INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCESCIENCE

1.WHAT IS SCIENCE?1.WHAT IS SCIENCE?

Science is a systematic Science is a systematic study of study of natural natural

phenomena and the phenomena and the environmentenvironment

2. NATURAL PHENOMENA2. NATURAL PHENOMENA Natural phenomena Natural phenomena

are the things that are the things that happen in nature, happen in nature, examples:-examples:-a.a. Earthquake and Earthquake and

tsunamitsunamib.b. Volcano eruptionsVolcano eruptionsc.c. Birth of babies and Birth of babies and

their growththeir growthd.d. The occurrence of The occurrence of

day and nightday and night

e.The melting of

ice

f. A falling object

to the ground

g.Lightning

flashes

h.Eclipse of moon

and sun

i. Formation and

germination of

seeds and fruits

j. Formation of

rainbow

k. Monsoons

l. Turtles returning

to the shore to lay

eggs

m. Typhoon

3.The importance of science in 3.The importance of science in everyday lifeeveryday life

a.a. TransportationTransportation

b.b. CommunicationCommunication

c.c. MedicationMedication

d.d. AgricultureAgriculture

e.e. ConstructionConstruction

f.f. MachineMachine

g.g. EducationEducation

h.h. IndustryIndustry

i.i. technologytechnology

3.The importance of science in 3.The importance of science in everyday lifeeveryday life

A. TransportationA. Transportation – Aeroplane, Aeroplane,

hovercraft, ship, car, hovercraft, ship, car, motorcycle, motorcycle, commuter, LRT (Light commuter, LRT (Light rail Transit)rail Transit)

B. CommunicationB. CommunicationTelephone, facsimile, radio, Telephone, facsimile, radio, television, computer, internet, television, computer, internet, satellitessatellites

The important of science in The important of science in everyday lifeeveryday life

c.c. Medication Medication (maintain good (maintain good health)health)

– X-ray machines, X-ray machines, lasers, lasers, electrocardiogram electrocardiogram (ECG), dialysis (ECG), dialysis machinemachine

– Vaccines, antibiotic, Vaccines, antibiotic, medicine medicine

d.d. Machine (makes Machine (makes work easier)work easier)

The important of science in The important of science in everyday lifeeveryday life

E. Agriculture E. Agriculture – Machines, Machines,

fertilizers, fertilizers, pesticidespesticides

F.F. Construction Construction To built apartments, stadiums, To built apartments, stadiums, airports, dams, bridgesairports, dams, bridges

Teaching aids and technology

Fields of scienceFields of science

The three main branches of The three main branches of science are:-science are:-

1.1. BiologyBiology -study of living -study of living things things

2.2. ChemistryChemistry-study of -study of substances and its substances and its reactionsreactions

3.3.PhysicsPhysics-study of -study of motion (movement), heat, motion (movement), heat, light and forcelight and force

Fields of scienceFields of science Other field in science Other field in science

are :-are :-

1.1. Astronomy-study of Astronomy-study of planets and starsplanets and stars

2.2. Geology-study of rocks Geology-study of rocks and mineralsand minerals

3.3. Meteorology-study of Meteorology-study of weather and climateweather and climate

4.4. Physiology-study of Physiology-study of processes and functional processes and functional of systems in lifeof systems in life

5.5. Botany- scientific study Botany- scientific study of plantsof plants

6.6. Zoology - scientific study Zoology - scientific study of animalsof animals

7.7. Microbiology- scientific Microbiology- scientific study of microorganisms.study of microorganisms.

Careers in science include the Careers in science include the following:-following:-

DoctorDoctor EngineerEngineer NurseNurse VeterinarianVeterinarian Microbiologist Microbiologist

Careers in science include the Careers in science include the following:-following:-

ArchitectArchitect PharmacistPharmacist ChemistChemist Computer Computer

programmerprogrammer

ZoologistZoologist Botanist Botanist BiologistBiologist AstronautAstronaut GeologistGeologist Research scientistResearch scientist

1.1. Science is the _________________Science is the _________________2.2. Natural phenomena is __________Natural phenomena is __________3.3. Example of natural phenomena:Example of natural phenomena:

