sc apa fall 2010 green final pdf
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Patrick Burns
Community Planning Rep.
The Brick Industry
Glen Clapper, AIA, LEED AP
Architect
The Brick Industry
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PRESENTATION AGENDAEducate about the Green & Sustainable Aspects
of Brick
Inform about the Sustainability & Green Benefits of Masonry Ordinances
Highlight Green/Sustainable Case Study Communities with Masonry Ordinances
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Basic Recipe• Clay/Shale
• Water
• Form
• Bake
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Masonry lends itself to designs that can take advantage of small, irregular lots.
Buildings can be built closer together due to non-combustible walls
Sustainable Site DesignSustainable Site Design
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Permeable pavers and flexible brick pavements can allow water to filter back into the ground.
Sustainable Site DesignSustainable Site Design
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Sustainable Site DesignSustainable Site Design
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Reduce heat islands by providing shade and/or light-colored, materials, i.e. light-colored pavers.
Sustainable Site DesignSustainable Site Design
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Sustainable Site DesignSustainable Site Design
Color retention
with Clay Paverswith Clay Pavers
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Optimize Energy Performance
Reduce peak heating and cooling loads
Shift peak loads to non-peak hours
Moderate indoor temperature swings
Adding mass increases the efficiency by 2 to 3 % alone compared to a frame wall
Save energy and reduce Save energy and reduce
size of HVAC systemssize of HVAC systems
Designing with Thermal MassDesigning with Thermal Mass
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Var
iati
on
in T
emp
erat
ure
Outdoors
50
68
86
oF
0 6 12 18 24
Indoors
50
68
86
oF
0 6 12 18 24
Brick
Phase Difference
Hours Hours
Designing with Thermal MassDesigning with Thermal Mass
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Time of Day
Tem
per
atu
reEffect of Thermal Mass/LagEffect of Thermal Mass/Lag
Peak Cost
Outside Temp
Steel Stud Wall
Masonry Wall
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Energy Efficient Building ShellEnergy Efficient Building ShellLower levels of insulation are required for a mass-type wall system (ASHRAE 90.1 – Prescriptive Requirements)
R-9.5 versus R-20.5 R-9.5 versus R-20.5
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Masonry Buildings in Your Masonry Buildings in Your CommunityCommunity
Building Reuse
Construction Waste Management
Resource Reuse
Recycled Content
Regional Material
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Masonry Buildings in Your Masonry Buildings in Your CommunityCommunity
Building Reuse Brick structures are able to be
reused because they are so durable
Reuse entire building or core and shell
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Masonry Buildings in Your Masonry Buildings in Your CommunityCommunity
Construction Waste Mgt. Waste material diverted from
local landfill
Min. packaging
Salvaged brick crushed & used as landscape “mulch”
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Masonry Buildings in Your Masonry Buildings in Your CommunityCommunity
Recycled Content
Numerous manufacturers make brick that incorporates recycled or industrial waste aggregates that are rendered harmless when the brick is fired.
Duracell HeadquartersDuracell Headquarters
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Masonry Buildings in Your Masonry Buildings in Your CommunityCommunity
Recycled Content
The entire masonry wall system can be comprised of products with recycled content.
Mortar
Wall ties/anchors
Flashing
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Masonry Buildings in Your Masonry Buildings in Your CommunityCommunity
Regional Material
Most brick is extracted & manufactured within a 500 mile radius of the project site.
