scheme & syllabus of v & vi semesters b.e. civil ... · pdf fileprerequisites : 1....

Academic Year: 2015-16

V & VI Sem. B.E. Civil Engineering Scheme & Syllabus 1

SCHEME & SYLLABUS

OF

V & VI SEMESTERS

B.E. CIVIL ENGINEERING

2015-16



Vision of the Department

of Civil Engineering

To become a premier Civil Engineering Department offering excellent

engineering education in design methods and advanced technologies

to the students, to pursue research in thrust areas and to offer

professional services to the society.

Mission of the Department

of Civil Engineering

The Department is committed to develop competent professionals by

offering need based curriculum in Civil Engineering areas, promoting

research and innovation to prepare the students for higher study, life-

long learning and societal responsibility. The department is also

committed to provide good learning environment to develop

professional ethics and skills in our students and to provide

engineering services to the society.

Programme Educational Objectives of Civil Engineering

PEO#1 Graduates of the program will practice Engineering profession as

competent professionals applying fundamentals, state-of-the-art

knowledge and technical skills.

[Theme: Practice Engineering profession as competent professionals]

PEO#2 Graduates of the program will excel in higher education with life-long

learning. [Theme: Higher education and life-long learning ]

PEO#3 Graduates of the program will exhibit leadership qualities,

communication skills and team spirit. [Theme: Communication and

team work]

PEO#4 Graduates of the program will contribute to societal needs with

ethical attitude. [Theme: Initiated to Society and ethical practice]



Programme Outcomes of Civil Engineering The following list of program outcomes describes what graduates are expected to know and be able to do at the time of graduation. Graduates will have:

Programme Outcomes(POs)

Description

Program Outcome I a

an ability to apply knowledge of mathematics (through differential equations; probability and statistics; calculus) Science (physics; and general chemistry) and Engineering to solve engineering problems and design.

[short title: Mathematics, Science and Engineering knowledge]

Program Outcome I b

the ability to design and conduct experiments and to critically analyze and interpret experimental data on Civil Engineering materials

[short title: CE Experiments ]

Program Outcome I c

the ability to design a engineering system/component, to meet the needs as well as constraints related to economy, environment, safety and sustainability through design experiences acquired through the curriculum [short title: Design ]

Program Outcome I d

the ability to function as an individual member and as a team member on multi-disciplinary teams, that must integrate contributions from different areas of engineering towards the solution of multi-disciplinary projects. [short title: Teams ]

Program Outcome I e

the ability to identify, research, formulate, analyse and solve Civil engineering problems. [ short title: CE Engineering Problems ]

Program Outcome I f

an understanding of professional and ethical practice issues in civil engineering. [short title: professional and ethical responsibility]

Program Outcome I g

an ability to communicate effectively. [ short title: Communication]

Program Outcome I h

the broad understanding of the possible impact of civil engineering solutions on the regional/global scenario in the context of global, environmental and societal problems.

[short title: Global, environmental and Societal problems]

Program Outcome I i

a recognition of the need for life-long learning,

[ short title: life-long learning]

Program Outcome I j

the knowledge of contemporary issues such as societal, legal, cultural, safety and health as they relate to civil engineering problems and solutions [ short title: Contemporary issues]

Program Outcome I k

an ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern tools necessary for civil engineering practice.

[short title: CE techniques, skills, and modern tools]

Program Outcome I l

the ability to apply the principles of management to the Engineering projects. [Short title: Project management]



20

15

-16

Lecture

Tutorial

Lab.

Self Study

Practice/

Project/

Seminar/

Training

Lecture

Tutorial

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Sub. Code : 5CV01 Course Title : DESIGN OF REINFORCED

CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Elective/Core : Core

L T LA PR SE PROJ SS Credits : 4.0

Contact Hrs./Week 4 0 0 0 0 0 CIE Marks : 50

Contact Hrs./Sem. 52 0 0 0 0 0 SEE Marks : 50

Credits 4

Total Contact Hrs. 52 Total Marks: 100

Assessment & Grading : 4 quizzes, 2 tests, 3 Assignments

Students have to prepare for the self study component themselves

with the guidance of the concerned faculty.

There will be questions in Tests and compulsory 10 marks

questions in SEE on the self study component.

Prerequisites : 1. Structural Analysis-I

2. Fundamentals of Building Construction -Materials and Methods.

Objectives: The course introduces the students to the design of RC structural elements-Slabs, Beams, Columns, Footing and staircase as per relevant IS Codes and related handbooks and equips them to

design the different elements of simple building frames. POs and COs mapping:

POs Course Outcomes (COs)

The student will be able to;

Ie CO1: Explain the stress/strain characteristics of concrete and different types of steel and distinguish between different

methods of RC design and justify the necessasity for consideration of different limit states. (L2)

Ic CO2: Design singly and doubly reinforced rectangular beams for flexure, shear & torsion under limit state of collapse and calculates short & long term deflections for beams.

Considering limit state of serviceability.(L4)

Ic CO3: Design and detail one-way and two-way slabs, T&L beams. (L4)

Ic CO4: Design and detail stair cases, flat slabs (for flexture, one

way shear and two way shear) by IS code method. (L4)

Ic CO5: Design and detail all the elements of a simple story RC framed structure. (L4)

Ii CO6: Design all the elements of a simple single storey RCC

structures (L4).



Unit–1

Objectives of structural Design, Structural systems, Mutual relationship between Structural Analysis and Design. Basic Design concepts – working stress method, load factor method –

limit state method, different limit states – principle of limit state design, characteristic load. Characteristic strength, partial safety factors, stress-strain characteristics for concrete and steel importance of different limit states, importance of durability and specifications for different exposure conditions. 10 Hrs.

Unit–2

Introduction to stress block parameters for limit state of collapse and limit state of serviceability. Ultimate flexural strength of Singly and doubly reinforced rectangular sections, (determination of moment of resistance for a given area of steel and grade of concrete, determination of stresses in concrete and steel for a given bending moment). Deflection and cracking – code provision, deflection control

in design. Limit state design of beams – Design of rectangular sections (singly and doubly reinforced)- design for shear strength in concrete beams, types and design of shear reinforcement, Check for anchorage and development length.

Practice : Prepare Bar bending schedule for rectangular beams 12 Hrs.

Unit–3

Ultimate flexural strength of T and L flanged beams. Design of T and L sections for fluxture and shear. Torsion shear stress – reinforcement

for torsion, calculation of short and long term deflection in beams.

Limit state design of slabs–One way and two way slabs for various

boundary conditions. Practice: Prepare Bar bending schedule for slabs 10 Hrs.

Unit-4

Limit state design of axially loaded short R.C. column, design for uniaxial and biaxial compression bending, concept of interaction diagram and its preparation, use of SP16.

Design of footings– Different types of footings and their applications, design of isolated footing for axial load and uni-axial moment – square & rectangular footings with uniform and varying depth. Practice: Structural detailing as per SP34 and preparation of BBS. 12 Hrs.

Unit-5

Design of staircases by limit state method- design of stairs with

waist slab spanning transversely and longitudinally.

Limit state design of flat slabs with drop only.

Practice: Structural detailing as per SP34 and preparation of BBS. 8 Hrs.



Self Learning: Designing all the elements of a simple single storey building.

Text Books:

1 S. Unnikrishna Pillai and Devadas Menon

Reinforced Concrete Design, edition 3rd 2009 TMH,New Delhi.

2 P.C. Varghese Limit state design of reinforced

concrete, edition 2nd 2008 PHI, New Delhi.

Reference Books:

1 A.K. Jain Limit state method of design Nemichand and Bros, Roorkee.

2 Karve S.R. and Shah V.L,

Limit state theory and design of reinforced concrete- Structures edition 7th 2014 Publishers, Pune, ISBN: 8190371711.

3 Park and Paulay Reinforced concrete, edition 1st 1975 John Wiley & Sons

4 Kong and Evans Reinforced and pre-stressed concrete, edition

3rd 1987 ELBS, London. IS456: 2000: PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE-CODE OF

PRACTICE ( Fourth Revision )

Sub. Code : 5CV02 Course Title : STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-II Elective/Core : Core


Contact Hrs./Week 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 CIE Marks : 50

Contact Hrs./Sem. 52 13 0 0 0 0 0 SEE Marks : 50

Credits 4 0.5







Prerequisites : Structural Analysis-I

Objectives: The course introduces the students to the analysis of simple indeterminate structures such as continuous beams, Portal

frames, Gable frames, Redundant trusses under different loading and



boundary conditions and graphically represent BM and SF values. The course elucidate the concept of strain energy and its applications for analysis of redundant trusses. It enunciates the application of matrix methods of structural analysis and their applications. POs and COs mapping:



Ia,Ie CO1: Analyse statically indeterminate structures and redundant frames. (L4)

Ia,Ie CO2: Analyse continuous beams, single storey non-sway and sway frames. (L4)

Ie CO3: Analyse propped cantilevers, continuous beams, single

storey portal frame using moment distribution method. (L4)

Ie CO4: Analyse continuous beams, frames with no lateral

translation of joints and symmetrical frames using Kani's method. (L4)

Ia,Ie CO5: To Analyse continuous beams and rigid jointed plane

frames with static indeterminacy up to 3 degrees of freedom using stiffness and flexibility matrix method. (L4)

Ii CO6: Use spread sheets for the analysis of simple structures.

