science and engineering indicators 2006 volume 2science and engineering indicators 2006 volume 2...

Science and engineering indicatorS 2006

Volume 2

national Science Foundation

national Science Board

National Science BoardWarren M. Washington(Chair), senior scientist and section head, national Center for atmospheric research

Diana s. nataliCio (Vice Chair), President, the University of texas at el Paso

Dan e. arvizUDirector, national renewable energy laboratory

Barry C. Barishlinde Professor of Physics and Director, ligo laboratory, California institute of technology

steven C. BeeringPresident emeritus, Purdue University, West lafayette

ray M. BoWenPresident emeritus, texas a&M University, College station

g. Wayne CloUghPresident, georgia institute of technology

Kelvin K. DroegeMeierregents’ Professor & roger and sherry teigen Presidential Professor; Weathernews Chair of applied Meteorology; Director, Center for analysis and Prediction of storms; and Director, sasaki institute, University of oklahoma, norman

Delores M. etteronr Distinguished Chair in s&t, electrical engineering Department, U.s. naval academy*

nina v. FeDoroFFWillaman Professor of life sciences and evan Pugh Professor, huck institutes of life sciences, the Pennsylvania state University, University Park

Kenneth M. ForDDirector, Florida institute for human and Machine Cognition

Daniel hastingsDirector, engineering systems Division and Professor, aeronautics and astronautics and engineering systems, Massachusetts institute of technology

elizaBeth hoFFManPresident emerita, Professor of economics and Public affairs, University of Colorado at Denver

loUis J. lanzerottiDistinguished research Professor, Center for solar-terrestrial research, new Jersey institute of technology

alan leshnerChief executive officer, american association for the advancement of science

Jane lUBChenCoWayne and gladys valley Professor of Marine Biology and Distinguished Professor of zoology, oregon state University

DoUglas D. ranDallProfessor of Biochemistry and Director, interdisciplinary Program on Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Missouri-Columbia

MiChael g. rossMannhanley Distinguished Professor of Biological sciences, Purdue University

Daniel siMBerloFFnancy gore hunger Professor of environmental science, Department of ecology and evolutionary Biology, University of tennessee, Knoxville

Jon C. straUssPresident, harvey Mudd College

Kathryn D. sUllivanscience advisor, Center of science and industry

Jo anne vasqUezMesa, arizona Public schools (retired)

John a. White, Jr.Chancellor, University of arkansas, Fayetteville

MarK s. WrightonChancellor, Washington University in st. louis

arDen l. BeMent, Jr.Member ex officio and Chair, executive Committee, Director, national science Foundation

MiChael P. CrosByexecutive officer

*resigned november 2005

National Science Board Subcommittee on Science and Engineering Indicatorssteven C. Beering, Chair

g. Wayne CloughMichael g. rossmann

Jon C. straussKathryn D. sullivan

Jo anne vasquezJohn a. White, Jr.

elizabeth hoffman, ex officio, Chair, Committee on education and human resourcesalan i. rapoport, executive secretaryJean M. Pomeroy, nsB staff liaison

Science and Engineering Indicators 2006

Volume 2Appendix Tables

National Science Board

Cover Image

Computer simulation of the merger of two black holes and the ripples in spacetime—known as gravitational waves—born of the merger.

This simulation is one of a series depicting orbiting black holes and represents the first time that three-quarters of the full orbit of a black hole has been computed. Researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute) in Potsdam, Germany, created the simulations in 2002 on the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) Itanium-based Linux computational cluster. The visualizations are by Werner Benger of the Albert Einstein Institute and the Konrad-Zuse-Zentrum in Berlin. (Credit: scientific contact, Ed Seidel, [email protected]; Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics—Albert Einstein Institute [AEI]; Werner Benger, Zuse Institute and AEI.)

The National Science Foundation (NSF) provided support for this project through a proposal for computer time at NSF computing facilities, including NCSA, and indirectly through NSF grant PHY 99-79985.

Recommended Citation

National Science Board. 2006. Science and Engineering Indicators 2006. Two volumes. Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation (volume 1, NSB 06-01; volume 2, NSB 06-01A).

List of Appendix Tables

Chapter 1. Elementary and Secondary Education

1-1 First-time kindergartners demonstrating specific mathematics skills and knowledge, by child and family characteristics: Fall 1998 and spring 1999 ..................................................................................................................1-1

1-2 Mean mathematics scores of fall 1998 first-time kindergartners, by time of assessment and child and family characteristics: Fall 1998 and spring 1999, 2000, and 2002 ............................................................................1-2

1-3 Fall 1998 first-time kindergartners demonstrating proficiency in specific mathematics skills and knowledge areas in spring of third grade, by child and family characteristics: Spring 2002 ......................................1-3

1-4 Mean science scores of fall 1998 first-time kindergartners in spring of third grade, by child and family characteristics: Spring 2002 ........................................................................................................................................1-4

1-5 Average mathematics score of students in grades 4, 8, and 12, by student characteristics: Selected years, 1990–2003 ..........................................................................................................................................1-5

1-6 Students in grades 4, 8, and 12 scoring at or above proficient level in mathematics for their grade, by student characteristics: Selected years, 1990–2003 .....................................................................................................1-7

1-7 Average science score of students in grades 4, 8, and 12, by student characteristics: 1996 and 2000 .......................1-8

1-8 Students in grades 4, 8, and 12 scoring at or above proficient level in science for their grade, by student characteristics: 1996 and 2000 ..................................................................................................................................1-10

1-9 Average mathematics score of fourth grade students, by country: 2003 ..................................................................1-11

1-10 Average mathematics score of eighth grade students, by country: 2003 ..................................................................1-12

1-11 Average science score of fourth grade students, by country: 2003 ...........................................................................1-13

1-12 Average science score of eighth grade students, by country: 2003 ...........................................................................1-14

1-13 Average mathematics literacy score of 15-year-old students, by country: 2003.......................................................1-15

1-14 Average science literacy score of 15-year-old students, by country: 2003 ...............................................................1-16

1-15 High school graduates who attended schools offering advanced mathematics courses, by student and school characteristics: Selected years, 1990–2003 ....................................................................................................1-17

1-16 High school graduates who attended schools offering advanced science courses, by student and school characteristics: Selected years, 1990–2003 ...............................................................................................................1-18

1-17 High school graduates who completed advanced mathematics courses, by selected student and school characteristics: Selected years, 1990–2000 ...............................................................................................................1-19

1-18 High school graduates who completed advanced science courses, by selected student and school characteristics: Selected years, 1990–2000 ...............................................................................................................1-20

1-19 U.S. students who took mathematics and science Advanced Placement tests and percentage with passing scores, by sex and race/ethnicity: 1997 and 2004 ........................................................................................1-21

1-20 1992 12th graders who had earned bachelor’s degree by 2000, by selected academic characteristics and current or most recent occupation: 2000 ............................................................................................................1-22

1-21 Public school grades 7–12 mathematics and science teachers with full certification in assigned teaching field: 1999–2000 .........................................................................................................................................1-23