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Masonry Buildings in Your Masonry Buildings in Your CommunityCommunity
Advantages
Increased durability & Lower Life-cycle Costs
− increased building service life
− need for replacement reduced
− minimization of new materials for reconstruction
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9,000 – 10,000 yrs
2500 BC
JerichoJericho
HarappaHarappa 300 BC
Masonry Buildings in Your Masonry Buildings in Your CommunityCommunity
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Masonry Buildings in Your Masonry Buildings in Your CommunityCommunity
Advantages
Increased Durability & Lower Life-Cycle Costs
− increased building service life
− need for replacement reduced
− minimization of new materials for reconstruction
Acoustical Characteristics
− STC values: 39-59
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Masonry Buildings in Your Masonry Buildings in Your CommunityCommunity
Advantages
Improved Air Quality
− no off-gassing/indoor air pollution
− not a food source for mold
− does not require paints or coatings
− no VOC’s
Structural
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Reinforced Masonry BuildingsReinforced Masonry Buildings
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Masonry Buildings in Your Masonry Buildings in Your CommunityCommunity
Advantages Safety & Security
− does not burn (3.8 in = 2hr)− resists impact
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Masonry Buildings in Your Masonry Buildings in Your CommunityCommunity
Advantages Provides Visual Comfort
− aesthetically pleasing− human scale
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WHAT IS THE BRICK WHAT IS THE BRICK INDUSTRY DOING INDUSTRY DOING
TOWARDS THE IDEA OF TOWARDS THE IDEA OF GREEN AND GREEN AND
SUSTAINABILITY?SUSTAINABILITY?
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A Sustainable Brick IndustryA Sustainable Brick IndustryMaterialsMaterials
Clay and Shale− Most abundant mineral group− Not viable for agriculture− Minimal long-term effects of mining
− 10 Miles Avg. Distance From Mine to Plant
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A Sustainable Brick IndustryA Sustainable Brick IndustryEnvironmentEnvironment
Depleted Mines Reclaimed− residential/commercial developments− recreational: golf course, lakes− wetlands− gazing/farming− waste disposal
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A Sustainable Brick IndustryA Sustainable Brick IndustryManufacturingManufacturing
One Pound of Clay ≈ One Pound of Brick− 3 ½ % waste
Scrap Brick (Green or Fired) Recycled− crushed and introduced into prepared materials (grog)− crushed for road base− crushed for landscape “mulch”
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A Sustainable Brick IndustryA Sustainable Brick IndustryManufacturingManufacturing
Fuel Sources− natural gas (predominant)− coal− sawdust− methane (landfill gas)
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A Sustainable Brick IndustryA Sustainable Brick IndustryManufacturingManufacturing
Emissions− modern scrubbers
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Manufacturing TechniquesManufacturing Techniques Lighter brick
ASTM C 652 Standard Specification for Hollow Brick
Over 25 to 60% void area
Same durability requirements as C 216, Solid Brick
Included in all model building codes
Same face sizes
Same variety of colors and textures
Better fire resistance
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A Sustainable Brick IndustryA Sustainable Brick IndustryManufacturingManufacturing
Lighter Brick− ASTM C652 Standard Specification For Hollow Brick
− included in all model building codes− equal durability− same typical sizes− same colors and textures− better fire resistance
− reduced raw material consumption− reduced fuel for firing− increased number of brick when shipped
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Masonry Buildings in Your Masonry Buildings in Your CommunityCommunity
Durable Material
Abundant Raw Material
Minimal Repairs for 100 Years
Building Service Life Up To 300 Years (US)
Ability to Adaptively Reuse Brick Buildings
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The Impact of Masonry Ordinances in Promoting Sustainable Communities
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Why a Masonry Ordinance?
University of Michigan Ordinance Study
Case Study Communities in the Southeast
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One of the fastest growing regions in the country
Each city and county has a tremendous stake in the quality of what is built in their community
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State Population % Change 2000-2008
Population Forecast 2000-2030
Alabama 5% 9.6%
Florida 13% 79.5%
Georgia 15% 46.8%
Kentucky 5.3% 12.7%
Louisiana -1.3% 7.5%
Mississippi 3.2% 8.7%
North Carolina 12.7% 51.9%
South Carolina 10.4% 28.3%
Tennessee 8.5% 29.7%
All 9 States 10.1% 30.5%Source: US Census Bureau
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Sprawl Dominant
Construction quality is undervalued
Shortened economic life of real estate assets
Accelerated depreciation of existing cities and suburbs
Newness can fade quickly!
What can young suburbs do to reduce their future risk of decline?