Unit-1

ENERGY METHODS OF ANALYSIS

Introduction to Strain energy method, Castigliano’s-II theorem, Unit load method. Analysis of Continuous beams and portal frames using

unit load method, Analysis of redundant trusses (redundant up to 2nd degree) by unit load method, lack of fit in members. 11 hrs

Self Study: Problems of lack of fit and temperature stresses in members.

Unit-2

RIGID FRAMES AND ARCHES

Analysis of rigid frames with and without side sway using slope

deflection method. Analysis of two hinged Parabolic arches. 10 hrs

Self Study: Analysis of two hinged circular arches.

Unit-3 ANALYSIS OF BEAMS AND RIGID FRAMES USING KANI’S METHOD

Stiffness factor, Distribution factor, carry over factor, Rotation factor, Analysis of continuous beams, Frames without sway, symmetrical Portal frames. 9 hrs

Self Study: Analysis of two storied portal frames.



Unit-4

FLEXIBILITY MATRIX METHOD

Introduction, local and global axis and coordinates, Derivation of flexibility matrix for continuous beams and rigid plane frames.

Analysis of continuous beams and rigid jointed plane frames with static indeterminacy up to three-system approach. 11 hrs

Self Study: Problems of lack of fit and temperature stresses in members.

Unit-5

STIFFNESS MATRIX METHOD

Introduction, local and global axis and coordinates, Derivation of stiffness matrix for continuous beams and rigid plane frames. Analysis of continuous beams and rigid jointed plane frames with kinematic indeterminacy up to three-system approach. Analysis of multi storey frames with two floors and three bays. 11 hrs Self Study: Analysis of multi storey frame by Kani’s method using

spread sheet and using FEM sofware.

Text books:

1 Reddy C.S Basic structural Analysis, 2nd edition, 2007

Tata Mc-Graw Hill Publication

2 S.S.Bhavikatti Structural Analysis II, 4th edition, 2013

Reference Books:

1 J.Sterling Kinney Indeterminate Structural Analysis 1st

edition 1957

2 S.P. Gupta, G.S.Pandit, R.Gupta

Theory of Structures. Vol -2. edition 1st

3 L.S.Negi and R.S.Jangid Structural Analysis,

Tata Mc-Graw Hill Publication

4 C.K.Wang Intermediate structural analysis 1983

5 R.L.Jindal Indeterminate structures edition 3rd



Sub. Code : 5CV03 Course Title : ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-II Elective/Core : Core




Credits 4



Students have to prepare for the self study component themselves with

the guidance of the concerned faculty.

There will be questions in Tests and compulsory 10 marks questions in SEE on the self study component.

Prerequisites : 1. Environmental Engineering-I 2. Engineering Chemistry

Objectives: In this course, the students will learn sources of wastewater, storm water, their characteristics, quantity estimation, methods of treating waste water and their safe disposal, sewer pipes

and appurtenance, planning & design of drainage system.

POs and COs mapping:



Ic,Ie CO1: Determine dry weather flow & wet weather flows for a

town/city taking in to accounting for rain fall data and determine the sewer/storm water drain size. (L3)

Ic,Ie CO2: Design circular sewers flowing full and partial flow. Selecting suitable sewer materials for waste water flow and outline the

procedure for testing of sewers. (L3)

Ie CO3: Describe the necessity & use of various sewer

appurtenances, their locations, construction, maintenance. Principles & requirements of house drainage system. (L2)

Ie CO4: Determine BOD values for given set of data and analyze its

importance in the disposal wastewater. (L3)

Ic,Ie CO5: Describe the methods of natural disposal of wastewater, self

purification process. Design of sedimentation tank for a given set of data (L2 & L3)

Ic,Ie CO6: Describe the concepts of biological treatments of wastewater,

construction, operation of trickling filters, ASP, septic tank, design of conventional trickling filters, low cost wastewater treatment methods. (L2 & L3)

Ii CO7: Analyse case studies of waste water treatment systems.(L3)

Ih,Ii CO8: Explain and compute carbon credits.(L2 & L3)



Unit-1

INTRODUCTION: Necessity for sanitation, definitions of some terms used in sanitary engineering, Methods of domestic waste water disposal, types of sewerage systems and their suitability, Dry weather

flow, factors affecting dry weather flow, design period, flow variations and their effects on design of sewage system, computation of design flow, estimation of storm water flow- rational method only. Design of storm water drains, Time of concentration.

DESIGN OF SEWERS: Hydraulic formulae for velocity, effects of flow

variations on velocity, self cleansing and non souring velocities. Partial flow diagram, Design of hydraulic elements for circular sewers flowing full and flowing partially full only for circular sewers (No derivations). 10hrs Industrial practice: Estimation of waste water flow and design of

sewer sections for hostels, apartments and individual buildings. Unit-2

MATERIALS OF SEWERS: Sewer materials, requirements of good sewer materials, Shapes of sewers. Testing, ventilation and cleaning of sewers, forces on sewers (in brief)

SEWER APPURTENANCES: Catch basins, inlets, manholes, cleanouts, lamp hole flushing tanks, oil and grease traps, inverted siphons and storm water regulators(sketches are important) House drainage system- aims, Principles. Pipes & traps. Typical layout plan showing house drainage connections. 10 hrs

Industrial practice: Draw neat sketches of various sewer appurtenances such as man-holes, lamp-holes, flushing tanks and storm regulators. Prepare sewerage system drawing for a two storey residential building

showing all appurtenances. Unit-3

Waste water characterization: Sampling, significance, techniques & frequency, Physical, chemical and Biological characteristics, Aerobic & Anaerobic activity, CNS cycles. BOD and COD their significance. Derivation of BOD equation & numerical examples. DISPOSAL OF EFFLUENTS: By dilution, self purification

phenomenon. Oxygen sag curve, zones of purification, disposal by land treatment – conditions favouring land treatment, broad irrigation,

rapid infiltration & over land runoff, sewage sickness and its prevention. Streeter Phelps equation, problems (no derivation) 11 hrs

Industrial practice: Industrial visit and preparation of report.



Unit–4

Treatment of waste water: Typical flow diagram of municipal waste water treatment plant. Preliminary treatment: Screening, grit chambers, skimming tanks (no designs), primary sedimentation

tanks(design criteria & design examples).

Secondary treatment: suspended growth and fixed film bioprocess, trickling filter–theory, construction and operation, loading, efficiency &

performance of conventional trickling filters, performance of conventional trickling filters, merits and demerits, design examples,

high rate filters, Recirculation of trickling filter flow, process and design efficiency of filters, troubles and remedies. 11hrs

Industrial practice: Case study of waste water effluent treatment system.

Unit-5

Activated sludge process-Principle and flow diagram, Aeration units, Aeration tank loading criteria, F/M, ratio SRT, SVI, HRT, sludge

production and process control, oxygen requirement, operation difficulties, advantages and disadvantages, Modification of ASP, Design of ASP with examples.

Anaerobic sludge digestion, sludge digestion tanks, sludge drying bed, septic tank, Low cost waste water treatment method, oxidation pond,

oxidation ditches(no designs), Reuse and recycle of wastewater.10 hrs

Industrial practice: Case study of waste water effluent treatment system.

Self learning:

Performance studies of waste water treatment systems – case study.

Carbon credits and its computations

Text Books:

1 B.C. Punmia & Ashok Jain

Environmental Engineering II, edition 2nd 1998 Arihanth publications

2 CPHEEO Manual of Waste water Treatment, Ministry of Urban Development, New Delhi 2015

Reference Books:

1 Howard S. Peavy, Donald R. Rowe, George Techno Bano Glous

Environmental Engineering. MHI,Edition 7th 1985

2 S.K. Garg Waste Water Treatment, Khanna Publishers

Note: 1. This course shall cover the design of a treatment plant for a community.



Sub. Code : 5CV04 Course Title : HYDROLOGY & IRRIGATION

ENGINEERING





Credits 4







Prerequisites : 1. Fluid Mechanics

2. Hydraulics and Hydraulics Machines

Objectives: The main objective of the course is to enable the students

to learn the basics of Hydrology and Irrigation Engineering which will help them in computation of water availability for a given basin and to

design a canal system for irrigation.




Ie CO1: Estimate the quantity of precipitation available for a given

catchment. (L3)

Ie CO2: Determine the rain gauge network and compute the average

depth of rain fall over a basin. (L3)

Ie CO3: Predict the surface runoff based on hydrograph therory. (L3)

Ie CO4: Calculate the ground water movement and its availability.(L3)

Ie CO5: Estimate water requirements of the crops. (L3)

Ie CO6: Design the regime canals for irrigation and other purposes.(L3)

Ii CO7: Estimate precipitation of a River basin.(L3)

Unit–1

Introduction: Introduction, practical applications of Hydrology, water resources, Hydrological cycle (Horton’s Quantitative representation), concept of catchment, water budget equation.

Precipitation: Definition and forms of precipitation, types of



precipitation, measurement of precipitation, non recording and recording type rain gauges, computation of average depth of precipitation over an area, estimation of missing rainfall data, mass curve and consistency of data, rain gauges network, optimum number

of rain gauges. Site Visit: Varahi Project- Hydropower generation, Raichur-Thermal Power station. 10 Hrs.

Unit–2

Water Losses : Infiltration, factors affecting infiltration, measurement of infiltration, Horton’s infiltration curves, infiltration indices,

Evaporation, factors affecting evaporation, measurement of evaporation, Blaney-Criddle method. Runoff : Components, factors affecting runoff, basin yield, rainfall – runoff relationship using simple regression analysis, computation of maximum discharge by Dicken’s formula and rational formula.