A-iv t AppendixTables

1-22 Public school grades 7–12 mathematics and science teachers with undergraduate or graduate major or minor in assigned teaching field: 1999–2000 ......................................................................................................1-24

1-23 Salary trends of public school K–12 and beginning teachers: Selected years, 1972–2002 .....................................1-25

1-24 Annual statutory salaries of public school teachers at beginning, after 15 years of experience, and at top of scale; salary per instructional hour after 15 years of experience; and ratio of salaries after 15 years of experience to gross domestic product per capita, by level of schooling and OECD country: 2002 .....................1-26

1-25 Public school teacher stayers, movers, and leavers who agreed with various statements about their current or former schools: 2000–2001 ......................................................................................................................1-27

1-26 Student access to and use of computers and Internet at home, and use of both information technology resources at school, by student and family characteristics: 2003 ..............................................................................1-28

1-27 Third grade students’ frequency of accessing Internet and using computers (from teacher reports), by school and teacher characteristics: 2002 ..............................................................................................................1-29

1-28 Among students with access, those who used computers at home or accessed Internet anywhere for specific tasks, and frequency of Internet use, by student and family characteristics: 2003 .....................................1-30

1-29 Teachers’ familiarity with computers, percentage who spent >32 hours on IT-related training, and percentage who had training that mentioned or focused on various IT-related topics, by teacher characteristics: 2000–01 ............................................................................................................................................1-31

1-30 Third grade teacher assessments of their preparation to use computers for instruction and of their school’s technical support, by school and teacher characteristics: 2002 ..................................................................1-32

1-31 High school graduates enrolled in college October after completing high school, by sex, race/ethnicity, family income, and institution type: 1973–2003 .......................................................................................................1-33

1-32 First-time entry rates into postsecondary (tertiary) education for selected OECD countries, by program type and sex: 1998 and 2001 .....................................................................................................................................1-34

Chapter 2. Higher Education in Science and Engineering

2-1 Institutions awarding S&E degrees, by field, degree level, and Carnegie institution type: 2002 ...............................2-1

2-2 S&E degrees awarded, by degree level, Carnegie institution type, and field: 2002 ...................................................2-2

2-3 Enrollment in higher education, by Carnegie institution type: 1967–2001 .................................................................2-3

2-4 U.S. population ages 20–24 years, by sex and race/ethnicity: Selected years, 1985–2020 ........................................2-4

2-5 Enrollment in major types of institutions, by citizenship and race/ethnicity: Selected years, 1992–2001 .................2-5

2-6 Freshmen intending S&E major, by sex, race/ethnicity, and field: Selected years, 1983–2004 .................................2-8

2-7 Freshmen intending to major in selected S&E fields, by sex and race/ethnicity: Selected years, 1983–2004 ...........2-11

2-8 Freshmen reporting need for remediation in mathematics or science, by sex and intended major: 1984 and 2002 ...........................................................................................................................................................2-13

2-9 Foreign undergraduate student enrollment in U.S. universities, by selected places of origin: Selected years, 1987–2004 ........................................................................................................................................2-14

2-10 Undergraduate enrollment in engineering and engineering technology programs: Selected years, 1983–2003 ........................................................................................................................................2-15

2-11 Engineering enrollment, by enrollment level and attendance: 1983–2003 ...............................................................2-16

2-12 Employment and education status of S&E bachelor’s and master’s degree recipients, by degree level and undergraduate GPA: 1995, 2001, and 2003 ..............................................................................................................2-17

2-13 First-time full-time S&E graduate students, by field: Selected years, 1983–2003 ...................................................2-18

2-14 S&E graduate enrollment, by field and sex: Selected years, 1983–2003 ..................................................................2-19

Science and Engineering Indicators 2006 t A-v

2-15 S&E graduate enrollment, by field, citizenship, and race/ethnicity: Selected years, 1983–2003 .............................2-22

2-16 First-time full-time S&E graduate students, by field and citizenship: 2000–03 .......................................................2-31

2-17 Foreign graduate student enrollment in U.S. universities, by selected place of origin: Selected years, 1987–2004 ........................................................................................................................................2-32

2-18 Full-time S&E graduate students, by source and mechanism of primary support: 1983–2003 ................................2-33

2-19 Full-time S&E graduate students, by field and mechanism of primary support: 2003 .............................................2-35

2-20 Full-time S&E graduate students primarily supported by federal government, by field and mechanism of primary support: 2003 ...............................................................................................................................................2-36

2-21 Full-time S&E graduate students primarily supported by federal government, by agency: 1983–2003 ..................2-37

2-22 Primary mechanisms of support for S&E doctorate recipients, by citizenship, sex, and race/ethnicity: 2003 ...........2-38

2-23 Amount of undergraduate and graduate debt of S&E doctorate recipients, by field: 2003 ......................................2-39

2-24 Earned associate’s degrees, by field and sex: Selected years, 1983–2002 ................................................................2-40

2-25 Earned associate’s degrees, by field, race/ethnicity, and citizenship: Selected years, 1985–2002 ...........................2-43

2-26 Earned bachelor’s degrees, by field and sex: Selected years, 1983–2002 ................................................................2-51

2-27 Earned bachelor’s degrees, by field, race/ethnicity, and citizenship: Selected years, 1985–2002 ............................2-54

2-28 Earned master’s degrees, by field and sex: Selected years, 1983–2002....................................................................2-63

2-29 Earned master’s degrees, by field, race/ethnicity, and citizenship: Selected years, 1985–2002 ...............................2-66

2-30 Earned doctoral degrees, by field, sex, and citizenship: Selected years, 1983–2003 ................................................2-75

2-31 Earned doctoral degrees, by field, citizenship, and race/ethnicity: Selected years, 1983–2003 ...............................2-82

2-32 Earned doctoral degrees, by field and citizenship: 1983–2003 .................................................................................2-94

2-33 Plans of foreign recipients of U.S. S&E doctorates to stay in United States, by field and place of origin: 1992–2003 .................................................................................................................................................................2-96

2-34 Time from bachelor’s to S&E doctoral degree, by doctoral degree field: 1983–2003 ...........................................2-101

2-35 Postdocs at U.S. universities, by field and citizenship status: 1983–2003 ..............................................................2-103

2-36 Trends in population ages 18–23 years, by selected country and region: 1980–2050 ............................................2-105

2-37 Field of first university degrees and ratio of first university degrees and S&E degrees to 24-year-old population, by selected region and country/economy: 2002 or most recent year ...................................................2-106

2-38 S&E first university degrees, by selected Western or Asian country and field: Selected years, 1983–2002 .........2-110

2-39 Field of first university degrees and ratio of first university and S&E degrees to 24-year-old population, by sex, country/economy, and region: 2002 or most recent year ............................................................................2-112

2-40 Earned S&E doctoral degree, by selected region, country/economy, and field: 2002 or most recent year ............2-117

2-41 Earned S&E doctoral degrees, by selected region, country/economy, sex, and field: 2002 or most recent year .........................................................................................................................................2-119

2-42 S&E doctoral degrees, by selected Western industrialized country and field: 1983–2003 .....................................2-122

