HEP Program Status

Jim Siegrist Associate Director

Office of High Energy Physics Office of Science, U.S. Department of Energy

OFFICE OF

SCIENCE

Outline

Program Status by Frontier

Broader Impacts of HEP

HEP Budget

Strategic Planning and Community Process

Summary

Accelerators

The Energy Frontier

Origins of Mass

Dark energy

Cosmic Particles

The Cosmic

Frontier

Neutrino Physics Proton Decay

The Intensity Frontier

HEP Physics and Technology

Physics Frontiers

Dark matter Matter/Anti-matter

Asymmetry

Origin of Universe

Unification of Forces

New Physics Beyond the Standard Model

Experimental

Detectors

Simulation

Along Three Paths

Theory

Computing

Enabled by

Advanced Technologies in:

PROGRAM STATUS

2012 : The Year of Discovery

A particle that looks a lot like the SM Higgs Boson has been discovered at CERN

– Seen by both experiments each in multiple decay modes.

– Properties consistent with expectations (so far)

Daya Bay reactor neutrino experiment definitively shows that the unmeasured neutrino mixing is large (of order 10%)

BOSS has measured the characteristic length scale of the universe.

Energy Frontier Status

CMS Signal Strength

(Moriond 2012)

ATLAS Signal Strength

(Moriond 2013)

Fermilab Tevatron (DØ and CDF) Working with D0 and CDF collaborations

on orderly completion of legacy analyses by the early 2014

Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN Run I completed in Dec. 2012 Working with experiments to develop plan

for contributions to “Phase-I” upgrades In discussions with CERN management on

longer-term (“Phase-II”) upgrade options US scope for later upgrades TBD Not a “slam dunk”

Physics Status Experiments have shifted from a search-

based strategy to a measurement-based program “Higgs-like object” looking more and

more like SM Higgs Still no smoking guns for physics beyond

the SM What will 14 TeV running tell us? Focus on new physics

Completion of Run I; CMS & ATLAS recorded: ~22 fb-1

The Higgs may be telling us something…

7

• Maybe just a coincidence

• But dismissing striking features of the data as coincidence has

historically not been a winning strategy...

Joseph Lykken

Intensity Frontier Status

Current program: Minerva, NOvA, T2K, MicroBoone, Daya Bay, EXO-200 – NOvA and MicroBoone will complete construction in FY 2014 (see below + next

slide), others taking data

Planned program: 4 projects in design/R&D phase; fabrication not approved yet – Belle-II – Mu2e – LBNE – Muon g-2

Physics Status Daya Bay, T2K, NOvA, et al.

will usher in the era of precision neutrino physics with few % measurements 1st steps in a

comprehensive program

MicroBoone cryostat delivered

HEP Intensity Frontier Experiments Experiment Location Status Description #US Inst. #US Coll.

Belle II KEK, Tsukuba, Japan Physics run 2016 Heavy flavor physics, CP asymmetries, new matter states 10 Univ, 1 Lab 55

CAPTAIN Los Alamos, NM, USA R&D; Neutron run 2015

Cryogenic apparatus for precision tests of argon interactions with neutrinos

5 Univ, 1 Lab 20

Daya Bay Dapeng Penisula, China Running Precise determination of θ13 13 Univ, 2 Lab 76

Heavy Photon Search

Jefferson Lab, Newport News, VA, USA

Physics run 2015 Search for massive vector gauge bosons which may be evidence of dark matter or explain g-2 anomaly

8 Univ, 2 Lab 47

K0TO J-PARC, Tokai , Japan Running Discover and measure KL→π0νν to search for CP violation 3 Univ 12

LArIAT Fermilab, Batavia, IL R&D; Phase I 2013 LArTPC in a testbeam; develop particle ID & reconstruction 11 Univ, 3 Lab 38

LBNE Fermilab, Batavia, IL & Homestake Mine, SD, USA

CD1 Dec 2012; First data 2023

Discover and characterize CP violation in the neutrino sector; comprehensive program to measure neutrino oscillations

48 Univ, 6 Lab 336

MicroBooNE Fermilab, Batavia, IL, USA Physics run 2014 Address MiniBooNE low energy excess; measure neutrino cross sections in LArTPC

