;CUneTA[RKUbNþúH

bNþal. KMrUedImsamBaØenaH KWCakaredjéførbs;BYkeK EdleKcaM)ac;RtUvbBa¢ak;BI ³

1/ kMBs;kMEpgrbs;eK

2/ RTg;RTayrbs;kMEpg

3/ cMnYnRbGb; ¬smÖar³¦ EdlnwgRtUveRbI

cUrsegçbesckþIedjéføenHenAkñúgtaragmYydUcxageRkam enAelIkþarexon ³

92

El,gpþl;famBl

dak;smÖar³nanaenAcMkNþalbnÞb; ehIyesñI[RkumnImYy²ksagkMEpgrbs;BYkeKeTA

tamEpnkar . pþl;eBl[RkumnImYy²cMnYn 5 naTIedIm,IbBa©b;kic©karenH.

karqøúHbBa©aMg ³ 1/ etIRkumNamYyEdl)anksagkMEpgrbs;eKeTAtamEpnkar ?

2/ etIsmaCikRkumTaMgGs; TaMgbursnigRsþI)ancUlrYmenAGMLúgeBleFVIEpnkar nigkar

GnuvtþEdrb¤eT ?

3/ etIRkumnImYy²)anCYbRbTHnwgkarlM)akGVIxøH ?

4/ etImankarlM)akGVIxøHeTot RbsinebIsmaCikTaMgGs;minyl;c,as;GMBItYnaTI

rbs;BYk eKenAkñúgkarpþl;esvaBaNiC¢kmrYmKñaTaMgenH ?

eBlevla ³ 20 naTI

93


El,gKUrrUbPaBLandwkTMnij

kalviPaK ³ elgenAmuneBlcab;epþIm b¤bnÞab;BIemeronTI 12 { karTTYlxusRtUv nigParkic©nana

enAkñúgsmaKm } .

eKalbMNg ³ edIm,IelIkeLIgfaetIsmaCikmñak;²emIleXIjy:agdUcemþc cMeBaHtYnaTIrbs;eK enA

kñúgsmaKmGaCIvkm .

nItiviFI ³ esñI[sikçakammñak;²KUrrUbLandwkTMnijmYy EdltMNag[smaKmGaCIvkmrbs;

BYkeK ehIykMNt;rkEpñkNamYyénLanenaH EdlBYkeKKitfaCaxøÜneKpÞal; eday

eRbobeFob eTAnwgtYnaTIrbs;eKenAkñúgsmaKmGaCIvkm .

esñI[sikçakamTaMgLaybiTrUbPaBrbs;eKenAelICBa¢aMg ehIy[BinitüemIlrUbPaB

nanarbs;sikçakamdéT²eTot .

karqøúHbBa©aMg ³ 1/ etIEpñkNamYyrbs;LanenH CarUbGñk ? cUreRbobeFobcemøIyrbs;sikçakamRsþI

nigsikçakambursTaMgLay . RbsinebIsikçakamRsþInanamanGarmN_faxøÜneK KWCaEpñk

tUcmYyrbs;Lan EdlminsUvsMxan;sRmab;smaKmrbs;BYkeK etImkBImUlehtuGVI

EdlGacbNþal[BYkeKmankarKitdUecñaH ? etIvaman\T§iBlGVIxøHdl;smaKm ?

2/ etIGVIxøHEdlGaceFVIeTA)an edIm,ICYysmaCiknanaCaBiessRsþI edIm,Iksag

kareCOCak;elIxøÜnÉg nigkareKarBcMeBaHxøÜnÉg ?

3/ RbsinebIsikçakammYycMnYneTot EdlmkBIsmaKmdUcKñamanGarmN_fa BYkeK

dUcCaEpñkEtmYy etIkarN_enHmanGtßn½ydUcemþc ?

eBlevla ³ 15 naTI

94

El,gpþl;famBl

etImanGVIxøH EdleFVI[smaKmGaCIvkmFuntUcrbs;Gñk mankarGPivDÆn_ nig eCOnelOneLIg

kalviPaK ³ elgenAmuneBlcab;epþImemeronTI 16 { kareFVIEpnkarskmPaB } .

eKalbMNg ³ edIm,IelIkeLIgBIGVIxøH EdlCYy[smaKmGPivDÆ nigeCOnelOn ehIysmaCikmñak;²

KYrmankatBVkic© nigkarebþCJacitþGVIxøH .

smÖar³ ³ RkdaskatBN’ nighVwtsresr .

nItiviFI ³ cUrKUrrUbPaBpÞHmYyenAelIkþarexon rYcR)ab;dl;sikçakamTaMgGs;fa vatMNag[smaKm

GaCIvkmFuntUcrbs;BYkeK . saksYreyabl;BIsikçakam faetIGVIxøH EdlGacCYy

[pÞHenHmanPaBkk;ekþA nigrwgmaM. EckRkdaskatBN’eTA[BYkeK ehIyesñI[BYkeK

sresrKMnitmYyenAelIkatmYy. biTkatEdlmancemøIyTaMgGs;enaHenAelIkþarexon .

cUrKUrrUbk,almnusStUc²enAxagkñúgpÞHenaH ehIysaksYrBYkeKfa etImanGVIxøHsMrab;

Tak;TajsmaCikfI² nigelIkTwkcitþsmaCikbc©úb,nñ[cUlrYm ? etImanGVIxøH EdlGac

CYy[BYkeKRbkbkic©karGaCIvkm)aneCaKC½yTaMgGs;Kña ? elIkTwkcitþBYkeK[

BiPakSaKñaGMBIkarcUlrYmviPaKTannigplRbeyaCn_nanarbs;smaCikTaMgLay . esñI[

BYkeKsresrKMnitTaMgenaHenAelIkatBN’Edl)anpþl;CUnBIelIkmun ehIybiTkat

cemøIyTaMgenaHenAelIkþarexon .

enAcugbBa©b;lMhat;enH sikçakamnwgmanKMnitCaeRcIn edIm,IykeTABRgwgsmaKmGaCIvkm

FuntUcnana EdlGacykeTAeRbIR)as;sRmab;emeronTI 16 { kareFVIEpnkarskm } .

eBlevla ³ 30 naTI

95

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