Industrial Practice: Estimate the flood discharge using empirical formulae for a given catchment. Site Visit: Water Resources Development Organisation (WRDO), Bengalore 10 Hrs.

Unit–3

Hydrograph Theory: Components of a hydrograph, separation of base flow, unit hydrograph theory, derivation and application of unit hydrograph, computation of unit hydrograph, unit hydrograph of different duration, S-curve and it use.

Ground water hydrology: Importance and occurrence of ground water, definition of terms, aquifers, aquitard, aquifuge, aquiclude, Darcy’s law and its validity, steady radial flow into a well in confined

and unconfined aquifers. Site Visit: Water Resources Development Organisation (WRDO),

Bengalore 12 Hrs Unit–4

Introduction : Benefits and ill effects of irrigation, sources of water for irrigation, systems of irrigation, methods of irrigation.

Water Requirement of crops : Duty, delta, base period, crop period, relationship between duty and delta, factors affecting duty of water, crops and crop seasons in India, crops grown in Karnataka, irrigation efficiency and frequency of irrigation. Industrial Practice: Estimate the quantity of water required for various crops Khariff and Rabi seasons

Site Visit: Goruru Dam Hasan, Hemavathi Canal system, Tumkur, Water Shed development- Minor Irrigation Division, Executive Engineer, Tumkur. Panchayat Raj – Water supply system. 10 Hrs.



Unit–5

Canals : Types of canals, alignment of canals, GCA, CCA, intensity of irrigation, Time factor, crop factor, design of regime canals by Lacey’s method and Kennedy’s methods. 10 Hrs.

Site Visit: Goruru Dam Hasan, Hemavathi Canal system, Tumkur, Water Shed development- Minor Irrigation Division, Executive Engineer, Tumkur. Panchayat Raj – Water supply system.

Self Learning: Computation of precipitation for a given basin using topo-sheets and rainfall records.

Text Books:

1 H.M.Raghunath Hydrology, edition 1st 1985 New Age

international publishers, New Delhi.

2 B.C. Punmia and

Pande. B.B.Lal

Irrigation and Water power engineering,

edition 16th 2009 Laxmi publications,

New Delhi.

Reference Books:

1 K.Subramanya Engineering Hydrology, edition 4th 2013 TMH, NewDelhi.

2 Santhosh Kumar Garg Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic

structures, edition 19th 2005 Khanna publishers, Delhi

3 P.N.Modi Irrigation, water resources and water

power engineering, edition 7th 2008 Standard book house, Rajsons pub. New Delhi.

4 David Keith Todd Ground water Hydrology, edition 3rd

2005 Wiley India, Delhi.



Sub. Code : 5CV05 Course Title : GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING – I Elective/Core : Core




Credits 4 0.5







Prerequisites : Applied Engineering Geology

Objectives: This course introduces the students to the basic concepts of soil mechanics and an exposure to the mechanical behavior of soils. This course covers index properties, soil structure, hydraulic,

compaction, strength and compressibility behavior of soil system.




Ie CO1: Calculate the index properties of soil using inter-relationships of soil phase system (L3)

Ie,Ii CO2: Classify soils in accordance with different soil classification methods. (L2)

Ie CO3: Explain the laboratory tests to determine the compaction

characteristics of soil and analyze the field compaction quality control with reference to laboratory test data (L2 & L4)

Ie CO4: Explain the experimental procedure to determine the permeability of soils and analyze the field soil permeability problems. (L2 & L4)

Ie CO5: Explain the principles of consolidation and calculate one dimensional consolidation settlement and time rate of

settlement (L2 & L3)

Ie CO6: Determine the shear strength of soils under different

drainage conditions. (L3)

Unit-1

Index properties of soils

Phase systems and inter-relationships, relative density-concept and



significance, Specific gravity, Grain size analysis-mechanical and sedimentation analysis, Consistency limits-Definitions, significance and determination of liquid, plastic & shrinkage limits. 10+3 Hrs. Self Study: Application of spread sheets for computing grain size

distribution of soils. Unit–2

Classification of soils: Unified, IS soil classifications.

Clay mineralogy: Clay minerals & their structures, clay water, diffuse

double layer, adsorbed water, ion-exchange capacity.

Compaction: General principles, standard proctor test, factors

affecting compaction, modified proctor test, structures of compacted cohesive soil, effect of compaction on cohesive soil properties, field compaction, specifications for field compaction, determination of field unit weight of compaction, special compaction techniques. 10+2 Hrs.

Industry Practice: Site visit for field compaction control and study of compaction equipment.

Self Study: HRB soil classifications. Unit–3

Flow of water in soil: Hydraulic gradient, Darcy’s law, limitations,

Assumptions and Seepage velocity, coefficient of permeability, factors affecting permeability, laboratory determination of coefficient of permeability, equivalent permeability in stratified soil, field

permeability tests.

Effective stress: Concept of effective stress, effective stress in partially saturated and saturated soil without seepage, capillary rise in soils, effective stress in capillary y zone, quick sand condition.

10+2 Hrs. Self Study: Field permeability test.

Unit–4

Compressibility of soil

Fundamentals of consolidation (Spring–Mass analogy), Terzaghi 1D consolidation theory, 1D laboratory consolidation test, void ratio–

pressure plots, determination of consolidation characteristics (compression index, coefficient of consolidation; determination of coefficient of consolidation by square root of time fitting method and logarithmic time fitting method). Normally consolidated and over consolidated soils, pre-consolidation pressure and its determination by Casagrande’s and log-log method. 11+3 Hrs.

Self Study: Application of spread sheets for computing compressibility characteristics of soil.



Unit–5

Shear strength of soil

Concept of shear strength, Mohr–Coulomb failure criteria, determination of shear strength parameters for soils in the laboratory

by direct shear test (drained direct shear test in saturated sand & clay), triaxial shear test (consolidated drained test, consolidated undrained test & unconsolidated undrained test) and unconfined compression test (for saturated clay), Vane shear test, sensitivity & thixotropy. 11+3 Hrs.

Self Study: Application of spread sheets for computing shear

strength parameters of soil.

Text Books:

1 Gopal Ranjan & ASR Rao

Basic and applied soil mechanics, New Age International publishers, (Revised 2nd Ed.),

2007

Reference Books:

1 VNS Murthy Geotechnical Engineering: Principles and Practices of Soil Mechanics and Foundation

Engineering, CRC Press, 2002

2 B C Punmia, Ashok

Kumar Jain and Arun Kr. Jain

Soil Mechanics and Foundations

Laxmi Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2005



Sub. Code : 5CVE1 Course Title : THEORY OF ELASTICITY

Elective/Core : Elective




Credits 3







Prerequisites : Strength of Materials

Objectives: This course will introduce the students to the analysis of linear elastic materials subjected to mechanical loads and will facilitate solutions to solid mechanics problems.




Ie,Ia CO1: Explain the components of stresses in solids and apply stress equations of equilibrium. (L3)

Ie CO2: Explain the components of strains in solids. (L3)

Ie CO3: Identify plane stress and plane strain problems. (L2)

Ia,Ie CO4: Explain constitutive models and will be able to identify the

2D solid mechanics problem associated with the given stress function. (L2)

Ie CO5: Apply the various failure criteria for structural components.(L3)

Ik,Ii CO6: Perform FE analysis using different failure theories.(L3)

Unit-1

Introduction to vectors, Definition continuum, difference between theory of elasticity and strength of materials, stress and strain at a point, stress tensor, Equilibrium equations, stress on an oblique plane, stress transformation, principal stresses and their planes as

Eigen value problems, maximum shear stress, hydrostatic and deviatoric stress, octahedral stresses, Mohr’s circle of stress. 8 hrs. Self study: Use of Mohr’s circle of stress for 2D and 3D problems.



Unit-2 Strain at a point, strain- displacement relations, strain of linear element, strain quadric, strain tensor, strain transformation, principal strains, maximum shear strain, volumetric strain, spherical and

deviatoric strain, Mohr’s circle of strain. 7 hrs Self study: Determination of principal strains using strain rosettes.

Unit-3 Classification of problems of solid mechanics into plane stress, plane strain, axi-symmetric problems with illustrations. Equations of equilibrium for plane stress and plane strain boundary conditions.

Strain components in plane stress and plane strain conditions, Boundary conditions. 8 hrs

Self study: Identifying the boundary conditions for different structural problems.

Unit-4 Generalised Hooke’s laws (orthotropy, anisotropy, isotropy),

constitutive models for plane stress, plane strain and axy-symmetric problems. Lame’s equation, Navier equation, Airy’s stress function, Biharmonic equations, Polynomial solutions. 8 hrs

Self study: Identifying polynomial functions for different structural

problems. Unit-5

Failure theories: Rankine’s theory, Tescas theory, maximum elastic strain theory, octahedral shearing stress theory, maximum elastic energy theory and Mohr’s failure theory. 8 hrs

Self study: Identifying the most critical factor for failure in uniaxial stress/strain conditions and design of a typical structural component to prevent failurs.

Text Books:

1 Sitharam TG and Govindaraju

“Applied Elasticity”, 2008 Interline publishing.

2 L.S.Srinath “Advanced Mechanics of Solids”, edition 3rd 2009Tata McGraw Hill publications Co.Ltd., New Delhi.

Reference Books:

1 Timeshenko& Goodier

“Theory of Elasticity”, edition 3rd Mc-Graw Hill

Book Company, 1970.