15 Univ, 2 Lab 101

MINERvA Fermilab, Batavia, IL, USA Med. Energy Run 2013

Precise measurements of neutrino-nuclear effects and cross sections at 2-20 GeV

13 Univ, 1 Lab 48

MINOS+ Fermilab, Batavia, IL & Soudain Mine, MN, USA

NuMI start-up 2013

Search for sterile neutrinos, non-standard interactions and exotic phenomena

15 Univ, 3 Lab 53

Mu2e Fermilab, Batavia, IL, USA First data 2019 Charged lepton flavor violation search for

N→eN 15 Univ, 4 Lab 106

Muon g-2 Fermilab, Batavia, IL, USA First data 2016 Definitively measure muon anomalous magnetic moment 13 Univ, 3 Lab, 1 SBIR 75

NOvA Fermilab, Batavia, IL & Ash River, MN, USA

Physics run 2014 Measure νμ-νe and νμ-νμ oscillations; resolve the neutrino mass hierarchy; first information about value of δcp (with T2K)

18 Univ, 2 Lab 114

ORKA Fermilab, Batavia, IL, USA R&D; CD0 2017+ Precision measurement of K+→π+νν to search for new physics 6 Univ, 2 Lab 26

Super-K Mozumi Mine, Gifu, Japan Running Long-baseline neutrino oscillation with T2K, nucleon decay, supernova neutrinos, atmospheric neutrinos

7 Univ 29

T2K J-PARC, Tokai & Mozumi Mine, Gifu, Japan

Running; Linac upgrade 2014

Measure νμ-νe and νμ-νμ oscillations; resolve the neutrino mass hierarchy; first information about value of δcp (with NOvA)

10 Univ 70

US-NA61 CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Target runs 2014-15

Measure hadron production cross sections crucial for neutrino beam flux estimations needed for NOvA, LBNE

4 Univ, 1 Lab 15

US Short-Baseline Reactor

Site(s) TBD R&D; First data 2016

Short-baseline sterile neutrino oscillation search 6 Univ, 5 Lab 28

The Questions - the Experimental Program

• Key remaining questions:

– Where did all the antimatter go ?

– Why are there so many different types (“flavors”) of neutrinos?

– What is the ordering of neutrino masses?

– Are there hidden phenomena we have not yet discovered ?

Experiment AntiMatter Flavors Mass Order

Hidden Sector

Technology R&D

Daya Bay *** - - *

MINOS ** - * *

T2K * ** - * *

NOnA ** *** * ** *

LBNE

*** **** *** *** ***

Minerva -- --- --- * *

MicroBooNE -- -- --- ** **

reacto

r lo

w e

ne

rgy

n

hig

h e

ne

rgy n

NOvA progress summary

08 April 2013 11

The Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE)

Neutrino beam from Fermilab travels ~800 miles to large detector at the Sanford Lab (old Homestake Mine) in Lead, SD. On the way there, some of the neutrinos change type and some interact with matter in the earth. The large detector counts how many neutrinos survive and what type they are. These studies can address many of the key questions about neutrinos.

LBNE is currently has CD-1 approval and is seeking additional domestic and international partners to enhance the physics reach of its initial configuration

Cosmic Frontier Status Current program

Several operating experiments studying high-energy cosmic and gamma rays

Fermi/GLAST, Veritas, Auger, AMS

Several 1st generation (G1) dark matter direct detection experiments operating: ADMX, LUX, CDMS-Soudan, DarkSide, Xenon

Several dark energy programs underway using existing telescopes and cameras: BOSS, supernova surveys

Dark Energy Survey commissioning

Planned program

2nd-Generation Dark Matter experiments to probe most of preferred phase space

Large Synoptic Survey Telescope will make definitive ground-based Stage IV Dark Energy measurements

Mid-scale Dark Energy Spectroscopic instrument to complement DES/LSST

High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) starts operations in 2014 DES First Light

In the News: two hints of Dark Matter?

• April 3: The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) on the International Space Station observes structure in the cosmic ray positron spectrum that is consistent with Dark Matter annihilation in our Galactic halo.

• Dark Matter particle mass would be > 500 GeV

• Need several more years of operation to achieve an “indirect detection,” or determine if the origin is instead from pulsars

• April 15: The Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS) team observes 3 events in their underground detectors that appear to be DM particles, but the significance (99.8% confidence level) is too low to claim a discovery.

• Dark Matter particle mass would be ~10 GeV.

• If it is Dark Matter, would expect to confirm and learn about its particle properties in the Second-Generation set of DM experiments.