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As a policymaker, your neighbors depend on your foresight and vision
Neighbors want communities that have a future and leave a legacy
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Architectural and design guidelines that include brick and masonry
Zoning ordinances that include brick and masonry
Overlay Districts that require brick
Masonry ordinances that require % of brick for single family, multi-family, and commercial buildings
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Brick is a sustainable and green building material
Brick produces safer and fire resistant communities
Brick homes have higher resale value
Brick commercial buildings earn a higher profit margin
Increase the tax base
Masonry ordinances promote sustainable design and reinforce Green Building guidelines and certifications that have been adopted by Federal, State and local municipalities
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Over 100 U.S. cities have requirements for Green Buildings
Over 50 U.S. Cities have voluntary green home building programs
Cities throughout the U.S. have adopted green building requirements for new publicly funded commercial construction
Federal and State Governments have adopted green building requirements for new commercial construction
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Requirements for Green Building Rating Certification for public buildings
Tax Incentives and rebates
Zoning Variances allowing for denser development
Expedited permitting
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San Francisco, CA
Arlington, VA
Eugene , OR
Denver, CO
Grand Rapids, MI
Atlanta, GA
Nashville, TN
Boston, MA
Scottsdale, AZ
Vancouver, BC
Fort Collins, CO
Portland, OR
Asheville, NC
New York, NY
Dallas, TX
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Arizona
Arkansas
California
Connecticut
Florida
Hawaii
Kentucky
Maryland
Maine
New York
South Carolina
Washington
Wisconsin
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General Services Administration (GSA) requires LEED Certified level with a target of LEED Silver for all new buildings
General Services Administration has 24 LEED-registered projects
Federal Courthouses
Federal Laboratories
Border Stations
Federal Office Buildings
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Holistic, all-encompassing approach to the building process
Considers the entire life span of building process
Is the balance of environmental and social and economic goals
Environment is not the only consideration
If it does not make sense economically, it’s not sustainable
If it damages social fabric of community, it’s not sustainable
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How Do Masonry Ordinances Meet the Goals of Sustainability?
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A. ALFRED TAUBMAN COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE + URBAN PLANNING
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Selection of Case Study Communities
Research is focused on Chicago area
Chicago’s suburbs have been among the largest supporters of masonry ordinances in the country, given the area’s historic preference for masonry building
The development trend in Chicago is closest to the national average among all MSAs that are known to contain masonry communities
Researchers studied four comparable suburban Chicago communities
Two with masonry ordinances- Orland Park and Tinley Park
Two without masonry ordinances- Hoffman Estates and Streamwood
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Hypothesis
The imposing of masonry ordinances, by setting standards for construction quality, will enhance the durability and aesthetic value of local properties, increase the attractiveness of the local community, and thus benefit both local residents and local business
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Research Questions
Housing price effects: to what extent might the adoption of a masonry ordinance increase property value in the community?
Housing cost effects: to what extent might the adoption of a masonry ordinance increase construction cost and reduce operating cost?
Local community impacts: to what extent might the adoption of a masonry ordinance expand the local fiscal revenue base and improve the quality of life for existing residents while also inhibiting new growth and ‘pricing out’ low-income or minority households?
Local business impacts: to what extent might the adoption of a masonry ordinance increase the patronage of local retail stores and expand local sales revenue?