2-43 S&E doctoral degrees, by selected Asian country/economy and field: Selected years, 1983–2003 .......................2-123

2-44 Foreign S&E student enrollment in U.K. universities, by enrollment level, place of origin, and field: 1994 and 2004 .........................................................................................................................................................2-124

2-45 Foreign S&E doctoral student enrollment in French universities, by field and place of origin: 2003 ....................2-126

2-46 Foreign S&E student enrollment in Japanese universities, by enrollment level, place of origin, and field: 2004 ................................................................................................................................................................2-127

A-vi t AppendixTables

2-47 S&E student enrollment in Canadian universities, by enrollment level, top place of origin, and field: 2001 ..........2-128

2-48 Doctoral degrees earned by foreign students, by selected industrialized country and field: 2003 or most recent year ...............................................................................................................................................................2-129

Chapter 3. Science and Engineering Labor Force

3-1 Science and technology employment, by occupation: Selected years, 1950–2000 ....................................................3-1

3-2 Average annual growth rate of degree production and occupational employment, by S&E field:1980–2000 .............3-2

3-3 Workforce in S&E occupations: 1983–2004 ...............................................................................................................3-3

3-4 Bureau of Labor Statistics projections of employment in S&E occupations: 2002 and 2012 ....................................3-4

3-5 Median annual salaries of U.S. individuals in S&E and S&E-related occupations, by highest degree, occupation, and years since degree: 2003 ...................................................................................................................3-5

3-6 Employed individuals with S&E or S&E-related highest degrees whose jobs are closely or somewhat related to field of highest degree, by degree level and years since degree: 2003 ........................................................3-9

3-7 Employed individuals with S&E or S&E-related highest degrees whose jobs are closely related to field of highest degree, by degree level and years since degree: 2003 ......................................................................3-13

3-8 Unemployment rate, by occupation: 1983–2004 .......................................................................................................3-17

3-9 Employed individuals with S&E or S&E-related highest degree, by highest degree, field of highest degree, and employment sector: 2003 .......................................................................................................................3-18

3-10 Individuals in S&E and S&E-related occupations, by highest degree, occupation, sex, race/ethnicity, and employment status: 2003 ...........................................................................................................................................3-22

3-11 Median annual salaries of U.S. individuals in S&E and S&E-related occupations, by highest degree, occupation, sex, race/ethnicity, and years since degree: 2003 ..................................................................................3-28

3-12 Median annual salaries of individuals employed in S&E occupations, by occupation and highest degree: 2003 ..................................................................................................................................................3-34

3-13 Individuals in labor force with S&E or S&E-related highest degrees, by highest degree, degree field, sex, race/ethnicity, and age: 2003 ..............................................................................................................................3-35

3-14 Older S&E degree holders working full time, by age and degree level: 2003 ..........................................................3-43

3-15 Tertiary-educated population more than 15 years old, by country: 2000 ..................................................................3-44

3-16 Individuals in labor force in S&E and S&E-related occupations, by highest degree, occupation, sex, race/ethnicity, and age: 2003 .....................................................................................................................................3-45

3-17 High-skilled-worker visas in Japan, entries: Selected years, 1992–2003 .................................................................3-53

3-18 Foreign-born U.S. residents with S&E and S&E-related highest degree, by degree level and place of birth: 2003 .................................................................................................................................................................3-54

Chapter 4. Research and Development: Funds and Technology Linkages

4-1 Gross domestic product and implicit price deflators: 1953–2005 ...............................................................................4-1

4-2 Purchasing power parity and purchasing power parity/market exchange rate ratios, by selected country: 1981–2004 ...................................................................................................................................................................4-2

4-3 U.S. R&D expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2004 .......................................................4-3

4-4 U.S. inflation-adjusted R&D expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2004 ..........................4-5

4-5 U.S. R&D expenditures, by source of funds and performing sector: 1953–2004 .......................................................4-7

4-6 U.S. inflation-adjusted R&D expenditures, by source of funds and performing sector: 1953–2004 ..........................4-9

Science and Engineering Indicators 2006 t A-vii

4-7 U.S. basic research expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2004 .......................................4-11

4-8 U.S. inflation-adjusted basic research expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2004 ............4-13

4-9 U.S. basic research expenditures, by source of funds and performing sector: 1953–2004 .......................................4-15

4-10 U.S. inflation-adjusted basic research expenditures, by source of funds and performing sector: 1953–2004 ............4-17

4-11 U.S. applied research expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2004 ...................................4-19

4-12 U.S. inflation-adjusted applied research expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2004 ......................................................................................................................................................4-21

4-13 U.S. applied research expenditures, by source of funds and performing sector: 1953–2004 ...................................4-23

4-14 U.S. inflation-adjusted applied research expenditures, by source of funds and performing sector: 1953–2004 .....................................................................................................................................................4-25

4-15 U.S. development expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2004 .........................................4-27

4-16 U.S. inflation-adjusted development expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2004 ............4-29

4-17 U.S. development expenditures, by source of funds and performing sector: 1953–2004 .........................................4-31

4-18 U.S. inflation-adjusted development expenditures, by source of funds and performing sector: 1953–2004 ............4-33

4-19 Total (federal plus company and other) funds for industrial R&D performance in United States, by industry and size of company: 1999–2003 ...........................................................................................................4-35

4-20 Company and other nonfederal funds for industrial R&D performance in United States, by industry and size of company: 1999–2003 ..............................................................................................................................4-37

4-21 Federal funds for industrial R&D performance in United States, by industry and size of company: 1999–2003 ................................................................................................................................................4-39

4-22 Company and other (nonfederal) R&D fund share of net sales in R&D-performing companies, by industry and company size: 1999–2003 ....................................................................................................................4-41

4-23 R&D expenditure, by state, performing sector, and source of funds: 2003 ..............................................................4-43

4-24 Total R&D and gross state product, by state: 2003 ...................................................................................................4-45

4-25 FFRDC R&D expenditures: FY 2003 .......................................................................................................................4-46

4-26 Federal R&D budget authority, by budget function: FY 1980–2006 ........................................................................4-47

4-27 Federal basic research budget authority, by budget function: FY 1996–2006 ..........................................................4-49

4-28 Trends in R&D and federal outlays: Selected fiscal years, 1970–2006 ....................................................................4-50

4-29 Discrepancy between federal R&D support, as reported by performers and federal agencies: 1980–2003 .............4-51

4-30 Estimated federal obligations for R&D and R&D plant, by selected agency, performer, and character of work: FY 2005 ...........................................................................................................................................................4-52

4-31 Estimated federal obligations for research, by agency and S&E field: FY 2005 ......................................................4-54

4-32 Federal obligations for total research, by detailed S&E field: FY 1984–2005 .........................................................4-55

4-33 Federal research and experimentation tax credit claims and number of corporate tax returns claiming the credit, by NAICS industry: 1998–2001 .....................................................................................................................4-57

4-34 Company-funded R&D expenditures within company and contracted out to other companies in United States: 1993–2003 ..........................................................................................................................................4-58