102 10 e± energy [GeV]

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m=800 GeV

m=400 GeV 0.1

AMS Data

BROADER IMPACTS OF HEP

Accelerator Science & Technology

Accelerator R&D develops basic science and technologies needed to design, build, and operate state-of-the-art accelerators

– accelerators are essential for making new discoveries in HEP

• and also for serving a broader community

– discovery science

– industry

– medicine

– defense and security

– energy and environment

There is already a strong connection between current R&D thrusts and accelerator R&D stewardship program needs

“Stewardship”

Connecting Accelerator R&D to Science and to End-User Needs

The mission of the HEP long-term accelerator R&D stewardship program is to support fundamental accelerator science and technology development of relevance to many fields and to disseminate accelerator knowledge and training to the broad community of accelerator users and providers.

Strategies:

Improve access to national laboratory accelerator facilities and resources for industrial and for other U.S. government agency users and developers of accelerators and related technology;

Work with accelerator user communities and industrial accelerator providers to develop innovative solutions to critical problems, to the mutual benefit of our customers and the DOE discovery science community;

Serve as a catalyst to broaden and strengthen the community of accelerator users and providers

Strategic plan sent to Congress in October 2012

Incorporated into FY2014 Budget Request as new subprogram in HEP

The Accelerator R&D Stewardship Program

Workshops organized to assess needs in identified target areas

– Ion Beam Therapy Workshop (co-sponsored by NIH/NCI)

• January 9-11, 2013 in Bethesda, MD

– Laser Technology for Accelerators Workshop

• January 23-25, 2013 in Napa, CA

– organized by LBNL

Both meetings were small and tightly focused

– attendance by invitation only

• limited number of industrial “observers” accommodated

FY2014 Request identified a modest “start-up” program that redirects or relabels existing efforts that have broader impacts beyond HEP

HEP Program managers generating proposals for new stewardship programs based on 2013 workshop outcomes

– These would be vetted with SC partners and then (if successful) put into FY2015 Request

Recent Activities

HEP BUDGET AND ISSUES

HEP Budget Overview

Final FY2013 budget plan still under construction

FY2014 budget philosophy was to enable new world-leading HEP capabilities in the U.S. through investments on all three frontiers

– Accomplished through ramp-down of existing projects and Research

– When we were not able to fully implement this approach, converted planned project funds to R&D: Research Projects Research

– Therefore the FY14 Request shows increases for Research which are driven by this R&D “bump”, while Construction/MIE funding is only slightly increased

– Details in following slides

Impact of these actions:

– Several new efforts are delayed: LBNE, LHC detector upgrades, 2nd Generation Dark Matter detectors

– US leadership/partnership capabilities will be challenged by others

– Workforce reductions at universities and labs

Key areas in FY2014 Request

– Maintaining forward progress on new projects via Construction and Research funding lines

FY 2014 High Energy Physics Budget (Data in new structure, dollars in thousands)

24

Description FY 2012 Actual

FY 2014 Request Explanation of Change

Energy Frontier Exp. Physics 159,997 154,687 Ramp-down of Tevatron Intensity Frontier Exp. Physics 283,675 271,043

Completion of NOvA (MIE), partially offset by Fermi Ops

Cosmic Frontier Exp. Physics 71,940 99,080 Ramp-up of LSST Theoretical and Computational Physics 66,965 62,870

Continuing reductions in Research

Advanced Technology R&D 157,106 122,453 Completion of ILC R&D

Accelerator Stewardship 2,850 9,931 FY14 includes Stewardship-

related Research

SBIR/STTR 0 21,457

Construction (Line Item) 28,000 35,000 Mostly Mu2e; no LBNE ramp-up

Total, High Energy Physics 770,533* 776,521 Down -1.8% after SBIR correction

Office of Science 4,873,634 5,152,752

*The FY 2012 Actual is reduced by $20,327,000 for SBIR/STTR

HEP Physics Funding by Activity

25

Funding (in $K) FY 2012 Actual

FY 2014 Request Change from FY 2012

Research 391,329 383,609 Reduction mostly ILC R&D

Facility Operations and Exp’t Support 249,241 271,561*

NOvA ops start-up and infrastructure improvements

Projects 129,963 99,894 Intensity Frontier

86,570 37,000

NOvA ramp-down, start Muon g-2

Cosmic Frontier

12,893 24,694 LSST

Other

2,500 3,200 LQCD hardware

Construction

28,000 35,000 Mu2e and LBNE

SBIR/STTR 0 21,457 TOTAL HEP 770,533 776,521

* Includes $1,563K GPE

STRATEGIC PLANNING AND COMMUNITY PROCESS

Major Recommendations of Advisory Panel

The panel recommends that the US maintain a leadership role in world-wide particle physics. The panel recommends a strong, integrated research program at the three frontiers of the field: the Energy Frontier, the Intensity Frontier and the Cosmic Frontier.