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Data
25 years of data from the case study communities
Primary focus on examining community changes during the period of 1990 to present
Examining real estate transactions
Tax records
Census data
Sales receipts
University of Michigan Masonry University of Michigan Masonry Ordinance StudyOrdinance Study
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Property Values
Property values in communities with masonry ordinances are higher than those in non-masonry ordinance communities
The price of home differentials among the four municipalities continues to increase with the masonry ordinance communities of Orland Park and Tinley Park being significantly higher
Conclusion: The adoption of a masonry ordinance results in an increase of property values for homes in a community
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-
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Orland tinley Hoffman Streamwood
Price of the Sample Constant-Quality PropertyPrice of the Sample Constant-Quality Property
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Taxes
−Orland Park and Tinley Park have larger tax bases than over half of the cities in Cook County
−Non-masonry ordinance communities experienced relatively slow growth in sales receipts
−Orland Park and Tinley Park charge their residents lower municipal tax and fees in order to pay for public services and community improvements
−Conclusion: The adoption of a masonry ordinance results in an increase in tax revenue for communities both through property taxes and sales tax receipts. This results in lessening the property tax burden for community residents
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Sales Receipts Per Capita (Standardized by 1990 Population)
-
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
HOFFMAN ESTATES ORLAND PARK TINLEY PARK STREAMWOOD
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Growth
The population of both Orland Park and Tinley Park continue to grow at a faster rate than the non-masonry ordinance communities
Orland Park and Tinley Park had a population growth rate of 43% and 30% from 1990 to 2000 respectively
Hoffman Estates and Streamwood had growth rates of 6% and 17% respectively from 1990 to 2000
Conclusion: The adoption of masonry ordinances results in continued quality growth, and does not restrict growth
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2000 Median
Family Income
2000 Population
Population Growth Rate
Housing Unit Growth Rate
90-00
HOFFMAN ESTATES $73,685 49,495 6.0% 5.0%
STREAMWOOD $68,771 36,407 17.0% 20.0%
ORLAND PARK $77,507 51,077 43.0% 53.0%
TINLEY PARK $71,858 48,401 30.0% 36.0%
Median Suburban Community in Cook
County$61,670 13,196 5.2% 4.6%
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Affordability
Mortgages in Orland Park and Tinley Park are similar to other suburban Cook County communities
The median rental cost in Orland Park and Tinley Park was found to be comparable with other non-masonry communities
The median rental burden for housing in Orland Park and Tinley Park is also quite close to the other suburban communities in Cook County
Conclusion: The adoption of a masonry ordinance does not significantly increase the owner cost burden or the rental burden for residents, and does not make housing in the community any less affordable than its neighbors
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Median Cost Burden among all Suburban
Communities in Cook County
Orland Park Tinley Park
Households With Mortgage
22.8% 22.20% 22.20%
Households Without Mortgage
11.80% 11.70% 11.20%
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Coweta County, GA
Cartersville, GA
Harrisburg, NC
Farragut, TN
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Coweta County, Georgia 67% Masonry Requirement (Brick, stone) on Single Family
(Density Bonus)
Density bonus allows for homes to be built on smaller lots provided masonry requirement is met
Passed Board of Commissioners on 4/17/07
314 Building Permits for Annual 2009
Development Review Coordinator Ben Sewell
Planning Director Robert Tolleson
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“Through our adoption of masonry ordinances, we have preserved the unique character and quality of our community for future generations.”
Planning Director Robert Tolleson
“Our community already has established masonry ordinances for commercial areas, but we wanted to find a way to encourage it in single family homes as well. By having a masonry requirement for single family homes in higher density areas, we are building a sustainable future for our community and growing property values.” Development Review Coordinator Ben Sewell
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Cartersville, Georgia 67% Masonry Requirement (Brick, stone) on Single
Family (Density Bonus)
Density bonus allows for homes to be built on smaller lots provided masonry requirement is met
Passed City Council on 9/16/10
Fast growing city in northwest Metro Atlanta
City Planner Richard Osborne
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Harrisburg, North Carolina Conservation Subdivision District Ordinance
Requirement
Requires at least 50% of all homes in a development must be brick
Passed Town Council on 5/11/09
Fast growing city in northeast Metropolitan Charlotte
Planning Director Josh Watkins
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Farragut, TennesseeMixed-use Town Center District
75% brick requirement on all buildings
Passed City Council on 10/25/07
Growing city in Knoxville MSA
Ruth Hawk, City Planner
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“Our downtown will be enjoyed by many generations to come and our community has established high standards for architectural beauty and sustainable growth through the use of a masonry ordinance. ”
Ruth Hawk, City Planner, Town of Farragut
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A sustainable, livable, and prosperous community for future generations
A declining and unsustainable community different from one that you wished to leave behind
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The Brick Industry, Southeast Region 8420 University Executive Park
Suite 800Charlotte, NC 28262
Phone: 1-800-622-7425Fax: 704-510-0042
Website: www.gobricksoutheast.com