1.1. ______________________________2.2. ______________________________

4.4. The importance of scienceThe importance of science1.1. __________________________2.2. __________________________3.3. __________________________4.4. __________________________5.5. __________________________

Exercise: Introduction to scienceExercise: Introduction to science

Hazardous substances Hazardous substances found in the laboratoryfound in the laboratory

Hazard warning symbols Hazard warning symbols are used to show the are used to show the

danger of the substancesdanger of the substances

Hazard warning symbolsHazard warning symbols

1.1. PoisonousPoisonous Causes harm or Causes harm or

deathdeath

Example:-Example:- Mercury, bromine Mercury, bromine

and sodium and sodium cyanidecyanide

Hazard warning symbolsHazard warning symbols

2.Flammable2.Flammable Burns easilyBurns easily

ExamplesExamples ethanol, petrol, ethanol, petrol,

kerosenekerosene

Hazard warning symbolsHazard warning symbols

3.Explosive3.Explosive Explodes easilyExplodes easily

ExamplesExamples Sodium and Sodium and

potassiumpotassium

Hazard warning symbolsHazard warning symbols

4. Irritant4. Irritant Irritates the skinIrritates the skin

Examples Examples Ammonium Ammonium

solutionsolution chloroformchloroform weak acidsweak acids

Vinegar Vinegar

Hazard warning symbolsHazard warning symbols

5. Radioactive5. Radioactive Gives out radiationGives out radiation

ExamplesExamples Plutonium and Plutonium and

uraniumuranium

Hazard warning symbolsHazard warning symbols

6. Corrosive 6. Corrosive substancessubstances

Causes damage to the Causes damage to the skin or eyes upon skin or eyes upon contactcontact

ExamplesExamples Concentrated sulphuric Concentrated sulphuric

acid, Concentrated acid, Concentrated hydrochloric acid.hydrochloric acid.

Name these hazard warning symbols

COMMON LABORATORY COMMON LABORATORY APPARATUSAPPARATUS

CrucibleCrucible Evaporating dishEvaporating dish Filter funnelFilter funnel Gas jarGas jar Test tube Test tube Boiling tubeBoiling tube BeakerBeaker Conical flaskConical flask Bunsen burnerBunsen burner Stop watchStop watch ThermometerThermometer Metre ruleMetre rule Syringe Syringe

Round bottom flaskRound bottom flask Flat bottom flaskFlat bottom flask Measuring cylinderMeasuring cylinder BuretteBurette PipettePipette Retort standRetort stand Tripod standTripod stand Test tube rackTest tube rack Test tube holderTest tube holder Crucible tong Crucible tong

Barrel

Collar

Air hole

Gas jet

ab c

d

e

f

g

h

i

j

k

lm

n

o

p

Using a Bunsen burnerUsing a Bunsen burner

a)a) Close the air hole of Close the air hole of the Bunsen burner the Bunsen burner by turning the by turning the collarcollar

b)b) Bring a lighted Bring a lighted matchstick near the matchstick near the mouth of the barrelmouth of the barrel

c)c) Turn on the gas tapTurn on the gas tapd)d) Open the air hole to Open the air hole to

obtain a blue non-obtain a blue non-luminous flameluminous flame

Barrel

Collar

Air hole

Gas jet

1.1. IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEMIDENTIFYING THE PROBLEM– In the form of questionIn the form of question

2.2. MAKING A HYPOTHESISMAKING A HYPOTHESIS– Any possible answer for the Any possible answer for the

questionquestion– Also known as a smart guessAlso known as a smart guess

3.3. PLANNING THE EXPERIMENTPLANNING THE EXPERIMENT

4.4. CONTROLLING THE VARIABLESCONTROLLING THE VARIABLES– Carrying out the experimentCarrying out the experiment– 3 types of variables are:3 types of variables are:

a)a) Fixed variable @ Constant Fixed variable @ Constant variable:- variable:- Remains the same Remains the same throughout the experimentthroughout the experiment

b)b) Manipulated variable:-Manipulated variable:-

c)c) Responding variable:- Responding variable:-

5.5. COLLECTING COLLECTING THE DATATHE DATA

6.6. ANALYSING ANALYSING THE DATATHE DATA

7.7. MAKING MAKING CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

8.8. WRITING THE WRITING THE REPORTREPORT

P Q

R

Physical quantities and their unitsPhysical quantities and their units

1.1. Physical quantities are quantities Physical quantities are quantities that can be measuredthat can be measured

2.2. Physical quantities are measured in Physical quantities are measured in S.I. units (International System of S.I. units (International System of Units)Units)