The panel recommends support for the US LHC program, including US involvement in the planned detector and accelerator upgrades. (highest priority)

The panel recommends a world-class neutrino program as a core component of the US program, with the long-term vision of a large detector in the proposed DUSEL and a high-intensity neutrino source at Fermilab.

The panel recommends funding for measurements of rare processes to an extent depending on the funding levels available… (Mu2e)

The panel recommends support for the study of dark matter and dark energy as an integral part of the US particle physics program.

The panel recommends a broad strategic program in accelerator R&D, including work …, along with support of basic accelerator science.

These are still relevant, and this is still the plan.

A realistic, coherent, shared plan for US HEP – Enabling world-leading facilities/experiments in the US while

recognizing the global context and the priorities of other regions

– Recognizing the centrality of Fermilab while maintaining a healthy US research ecosystem that has essential roles for both universities and multipurpose labs

– Articulating both the value of basic research and the broader impacts of HEP

– Maintaining a balanced and diverse program that can deliver research results consistently

The Common Goal

Strategic Planning

• The HEP budget puts in place a comprehensive program across the three frontiers.

– In five years,

• NOvA,Mu2e, g-2 will be running on the Intensity Frontier.

• The CMS and ATLAS detector upgrades will be installed at CERN.

• DES will have completed its science program and new mid-scale spectroscopic instrument and DM-G2 should begin operation

• The two big initiatives, LSST and LBNE, will be well underway.

• Need to start planning now for what comes next.

– Engaging with DPF community planning process that will conclude this summer.

– Will set up a prioritization process (a la P5) using that input.

• Energy Frontier

– US has a leading role in LHC physics collaborations but is not the driver

• The issue is the scope and scale of US involvement. Requires US-CERN negotiation.

• Could also be true for Japanese-hosted ILC but requires deus ex machina

• Intensity Frontier

– US is a (the?) world leader and needs new facilities and/or upgrades of existing facilities to maintain its position

• Has the potential to attract new partners to US-led projects if we can get going

• Portfolio of experiments (see next slide) and science case is diverse. This complicates the case. The scale of the projected investments is a big challenge

• Cosmic Frontier

– US HEP has a leading role in a competitive, multidisciplinary environment

• Technologies are diverse but HEP physics case is simple and compelling. Only question is how far one needs to go in precision/setting limits.

• DOE is a technology enabler, not a facilities provider (see NSF, NASA)

– Analogous to LHC but the HEP physics goals are not those of the facility owners

• DOE supports particle physics goals and HEP-style collaborations

– Astronomy and astrophysics is not in our mission nor our modus operandi

Customized Implementation Strategies

• Fundamentally…[planning] is a multi-step process with several important milestones over the coming year, and each step will inform and prepare for the next.

1. HEP Facilities Subpanel: Advise DOE/SC mgmt. on the scientific impact and technical maturity of planned and proposed SC Facilities, in order to develop a coherent 10-yr SC facilities plan

• Subpanel can add or subtract from initial facilities list

• Does not exclude/pre-empt later additions

2. DPF/CSS2013 “Snowmass”: identify compelling HEP science opportunities over an approximately 20 year time frame.

• Not a prioritization but can make scientific judgments

3. HEPAP/P5: Develop new strategic plan and priorities for US HEP in various funding scenarios, using input from #1 and 2 above (among others)

Agency Letter to the Community

31

Take-Away Messages

The U.S. HEP program is following the strategic plan laid out by the previous HEPAP/P5 studies

Though some of the boundary conditions have changed, we are still trying to implement that plan within the current constraints

– FY2014 Request generally supports this, though funding constraints have led to delays in some key projects

– Need to maintain progress with projects currently “on the books”

