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SCAR/SCOR/ IABO /ACMRR
GROUP OF SPECIAL ISTS ONL]VING RESOURCES OF THE SOUTHERN OCEANS
A GUIDE TO FOMGING IGTHODS USED BY I{ARINE BIRDSIN ANTARCTIC AND SUBANTARCTIC SEAS
Comp i l ed , on beha l f o f t he B I0MASS l Jo rk ing Pa r t y on B i rd Eco logy
by
P . C . H a r p e r
J . P . C r o x a l l
J . C o o p e r
P u b l i s h e d v r i t h t h e f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t o f t h e U . S . N a t i o n a l 0 c e a n i c a n dA tmosohe r i c Admi n i s t ra t i on
BIOMASS HANDBOOK NO. 241985
F o rewo rd
The pu rpose o f t hese Handbooks i s t o d ' i s se rn ina t ' e ex i s t i ng
infornrat ion on methods re levant to ts IOMASS in t ime for those methods to
be pu t t o use . They a re t he re fo re no t , i n tended to be de f i n i t i ve
t rea t i ses , a l t hough i n some cases they may we l l be so . The i r p r imary
pu rpose i s t o p rov ide an ea r l y gu ide . The Handbooks w i l l be rev iewed as
new in fo rma t i on becomes ava i l ab le and upda ted i f r equ i red ' A number o f
Handbooks a re i n p repa ra t i on . They w i l l be i ssued as t hey a re
co rnp le ted . The cos ts o f p repa ra t i on and d i s t r i bu t i on a re subs id i zed by
the Na t i ona l 0cean i c and A tmosphe r i c Admin i s t ra t i on , Na t i ona l Mar ine
F i s h e r i e s S e r v i c e ( N 0 A A / N M F S ) . C o p i e s a r e d . i s t r ^ i b u t e d t o i n d i v i d u a l s
whose names a re i nc luded i n t he "B I0MASS D i rec to ry " . The Techn i ca l
Group on Methods is gratefu l to those who have volunteered to prepare
these Handbooks fo r t he use and gu idance o f t he i r co l l eagues and to t he
C S I R 0 , A u s t r a l i a f o r t h e i r t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e . 0 u r r o l e i s t o
' i den t i f y t he needs fo r Me thods Handbooks and Lea f l e t s and to a r range , i f
poss ib le , f o r t hose needs to be me t .
The members of the Group are:
D . J . T ran te r (Cha i rman )
K . She rman
S. Rakusa -Suszczewsk i
__ |
CONTENTS
Page
I N T R O D U C T I O N . . . . I
D E F I N I T I O N S 1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 5
I , ITERATURE CITED . 5
' | A B L E S 1 5
APPENDIX I - Names and addresses of rnernbers of Ehe BIOMASS
W o r k i n g P a r t y o n B i r C E c o l o g y . . . . Z I
I
INTRODUCTION
Th i s handbook dea l s w i t h t he f o rag ing t echn iques o f na r i ne b i r ds
f r equen t i ng seas sou th o f t he Sub t rop i ca l Conve rgence . I t i n c l udes
a l b a t r o s s e s , a l l p e t r e l s , p e n g u i n s , c o r m o r a n E s , s k u a s , g u l l s , a n d
te rns . I t s a im i s t o enab le seab i r d obse rve rs Eo reco rd f eed ing
obse rvaE ions more p rec i se l y and w i t h some measu re o f con fo rm i t y .
Comparab le da ta f r om many sou rces cove r i ng a w ide t r ac t o f Sou the rn
0cean w i l l hope fu l l y l ead t o an unde rs tand ing o f t he dynam ics o f
f eed ing adap ta t i ons o f sou the rn mar i ne b i r ds .
The mechods he re desc r i bed a re de r i ved ch ie f l y f r o rn t he sem ina l
pape r on t he sub jec t by Ash rno le ( 197 I ) and more recen t con t r i bu t i ons
b y A i n l e y ( 1 9 7 7 ) , C r o x a l l a n d P r i n c e ( 1 9 8 0 ) , a n d G r i f f i t h s e t a l .
( 1 9 8 2 ) .
The spec ies l i s t l a rge l y f o l l ows WaEson ( I 975 ) buE i nc l - udes New
ZeaLand spec ies no t cove red i n Wa tson i s gu ide . Spec ies l i s ced i n t ha t
gu ide as s t r agg le r s a re noE i nc l uded .
I n add iE ion i t was t hough t use fu l t o summar i ze ou r know ledge o f
t he d i ec o f t he spec ies conce rned and t o n rn r r i r l o r o fo ronnac t o t he
more impo r tan t pape rs r epo r t i ng on t h i s .