2 Sadhu Singh “Theory of Elasticity”, 2003 Khanna publishers.

3 Verma P.D.S “Theory of Elasticity”, Vikas publishing pvt. Ltd.



Sub. Code : 5CVE2 Course Title : RIVER ENGINEERING





Credits 3





There will be questions in Tests and compulsory 10 marks questions

in SEE on the self study component.

Prerequisites : 1. Fluid Mechanics 2. Hydrology and Irrigation Engineering

Objectives: To teach and empower the students in problems

pertaining to alluvial streams, bed forms, erosion of soil, morphology of Indian rivers, hydrolic geometry, sediment load and design of

channels for alluvial and non-aluvial streams.




Ie CO1: Identify the various problems of alluvial stream, describe

the drainage basin characteristics, patterns and texture, stream order. (L2)

Ie CO2: Describe the types of soil erosion, estimating the sediment yield and analyze the modeling of erosion. (L2)

Ie CO3: Calculate the Incipient motion of alluvial stream and determine the bed forms and resistance to flow in

streams. (L3)

Ie CO4: Derive the equations for the bed load, suspended load

and total load and calculate the loads using various formulae.(L3)

Ie CO5: Design the stable channels carrying sediment, analyze the stability for plan form of rivers, erosion at bends and morphological models of some Indian rivers. (L3)

Ii CO6: Estimate total sediment load in rivers and canals.(L3)

Unit–1

Alluvial Streams: Introduction to river engineering, Alluvial stream problems, Fluvial hydraulics development, Drainage patterns and



Texture, Stream order, Sediment production and yield, Drainage basin characteristics and hydrology. 7 Hrs.

Self Study: Drainage pattern of non alluvial streams. Unit–2

Soil erosion: Types of erosion, Factors affecting soil erosion, Mechanics of sheet erosion, Universal soil loss equations, Measurement of sediment yield, Sediment delivery ratio, Modelling of erosion, Fluvial morphology. Geomorphic cycle, Topography produced by streams. Variables in river morphology. 8 Hrs.

Self Study: Mechanics of erosions of non-alluvial streams.

Unit–3

Hydraulic geometry: Hydraulics of alluvial streams, Incipient motion, Modes of sediment transport, Bed-forms in unidirectional flow. 8 Hrs.

Self Study: Resistance to flow in clayey and rocky strata. Unit–4

Sediment Load: Bed-load transport, Suspended load transport, Total

load transport, Sediment load measurement. 8 Hrs.

Self Study: Estimation of Sediment load. Unit–5

Channel Design: Stable channels carrying sediment, Hydraulic

geometry of alluvial streams, Braided rivers, Meandering rivers, Stability analysis for plan forms of rivers, River channel changes,

Stream capture, Erosion at bends. Channel pattern changes, Morphological models. Morphology of some Indian rivers. 8 Hrs.

Self Learning: Design of channels for non-aluvial streams in clayey and rock strata.

Text Books:

1 R.J. Garde River Morphology, edition 1st 2006 New Age

International (P) Limited, publishers, New

Delhi-02

2 R.J. Garde. K G Ranagaraju

Mechanisms of Sediment Transportation and Alluvial Stream Problems, edition 3rd 2000 (reprint 2015) New Age International (P) Limited, publishers, New Delhi-02

Reference Books:

1 A.J. Raudkivi Loose Boundary Hydraulics, 1998 Pergamon press, Oxford, New York, Tokyo, Beijing

2 Howard H. Chang,

A Whiley

Fluvial Processes in River Engineering-1988

Interscience publication, John Wiley & sons,

New York

3 Sedimentation Engineering- ASCE-Manuals and Reports on engineering practice-No.54, 2008.



Sub. Code : 5CVE3 Course Title : SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS AND

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES





Credits 3







Prerequisites : Fundamentals of Building Construction - Materials

and Methods.

Objectives: To expose the student to the environmental concerns and

GHG effects and the role of civil engineer in promoting sustainability

by choice of construction materials and improvement of exiting material or construction methodologies.




Ie CO1: Evaluate the usage of natural resources, compute the energy consumption and carbon foot print for various construction materials and products. Predict the service life of building materials and components. (L3)

Ie,Ih CO2: Critically analyze the sustainable parameters in respect of traditional and new building materials and justify the usage of recycling of concrete. Compute the reduction in energy consumption and carbon foot print due to use of sustainable and recycled materials. (L3)

Ie CO3: Compute the thermal comfort, energy conservation due to use of alternative building blocks and explain the improvement in aesthetics.(L3)

Ie CO4: Identify affordable and innovative construction techniques

and processes for building construction for different

situations. (L2)

Ic,Ii CO5: Identify cost effective and sustainable construction materials and techniques and their economic evaluation. (L3)



Unit-1

Introduction-Traditional building materials- production requirements, - natural resources, energy consumption, labour and processing cost, transportation cost, concept of embodied energy and embedded

energy, carbon foot print and their computation.

Review of durability of materials and causes of deterioration, computation of service life. 6 Hrs.

Self Study: Increase of durability by the use of high performance materials, protective coatings and membranes.

Unit-2

Concept of sustainability – holistic combination of social, economical and environmentally conducive growth and development of industry/

infrastructure/products. Issues of profitability, suitability and adaptability–critical assessment of sustainability parameters in respect of traditional and new building materials.

Importance of cement and concrete from sustainability perspective –

increasing the efficiency of cement production using alternate fuels, using less water; lowering of the environmental impact of concrete-

Reducing the water/binder ratio, increasing the service life of concrete structures using concretes having a lower cement content, high-performance concrete.

Energy efficient and eco-friendly binders and aggregates- cements, lime from sources other than lime stone, prospects of OPC and non-

OPC binders and the concrete of tomorrow. Synthetic and specially

processed aggregates-manufactured sand, expanded clay, slate, or shale. Expanded BFS, SFA and CBFA, vermiculite, perlite, sawdust, EPS beads.

REINFORCING STEEL-alloy steels, weathering steel, corrosion

resistant bar, TMT bars, coated reinforcement, fusion bonded epoxy coated reinforcement, galvanized bars, stainless steels, high tensile cables, laminates. 12 Hrs. Self Study: Recycling of concrete- recycled aggregate concrete and recycled concrete.

Unit-3

MASONRY- THERMAL COMFORT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION,

AESTHETICS. Requirements of building blocks for walls, limitations of fired clay bricks and Improvements in clay bricks, feasibility of

Laterite blocks, solid and hollow clay & concrete blocks, Stabilized mud blocks. 6 Hrs.

Self Study: Fal-G Blocks, phosphogypsum, celcrete and aerated

concrete block- production, advantages and disadvantages.



Unit-4

AFFORDABLE AND INNOVATIVE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

and PROCESSES

Concepts, Why Innovate?, Filler slabs, Composite beam panel roofs,

Masonry vaults and domes, composite roofs, Rat-trap bond wall, brick arches, Hollow core slabs, profile sheet roofing, foam concrete floors and wall panels, plate floors, ferro-cement roof unit in box and channel sections, precast lintels, precast building units, plastic doors, red mud plastic roofing sheets and panels with fiber reinforcement, rubber wood flush doors, bamboo mat reinforced corrugated roofing

sheet, interlocking blocks. 8 Hrs.

Field Visit: Visit to a residential/commercial apartment to study the

materials and technologies and make an assessment of innovative measures adopted.

Unit-5

COST EFFECTIVE SUSTAINABLE BUILDING DESIGN

Cost concepts in buildings- Cost saving techniques in planning, design and construction, transport of materials. Use of local materials,

treatment/utility of unused wastes/remnants from construction activity, treatment and recycling of water, Rain Water Harvesting, life

cycle Cost analysis: Case studies using alternatives. 7 Hrs.

Field Visit: Visit to a residential/commercial apartment to study the

materials and technologies and make an assessment of sustainability measures adopted.

Text Book:

1 Pierre-Claude Aïtcin and Sidney Mindess

Sustainability of concrete, Taylor & Francis, 2011.

Reference Books:

1 Jan Bijen Durability of engineering structures design, repair and maintenance, CRC Press 2003

2 Marylynn Placet and Kim Fowler

Towards sustainable Cement Industry, How

Innovations can help cement industry move Towards more Sustainable practices, An Independent Study Commissioned by World Business Council for Sustainable Development

3 Recycling of Demolished Concrete and Masonry, Report of Technical

Committee 37-DRC Demolition and Reuse of Concrete, 1992E and FN SPON

4 Andrzej M.

Bra dt

Cement-Based Composites, Second Edition,

Andrzej M. Brandt, Materials, mechanical properties and performance. 2009 by Taylor & Francis.

5 Taylor & Francis Alkali-Activated Cements Caijun Shi(Ed). and



Concretes 2009.

6 Arnon Bentu, Sidney Mindess,

Fibre Reinforced Cementitious, Composites, edition 2nd 2007 by Taylor & Francis

7 P.C. Aïtcin Binders for Durable and Sustainable Concrete, 2007 Taylor and Francis

8 A.Bentur

S.Diamond and N.Berk e

Steel Corrosion in Concrete.

9 J.l. Clarke Chapman and hall

Alternative Materials for the Reinforcement and Prestressing of Concrete, 1993

Sub. Code : 5CVE4 Course Title : DESIGN OF MASONRY STRUCTURES





Credits 3







Prerequisites : Fundamentals of Building Construction -Materials and Methods.