– Working to attract partnerships that will extend the science impact

Actively engaged with community in developing new strategic plan

Increased emphasis on broader impacts via accelerator stewardship

Our only hope to maintain leadership in the long-term is to out-innovate the competition, and exploit unique capabilities

– Focus on areas where US can have leadership

– “High-risk, high-impact” as opposed to incremental advances

– Note this not an either/or proposition, we need both with appropriate balance

BACKUP

Recent Major Accomplishments I

LHC experiments announced the discovery of a Higgs boson. The experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) have produced a flood of results, including the discovery of a new fundamental particle observed at about 125 GeV. This new particle is compatible, including recent measurements of its spin and parity, with being the long-sought Standard Model Higgs boson. U.S. physicists make up about one quarter of each of the two scientific teams, and play critical leadership roles in all aspects of the experiment.

Event from the CMS detector at the LHC that is consistent with a Higgs Boson decay.

Recent Major Accomplishments II

Daya Bay Experiment makes the first definitive measurement of the remaining unknown neutrino mixing angle. In China, the Reactor Neutrino Experiment collaboration led by U.S. and Chinese physicists reported a measurement of the mixing angle responsible for changing muon neutrinos to electron neutrinos. This result means that in the current neutrino oscillation model, the possibility of matter-antimatter asymmetry, and a hierarchy of neutrino masses, can be definitively tested with new experiments.

Daya Bay Far Detector Hall with 4 neutrino detectors

Why Study Neutrinos?

• Neutrinos are the least understood and most abundant constituents of matter. – They are everywhere, but they hardly interact at all. More than 10

million are inside every person on earth. You don’t notice.

– Neutrinos are very, very, very light. • Less than one-millionth the mass of an electron, so light no one has

actually been able to measure the mass yet (but we know its not = 0).

– Neutrinos come in three “flavors” (types) that can change from one kind to another.

• Neutrinos are also very important to our existence. – They are vital to how stars shine and how they produce all the

elements beyond hydrogen, including the carbon and oxygen that makes up people.

– They may play a key role in why there is any matter at all in the universe.

• The Big Bang should have produced equal amounts of matter and antimatter, which should have annihilated into pure energy. Yet almost all the antimatter seems to have vanished and matter is still here.

How to Study Neutrinos

• Because they interact so rarely:

– Need powerful accelerators to produce copious amounts of

neutrinos and antineutrinos and direct them to a neutrino detector.

• See

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U_xWDWKq1CM&feature=play

er_embedded

– Also need very large detectors

• It takes some time(distance) for neutrinos to change types

– Need to put the detector very far from the accelerator.

• LBNE will precisely measure how the neutrinos change

types and compare neutrinos and antineutrinos to search

for the origin of matter-antimatter asymmetry

– If neutrinos and antineutrinos behave differently, they may be the

answer to the origin of the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the

Universe

AMS today

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Facilities

Projects

Other

• In the late 90’s the fraction of the budget devoted to projects was about 20%.

• Progress in many fields require new investments to produce new capabilities.

• The projects started in 2006 are coming to completion.

• New investments are needed to continue US leadership in well defined research areas.

• Possibilities for future funding growth are weak. Must make do with what we have.

Trading projects for more research

Ramp up ILC and SRF

R&D programs

One Possible Future Scenario

• About 20% (relative) reduction in Research fraction over ~5 years. In order to address priorities, this will not be applied equally across Frontiers.

• This necessarily implies reductions in scientific staffing. Some can migrate to Projects but other transitions are more difficult.

• We have requested labs to help manage this transition as gracefully as possible.

Trading research for more projects

FY 2014 Request Crosscuts

44

EPP Research

$272M

Technology Research

$112M

SBIR/STTR 21M

Facilities $287M **

Construction $45M *

By Function

*Includes Other Project Costs (R&D) for LBNE

**Includes $15.9M Other Facility Support

MIE’s

$39M

Energy $155M

Intensity $261M

Cosmic $99M

Construction $45M*

Acc Steward $10M

Advanced Tech

$122M

SBIR/STTR $21M

By Frontier

Theory

63M

* Includes Other Project Costs (R&D) for LBNE

• Part of the strategy for the FY2014 budget was to convince the administration that a de-scoped (phased) LBNE

– Would fit into projected out-year budgets, and

– Was an appropriate scientific goal

• When we started the FY2014 process, the former was true and we asserted the latter was true based on HEPAP/P5

• Both branches of this argument ran into trouble:

– Outyear budgets were revised downward significantly

– Many members of the community objected that the phased LBNE was not what P5 (or they) had in mind

• We managed to convince some but not all elements of the administration

– Thus, no PED funding for LBNE in FY14 Request (again)

LBNE Strategy

Current LBNE Strategy

We are trying to follow our own rescue plan for LBNE, though it has hit some snags

The plan, as it currently stands:

– Use time before baselining to recruit partners (international and domestic) that expand scope and science reach

– Try to get more of the community on board

– Try to get priority in the SC Facilities plan

It seems clear this is necessary. Will it also be sufficient?