3.3. S.I. units are standard units in many S.I. units are standard units in many countriescountries

PHYSICAL PHYSICAL QUANTITYQUANTITY

S.I. unitS.I. unit SymboSymbol l

MEASURED BY MEASURED BY USINGUSING

LENGTHLENGTH metermeter mm A metre rule, A metre rule, opisometer, opisometer, measuring tapemeasuring tape

MASSMASS kilograkilogramm

kgkg Lever balance, Lever balance, beam balance, beam balance, electronic electronic balance.balance.

TIMETIME secondsecond ss Stopwatch Stopwatch

TEMPERATURETEMPERATURE KelvinKelvin KK A thermometerA thermometer

ELECTRIC ELECTRIC CURRENTCURRENT

AmperAmperee

AA An ammeterAn ammeter

We use prefixes to represent quantities We use prefixes to represent quantities that are very small or very big values.that are very small or very big values.

Prefix Prefix Symbol Symbol Value Value

mega-mega- MM 10000001000000

kilo-kilo- kk 10001000

deci-deci- dd 1/101/10

centi-centi- cc 1/1001/100

milli-milli- mm 1/10001/1000

micro-micro- µµ 1/10000001/1000000

THE USE OF MEASURING THE USE OF MEASURING TOOLS IN MEASURING:-TOOLS IN MEASURING:-

1.1. LENGTHLENGTH2.2. AREAAREA3.3. VOLUMEVOLUME4.4. TEMPERATURETEMPERATURE5.5. MASSMASS6.6. WEIGHTWEIGHT7.7. TIMETIME8.8. ELECTRIC CURRENTELECTRIC CURRENT

1.1. LENGTHLENGTH

Length is a Length is a distance distance between between two pointstwo points

Can be Can be measured measured by using a by using a metre rule metre rule and and measuring measuring tapetape

Length Length Measuring toolsMeasuring tools

11 StraightStraight

linelineMetre rule,Metre rule,

Measuring tapeMeasuring tape

22 Curve Curve Thread and ruler,Thread and ruler,

Opisometer and Opisometer and rulerruler

33 Internal Internal diametediameterr

Internal calipers and Internal calipers and metre rulemetre rule

44 External External diametediameterr

External calipers External calipers and metre ruleand metre rule

55 Circum-Circum-ference ference

Measuring tapeMeasuring tape

What is diameter?What is diameter?

Radius

Measuring the internal diameter of a boiling tube

Measuring the external diameter of a boiling tube

Measuring diameters Measuring diameters

External callipers

Internalcallipers

Verniercalipers

Screwgauge

micrometerTo measure the length

accurately to the nearest

0.1mm

To measure the length

accurately to the nearest

0.01mm

To measure the external

diameter of an object

To measure the internal

diameter of an object

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

2. AREA OF A SURFACE2. AREA OF A SURFACE Unit = cmUnit = cm22 (square centimetre) (square centimetre)

AREA

REGULAR SHAPE•TRIANGLE

•CIRCLE•SQUARE

•RECTANGLE

IRREGULAR SHAPE•LEAF SHAPE

•FLOWER SHAPE•HEART SHAPE•ANIMAL SHAPE

•Calculated by using

a formula

•Estimated by using

a graph paper

•Estimated by using a graph paper

•Count only complete square and half or more than half of the area of the square.