Objectives: To impart the knowledge of strength and elastic properties

of masonry and its constituent materials and failure modes. To teach design of load bearing masonry buildings- reinforced, un-reinforced and pre-stressed masonry building.




Ie CO1: Explain various types of masonry units, elastic and

strength aspects of various types of masonry, role of mortars, masonry defects and construction aspects.(L2)

Ie CO2: Analyze the strength and stability aspects of masonry walls



under compression. (L3)

Ie CO3: Analyze the stresses in masonry walls under various loading conditions. (L3)

Ie CO4: Analyze and design masonry columns and lintels. (L3)

Ic CO5: Design unreinforced and reinforced masonry walls for axial and eccentric loading conditions. (L4)

Unit–1

STRENGTH AND STABILITY: Strength, modulus of elasticity and

water absorption of masonry materials – classification and properties of mortars, selection of mortars. Defects and errors in masonry construction, cracks in masonry, types, reasons for cracking, Strength and Stability of concentrically loaded masonry walls, effect of unit strength, joint thickness, strength formulae and mechanism of failure for masonry subjected to direct compression. 10 Hrs.

Self Study: Methods of avoiding cracks, repair of cracks. Unit-2

PERMISSIBLE STRESSES: Permissible compressive stress, stress reduction and shape reduction factors, increase in permissible

stresses for eccentric vertical and lateral loads, permissible tensile and shear stresses, analysis of stresses in concentric and eccentric

masonry columns. 7 Hrs.

Self Study: analysis of stresses in concentrically and eccentrically loaded pilasters.

Unit–3

DESIGN OF LOAD BEARING MASONRY WALLS: Effective height of walls, opening in walls, effective length, effective thickness,

slenderness ratio, eccentricity, load dispersion, arching action, lintels. Design of simple buildings with load bearing masonry walls. 8 Hrs.

Self Study: Design of masonry arches.

Unit–4

REINFORCED MASONRY: Stress distribution in reinforced masonry, design considerations for reinforced masonry lintels, beams, and walls, effective length, effective thickness, slenderness ratio, eccentricity, load dispersion and arch action, design of reinforced masonry walls under axial and eccentric loads. 7 Hrs.

Self Study: Design of masonry arch. Unit–5

HALLOW BLOCK AND AERIETED CONCRETE BLOCK MASONRY:

Manufacture, advantages and limitations, design consideration, design of simple buildings with hallow block and aerieted masonry, design of free standing walls with different types of masonry. 7 Hrs.

Self Study: Principles of Pre-stressed masonry.



Text Books:

1 Sinha B.P., Davies S.R.

Design of masonry structures-: edition 3rd E&FN spon 1997

2 Dayaratnam P. Brick and Reinforced Brick Structures-: edition

27th Oxford & IBH, 1987.

Reference Books:

1 IS 1905–1987 Code of practice for structural use of un-reinforced

masonry- (3rd revision) BIS, New Delhi.

2 SP 20 (S&T)–1991, Hand book on masonry design and construction

(1st revision) BIS, New Delhi.

Sub. Code : 5CVL1 Course Title : BUILDING MATERIALS LABORATORY-II Elective/Core : Core




Credits 1


Assessment & Grading

Conduction of Lab tests and preparation of lab

reports : (20+15) 35 marks

Lab test and Viva-voce at the End of the Sem:

(10+5)15marks

Prerequisites : Fundamentals of Building construction-

Materials and Methods

Objectives: To train the students in the characterization of constituents of concrete, design and production of concrete mix,

curing and testing of concrete for different states. Expose them to use of mineral and chemical admixtures. POs and COs mapping:



Ib CO1: Characterize the cement, coarse & fine aggregates and

supplementary cementateous materials, based on the test

results decide their suitability in the production of different types of concrete. (L3)

Ib CO2: Determine various strengths and deformation



characteristics of cement mortar / cement concrete and draw inference on the acceptability of concrete and recommending its suitability for infrastructure

construction. (L3)

Ib CO3: Design the concrete mixes for different exposure conditions, performance requirements. Analyze, interpret and recommend on the test results. (L5 & L4)

Ic CO4: Give an exposure on field testing and evaluation including destructive and non-destructive testing and analysis of results and draw inference on structural integrity (L3).

Id CO5: Function as team member to conduct experiments (L3).

Test on Cement and cementitious materials (cement, fly ash, slag)

Ex 1: Specific Gravity of flyash/slag. EX2: Wet sieve analysis (75µ and 45µ) i) fly ash ii) GGBS Ex 3: Air permeability test for fineness

Ex 4: Soundness by Le-chatelier'

Test on Cement Mortar

Ex 5: Flow test Ex 6: Compressive Strength of hardened mortar cubes

Ex 7: Test on Pozzolanic activity index.

Test on Fresh concrete

Ex 8:

Workability tests

V-B Test

Slump cone test

Density, yield & air content by gravimetric method

Test on Hardened Concrete

Ex 9: compressive strength test

flexural strength test split tensile strength test Elastic modulus of cylindrical specimen by compresometer

Ex 10: Test on Bricks and concrete blocks Check for dimensional tolerance and determination of water

absorption, capillary rise, bearing strength, efflorescence and

impact resistance. Ex 11: Test on roof tiles and floor tiles Determination of bearing strength and abrasion resistance.



DEMONSTRATION ONLY:

Field Testing and evaluation

Non-destructive testing of concrete using ultrasonic pulse

velocity technique and rebound hammer.

Extraction of concrete core samples and evaluation of equivalent cube strength.

Demonstration on Concrete Mix Design with and without

admixtures as per IS 10262:2009

Reference Books:

1) M.L.Gambir, Concrete Manual, Dhanpat Rai & CO.

2) Shetty M.S, Concrete technology, S.Chand & Co.Ltd., 2009

BIS CODE

IS 383:1970 Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for concrete

IS 516 : 1959 Method of test for strength of concrete

IS 650 : 1991 Specification for standard sand for testing of cement

IS 2386 : Part 3 : 1963 Methods of test for aggregates for concrete Part 3 Specific gravity, density, voids, absorption and bulking

IS 2386 : Part 4 : 1963 Methods of test for aggregates for concrete Part 4 Mechanical properties

IS 2386 : Part I : 1963 Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete - Part I :

Particle Size and Shape

IS 4031 : Part 1 : 1996 Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement: Part 1 Determination of fineness by dry sieving

IS 4031 : Part 2 : 1999 Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement: Part 2 Determination of fineness by specific surface by Blaine air permeability

method

IS 4031 : Part 3 : 1988 Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement: Part 3 Determination of soundness

and all other Relevant IS codes

Note:

1. All Experiments shall be design/problem based. 2. The laboratory reports shall contain the following details.

- Problem statement to identify the experiment - Objectives and procedures associated with the experiment. - Experimental setup, measurement, and data collection. - Critical analysis of data including codal provisions.

- Use the experimental data for further interpretation / design.

3. Assessment of each student regarding his contribution to the team work.



Sub. Code : 5CVL2 Course Title : ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

LABORATORY





Credits



Regular Lab work and writing lab records:

(20+15) 35 marks.

Lab test and Viva-voce at the End of the Sem: (10+5)15marks

Prerequisites : 1. Environmental Engineering-I 2. Environmental Engineering-II

Objectives: Objective of this course is to train the students to conduct experiments to assess the quality of water / waster water, analyze and

interpret the results, check for conformity with permissible limits, evaluate the suitability of water for drinking/industrial use and decide on methods and extent of treatment required wherever necessary. POs and COs mapping:



Ib CO1: Determine the water quality parameters for drinking / industrial purposes as per BIS standards. (L3)

Ib CO2: Interpret the test results and recommend the water for the specific use. (L3)

Ib CO3: Identify & characterize wastewater using standard methods and design wastewater treatment techniques. (L1 & L3)

Id CO4: Function as team member to conduct experiments.

Tests on water/waste water

1. Determination of pH, Alkalinity and Acidity. 2. Determination of Chlorides.

3. Determination of Calcium, Magnesium and Total Hardness.

4. Determination of Dissolved Oxygen. 5. Determination Electrical conductivity, Turbidity determination

by Nephelo turbidi meter. 6. Determination of Iron, Fluorides, by instrument method using

data logging spectrophotometer



7. Determination of Percentage of available chlorine in bleaching powder, Residual Chlorine and Chlorine Demand,

8. Jar Test for Optimum Dosage of Alum. 9. Determination of Nitrates, Sulphates by instrument method

using data logging spectrophotometer 10. Determination of Dissolved Solids, Volatile Solids, Fixed Solids,

Total Solids, Settleable Solids and Suspended Solids. 11. Determination of BOD and COD. 12. MPN Determination- Demonstration of colony counter

instrument.

Note 1: In the practical record all the experiments are to be submitted in the following format.

Aim of the experiment

Apparatus with specification

Theory behind the experiment

Procedure

Observations and calculations

Test results and graphs (if applicable)

Comparison with standards and conclusion

Manual: Refer manual prepared in the lab

Reference Books:

1 Manual of Water and Wastewater Analysis –2015, NEERI Publication

2 Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater (2013), American Publication – Association, Water Pollution Control

3 Federation, American Water Works Association, Washington DC.

4 Sawyer and Mc Carty- Chemistry for Environment Engineering.

5 IS Standards.

Note 2 :


- Problem statement to identify the experiment - Objectives and procedures associated with the experiment. - Experimental setup, measurement, and data collection. - Critical analysis of data including comparision with standards.