4-35 R&D expenditures contracted out in United States, by selected NAICS industry: 1999–2003 ................................4-59

4-36 Industrial technology alliances registered under National Cooperative Research and Production Act, by selected NAICS code: 1994–2003 .............................................................................................................................4-60

A-viii t AppendixTables

4-37 Industrial technology alliances classified by country of ultimate parent company, by technology and type (equity/nonequity): 1980–2003 .................................................................................................................................4-61

4-38 Federal technology transfer indicators, by selected U.S. agency: FY 1987–2003 ....................................................4-69

4-39 SBIR award funding, by type of award and federal agency: FY 1983–2003 ............................................................4-73

4-40 Small business technology transfer program award funding, by type of award and federal agency: FY 1994–2003 ...........................................................................................................................................................4-74

4-41 Advanced Technology Program projects, number of participants, and funding: FY 1990–2002 .............................4-75

4-42 International R&D expenditures and R&D as percentage of gross domestic product, by selected country and for all OECD countries: 1981–2003 ...................................................................................................................4-76

4-43 International nondefense R&D expenditures and nondefense R&D as percentage of gross domestic product, by selected country: 1981–2003 ..................................................................................................................4-78

4-44 International R&D expenditures for selected countries, by performing sector and source of funds: Selected years, 2002–04 ............................................................................................................................................4-79

4-45 Proportion of industry R&D expenditures financed by foreign sources, by selected country/region: 1981–2003 .....................................................................................................................4-80

4-46 Source of total and industry R&D expenditures for OECD countries: 1981–2002 ..................................................4-81

4-47 Government R&D budget appropriations, by selected country and socioeconomic objective: Selected years, 2001–04 ............................................................................................................................................4-82

4-48 R&D expenditures by majority-owned affiliates of foreign companies in United States, by country/region of ultimate beneficial owner: 1980 and 1987–2002 .........................................................................4-83

4-49 R&D performed by majority-owned affiliates of foreign companies in United States, by NAICS industry of affiliate: 1997–2002 ..............................................................................................................................................4-84

4-50 R&D funded by and performed by majority-owned affiliates of foreign companies in United States,by NAICS industry of affiliate: 2002 .............................................................................................................................4-85

4-51 R&D performed abroad by majority-owned foreign affiliates of U.S. parent companies, by country/economy/region: 1994–2002 ........................................................................................................................4-87

4-52 R&D performed abroad by majority-owned foreign affiliates of U.S. parent companies, by selected NAICS industry of affiliate: 1999–2002 ...................................................................................................................4-88

4-53 R&D expenditures in United States by U.S. MNC parent companies: 1994–2002 ..................................................4-89

4-54 R&D performed in United States by U.S. MNC parent companies, by NAICS industry: 1999–2002 .....................4-90

4-55 Company and other nonfederal funds for industrial R&D performed abroad: 1985–2003 ......................................4-92

4-56 Company and other nonfederal funds for industrial R&D performed abroad, by NAICS industry: 1999–2003 ................................................................................................................................4-93

4-57 R&D expenditures and population, by region: 2000 .................................................................................................4-95

4-58 Share of business expenditures for R&D, by industry and selected country/economy: 2001–03 ............................4-96

Chapter 5. Academic Research and Development

5-1 Academic R&D expenditures directed to basic research, applied research, and development: 1970–2004 ...............5-1

5-2 Support for academic R&D, by sector: 1972–2003 ....................................................................................................5-2

5-3 Federal and nonfederal R&D expenditures at academic institutions, by field and source of funds: 2003..................5-4

5-4 Academic R&D funds provided by federal government, by field: Selected years, 1980–2003..................................5-5

5-5 Expenditures for academic R&D, by field: Selected years, 1973–2003 .....................................................................5-6

Science and Engineering Indicators 2006 t A-ix

5-6 Federal obligations for academic R&D, by agency: 1970–2005 ................................................................................5-9

5-7 Federal obligations for academic research, by agency: 1970–2005 ..........................................................................5-12

5-8 Federal agencies’ academic research obligations, by field: FY 2003 .......................................................................5-15

5-9 Federal academic research obligations provided by major agencies, by field: FY 2003 ..........................................5-16

5-10 Sources of R&D funds at private and public institutions: 1983, 1993, and 2003 .....................................................5-17

5-11 Top 100 academic institutions in R&D expenditures, by source of funds: 2003 ......................................................5-18

5-12 Academic institutions receiving federal R&D support, by selected Carnegie classification: 1972–2002 ................5-20

5-13 Current expenditures for research equipment at academic institutions, by field: Selected years, 1983–2003 ...........5-21

5-14 Federal share of current funding for research equipment at academic institutions, by field: Selected years, 1983–2003 ........................................................................................................................................5-24

5-15 Expenditures of current funds for research equipment at academic institutions as percentage of total academic R&D expenditures, by field: Selected years, 1983–2003 .........................................................................5-25

5-16 Costs for new construction of S&E research space in academic institutions, by field and expected time of construction: FY 2002–05 .........................................................................................................................................5-26

5-17 New construction of S&E research space in academic institutions, by field and time of construction: FY 2002–05 ...............................................................................................................................................................5-27

5-18 Source of funds for construction of S&E research space in academic institutions, by year of project start and type of institution: FY 1986–2003 ......................................................................................................................5-28

5-19 Condition of S&E research space in academic institutions, by field: FY 2003 ........................................................5-29

5-20 Highest desktop port speed and speed of the majority of desktop ports, by type of institution: FY 2003 and 2004 .....................................................................................................................................................5-30

5-21 Commodity Internet (Internet 1) connection speeds, by type of institution: FY 2003 and 2004 ..............................5-31

5-22 S&E doctorate holders employed in research universities and other academic institutions, by type of position and primary work activity: 1973–2003 .......................................................................................................5-32

5-23 S&E doctorate holders employed in academia, by type of position, Carnegie institution type, and administrative control of institution: 1973–2003 ......................................................................................................5-34

5-24 S&E doctorate holders employed in academia, by type of position and degree field: 1973–2003 ...........................5-38

5-25 Recent S&E doctorate holders employed in academia, by years since doctorate, Carnegie institution type, type of position, and tenure status: 1973–2003 .........................................................................................................5-41

5-26 Age distribution of S&E doctorate holders employed in academia, by type of position: 1973–2003 ......................5-44

5-27 Age distribution of S&E doctorate holders in full-time faculty positions at research universities and other academic institutions: 1973–2003 .............................................................................................................................5-46

5-28 S&E doctorate holders employed in academia, by type of position, sex, and degree field: 1973–2003 ..................5-47

5-29 S&E doctorate holders employed in academia, by type of position, degree field, and race/ethnicity: 1973–2003 .................................................................................................................................................................5-52

5-30 S&E doctorate holders employed at academic institutions, by type of position, degree field, and place of birth: 1973–2003 .......................................................................................................................................................5-59

5-31 S&E doctorate holders employed in academia, by degree field, type of position, and primary work activity: 1973–2003 ...................................................................................................................................................5-65

