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Science Behind the Scenes: Digging Deeper How do certain types of liquid crystals change color when exposed to infrared energy? 1. How do we see the colors of the liquid crystals in the film? We see light reflected from the crystals that are warmed by our hands or the hair dryer. All objects that we see emit light like the Sun or reflect light from their surfaces to our eyes.. 2. What are liquid crystals? Much of matter exists as solid, liquid or gas. These are the most common experiences. Matter also exists as plasma, like the Sun. Matter can also exist in a form called a liquid crystal in which the particles are arranged something like a spiral staircase. Figure 1, on the right, shows how liquid crystals are organized somewhere between solids and liquids. . 4. What causes liquid crystals to change their orientation? When liquid crystals warm up they twist more. Remember when you turned the hair dryer on? You could feel the warm air. Imagine the liquid crystals as a spiral “staircase” (the oval shapes.) The crystals are the “steps”. The spiral has to rise some distance before the particles twist around parallel to their original direction as shown in Figure 2, above. The distance the liquid crystals twist over is the pitch. This determines the color of light we see reflected from the liquid crystals. Outside the sensitive temperature range of this IR film (between 3540° C) there is no reflected visible light, and the film looks black. Different IR films have different active temperature ranges. Fig. 2 Fig. 1 Colors we see reflected from liquid crystals less twist more twist As temperature changes, spirals, which are layers of liquid crystals, rotate and change in pitch (angle of twisting). Fig. 3

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Page 1: Science Behind the ScenesREV4 - SETIMicrosoft Word - Science Behind the ScenesREV4.docx Author pharman Created Date 11/24/2014 9:51:36 PM

Science  Behind  the  Scenes:    Digging  Deeper    How  do  certain  types  of  liquid  crystals  change  color  when  exposed  to  infrared  energy?        1.  How  do  we  see  the  colors  of  the  liquid  crystals  in  the  film?  We  see  light  reflected  from  the  crystals  that  are  warmed  by  our  hands  or  the  hair  dryer.    All  objects  that  we  see  emit  light  like  the  Sun  or  reflect  light  from  their  surfaces  to  our  eyes..    2.  What  are  liquid  crystals?  Much  of  matter  exists  as  solid,  liquid  or  gas.    These  are  the  most  common  experiences.  Matter  also  exists  as  plasma,  like  the  Sun.    Matter  can  also  exist  in  a  form  called  a  liquid  crystal  in  which  the  particles  are  arranged  something  like  a  spiral  staircase.      Figure  1,  on  the  right,  shows  how  liquid  crystals  are  organized  somewhere  between  solids  and  liquids.      

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 4.    What  causes  liquid  crystals  to  change  their  orientation?  When  liquid  crystals  warm  up  they  twist  more.      Remember  when  you  turned  the  hair  dryer  on?    You  could  feel  the  warm  air.    

Imagine  the  liquid  crystals  as  a  spiral  “staircase”  (the  oval  shapes.)  The  crystals  are  the  “steps”.  The  spiral  has  to  rise  some  distance  before  the  particles  twist  around  parallel  to  their  original  direction  as  shown  in  Figure  2,  above.    The  distance  the  liquid  crystals  twist  over  is  the  pitch.    This  determines  the  color  of  light  we  see  reflected  from  the  liquid  crystals.        Outside  the  sensitive  temperature  range  of  this  IR  film    (between  35-­‐40°  C)  there  is  no  reflected  visible  light,  and  the  film  looks  black.  Different  IR  films  have  different  active  temperature  ranges.  

Fig.  2  

Fig.  1  

 Colors  we  see  reflected  from    liquid  crystals    

       less  twist         more  twist    As  temperature  changes,  spirals,  which  are  layers  of  liquid  crystals,  rotate  and  change  in  pitch  (angle  of  twisting).      Fig.  3      

Page 2: Science Behind the ScenesREV4 - SETIMicrosoft Word - Science Behind the ScenesREV4.docx Author pharman Created Date 11/24/2014 9:51:36 PM

As  particles  begin  to  move  more  quickly,  the  film  changes  from  a  more  solid  to  liquid  crystal  form.    If  the  crystals  are  cold  enough,  they  are  very  orderly  and  closely  spaced.    As  the  crystals  get  warmer,  the  spacing  between  the  crystal  particles  increases.    The  color  change  observed  is  primarily  due  to  an  increase  in  the  angle  of  twisting  and  a  increase  in  tightening  of  the  spiral  staircase.      (See  Figure  3.)  credits:  figure  2  -­‐  Nanotechnology  Education:  http://www.nnin.org/sites/default/files/files/Liquid_Crystal_Thermometer_Sidhu_TG.pdf                                  figures  1  &  3    Uchicago:    http://kicp-­‐yerkes.uchicago.edu/2003-­‐winter/pdf/ywi2003-­‐liquid_crystals.pdf          5.  What  is  the  electromagnetic  spectrum?    (credit:    NASA  Introduction  to  the  Electromagnetic  Spectrum  http://missionscience.nasa.gov/ems/01_intro.html        When  you  tune  your  radio,  watch  TV,  send  a  text  message,  or  make  popcorn  in  a  microwave  oven,  you  are  using  electromagnetic  (EM)  energy.    Electromagnetic  energy  travels  in  waves  and  spans  a  broad  spectrum  from  very  long  radio  waves  to  very  short  gamma  rays.  Sometimes  the  electromagnetic  spectrum  is  just  called  light.      The  human  eye  can  only  detect  visible  light,    a  small  part  of  the  EM  spectrum.  A  radio  detects  a  different  portion  of  the  spectrum,  and  an  x-­‐ray  machine  uses  yet  another  portion.      Locate  infrared  energy  on  the  chart  and  notice  that  it  is  a  range  of  wavelengths.        6.  Infrared  Astronomy  http://missionscience.nasa.gov/ems/07_infraredwaves.html        figure  credits    We  can  sense  some  infrared  energy  as  heat  and  some  objects  as  so  hot  they  also  produce  visible  light.  Fire  is  a  good  example.    Other  objects,  such  as  humans  are  not  as  hot  and  only  produce  infrared  energy.    Our  eyes  cannot  see  infrared  energy  waves,  but  we  have  detectors  that  can  make  that  energy  visible  such  as  the  infrared  sensitive  film,  night-­‐vision  goggles  or  infrared  cameras.      

Many  objects  in  the  universe  are  not  hot  enough  to  give  off  visible  light  but  can  be  detected  in  the  infrared.  Examples  of  cooler  objects  are  planets,  cool  stars,  interstellar  dust  and  nebulae.      Infrared  waves  can  pass  through  dense  regions  of  gas  and  dust  in  space  with  less  scattering  absorption.    This  allows  infrared  instruments  to  reveal  objects  that  visible  light  optical  telescopes  may  not  detect        

Constellation  Orion  shown  in  Visible  Light,  left    and  Infrared  Light,  right.    In  the  infrared  image  on  the  right,  the  areas  that  are  shown  in  yellow  have  more  infrared  energy  than  the  darker  areas.