- Use the experimental data for further interpretation / design. 3. Assessment of each student regarding his contribution to the

team work.



VI Semester Syllabus



Sub. Code : 6CV01 Course Title : GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING–II Elective/Core : Core




Credits 3 1







Prerequisites : Geotechnical Engineering – I

Objectives: This course introduces the students to the knowledge of site exploration and sampling techniques, stresses in soils due to different types of loading, bearing capacity of foundations, lateral earth

pressure behind retaining walls, seepage analysis through earth dams,

and stability of earth slopes. POs and COs mapping:



Ie CO1: Evaluate general suitability of the site for the proposed civil

project using soil exploration techniques (L3)

Ie CO2: Determine the stresses in soils due to various types of loadings using Boussineq's and Westergaard's solution (L3)

Ie CO3: Determine bearing capacity of soils for foundations using theoretical and empirical correlations. (L3)

Ic,Ie CO4: Describe the types of piles. Design bored and driven piles. (L3 &L4)

Ie CO5: Determine the lateral earth pressures on earth retaining

structures using static equilibrium principles. (L3)

Ie CO6: Calculate the seepage loss in various hydraulic structures.(L3)

Ie CO7: Analyze the stability of slopes of simple geometry, including

the effect pore water pressure.(L4)

Ii CO8: Analyse the case studies related to failure of foundations and

slopes, explain case studies of soil exploration.

Unit-1

Soil Exploration and Sampling Techniques



Introduction, methods of exploration (disturbed & undisturbed samples), planning exploration program, Soil boring (primary boreholes and secondary boreholes), soil sampling (cohesionless soil sampling, disturbed sampling, undisturbed cohesive

soil sampling, underwater sampling). Extraction of samples of rock. Standard Penetration Test (SPT), corrections to SPT, SPT correlations. Cone Penetration Test (CPT), CPT correlations for cohesive soil, CPT correlations for cohesionless soils. Geophysical tests (Seismic refraction & electrical resistivity). Ground water table location, number and depth of borings, bore log,

soil report. Field Study: Soil sampling and testing, rock sampling and testing, SPT.

Stresses in soils

Boussinesq’s method of stress distribution for point loads, strip

loading, loading on circular area.

Pressure distribution Diagrams, Isobars, vertical stress distribution on

a horizontal plane, vertical stress distribution on a vertical line

Westergaard’s method of stress distribution for point loads, and

loading on circular area

Numerical Problems 12 Hrs.

Self Study: Application of spread sheet for analysis of stresses on horizontal and vertical planes for loading of circular and non-circular areas.

Unit-2

Bearing capacity of foundations:

Introduction, terminology, bearing capacity failures,

Terzaghi’s bearing capacity equation, Hansen’s bearing capacity

equation, bearing capacity equation as per IS code, footings with

eccentric loadings, footings on inclined ground,

Effect of water table, bearing capacity from SPT & CPT. Bearing

capacity of rocks

Determination of stress-strain modulus by lab & insitu tests.

Immediate settlement of foundations on saturated clay and sandy soil.

Tolerable settlement of buildings.

Numerical Problems

Self Study: Settlement analysis for a simple frame structure with isolated footings.



Pile foundations

Introduction, classification of piles, Design of bored and driven piles (capacity and number of piles – Structural design for the same is not required) for axial loads. 10 Hrs.

Self Study: Bearing capacity of foundation.

Unit-3

Lateral earth pressure

Lateral earth pressure at rest, Rankine’s active earth pressure, Rankine’s passive pressure,

Coulomb’s active earth pressure, Coulomb’s passive earth pressure.

Graphical solutions for active and passive earth pressure for

cohesionless soils–Culmman’s & Rebhhan’s method.

Numerical problems 10 Hrs.

Self Study: Application of spread sheet for the analysis of earth’s pressure underneath, retaining walls using Rankine’s and Coulomb’s

earth pressure theories. Unit-4

Seepage Analysis

Laplace’s equation for flow through soils, characteristics of flow nets,

Construction of flow nets for earth dams, sheet pile walls,

Phreatic line in earth dams (graphical method), Estimation of quantity

of seepage & exit gradient. Numerical Problems 10 Hrs.

Self Study: Numerical solutions of Laplace’s equation for flow through soils, and estimation of quantity of seepage and exit gradient in Earth Dams.

Unit-5

Stability of earth slopes

Types of slopes, types of failure and their causes.

Stability of infinite slopes,

Stability of finite slopes – Swedish circle method (total stress

analysis for cohesive and c-Φ soils), Stability of slopes of earth dams, Friction circle method, Taylor’s stability number.

Numerical Problems 10 Hrs.

Self Study: Application of method of slices for stability analysis of earth slopes using spread sheet.

Topic for Self Learning: (CIE – 4marks)

* Case studies of foundation failure, slope failure and soil exploration.

Text Books:

1 Gopal Ranjan & ASR Rao

Basics and Applied Soil Mechanics, New Age International Pub (P) Ltd., Reprint 2007, PWS Publishing Company, Boston



2 B.C. Punmia, Ashok Kumar Jain and Arun Kumar Jain

Soil Mechanics and Foundations, edition 16th 2005 Laxmi Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi

Reference Books:

1 Joseph E. Bowles

Foundation Analysis & Design, edition 5th The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc., New York

2 Braja M. Das Principles of Geotechnical Engg., edition 8th 2013 PWS Publishing Company, Boston

Sub. Code : 6CV02 Course Title : TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING – I Elective/Core : Core




Credits 4



4 quizzes, 2 tests, 3 Assignments

Prerequisites : 1. Surveying-I

2. Surveying-II




Ie CO1: Classify the roads, design the alignments and calculate the

length of different types of roads based on third 20 road plan. (L2/L3)

Ic,Ie CO2: Design the road geometry such as SSD, OSD, Horizontal

and Vertical curves.

Ic,Ie CO3: Explain the properties of soil, aggregates and bitumen for road construction and design the payment by CBR method. (L2/L3)

Ic,Ie CO4: Explain the construction of roads, suggest the remedial measures for the road failure and design the drainages.

(L2/L3)

Ie CO5: Carry out economical analysis for different alternatives of

the road projects by the methods such as benefit cost ratio and net present value. (L4)



Unit-1

Introduction: Importance of transportation, different modes of transportation and comparision, characteristics of road transport, development of roads in India, Jaykar Committee Recommendations

and implementation. Highway development and planning: Road types and classification, planning surveys, Master plan- saturation system of road planning, road alignment, ideal alignment, factors affecting road alignment, engineering surveys for new and old alignment, problems on best alignment among alternate proposals, phasing of road development in

India, present scenario of road development in India- NHDP, PMGSY, KSHIP, KRDCL, road development plan-vision 2021. 8 Hrs.

Unit-2

Highway geometric design

Elements of roads-Camber, Highway Travel lanes, Curbs, Medians, Shoulders, Right of way, Typical cross section of roads, problems.

Importance of Geometric design, Design Criteria & Controls-Traffic, Road way capacity, Design speed, Design vehicle, Topography, and terrain conditions, Sight Distance-Stopping Sight Distance, PIEV

theory, Analysis of SSD(Problems)& Passing sight distance, Analysis of passing Sight distance (Problems), Road alignment-Horizontal

alignment, Super Elevation, its analysis & Design (problems), Radius of Horizontal curves, Extra widening, Horizontal Transition curves, Objects, Types and calculation of length, Vertical alignment-Gradient, Types of Vertical curves, Summit curves & Valley curves and its length calculations (For SSD and OSD) Problems. 11 Hrs. Field study: Demonstration of elements of roads, horizontal and

vertical curves and super elevation, sight distance.

Unit-3

Traffic Engineering: Traffic studies and surveys – speed studies, journey time, and delay studies, vehicular volume counts, planning of traffic counts, vehicle occupancy surveys, OND studies, Parking

survey, traffic signs and marking, traffic control aids- road delineators, hazard markers, speed breakers and rumble strips. Design of traffic signal, street lighting, planning and designing. 10 Hrs. Field study: Different types of traffic studies- collection of data and analysis.

Unit-4

Pavement materials and construction:

Pavement materials- stone aggregates, desirable properties, tests and requirements, aggregates for different types of pavements, Bituminous materials: types, tests on bitumen, desirable properties, selection of



grade of bitumen, bituminous mix design. Principle and methodology, modified binders. Highway construction, maintenance and drainage:

Equipment used for construction of different types of roads- water

bound macadam, different types of bituminous pavements, cement concrete pavements, soil stabilized roads. Highway drainage- necessity, surface drainage, sub surface drainage, draining of city street.

12 Hrs. Field Study: Visit to highway construction site, hot mix asphalt plant,

RMC plant. Unit-5

Highway pavement design- Maintenance and rehabilitation:

Pavement Design:

Design of pavements- types of pavement, comparision of different types of pavement, functions of pavement components, pavement

design factors- repetition of roads, equivalent wheel load factors, strength characteristics of pavements, climatic variations, design of flexible highway pavements as per IRC approach, design principles of rigid pavements, stresses in rigid highway pavements, critical load

positions, stresses due to loads and temperature changes, joints in rigid pavements.