5-32 S&E doctorate holders employed in academia whose primary or secondary work activity was teaching or research, by type of position and degree field: 1973–2003 .......................................................................................5-68

5-33 Estimates of academic S&E doctoral researchers and graduate research assistants, by degree field: 1973–2003 .................................................................................................................................................................5-69

A-x t AppendixTables

5-34 Estimates of total academic S&E doctoral employment, S&E doctoral researchers, and S&E graduate research assistants, by Carnegie institution type and work activity: 1973–2003 ......................................................5-70

5-35 Estimates of academic S&E doctoral researchers, by type of position and work activity: 1973–2003 ....................5-73

5-36 Estimates of academic S&E doctoral researchers and graduate research assistants, by degree field and work activity: 1973–2003 ..........................................................................................................................................5-75

5-37 Academic S&E doctorate holders with federal support, by degree field, type of position, and work activity: 1973–2003 ...................................................................................................................................................5-78

5-38 S&E doctorate holders employed in academia with federal support, by degree field, years since doctorate, and type of position: 1973–2003 ...............................................................................................................................5-80

5-39 Broad and detailed fields for publications output data ..............................................................................................5-83

5-40 S&E articles in selected journal databases: 1988–2003 ............................................................................................5-84

5-41 S&E articles, by region and country/economy: 1988–2003 ......................................................................................5-85

5-42 Share of S&E world article output by country/economy: 1988, 1996, and 2003 .....................................................5-88

5-43 Per capita output of S&E articles, by selected country/economy: 2000–03 .............................................................5-89

5-44 Regional and country portfolio of S&E articles, by field: 1996 ................................................................................5-91

5-45 Regional and country portfolio of S&E articles, by field: 2003 ................................................................................5-94

5-46 Breadth of international S&E collaboration, by country/economy and income level: 1996 and 2003 .....................5-97

5-47 Coauthorship share of United States, EU-15, Japan, and East Asia-4 on international S&E articles of indicated region and country/economy: 1988 ...........................................................................................................5-98

5-48 Coauthorship share of United States, EU-15, Japan, and East Asia-4 on international S&E articles of indicated region and country/economy: 1996 .........................................................................................................5-101

5-49 Coauthorship share of United States, EU-15, Japan, and East Asia-4 on international S&E articles of indicated region and country/economy: 2003 .........................................................................................................5-104

5-50 Coauthorship share of Eastern Europe and former USSR and selected countries of Western Europe and Asia on international S&E articles of indicated region and country/economy: 1988 .............................................5-107



5-53 Coauthorship share of selected regions and countries on international S&E articles of indicated region and country/economy: 1988 ....................................................................................................................................5-113



5-56 R&D expenditures and S&E article output of top 200 U.S. academic institutions for R&D, by quartile of R&D growth: 1988–2003 ....................................................................................................................................5-119

5-57 Cross-sectoral coauthorship of S&E articles, by field and sector: 1988 .................................................................5-125

5-58 Cross-sectoral coauthorship of S&E articles, by field and sector: 2003 .................................................................5-127

5-59 Coauthorship of S&E articles, by field and sector: 1988 ........................................................................................5-129

5-60 Coauthorship of S&E articles, by field and sector: 2003 ........................................................................................5-131

5-61 Citation of S&E articles, by region and country/economy: 1992, 1997, and 2003 .................................................5-133

Science and Engineering Indicators 2006 t A-xi

5-62 Relative prominence of scientific literature, by selected field and region/country/economy: 1995 and 2003 .........5-135

5-63 Share of highly cited S&E articles, by frequency of citation and region or country/economy: 1992–2003 ...........5-141

5-64 Share of citations in highly cited S&E journals, by frequency of citation and region or country/economy: 1992–2003 ...............................................................................................................................................................5-142

5-65 Citation of S&E material in U.S. patents: 1987–2004 ............................................................................................5-143

5-66 Citation of U.S. S&E articles in U.S. patents, by field and sector: 1995–2004 ......................................................5-144

5-67 U.S. patenting activity of U.S. universities and colleges: 1983–93 ........................................................................5-146

5-68 U.S. patenting activity of U.S. universities and colleges: 1994–2003 ....................................................................5-148

5-69 Academic patenting and licensing activities: 1991–2003 .......................................................................................5-150

Chapter 6. Industry, Technology, and the Global Marketplace

6-1 Real GDP and real GDP per capita, by region and country/economy: Selected years, 1960–2003 ...........................6-1

6-2 World industry production, by selected country/economy and industry: Selected years, 1980–2003 .......................6-3

6-3 World industry value added, by selected country/economy and industry: Selected years, 1980–2003 ....................6-11

6-4 World industry exports and imports, by selected country/economy and industry: Selected years, 1980–2003 ........................................................................................................................................6-19

6-5 World service industry data, by selected country/economy: Selected years, 1980–2003 .........................................6-35

6-6 U.S. trade in advanced technology products: 2000–04 .............................................................................................6-42

6-7 U.S. receipts and payments of royalties and fees associated with affiliated and unaffiliated foreign companies: 1987–2003 ..............................................................................................................................................6-44

6-8 U.S. receipts and payments of royalties and license fees generated from exchange and use of industrial processes with unaffiliated foreign companies,by region or country/economy: 1990–2003 ....................................6-45

6-9 Leading indicators of technological competitiveness: 2005 .....................................................................................6-48



6-12 U.S. patents granted, by country of origin of first-named inventor and type of ownership: Pre-1990 and 1990–2003 ..........................................................................................................................................................6-51

6-13 U.S. patent applications, by country of origin of first-named inventor: 1990–2003 .................................................6-53

6-14 Patent classes most emphasized (top 50) by UK inventors patenting in United States: 1993 and 2003 ...................6-55

6-15 Patent classes most emphasized (top 50) by French inventors patenting in United States: 1993 and 2003 .............6-56

6-16 U.S. biotechnology patents granted, by residence of inventor/type of ownership: Pre-1990 and 1990–2003............6-57

6-17 U.S. biotechnology patents granted, by organization: Pre-1990 and 1990–2003 .....................................................6-59

6-18 U.S. venture capital total disbursements, by industry category: Selected years, 1980–2004 ...................................6-62

6-19 U.S. venture capital total disbursements, by financing stage: Selected years, 1980–2004 .......................................6-63

6-20 U.S. venture capital seed disbursements, by industry category: Selected years, 1980–2004 ...................................6-65

Chapter 7. Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding

7-1 Leading source of current news, by respondent characteristic: 2004 ..........................................................................7-1

7-2 Leading source of information about science and technology, by respondent characteristic: 2004 ...........................7-2

7-3 Leading source of information about specific scientific issue, by respondent characteristic: 2004 ...........................7-3

A-xii t AppendixTables

7-4 Access to the Internet at home, by respondent characteristic: 2001 and 2004 ............................................................7-4

7-5 Level of public interest in science and technology issues: Most recent year ..............................................................7-5

7-6 Types of establishments visited during the past 12 months: Most recent year ...........................................................7-6

7-7 Feeling informed about selected policy issues: Selected years, 1979–2004 ...............................................................7-7