– Need to get agreement with OMB on what is required for success

– Fermilab and the collaboration need to work together to sort out ground-level issues so the R&D program can demonstrate results

• “Everyone needs to up their game”

MIE Issues

We were not able to implement (most) new MIE starts in FY14 request

This upsets at least 2 major features of our budget strategy:

– Strategic plan : “trading Research for Projects”

– Implementation of facilities balanced across Frontiers

Our story is, “we tried to trade Research for Projects but did not succeed. That money got plowed back into R&D (Research)”

This may be a wake-up call for the Energy and Cosmic frontier research communities

– But may also lead to more in-fighting…

What Makes HEP Unique?

• Collaboration/teamwork

• Ambition/”big science”

• A long-term view

• We invent our own tools

“Americans seem to work very well,

only they obviously insist on making everything as big as possible."

—German physicist Franz Simon's impression upon a visit to the US in 1932.

LBNL Staff in 1939

What are HEP’s limitations?

• Middle-aged field

• Technology plateau – (At least at Energy

Frontier)

• Not a national priority – Increased competition

for science $

• Long timescale/high threshold for new expts

• Over-reach?

• Reliance on international partners

SM Higgs quartic self-coupling

50

A. Strumia, Moriond EW 2013

SM 3-loop running with 2-loop matching

Joseph Lykken DOE

OHEP, April 1, 2013

• Discussions with CERN about follow-on to LHC Agreement proceeding

– Necessary precursor to planning for “Phase-II” upgrades

• Energy Frontier science plan will require high-energy LHC running

– What is the real physics of the TeV scale?

– This will likely take a few years to sort itself out

– US “Snowmass” process is an important element, along with European and Japanese HEP strategies

• Significant collaborations with other regions on future colliders will require a high-level approach between governments

– Modest ground-level R&D efforts can continue as funding allows

– We support an international process to discuss future HEP facilities that respects the interests of major national and regional partners as well as realistic schedule and fiscal constraints

– Once Snowmass/P5 studies and the community input are complete we will be in a better position to evaluate future US priorities for the HEP program in detail

– We encourage active engagement by all interested parties

Energy Frontier Issues

1 3 5 Log (Energy [GeV]) 13 15 17

Tevatron

LHC

Quarks

Charged Leptons

Neutrinos

Proton Decays

The strategy and experimental reach

Intensity

Frontier

Energy

Frontier

Indirectly

Directly

Connection

more complete

more elegant theory

Time since the Big Bang

10-11 s = 0.01 ns

High-intensity

particle beam

Quantum Fluctuation

Discover the nature of massive known & NEW particles

indirectly by intense beams of charged leptons and quarks

Top

W, Z

….

NEW

Intensity Frontier

Uncertainty Principle

E = Mc2

Limit ~104 TeV

Rate for rare

transition

Near Term (1-3 years) – New kW-class laser gain materials identified & tested – New high strength optical coatings commercialized – Design and engineering studies for kW-class lasers – High intensity H- laser stripping demonstrated – BES and industry praise stewardship program

Medium Term (3-5 years) – 1 kW ultrafast laser demonstrated

• New high-flux HHG source of x-rays becomes available, built jointly w/BES – Broad range of COTS damage resistant optics becomes available – New laser materials built into prototype laser systems – New laser technologies patented and marketed – Undergraduate and graduate fellows in UF lasers funded

Longer Term (10 years) – 10 kW ultrafast laser demonstrated

• Higher flux HHG x-ray sources available in multiple labs • 1 GeV stage of Energy Frontier machine demonstrated

– Laser-driven ion sources for medicine achieve energy needed – 2 or 3 academic/industrial centers of excellence in UF laser science – Graduating 3-5 students & engineers in UF laser technology per year

Laser Accelerator Technology: A Vision for the Desired Product

Legend HEP BES NIH/BER/NP Industry broad

Prepared jointly by DOE-HEP and NCI

– Identify a set of representative clinical applications that span the range of expected future therapy

requirements. These need to include capabilities for performing radiobiological experiments as well

as human treatment protocols in order to explore the scientific principles underlying observed

clinical results and point the way to promising protocol designs.