Highway maintenance and rehabilitation:

Pavement failures; flexible pavement failures, rigid pavement failures, maintenance of different types of pavements, introduction to pavement management systems, evaluation of pavements: structural evaluation, functional evaluation, strengthening of existing pavements, types of overlays, design of different types overlays. 11 Hrs.

Field Study: Demonstration of different types of failures of payment,

use of pavement evaluation equipment.

Text Books:

1 S.K.Khanna and

C.E.G.Justo

Highway Engineering, edition 9th 2011

Publisher: Nemi Chand Brothers, ISBN

8185240434

2 L.R.Khadiyali Principles and Practices of Highway Engineering: 2005, Khanna Tech. Publishers, New Delhi, ISBN: 8174091653

Reference Codes:

IRC code No. 81-1997

Gide lines for Strengthening of Flexible Road Pavements using Benkelman beam Deflection techniques



IRC code No.37-2011 (Revised)

Guide lines for the Flexible Pavements design

Specifications for Roads & Bridges

MoRTH (Fourth or Fifth Revision)

Paul H.Wright and Karen K.Dixon

Highway Engineering, edition 7th 2009 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi

James H.Banks Transportation Engineering, edition 2nd 2010 Mc-Graw Hill Pub. New Delhi

Sub. Code : 6CV03 Course Title : DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES





Credits 3 0.5







Prerequisites : Structural Analysis – I Structural Analysis – II

Objectives: To introduce the students to the advantages and

limitations of steel structures, analysis and design of tension members, compression members, beams and column bases as per relevant standards, design of different types of connections like bolted, and welded connections for different structural elements and plastic analysis and design of steel structures. POs and COs mapping:



Ie CO1: Analyse the behavior of different types of bolted and welded

connections and design them for different load conditions. (L3 & L4).

Ic CO2: Analyse and design of simple tension and compression members. (L3 & L4)



Ic CO3: Analyse and design built-up compression members and base plates. (L3 & L4)

Ic CO4: Analyse and design simple and built-up sections of flexural members with or without lateral restraint. (L3 & L4)

Ic CO5: Analyse and design the bolted and welded framed connections, beam to beam connection, Beam to column connection etc. (L3 & L4)

Ii CO6: Determine plastic collapse load for simple continuous beams and portal frames and design these structures as per relevant standards.

Unit-1

Advantages and disadvantages of steel structures, loads and load combinations, Design considerations, Limit state method(LSM) of design, codes, specifications and section classification.

BOLTED CONNECTIONS: Introduction, advantages, modes of failures, simple, semi-rigid and rigid connections, Eccentric connections (plane of connection and parallel and perpendicular to the plane of moment),

beam to beam, beam to column connections including seated and framed connections, moment resistant connections. 11 Hrs.

Self Study: Design of moment resistant connections.

Unit-2

WELDED CONNECTIONS: Advantages, disadvantages, types of welded joints, weld symbols, design of fillet and butt weld joints, Eccentric

connections (plane of connection and parallel and perpendicular to the plane of moment), beam to beam, beam to column connections. 9 Hrs. Self Study: Design of moment resistant welded connections.

Unit-3

Design of Tension and Compression members: Introduction, sections used for tension members, Design of axially

loaded tension members in a truss with bolted/welded connections, design of lug angles, Behaviour of compression members under concentric and eccentric loading, Design of compression members in a roof truss. 10 Hrs.

Self Study: Design of tension and compression members using tubular section.

Unit-4

Design of Built-up Columns and bases:

Design of built-up compression members including design of lacings and battens, Design of slab base and Gusseted base. 10 Hrs.

Self Study: Design of built-up columns and bases under eccentric loading.



Unit-5

Design of Beams:

Introduction, sections for beams, factors affecting lateral stability, design of laterally supported beams, design of laterally unsupported

beams, check for strength, shear and deflection, design of built-up beams and plate girders. Plastic Analysis and Design:

Introduction to plastic hinge, plastic collapse load, conditions of plastic analysis, redistribution of moments, Theorems of plastic

collapse, Plastic analysis of continuous beams and portal frames,

design of continuous beams.

Self Study: Design of members of simple steel framed structure including beams, columns, column bases under gravity and lateral loads. 12 Hrs.

Text Book:

1 S.K.Duggal Limit state Design of steel structures, edition 2nd

2014 Tata McGraw-Hill, ISBN-978-0-07-070023-9

Reference Books:

1 Dr .Ramachandra & Veerendra Gehlot

Limit state Design of steel structures, 2013 Scientific Publishers (India). ISBN: 8172336144

2 N.Subramanian Design of steel structures by Limit state method, edition 1st 2014 Oxford

University Press.

3 S. M. A. Kazimi, R. S. Jindal

Design of steel structures, edition 2nd

1990 Prentice-Hall of India



Sub. Code : 6CV04 Course Title : NUMERICAL METHODS IN CIVIL

ENGINEERING Elective/Core : Core

L T LA PR PROJ SE Credits : 3.0



Credits 3


Assessment & Grading 4 quizzes, 2 tests, 3 Assignments

Prerequisites : 1. Engineering Mathematics-IV 2. Fluid Mechanics

3. Structural Analysis-I 4. Structural Analysis-II 5. Environmental Engineering-I

Objectives: This course introduces the use of numerical computational techniques to provide solutions to Civil Engineering

problems including construction management, hydraulics, environmental and geotechnical engineering.




Ia,Ie CO1: Solve civil engineering problems involving linear simultaneous equations by different numerical techniques (L3)

Ia,Ie CO2: Solve civil engineering problems involving non-linear

algebraic equations by different techniques.(L3)

Ia,Ie CO3: Apply Numerical Integration for computing areas, volumes and determine the slope and deflections in simple beams by Newmark’s method.(L3)

Ia,Ie CO4: Solve ordinary differential equations related to engineering

problems using numerical techniques.(L3)

Ia,Ie CO5: Apply finite difference techniques to solve structural mechanics problems. (L3)

Unit-1

Introduction: Introduction to Numerical techniques, Errors, Matrices

and Determinants.

Solution of Linear Simultaneous Equation:

a) Gaussian elimination method b) Gauss-Jordan matrix inversion method



c) Gauss-Siedel method d) Cholesky method

Application of Solution of Linear System Of Equations To Civil

Engineering Problems related to: Construction planning, slope deflection method applied to beams, frames and truss analysis. 8 Hrs.

Unit-2

Solution of non-linear and Transcendental equations for Civil

Engineering Problems: a) Bisection method and b) Newton-Raphson

method and its applications for solution of non linear algebraic and transcendental equations for problems in hydraulics, irrigation engineering, structural engineering and environmental engineering. 8 Hrs.

Unit-3

Application of Numerical Integration for Solving Civil Engg.

Problems: a) Trapezoidal rule b) Simpson’s one third rule. c) Newmark’s method. 8 Hrs.

Unit–4

Solution of Ordinary Differential Equation to Civil Engineering

Problems by: a) Euler’s method b) Runge Kutta 4th order method 7 Hrs.

Unit-5

Application of Finite Difference Technique in Structural Mechanics:

Introduction, expression of derivatives by finite difference: backward differences, forward differences and central differences. Application of finite difference method for analysis of

a) statically determinate beams,

b) statically indeterminate beams Application of Finite difference technique in structural mechanics

a) Buckling of columns b) Beams on elastic foundation.

8 Hrs.

Lab Practice : Application of spread sheet and MATLAB for numerical

solution of civil engineering problems. Text Books:

1 Chapra S.C. & R.P.Canale

“Numerical Methods for Engineers”, edition 2nd McGraw Hill, 1992.

2 N.Krishna Raju, K.U.Muthu

“Numerical methods in Engineering Problem”, MacMillan Indian Limited, 1990. 2000



Reference Books:

1 Iqbal H.Khan, Q. Hassan

“Numerical methods for Engineers and Scientists- Galgotia”, New Delhi, 1997.

2 Pallab Ghosh “Numerical methods in Computer Programs in C++”, Prentice Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi, 2006.

3 Schilling Numerical methods for engineers using MATLAB and C, I-Edition, 2000 “Thomson Publications”

Sub. Code : 6CVL1 Course Title : GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

LABORATORY Elective/Core : Core




Credits



Regular Lab work and writing lab records:

(20+15) 35 marks

Lab test and Viva-voce at the End of the Sem: (10+5)15marks

Prerequisites : Geotechnical Engineering-I

Objective: The objective of this lab course is to enable the students to

conduct experiments on strength and compressibility characteristics

of soils, hydraulic characteristics and analyze and interpret the results and utilize soil properties in the design of foundations and earth structures.




Ib CO1: Determine the index properties, consistency limits. Analyze,

interpret and classify the soil. (L3 & L4)

Ib CO2: Determine the compaction characteristics of soils for field

applications. (L3)

Ib CO3: Determine the coefficient of hydraulic conductivity of soils.