7-8 Feeling informed about selected policy issues: Selected years, 1979–2004 ...............................................................7-8

7-9 Feeling informed about selected policy issues, by respondent characteristic: 2004 ...................................................7-9

7-10 Correct answers to specific science literacy questions, by country/region: Most recent year ..................................7-10

7-11 Correct answers to scientific terms and concept questions: Selected years, 1995–2004 ..........................................7-11

7-12 Correct answers to science literacy questions, by respondent characteristic: 2004 ..................................................7-12

7-13 Public understanding of nature of scientific inquiry, by respondent characteristic: 2004 ........................................7-13

7-14 Public assessment of astrology, by respondent characteristic: Selected years, 1979–2004 ......................................7-14

7-15 Public assessment of astrology or fortune telling, by country/region: 2001 or 2004 ................................................7-15

7-16 Attitudes toward science and technology, by country/region: Most recent year ......................................................7-16

7-17 Public assessment of general scientific research, by respondent characteristic: Selected years, 1979–2004 ...........7-18

7-18 Public opinion on whether federal government should fund basic research, by respondent characteristic: Selected years, 1985–2004 ........................................................................................................................................7-20

7-19 Public assessment of funding of scientific research by government: Selected years, 1996–2005 ............................7-22

7-20 Public assessment of federal government spending, by policy area: Selected years, 1981–2004 ............................7-23

7-21 Public confidence in leadership of various institutions: 1973–2004 .........................................................................7-24

Science and

Engineering Ind

icators 2006t

A1-1

Appendix table 1-1First-time kindergartners demonstrating specific mathematics skills and knowledge, by child and family characteristics: Fall 1998 and spring 1999(Percent)

Child and family characteristic Fall Spring Change Fall Spring Change Fall Spring Change Fall Spring Change Fall Spring Change

All students ..................................... 93 99 6 57 87 30 21 56 36 4 18 14 — 2 2Sex

Male ....................................... 92 99 6 55 86 31 22 56 34 4 19 14 1 3 2Female ................................... 94 99 5 58 87 30 20 57 37 3 17 14 — 2 1

Race/ethnicityWhite, non-Hispanic ............... 96 99 4 64 91 27 26 64 38 5 22 17 — 3 3Black, non-Hispanic ................ 89 98 9 41 76 35 9 37 28 1 8 7 — — —Asian/Pacific Islander ............. 97 100 3 68 92 24 32 68 36 9 28 19 1 6 5Hispanic ................................. 90 99 9 43 81 38 12 46 33 2 12 10 — 1 1Other ...................................... 88 99 11 45 81 37 13 45 32 2 11 9 — 1 1

Mother’s education

A1-2t AppendixTables

Appendix table 1-2Mean mathematics scores of fall 1998 first-time kindergartners, by time of assessment and child and family characteristics: Fall 1998 and spring 1999, 2000, and 2002

Gain from Fall 1998 Spring 1999 Spring 2000 Spring 2002 fall 1998 to Child and family characteristic kindergarten kindergarten first grade third grade spring 2002

All students ..................................... 22 32 55 85 63Sex

Male ....................................... 22 32 56 86 65Female ................................... 22 32 55 83 62

Race/ethnicityWhite, non-Hispanic ............... 23 34 58 89 66Black, non-Hispanic ................ 18 26 47 73 55Hispanic ................................. 19 29 52 82 63Asian/Pacific Islander ............. 23 34 56 88 65Other, non-Hispanic ................ 20 29 51 80 60

Family risk factorsa

0 ............................................ 24 34 59 89 651 ............................................ 20 29 51 81 61≥2 .......................................... 17 25 47 74 57

aIndex consists of family living below federal poverty level, non-English primary home language, single-parent family, and maternal education less than high school diploma or equivalent credential (e.g., General Educational Development certificate).

NOTES: Estimates reflect sample of children assessed in English in all assessment years. Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998–99 (ECLS-K) assessment was not administered in 2001 when most children were in second grade. Although most children in the sample were in third grade in spring 2002, 10% were in second grade, and about 1% were in other grades. Gain calculated on unrounded numbers.

SOURCES: A. Rathbun and J. West, From Kindergarten Through Third Grade: Children’s Beginning School Experiences, National Center for Educa-tion Statistics (NCES) 2004-007, table A5 (2004); and data from U.S. Department of Education, NCES, ECLS-K, fall 1998, spring 1999, spring 2000, and spring 2002.


Science and Engineering Indicators 2006 t A1-3

Appendix table 1-3Fall 1998 first-time kindergartners demonstrating proficiency in specific mathematics skills and knowledge areas in spring of third grade, by child and family characteristics: Spring 2002(Percent)

Ordinality Add and Multiply Place Rate andChild and family characteristic and sequence subtract and divide value measurement

All students ...................................... 100 97 78 42 16Sex

Male ........................................ 100 97 79 46 19Female .................................... 100 97 77 38 12

Race/ethnicityWhite, non-Hispanic ................ 100 98 84 50 19Black, non-Hispanic ................. 100 93 58 20 5Asian/Pacific Islander .............. 100 97 75 35 11Hispanic .................................. 100 98 83 49 22Other ....................................... 100 95 70 34 11


0 ............................................. 100 98 85 50 201 ............................................. 100 96 72 34 11≥2 ........................................... 100 93 61 21 5

aIndex consists of family living below the federal poverty level, non-English primary home language, single-parent family, and maternal education less than high school diploma or equivalent credential (e.g., General Educational Development certificate).

NOTES: Estimates reflect sample of children assessed in English in all assessment years. Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998–99 (ECLS-K) assessment not administered in 2001 when most children were in second grade. Although most children in the sample were in third grade in spring 2002, 10% were in second grade, and about 1% were in other grades.

SOURCES: A. Rathbun and J. West, From Kindergarten Through Third Grade: Children’s Beginning School Experiences, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) 2004-007, table A11 (2004); and data from U.S. Department of Education, NCES, ECLS-K, spring 2002.



Appendix table 1-4Mean science scores of fall 1998 first-time kindergartners in spring of third grade, by child and family characteristics: Spring 2002

Child and family characteristic Mean science score

All students .............................................................................................................................................. 35Sex

Male ................................................................................................................................................ 36 Female ............................................................................................................................................ 34

Race/ethnicityWhite, non-Hispanic ........................................................................................................................ 37 Black, non-Hispanic ......................................................................................................................... 27 Hispanic .......................................................................................................................................... 32 Asian/Pacific Islander ...................................................................................................................... 35 Other, non-Hispanic ......................................................................................................................... 32


0 ..................................................................................................................................................... 37 1 ..................................................................................................................................................... 33 ≥2 ................................................................................................................................................... 28

aIndex consists of family living below federal poverty level, non-English primary home language, single-parent family, and maternal education less than high school diploma or equivalent credential (e.g., General Educational Development certificate).

NOTES: Estimates reflect sample of children assessed in English in all assessment years. Although most children in the sample were in third grade in spring 2002, 10% were in second grade, and about 1% were in other grades.