DEF I N IT IONS
D e f i n i t i o n s l a r g e l y f o L l o w t h o s e g i v e n b y A s h m o l e ( I 9 7 1 ) w i t h
adap ta t i ons based on C ramp and S i r nmons (1983 ) . Because o f che
impo rEance o f t pu r su iE -p l ung ing r i n An ta r c ! i c and Suban !a r c t i c ma r i ne
b i r ds we have made t pu rsu i t - p l ung ing ' a sepa ra te ca tego ry r a the r t han
a va r i aE ion on p l unge -d i v i ng as t he above con t r i bu t ( ) r s have done .
Some me thods desc r i bed by Ashmo le ( 1971 ) and C ra rnp and S immons (1983 )
a re no t used by An ta r c t . i c o r Suban ta r c t i c r na r i ne b i r ds and a re no t
l i s t . ed be low .
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A . D I V I N G
A b i r d se t t l ed on t he wa te r su r f ace submerges comp le te l y t o caEch
P r e y .
i . Pu rsu i t D i v i ng - t he b i r d d i ves and pu rsues iEs p rey
unde rwa te r by pu rsu i c sw imming . I t may be
w ing p rope l l ed o r f ooc p rope l l ed .
i i . Su r f ace D i v i ng - t he b i r d sub rne rges on l y momen ta r i l y ,
d i r e c t l y o n t o p r e y w i t h l i t t l e o r o o p u r s u i t
sw i rn rn i ng . Such a d i ve i s o f l en p receded by
a ' b e l l y f l o p ' o n t o t h e s u r f a c e b y f l y i n g
b i r d s .
B . PLUNGING
A b i r d i n f l i gh r PLunges i n t o t he wa te r us i ng t he momen tum o f t he f a l L
to ass i s t i r r ca t ch ing p rey w i . c . hou t pu rsu i t sw imming .
i . ! " .1.9:_P_1gCl"g - the bi rd splashes inro the water wi thout
f u l l ; r sub rne rg i ng .
i i . Sha l l - ow P lung ing - r he b i r d submerges comp le te l y b r iE pene t ra tes
l i t t l e mo re t han i t s own body l eng th be low
t h e w a t e r s u r f a c e .
i i i . Deep P lung ing - t he b i r d sub rue rges comp le te l y and pene f ra tes
a s r r b s t a n l i a l d i s t a n c e ( s e v e r a l l n e t r e s )
unde rwa te r , usua l l y p receded by a h i gh
n e a r - v e r t i c a l d i v e .
C . PURSUIT -PLUNGING
A b i r d i r r f l i gh t p l unges i nEo t he wa te r , t hen pu rsues p rey unde rwa te r
by pu rsu i t sw imrn ing , us i ng e i t he r w ings o r f eeE f o r p ropu l s i on .
D . SURFACE FEEDING
A b i r d r e i na ins on t he wa te r su r f ace wh i l e t ak i ng f ood .
i . Su r f ace Se i ze - t he b i r d g rasps i nd i v i dua l p rey i t ems w iEh
- _ \
t he b i l l wh iLe f l oa t i nq r . l n t he su r f ace .
i i . Su r f ace F i lEe r i ng -
1
Head and neck buE noE the resE of Ehe body
rnay submerge beneaEh surface. Prey may be
a l i v e ( s u r f a c e s e i z e ) o r d e a d ( s u r f a c e
s c a v e n g e ) .
t he b i r d f i LEe rs s rna l1 o rgan i sms ( r - r sua l l y
zoop lankEon ) f r om the wa te r wh i l e f l oa t i nq
( )n t he su r f ace . I t cap tu res and swa l l ows
rnany f ood i t e rns a t a t ime ( compare D ( i )
above ) .
r h e h i r d f i l l c r s n l a n k t o n I r o m t h e w a t e r
w i t h t he b reas t on Ehe waLe r su r f ace , head
immersed , w ings ou t s t r e t ched , p rope l l i ng
i t s e l f t h r o u g h l h e \ . r a t e r u s i n g i t s f e e t .
r he b i r d ag i t a tes t he wa te r w iEh iEs f ee t
and cap tu res sma l l f ood i t ems t hus
d i s t u r b e d .
i i i . Hydropl-aning
i v . FooE Padd l i ng
E . FL IG I {T -FEEDING
A b i r d r ema ins a i r bo rne , cap tu r i ng p rey i n t he a i r o r a t t he wa te r
s u r f a c e ; i t m a y m o m e n t a r i l y c e a s e f l y i n g , b u t m a k e s l i t t l e o r n o
conEacE wiEh the water .
i . Aer ia l pursu ic
i i . D ipp ing
t he b i r d pu rsues and cap tu res ae r i a l p rey .
t h e b i r d i n f l i g h t p i c k s i t s p r e y f r o m j u s E
above o r j us t be low t he su r f ace , w i t houE
s i g n i f i c a n t u s e o f i t s f e e t , e i t h e r w i E h o u t
t ouch ing Ehe wa te r ( non -conEac f ) o r by
we t t i ng on l y i t s b i l l o r head o r i t s b reas t
m o m e n t a r i l y ( c o n c a c c ) .
t he b i r d uses iEs f ee t as we l l as i t s w ings
Eo rna inEa in a p rec i se he igh t above t he waEer
i i i . Pa tEe r i ng
i v . P i r a c y
5
feeds by pick ing minute prey i tems or
d r o p l e t s f r o m t h e s u r f a c e .
b i r d pu rsues o the r b i r ds f o r t he i r f ood .