– Assess the corresponding beam requirements (e.g., energy range and energy spread, intensity

range and pulse-to-pulse intensity jitter, spot size and pulse-to-pulse position jitter, repetition rate,

ion species) for future treatment facilities and compare these with today’s state-of-the-art

– Assess the corresponding beam delivery system requirements (e.g., energy and position

adjustability, time scale for adjustments, size of footprint, component mass, transverse and

longitudinal acceptance) for future treatment facilities and compare these with today’s state-of-the-

art

– Identify R&D activities needed to bridge the gap between current capabilities and future

requirements; include an assessment of which R&D investments are likely to have the highest

near-term performance gains

• this is the place where accelerator stewardship effort can help

Ion Beam Therapy Workshop Charge

What unique niche would this program occupy?

Ultrafast lasers (<1 ps) operating at high average power (>1 kW), and highest

power efficiency (>20%) as flexible, tunable, laboratory-based systems

– 1 mJ x 1 GHz, optically phase locked

– 1 J x 1 kHz, coherently combined, very high pulse contrast

– 1 J x 10 kHz, coherently combined, very high pulse contrast

– High peak power, high average power components

• Linear materials—coatings, structured surfaces, and optics

• Nonlinear materials—gain, frequency conversion

Challenges

– No PW/kW gain materials; too low damage threshold optics

– Costly, inefficient pumps

– Little experience coherently combining ultrashort pulse lasers

– Pulse contrast and optical phase noise

The Tipping Point

We previously argued that the empirical maximum Total Project Cost (TPC) for HEP projects was ~$1B based on two observations:

– Past SC project history (SNS, ITER)

– Max annual project funding <= 25% (Total Program funding)

• Max TPC ~ 5 x (max annual project funding) ~ Total program funding

With HEP funding ~$800M, LBNE profile barely worked. With HEP funding ~$750M flat, it breaks

– Need a Plan C if HEP funding does not recover from sequester levels

From Deep Underground to the Tops of Mountains, HEP pushes the Frontiers of Research

ACCELERATOR SCIENCE – New accelerator techniques such as plasma wakefield acceleration, researched at LBL’s BELLA and SLACs’ FACET facilities, may eventually lead to higher beam energies than ever before, opening up new realms for discovery.

RESEARCH AT THE ENERGY FRONTIER —HEP supports more than 450 scientists and engineers at CERN’s LHC ATLAS and CMS experiments, where the recently discovered Higgs-like particle may reveal the origins of mass. Another 850 work domestically on LHC.

RESEARCH AT INTENSITY FRONTIER – Reactor and beam-based neutrino physics experiments such as Daya Bay and LBNE may ultimately answer some of the fundamental questions of our time: why does the Universe seem to be composed of matter and not anti-matter?

RESEARCH AT THE COSMIC FRONTIER – Through ground-based telescopes, space missions, and deep underground detectors, research at the cosmic frontier aims to explore dark energy and dark matter, which together comprise approximately 95% of the universe.

THEORY AND COMPUTATION – Essential to the lifeblood of high energy physics, the interplay between theory, computation, and experiment drive the science forward. Computational sciences and resources enhance both data analysis and model building.

Intensity Frontier Issues

• We must have long-term goals for the precision with which we need to measure the neutrino mixing matrix elements.

– This is an essential element that will guide the development of the neutrino program.

• This question is very important since it enables us to explain to all our stakeholders why we need a wide variety of neutrino experiments, and why it is a consistent program.

– It also guides our investment strategy on R&D to support neutrino factories since small errors may require higher beam intensities than can be reached with conventional targets/beamlines.

• Many other important areas of investigation were well summarized in 2011 intensity frontier workshop. We need to turn that into a situation analysis for each of the main areas.

– What are the technology capability gaps ?

– Are there projects or pilots needed to fill out the program?

Cosmic Frontier – Issues

• Which are the most important science areas to concentrate on make

significant steps towards HEP mission goals?

• Are there branch points? Are we covering right phase space?