SOURCES: A. Rathbun and J. West, From Kindergarten Through Third Grade: Children’s Beginning School Experiences, National Center for Educa-tion Statistics (NCES) 2004-007, table A7 (2004); and U.S. Department of Education, NCES, Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998–99 (ECLS-K), Longitudinal Kindergarten-First Grade Public-Use Data File and Third Grade Restricted-Use Data File, fall 1998, spring 1999, spring 2000, and spring 2002.



Appendix table 1-5 (Page 1 of 2)Average mathematics score of students in grades 4, 8, and 12, by student characteristics: Selected years, 1990–2003

Student characteristic 1990 1992 1996 2000 1996 2000 2003

Grade 4 ..................................... 213 220 224 228 224 226 235Sex

Male .................................. 214 221 226 229 224 227 236Female .............................. 213 219 222 226 223 224 233

Race/ethnicityWhite,non-Hispanic ........... 220 227 231 235 232 234 243Black,non-Hispanic ........... 188 193 199 204 198 203 216Hispanic ............................ 200 202 205 209 207 208 222Asian/Pacific Islandera ....... 225 231 226 NA 229 NA 246American Indian/ Alaska Native .................. — — — 212 217 208 223

Free/reduced-price lunchb

Eligible .............................. NA NA 207 210 207 208 222Not eligible ........................ NA NA 231 236 232 235 244

Score percentile10th .................................. 171 177 182 186 182 184 19725th .................................. 193 199 204 208 203 205 21650th .................................. 214 221 226 230 225 227 23675th .................................. 235 242 246 250 245 248 25590th .................................. 253 259 262 266 262 265 270

Grade 8 ..................................... 263 268 272 275 270 273 278Sex

Male .................................. 263 268 272 277 271 274 278Female .............................. 262 269 272 274 269 272 277

Race/ethnicityWhite,non-Hispanic ........... 270 277 281 285 281 284 288Black,non-Hispanic ........... 237 237 242 246 240 244 252Hispanic ............................ 246 249 251 253 251 253 259Asian/Pacific Islandera ....... 275 290 NA 278 NA 288 291American Indian/ Alaska Native .................. — — — 255 — 259 263


Eligible .............................. NA NA 252 255 250 253 259Not eligible ........................ NA NA 280 285 277 283 287

Score percentile10th .................................. 215 221 224 227 221 223 23025th .................................. 239 243 248 252 245 249 25450th .................................. 264 269 273 277 273 275 27975th .................................. 288 294 298 301 297 300 30390th .................................. 307 315 317 321 316 320 323

Accommodations not permitted Accommodations permitted


Grade 12c .................................. 294 299 304 301 302 300 NASex

Male .................................. 297 301 305 303 303 302 NAFemale .............................. 291 298 303 299 300 299 NA

Race/ethnicityWhite,non-Hispanic ........... 301 306 311 308 309 307 NABlack,non-Hispanic ........... 268 276 280 274 276 273 NAHispanic ............................ 276 284 287 283 284 281 NAAsian/Pacific Islander ........ 311 316 319 319 310 317 NAAmerican Indian/ Alaska Native .................. — — 279 293 — 292 NA


Eligible .............................. NA NA 281 280 NA NA NANot eligible ........................ NA NA 307 305 NA NA NA

Score percentile10th .................................. 247 254 261 255 NA NA NA25th .................................. 270 276 282 277 NA NA NA50th .................................. 296 301 305 302 NA NA NA75th .................................. 319 324 327 326 NA NA NA90th .................................. 339 343 345 346 NA NA NA

— = sample size insufficient to permit reliable estimate; NA = not available

aSpecial analyses raised concerns about accuracy and precision of national grade 8 Asian/Pacific Islander results in 1996 and grade 4 Asian/Pacific Islander results in 2000. Therefore, they are omitted from National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) reports and this report. bInformation on student’s eligibility for free/reduced-price lunch first gathered in 1996.cGrade 12 was not assessed in 2003.

NOTES: Scores on 0–500 scale across grades. The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) is in the process of changing the way it includes students with disabilities and limited English proficiency in assessments. Before 1996, these students were not allowed to use testing accommodations (e.g., extended time, one-on-one testing, bilingual dictionary). In 1996 and 2000, the assessment was administered to split samples: accommodations not permitted and accommodations permitted. In 2003, the NAEP mathematics assessment completed the transition to an accommodations-permitted test. Includes students in both public and private schools.

SOURCES: U.S. Department of Education, NCES, The Nation’s Report Card: Mathematics Highlights 2003, NCES 2004-451 (2003); The Nation’s Report Card: Mathemat-ics 2000, NCES 2001-517 (2001); and data from NCES, NAEP, 1990, 1992, 1996, 2000, and 2003 mathematics assessments.


Appendix table 1-5 (Page 2 of 2)Average mathematics score of students in grades 4, 8, and 12, by student characteristics: Selected years, 1990–2003




Appendix table 1-6Students in grades 4, 8, and 12 scoring at or above proficient level in mathematics for their grade, by student characteristics: Selected years, 1990–2003(Percent)


Grade 4 .................................. 13 18 21 26 21 24 32Sex

Male ............................... 13 19 24 28 22 26 35Female ........................... 12 16 19 24 20 22 30

Race/ethnicityWhite, non-Hispanic ....... 16 22 27 33 27 31 43Black, non-Hispanic ........ 1 2 4 5 3 5 10Hispanic ......................... 5 6 7 9 7 7 16Asian/Pacific Islandera .... 22 28 21 NA 27 NA 48American Indian/ Alaska Native ............... — — — 11 10 8 17


Eligible ........................... NA NA 9 9 8 8 15Not eligible ..................... NA NA 26 33 27 32 45

Grade 8 .................................. 15 21 24 27 23 26 29Sex

Male ............................... 17 21 25 29 25 27 30Female ........................... 14 21 23 25 22 24 27

Race/ethnicityWhite, non-Hispanic ....... 18 26 30 34 30 34 37Black, non-Hispanic ........ 5 2 5 5 4 5 7Hispanic ......................... 7 7 9 9 8 8 12Asian/Pacific Islandera .... 29 43 NA 41 NA 41 43American Indian/ Alaska Native ............... — — — 9 — 10 15


Eligible ........................... NA NA 8 10 8 9 12Not eligible ..................... NA NA 30 35 28 34 37

Grade 12c ............................... 12 15 16 17 16 16 NASex

Male ............................... 15 17 18 20 18 19 NAFemale ........................... 9 13 14 14 14 14 NA

Race/ethnicityWhite, non-Hispanic ....... 14 18 20 20 20 20 NABlack, non-Hispanic ........ 2 2 4 3 3 2 NAHispanic ......................... 4 6 6 4 6 4 NAAsian/Pacific Islander ..... 23 30 33 34 23 32 NAAmerican Indian/ Alaska Native ............... — — 3 10 — 9 NA


Eligible ........................... NA NA 4 4 NA NA NANot eligible ..................... NA NA 18 19 NA NA NA

— = sample size insufficient to permit reliable estimate; NA = not available

aSpecial analyses raised concerns about accuracy and precision of national grade 8 Asian/Pacific Islander results in 1996 and grade 4 Asian/Pacific Islander results in 2000. Therefore, they are omitted from National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) reports and this report.bInformation on student’s eligibility for free/reduced-price lunch first gathered in 1996. cGrade 12 was not assessed in 2003.