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank al l rnembers of the BIOMASS Working Parcy on Bird Ecology
(na rnes and add resses a t Append i x l ) f o r co rnnen t s on va r i ous d ra f t s ,
a n d a l s o J . W . E n E i c o t E , l " l . 0 r C o n n e 1 l a n d B . P . W a t k i n s f o r a s s i s t a n c e
in co rnp i l a t . i on .
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0cean . pp 668 -685 i n G .A . L l ano ed . Adap ta t i ons w i t . h i n
An ta r cE i c EcosysEems . S ro i t hson ian I ns t i t u t i on , Wash ing ton .
A i n l e y , D . G . , 0 ' C o n n o r , E . F . a n d B o e k e l h e i d e , R . J . ( 1 9 8 4 ) T h e e c o l o g y
o f seab i r ds i n t he Ross Sea , An ta r c t i ca . Amer i can Orn i t ho log i ca l
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and
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penguin Pygoscel is papua and blue-eyed shag _B!"-19SI999I95
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d
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s o u t h p o l a r s k u a . B i r d B a n d i n g 3 2 2 I 8 7 ' 2 2 f '
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C r o z i e r r R o s s l s l a n d . p p l g l - 2 l 2 i n A u s t i n ' 0 ' L ' e d ' A n c a r c E i c
B i r d S t u d i e s . A m e r i c a n G e o p h y s i c a l U n i o n , W a s h i n g c o n , D ' C '
3 2 F a l l a , R . A . ( 1 9 3 4 ) T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n a n d b r e e d i n g h a b i E s o f p e t r e l s
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l'luseum I : 245'264,
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Anca rcu i c Resea rch Exped i r i on Repo r t s (B ) I I : l - 304 '
3 4 F a 1 l a , R . A . , S i b s o n , R . B . a n d T u r b o E E , E . G ' ( 1 9 7 8 ) T h e N e w G u i d e t o
rhe B i r ds o f New Zea land . Co l l i n s , Auck land ' 247 pp '
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home nea r E lephan t I s l and ' Sea Swa l l ow 27 : 7 -10 '
9
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APPENDIX I - NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF I'4EMBERS OI' TI{E I]IOMASS WORKING
PARTY ON BIRD ECOLOGY
AINLEY, DT DAVID G .Po in t Reyes B i r d Obse rva to r y4990 Sho r , : 1 i ne H ighwayS t i nson BeachC a l i f o r n i a 9 4 9 7 0USA
BANNASCH, DT RUDIAkademie de r W issenscha f t en DDRForschungs t eL le f u r W i rbh ie r f o r schungAm T ie rpa rk 125B e r l i n I i 3 6
German Democ ra t i c Repub l i c
CROXALL , D r JOHN P . (Sec reEa ry o f Work i ng Pa r t y )
B r i t i sh An ta r c t i c Su rveyl ' ladingley RoadCarnbr idge CB3 OETUn i t ed K ingdom
HARPER, Dr PETER C.Depa r tmen t o f ExEens ion S tud iesU n i v e r s i E y o f C a n E e r b u r yCh r l s l chu rch INew Zea land
JOHNSTONE, Dr GAVIN W.An ta r c t i c D i v i s i onChannel HighwayK ings t onI lobartTasman ia
JOUVENTIN , DT P IERREL a b . Z o o l o g i e I IU S T L , P l a c e B a E a i l l o nF - 3 4 0 6 0 , M o n t p e l l i e rF rance
MYRCHA, DT ANDRZEJDepa r tmen t o f Po la r Resea rchI n s t i t u c e o f E c o l o g y , P A S
Dz iekanow Lesny05-092 LomiankiPo land
REMI"IERT, PTof HERMANNFachbe re i ch B io l og ieLahnbe rgeD3550 Marbu rg /LahnFede ra l Repub l i c o f Ge rmany
2 2
APPENDIX I conl
SCHLATTER, Prof ROBERTO P.I ns tLEu to de Zoo log iaUnlvers idad AusEral de Chi leCas i l l a 567Va ld l v l aChi le
SIEGFRIED, Prof W. ROY (Chalrman of Working Party)Pe rcy F i t . zPa t r l c k I ns t i t u t e o f A f r i can Orn i t ho logyUnivers i ty of Cape TownRondebosch 7700Sou th A f r l ca
TRIVELPIECE, DT WAYNEPo inE Reyes B i r d 0bse rva to r y4990 Shorel ine HighwayS l i nson BeachC a l i f o r n i a 9 4 9 7 0USA
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