Dark Matter & Dark Energy:

- Have path forward; needs to be further developed & optimized

Dark Matter:

• Have plan for direct-detection DM-G2 experiments that will probe most of preferred

phase space; will need this input to make the case for DM-G3

• Will have to make technology choices going forward.

Dark Energy

• Have ground-based plan to reach Stage-IV measurements using multiple methods:

BOSS, DES MS-DESI, LSST

• What other measurements or instrumentation will be needed to fully exploit these

experiments? Are there areas we aren’t covering, e.g. space?

Other particle astrophysics areas -Science case and role needs to be better articulated

- CTA: Following Astro2010, we consider NSF to be in the lead; We haven’t identified

project funding and therefore aren’t funding R&D efforts.

High Energy Physics

Understanding how the universe works at its most fundamental level

FY 2014 Budget Highlights:

The major initiatives in the domestic program are designed to maintain and develop infrastructure and experimental facilities to ensure continued US leadership at the Intensity Frontier with a central role for Fermilab.

The accelerator complex at Fermilab shut down in April 2012 for a year-long upgrade to enhance the beam power from approximately 400 to 700 kW for the NOνA experiment. The NOνA project, currently under fabrication, will be in full operation in 2014 to enable key measurements of neutrino properties.

At the Energy Frontier, HEP’s primary scientific goal is to exploit the new discoveries being produced by the LHC and to enable further discoveries. This includes beginning an intensive measurement-based Higgs physics program to address whether the recently discovered particle is consistent with a Standard Model Higgs boson.

The HEP Cosmic Frontier program is partnering with NSF to make investments in dark matter and dark energy will maintain U.S. leadership in these high-impact scientific thrusts:

The agencies have implemented a staged and coordinated program of R&D for next-generation experiments designed to directly detect dark matter particles using underground detectors.

HEP is also partnering with NSF on implementing the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) for studies of dark energy using a new ground-based telescope facility.

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FY 2014 Budget Highlights – HEP New Activities

Investing in the Future: In the FY 2014 Request, funds are shifted from HEP research categories to support: full operations of existing HEP facilities and experiments; the planned funding profile for construction of new experiments, including the Muon to Electron Conversion Experiment (Mu2e); and investments for MIEs.

Accelerator Stewardship: This new subprogram focuses on the fundamental physics of charged particle beams, and on accelerator technology that can broadly benefit fields outside HEP as well as within HEP. Funding comes from redirection of some broadly applicable research activities away from a purely HEP focus. The research supported by this subprogram will help advance applications in energy and the environment, medicine, industry, national security, and discovery science.

Charge:

– Identify several specific laser-based accelerator applications

– Assess laser specifications for each application

– Identify technical gaps between present and required laser performance

– Specify R&D activities needed to bridge these gaps

– Assess the proposed U.S. R&D activities against global laser R&D efforts

Workshop outcome: a concise report describing:

– Accelerator applications that drive laser R&D

– Laser technology developments needed to enable these applications

– A rough timeline of the needed laser R&D

Attended by ~50 participants

– ~10 industry, ~5 international.

– Included members of DOE-HEP, DOE-BES, DOD, NSF, and the CRS.

DOE Workshop on Laser Technology for Accelerators January 23-25, in Napa, CA.

Laser R&D Ecosystem

Laser R&D for Accelerators Ultrafast (<1 ps) Efficient (>20%)

High Average Power (>1 kW) Flexible, tunable

Laboratory systems Very low MTTF

Domestic R&D $300M DoD – CW/Long pulse, high power (kW-MW), deployable, efficient, compact, lightweight $25M DOE-NNSA – Long pulse, high energy (MJ), high power, efficient $5M DOE-SC – Broad (enabling tech.) $2M NSF – Broad (enabling tech.) $2M Others

Foreign R&D $35M Fraunhofer ILT – near-term, mat’l proc. $23M LZ Hannover – Ultrafast, mat’ls $20M ENSTA – applications of UF lasers, LOA Asia—Semiconductor Foundries Communications lasers

Worldwide Market

National Initiatives National Photonics Initiative

NNMI: Additive Manufacturing Inst.+14 (1B$)

Research Locales 76% Defense Contractors Laser Industry DoD Labs 14% DOE-NNSA Labs DOE-SC Labs 10% Academia

“Laser Markets Rise Above Global Headwinds”, Laser Focus World, Jan 2013.