NOTES: The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) is in the process of changing the way it includes students with disabilities and limited English proficiency in assessments. Before 1996, these students were not allowed to use testing accommodations (e.g., extended time, one-on-one testing, bilingual dictionary). In 1996 and 2000, the assessment was administered to split samples: accommodations not permitted and accommodations permitted. In 2003, the NAEP mathematics assessment completed the transition to an accommodations-permitted test. Includes students in both public and private schools.

SOURCES: U.S. Department of Education, NCES, The Nation’s Report Card: Mathematics Highlights 2003, NCES 2004-451 (2003); The Nation’s Report Card: Mathematics 2000, NCES 2001-517 (2001); and data from NCES, NAEP, 1990, 1992, 1996, 2000, and 2003 mathematics assessments.




Appendix table 1-7 (Page 1 of 2)Average science score of students in grades 4, 8, and 12, by student characteristics: 1996 and 2000

Student characteristic 1996 2000

Grade 4 ................................................................................................. 150 150Sex

Male .............................................................................................. 151 153Female .......................................................................................... 149 147

Race/ethnicityWhite, non-Hispanic ...................................................................... 160 160Black, non-Hispanic ....................................................................... 124 124Hispanic ........................................................................................ 128 129Asian/Pacific Islandera ................................................................... 151 NAAmerican Indian/Alaska Native ...................................................... 144 140

Free/reduced-price lunchEligible .......................................................................................... 133 130Not eligible .................................................................................... 159 159

Score percentile10th .............................................................................................. 105 10525th ............................................................................................. 130 12950th .............................................................................................. 153 15375th .............................................................................................. 173 17490th .............................................................................................. 190 191

Grade 8 ................................................................................................. 150 151Sex

Male .............................................................................................. 151 154Female .......................................................................................... 149 147

Race/ethnicityWhite, non-Hispanic ...................................................................... 159 162Black, non-Hispanic ....................................................................... 121 122Hispanic ........................................................................................ 129 128Asian/Pacific Islander .................................................................... 152 156American Indian/Alaska Native ...................................................... 148 134




Appendix table 1-7 (Page 2 of 2)Average science score of students in grades 4, 8, and 12, by student characteristics: 1996 and 2000


Grade 12 ............................................................................................... 150 147Sex

Male .............................................................................................. 152 148Female .......................................................................................... 148 145

Child’s race/ethnicityWhite, non-Hispanic ...................................................................... 159 154Black, non-Hispanic ....................................................................... 124 123Hispanic ........................................................................................ 130 128Asian/Pacific Islander .................................................................... 149 153American Indian/Alaska Native ...................................................... 145 134



NA = not available

aSpecial analyses raised concerns about accuracy and precision of grade 4 Asian/Pacific Islander results in 2000. Therefore, they are omitted from National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) reports and this report.

NOTES: Scores on 0–300 scale for each grade. The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) is in the process of changing the way it includes students with disabilities and limited English proficiency in assessments. Before 1996, these students were not allowed to use testing accommodations (e.g., extended time, one-on-one testing, bilingual dictionary). In 1996 and 2000, the assessment was administered to split samples: accommodations not permitted and accommoda-tions permitted. The scores reported here are for the accommodations not permitted sample. See report listed below for scores for the accommodations permitted sample, which are very similar to scores for the accommodations not permitted sample. Includes students in both public and private schools.

SOURCES: U.S. Department of Education, NCES, The Nation’s Report Card: Science Highlights 2000, NCES 2003-453 (2003); and data from NCES, NAEP, 1996 and 2000 science assessments.



Appendix table 1-8Students in grades 4, 8, and 12 scoring at or above proficient level in science for their grade, by student characteristics: 1996 and 2000(Percent)


Grade 4 ....................................................................... 29 29Sex

Male .................................................................... 31 33Female ................................................................ 27 26

Race/ethnicityWhite, non-Hispanic ............................................ 37 38Black, non-Hispanic ............................................. 7 7Hispanic .............................................................. 9 11Asian/Pacific Islandera ......................................... 29 NAAmerican Indian/Alaska Native ............................ 26 19

Free/reduced-price lunchEligible ................................................................ 13 11Not eligible .......................................................... 36 38

Grade 8 ....................................................................... 29 32Sex

Male .................................................................... 31 36Female ................................................................ 27 27

Race/ethnicityWhite, non-Hispanic ............................................ 37 41Black, non-Hispanic ............................................. 5 7Hispanic .............................................................. 11 12Asian/Pacific Islander .......................................... 30 37American Indian/Alaska Native ............................ 24 14


Grade 12 ..................................................................... 21 18Sex

Male .................................................................... 25 21Female ................................................................ 17 16

Race/ethnicityWhite, non-Hispanic ............................................ 27 23Black, non-Hispanic ............................................. 4 3Hispanic .............................................................. 7 7Asian/Pacific Islander .......................................... 22 26American Indian/Alaska Native ............................ 10 9


NA = not available

aSpecial analyses raised concerns about accuracy and precision of national grade 4 Asian/Pacific Islander results in 2000. Therefore, they are omitted from National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) reports and this report.

NOTES: The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) is in the process of changing the way it includes students with disabilities and limited English proficiency in assessments. Before 1996, these students were not allowed to use testing accom-modations (e.g., extended time, one-on-one testing, bilingual dictionary). In 1996 and 2000, the assessment was administered to split samples: accommodations not permitted and accommodations permitted. See report listed below for scores for the accommodations permitted sample, which are very similar to scores for the accommodations not permitted sample. Includes students in both public and private schools.

SOURCES: U.S. Department of Education, NCES, The Nation’s Report Card: Science Highlights 2000, NCES 2003-453 (2003); and data from NCES, NAEP, 1996 and 2000 science assessments.



Appendix table 1-9Average mathematics score of fourth grade students, by country: 2003

Country Score

International average ................................................................................... 495

Singapore .................................................................................................... 594Hong Kong, China ........................................................................................ 575Japan .......................................................................................................... 565Chinese Taipei ............................................................................................. 564Belgium ....................................................................................................... 551Netherlands ................................................................................................. 540Latvia .......................................................................................................... 536Lithuania ..................................................................................................... 534Russian Federation ...................................................................................... 532England ....................................................................................................... 531Hungary ....................................................................................................... 529United States ............................................................................................... 518Cyprus ......................................................................................................... 510Moldova ....................................................................................................... 504Italy ............................................................................................................. 503Australia ...................................................................................................... 499New Zealand ............................................................................................... 493Scotland ...................................................................................................... 490Slovenia ....................................................................................................... 479Armenia ....................................................................................................... 456Norway ........................................................................................................ 451Iran .............................................................................................................. 389Philippines ................................................................................................... 358Morocco ...................................................................................................... 347Tunisia ......................................................................................................... 339

Av

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