The area of a regular shape object can be measured by using a mathematical formula

breadth

length

breadthbase

height

Triangle Rectangle

Square

Area of a triangle

= ½ x base x height

Area of a rectangle

= breadth x length

Area of a square

= breadth x length

Estimating area by using a graph paper

1cm

1cmEstimated area of the leaf Estimated area of the leaf

= Number of ticks counted x 1 cm= Number of ticks counted x 1 cm22

= _____________ x = _____________ x 1 cm1 cm22

=______________ =______________ cm cm22

Total surface covered by an objectTotal surface covered by an object

3. VOLUME3. VOLUME Volume is the space occupied by an object.Volume is the space occupied by an object. Unit = cmUnit = cm33 (cubic centimeter) (cubic centimeter) SOLID SOLID Unit = ml (milliliter)Unit = ml (milliliter)

LIQUIDLIQUID 1 millilitre (ml) = 1 cubic centimetre (cm3)1 millilitre (ml) = 1 cubic centimetre (cm3)

MEASURING VOLUME

VOLUME OF LIQUID VOLUME OF SOLID

•Measuring cylinder•Pipette•Burette •Unit = ml

1. Water displacement method (measuring cylinder)

2. Eureka can @ displacement can and measuring cylinder

• Unit = cm3

Measuring the volume of liquidMeasuring the volume of liquid

Taking the measurement form a Taking the measurement form a measuring cylindermeasuring cylinder

Meniscus

of the liquid

Calibration

Taking the measurement form a Taking the measurement form a measuring cylindermeasuring cylinder

A

B

C

Take the

measurement

at the bottom

of the meniscus

Precautionary steps taken when Precautionary steps taken when using a measuring cylinderusing a measuring cylinder

1.1. Place the measuring cylinder on a Place the measuring cylinder on a flat surfaceflat surface

2.2. The eye must be on the same level The eye must be on the same level as the meniscus.as the meniscus.

Taking measurement of a burette

Finding the volume of regular shape Finding the volume of regular shape object (solid) by using a formulaobject (solid) by using a formula

Volume of the wooden block = width x length x height

Measuring the volume of irregular shape Measuring the volume of irregular shape object by water displacement methodobject by water displacement method

Volume of irregular shape object = volume of water and object – volume of water without object

= 57 cm3 - 50 cm3 = 7 cm3

50 cm3 57 cm3

stone

Measuring the volume of irregular shape object that is Measuring the volume of irregular shape object that is too big to fit into a measuring cylinder by using a too big to fit into a measuring cylinder by using a

Eureka can (displacement can)Eureka can (displacement can)

TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE Degree of hotness of an objectDegree of hotness of an object Measured by using a Measured by using a

thermometerthermometer Unit = Unit = ººC (degrees Celsius)C (degrees Celsius) S.I. unit = KelvinS.I. unit = KelvinTIME •Measured by using a stopwatch

•Unit = second (s)

ELECTRIC CURRENT•Measured by using an ammeter

•Unit = Ampere (A)

1.Which apparatus below is suitable to measure the temperature of a hot oven?

2.Which apparatus below is suitable to measure the body temperature?

MASS WEIGHT

Matter

MASS AND WEIGHTMASS AND WEIGHT

MASSMASS UNIT = kilogram (kg)UNIT = kilogram (kg) Measured by using Measured by using 1.1. Lever balanceLever balance2.2. Beam balanceBeam balance3.3. Electronic balanceElectronic balance

WEIGHTWEIGHT Unit = Newton (N)Unit = Newton (N) Measured by using Measured by using 1.1. Spring balanceSpring balance2.2. Compression Compression

balancebalance

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MASS DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MASS AND WEIGHTAND WEIGHT

MASSMASS

1.1. Is the amount of Is the amount of mattermatter in an object in an object

2.2. Is measured in Is measured in kilogram (kg)kilogram (kg)

3.3. Is always the Is always the samesame everywhereeverywhere

4.4. Can be measured by Can be measured by a a leverlever balance, a balance, a beambeam balance or an balance or an electronicelectronic balance balance

WEIGHTWEIGHT

1.1. Is the Is the pullpull of gravity of gravity on an objecton an object

2.2. Is measured in Is measured in Newton (N)Newton (N)

3.3. Is Is notnot always the always the samesame

4.4. Can be measured by Can be measured by a a springspring balance and balance and compressioncompression balancebalance