scada security: the five stages of cyber grief
DESCRIPTION
Every time a new information technology finds its way into production, it seems as though we end up repeating the same process – security vulnerabilities will be discovered and disclosed in that technology, and users and vendors will deny that the risks are significant. Only after major attacks occur do we really start to see efforts to address the inherent risks in a systematic way. We’re falling into this exact same trap again with Industrial Control and SCADA systems, but in this case the problem is worse, because the inherent nature of control systems prevents us from applying many of the strategies that have been used to protect other kinds of computer networks. Join Lancope’s Director of Security Research, Tom Cross, for a look at the five stages of grief that organizations seem to pass through as they come to terms with security risks, and how far we’ve come regarding Industrial Control Systems. Hear about: The state of Control Systems security vulnerabilities Attack activity that is prompting a change in perspective The unique, long-term challenges associated with protecting SCADA networks How anomaly detection can play a key role in protecting SCADA systems nowTRANSCRIPT
SCADA Security: The Five Stages of Cyber
Grief
Tom CrossDirector of Security Research
Vulnerabilities I’m credited on…
• MFSA2008-37 Mozilla Stack Buffer Overflow • cisco-sa-20070808-IOS-IPv6-leak Information Leakage
Using IPv6 Routing Header in Cisco IOS and Cisco IOS-XR
• MS07-033 Internet Explorer COM object instantiation• CVE-2007-2388 Apple Quicktime for Java remote code
execution • MS06-036 Windows SMB Denial of Service• X-Force Alert 228 Asterisk PBX Denial of Service• X-Force Alert 229 Asterisk PBX Traffic Amplification
The 5 Stages of Cyber Grief
Its not connected to the Internet.
Stage 1: Denial
"In our experience in conducting hundreds of vulnerability assessments in the private sector, in no case have we ever found the operations network, the SCADA system or energy management system separated from the enterprise network. On average, we see 11 direct connections between those networks.”
Source: Sean McGurk, VerizonThe Subcommittee on National Security, Homeland Defense, and Foreign Operations May 25, 2011 hearing.
Its connected to the Internet.
SHODAN
• Project STRIDE: “To date, we have discovered over 500,000 control system related nodes world-wide on the internet. About 30% are from the US, and most are on ISP addresses.”
ICS Cert• In February 2011, independent security researcher Ruben Santamarta
used SHODAN to identify online remote access links to multiple utility companies’ Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems.
• In April 2011, ICS-CERT received reports of 75 Internet facing control system devices, mostly in the water sector. Many of those control systems had their remote access configured with default logon credentials.
• In September 2011, independent researcher Eireann Leverett contacted ICS-CERT to report several thousand Internet facing devices that he discovered using SHODAN.
Stage 2: Anger
(> <)___
Stage 3: Bargaining
Stage 3: Bargaining
• Stuxnet• First widely reported use of malware to destroy a physical plant• Extremely sophisticated• Jumped the air-gap via USB keys• Widespread infections throughout the Internet
• Shamoon• Targeted the energy sector• Destructive
• Over writes files• Destroys the Master Boot Record
Stuxnet infections, source Symantec:
ICS Honeypot Results
• Kyle Wilhoit – Trend Micro Threat Research Team
DDOS Attacks More Automated & Powerful
• Prolexic Q2 2012 to Q2 2013– 33% increase in attacks– 925% increase in bandwidth
• 4.47 Gbps to 49.24 Gbps– 1655% increase in packets per second
• 2.7 Mpps to 47.4 Mpps
Stage 4: Depression
Stage 4: DepressionThe Patching Treadmill• Control systems are not designed to be shut down regularly
• Entire systems may need to be shut down for a single patch install• Patching may mean upgrading
• Upgrades can cascade through a system
• Even assessments may require downtime!
• Patching leads to Interconnectivity• Interconnectivity leads to compromise
• Solutions?– Third-Party Run-Time In-Memory Patching?– Intrusion Prevention Systems?
Stage 5: AcceptanceWhat would acceptance mean?• Getting serious about interconnectivity
• We need to find new ways to work• We need to accept some inconvenience
• Designing systems for patchability• Systems that can be patched without being restarted
• Hot Standby failover• Patches that do not require upgrades• Security patches that can be accepted without performance concerns
• Built in IDS capability?
• Designing systems for failure
Lancope does Netflow
Network Visibility through Netflow
DMZ
VPN
Internal Network
InternetNetFlow Packets
src and dst ip
src and dst port
start time
end time
mac address
byte count
- more -NetFlow
3GInternet
3G Internet
NetFlow
NetFlow
NetFlow
NetFlow
NetFlow Collector
Intrusion Audit Trails
1:06:15 PM: Internal Host Visits
Malicious Web Site
1:06:30 PM: Malware Infection
Complete, Accesses Internet Command and
Control
1:06:35 PM:Malware begins
scanning internal network
1:13:59 PM:Multiple internal
infected hosts
1:07:00 PM: Gateway malware analysis identifies the transaction
as malicious
1:14:00 PM: Administrators
manually disconnect the initial infected host
Do you know what went on while you were mitigating?
Behavioral Anomaly Detection
Lancope: C1-11 in the Security Hall
Thank you!
Tom CrossDirector of Security Research