Analyze, interpret and recommend for engineering applications. (L3 & L4)



Ib CO4: Determine the strength of soils under different drainage

conditions. Use the results for the solution of engineering problems. (L3)

Ib CO5: Determine the consolidation parameters of soils and time

rate of consolidation. Use the results for field problems. (L3)

Id CO6: Function as team member to conduct experiments. (L3)

1. Tests for determination of specific gravity using

a. Density bottle method

b. Pycnometer method 2. Determination of moisture content

a. Oven drying method

b. Pycnometer method 3. Grain size analysis of soil sample

a. Dry sieve analysis b. Wet sieve analysis c. Hydrometer analysis

4. Determination of Insitu density

a. Core cutter method b. Sand replacement method

5. Determination of Consistency Limits a. Liquid limit (Casagrande method and static cone penetration method)

b. Plastic limit c. Shrinkage limit

6. Determination of Optimum moisture content and Maximum dry density a. Standard Proctor test

7. Determination of Coefficient of Permeability a. Constant head permeameter b. Variable head permeameter

8. Determination of shear strength parameters a. Direct shear test on cohesive and cohesionless soils. b. Triaxial Shear test (UU and CU tests) c. Unconfined compression test

9. Determination of relative density of cohesionless soils. 10. Determination of free swell index

11. The following tests for demonstration a. Demonstration of Vane shear test b. Demonstration of consolidation test for determination of

compression index and coefficient of consolidation

c. Demonstration of different types of augers, Samplers, Rapid moisture meter, Proctor’s needle

12. Field visit to study soil sampling.



Reference Books:

1 Lambe T W Soil Testing, John Wiley and Sons

2 Shamsher Prakash & Purushottam Kumar Jain

Engineering soil testing, Nem Chand, 1979

3 IS codes: IS 2720 (part 1 to part 60), SP 36, part I and II

Note1 : In the practical record all the experiments are to be submitted in the following format 1. Aim of the experiment 2. Apparatus with specification

3. Theory behind the experiment 4. Procedure

5. Observations and calculations 6. Test results and graphs (if applicable) 7. Comparison with standards and conclusion 8. References

Note 2:


- Problem statement to identify the experiment - Objectives and procedures associated with the experiment. - Experimental setup, measurement, and data collection. - Critical analysis of data including codal provisions.

- Use the experimental data for further interpretation / design. 3. Assessment of each student regarding his contribution to the

team work.



Sub. Code : 6CVL3 Course Title : DESIGN STUDIO-I (Irrigation Structure) Elective/Core : Core




Credits 1 1.5



Regular Lab work and writing lab records: (20+15) 35 marks

Lab test and Viva-voce at the End of the Sem: (10+5)15marks Student will design and prepare an AUTOCAD drawing in SEE.

Prerequisites : Hydrology and Irrigation Structures

Objective : The objective of this course is to enable the students to design and develop the drawings of different components of various

irrigation structures including surplus weir, tank sluice with shutter, canal draw, canal cross regulatory structures, aqua-duct.




Ic,Ik CO1: Design and develop the drawings of surplus weir, tank sluice with shutter arrangement of irrigation structures using CAD tool. (L3 &L4)

Ic,Ik CO2: Design and develop the drawings of Canal drop, canal

cross regulatory arrangement of irrigation structures using CAD tool. (L3 &L4)

Ic,Ik CO3: Design and develop the drawing of Syphon Aqua duct of

irrigation structures using CAD tool. (L3 &L4).

Design and drawing of:

1. Surplus weir with stepped apron

2. Tank sluice with tower head arrangement (plug arrangement)

3. Direct sluice with shutter arrangement

4. Canal drop (Trapezoidal notch)

5. Canal cross regulator arrangement (shutter arrangement)

6. Aqueduct – Syphon Aqueduct.

The students should submit the design computation and all drawings drawn to scale using AUTOCAD and submit as a portfolio. The



drawing shall consists of three views namely; half-plan at top, half-plan at bottom, sectional view and elevation. Field Visit: To demonstrate the various types irrigation structures.

Text Book:

1 C Satyanarayana Murthy

Design of minor irrigation and canal structures, 1990 Wiley Eastern Ltd. New Delhi.

Reference Books:

1 Garg S.K Irrigation Engg and Hydraulic Structures 2006

Khanna (P)

2 Modi P.N Irrigation, water resources and water power Engg., 2008 Standard Book House

Sub. Code : HS22 Course Title : ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Elective/Core : Core

L T LA PR SE PROJ SE Credits : 3.0



Credits 3







Prerequisites : 1. Environmental Engineering – I

2. Environmental Engineering - II

Objectives: This course introduces the students to the problems of depletion of natural resources due to deforestation, agricultural practices, and adverse environmental effects, pesticides, soil erosion, mining. Different types of energy- renewable, non-renewable and energy conservation, impact of environmental pollution on water quality, air quality, soil pollution and noise pollution, solid waste

management- disposal, treatment of different types of solid waste including sanitary waste, e-waste, biomedical waste, societal impact of environmental issues- ozone layer depletion, GHG effect, water conservation and harvesting and environmental protection.






Ie,Ij CO1: Explain the importance of forestation, effect of

deforestation, adverse effects of modern agriculture, pesticides and mining. (L2)

Ie,Ij CO2: Explain the conservation of energy, necessity and importance of renewable energy and their immediate need. (L2)

Ie,Ij CO3: Explain sources of pollution, types of pollution, and their adverse effects on humans, plants, and natural attributes, prevention of pollution. (L2)

Ie,Ij CO4: Explain Impact of solid waste on human health and

environment. Necessity and safe disposal of solid waste. (L2)

Ie,Ij CO5: Explain the importance of sustainable development, conservation of water sources, green house effect and environmental acts. (L2)

Unit-1

Introduction: Components of Environment and their interactions. Definition of ecology, Ecosystem and types

Natural Resources:

Forest resources-Deforestation, causes of deforestation, environmental effects of deforestation and solutions.

Water resources, world’s water reserves, Hydrological cycle. Food resources, global food problems, food security, adverse

effects of modern agriculture.

Pesticides, problems of pesticide, Alternative methods of insect control. Organic farming, advantages of organic fertilizers.

Land resources, land degradation. Soil erosion, causes and prevention. Soil conservation and its types.

Mineral resources of India, Mining, adverse effects of mining and social damages of mining. 7 Hrs.

Self Study: Computation of runoff from water resources, impact of pesticides on health and safety.

Unit-2

Energy and resources:

Definition, Types of energy-Renewable, non renewable & sustainable energy sources. Advantages and disadvantages of

various energy types. Renewable energy sources- solar energy, Wind energy, Tidal

energy, Ocean thermal energy. Geothermal energy



Hydro electric power, Biomass energy, Hydrogen energy and Thermal power-definition and production environmental impacts.

Conservation of energy- Tips to save energy. 8 Hrs.

Self Study: Evaluation of energy conservation due to various alternate

energy sources. Unit-3

Environmental pollution:

Definition of pollution, Sources of pollution- Natural sources, Man made (artificial) or Anthropogenic sources.

Pollutant, Classification of pollutants-Based on the form they

exist, biological degradability, their existence and on their origin. Human activities and their effects on environment (Agriculture,

Industrialization, Urbanization and Mining) Air pollution-Definition, composition of clean air, sources of air

pollution-air pollutants. Effect of air pollution on humans, animals and plants. Aesthetic loss due to air pollution, Effect of

air pollution on climate. Water quality–Definition of potable water, wholesome water,

polluted water & contaminated water. Water pollution, sources of water pollution. Common impurities in water (physical, chemical

and bacteriological) Effects of some impurities (Colour, Taste and odour, Turbidity, Total solids pH, Hardness Chlorides, fluorides &

nitrates). Soil pollution, Sources of soil pollution, Effects of soil pollution,

control of soil pollution. Noise pollution, sources of noise, measurement of noise, effect of

noise and noise control. 8 Hrs.

Self Study: Evaluation of extent of air pollution, water pollution and soil and noise pollution in certain localities and their conformity with

relevant standards.

Unit-4

Solid Waste Management Definition-Refuse, Garbage, Rubbish, Ash, Agricultural wastes,

Construction and demolition wastes, Industrial wastes and Biomedical wastes.

Necessity of safe disposal of solid waste. Impacts of solid wastes on human health and environment.

Classification of solid wastes. Quantity and composition of

municipal solid waste. Collection of solid waste (door to door collection, community storage system, kerb side collection, block collection).



Disposal of solid waste-Sanitary land-filling, Shredding and pulverization. Disposal of solid waste- Composting including Vermicomposting, Indore and Bangalore method of composting.

E-waste problems and solutions for E-waste. Technology for

processing printed circuit boards. Biomedical wastes-impacts on human health. Colour coding.

Collection of sharp wastes. Labelling for identification. Storage, Treatment and disposal of biomedical wastes -Chemical disinfection, Autoclaving, Hydroclaving, Microwaving and Incineration. 8 Hrs.

Self Study: Evaluation of quality of solid waste from various sources before and after treatment.

Unit-5 Social issues and the environment:

From Unsustainable to sustainable development. Some important

issues on energy utilization in urban planning. Water conservation methods. Recycling of water. Rainwater

harvesting-methods of rainwater harvesting.

Acid rain and effects of acid rain. Ozone layer depletion. Impacts of Ozone depletion. Steps to protect

the Ozone layer. Greenhouse effect, global warming and climate change.

Environmental protection laws in India-Central and state pollution control boards-their functions. The water (prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1974. The air (prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1981. The Environment (protection) Act, 1986. The wildlife protection

Act 1971. The Forest (conservation) Act 1980. 8 Hrs.

Self Study: Computation of carbon foot print due to various environmental protection.

Text Books:

1 Benny Joseph Environmental Studies, 2005 The

McGraw-Hill companies.

2 Snathosh Kumar Garg, Rajeshwari Garg and Dr Ranjani Garg

Ecological and Environmental Studies, edition 3rd 2010 Khanna Publishers.

Reference Books:

1 Erach Bharucha Environmental studies for Undergraduate Courses, edition 1st 2013 University Press.

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