Science, Matter, and Science, Matter, and EnergyEnergy

Chapter 2Chapter 2

Question of the DayQuestion of the Day

Easter Island and the civilization that Easter Island and the civilization that once thrived and then largely once thrived and then largely disappeared is an example of what?disappeared is an example of what?

An Environmental Lesson An Environmental Lesson from Easter Islandfrom Easter Island

Fig. 2-1, p. 19

Science vs. Junk ScienceScience vs. Junk Science

Scientific methodScientific method

Frontier scienceFrontier science

Sound science (consensus science)Sound science (consensus science)

Junk scienceJunk science

Matter and its TypesMatter and its Types

What is matter? - anything that has mass and takes up What is matter? - anything that has mass and takes up

spacespace Elements - the building blocks of matterElements - the building blocks of matter

Compounds - two or more elements held together by Compounds - two or more elements held together by chemical bondschemical bonds Chemical bonds - Ionic, covalent, hydrogenChemical bonds - Ionic, covalent, hydrogen

Atoms and ions - the smallest unit of matter that has the Atoms and ions - the smallest unit of matter that has the characteristics of a particular elementcharacteristics of a particular element Chemical formulasChemical formulas

Organic and inorganic compoundsOrganic and inorganic compounds

Fig. 2-3, p.23

Natural Natural CapitalCapital

Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons

Chlorinated hydrocarbonsChlorinated hydrocarbons

Simple carbohydrates (simple sugars)Simple carbohydrates (simple sugars)

Polymers and monomersPolymers and monomers

Complex carbohydratesComplex carbohydrates

ProteinsProteins

Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

AtomsAtoms

Subatomic particlesSubatomic particles• ProtonsProtons• NeutronsNeutrons• ElectronsElectrons

Atomic number - # of protons in the nucleusAtomic number - # of protons in the nucleus

Mass number - sum of the # of protons and Mass number - sum of the # of protons and neutrons in nucleus of an atomneutrons in nucleus of an atom

IsotopesIsotopes

Matter QualityMatter Quality

High-quality matterHigh-quality matter

Low-quality matterLow-quality matter

Material efficiency Material efficiency (resource productivity)(resource productivity)

Changes in MatterChanges in Matter

PhysicalPhysical

ChemicalChemical

In text on page 26

Chemical Reaction of Burning Carbon

Law of Conservation of MatterLaw of Conservation of Matter

Matter is not destroyedMatter is not destroyed

Matter only changes formMatter only changes form

There is no “throwing away”There is no “throwing away”

Matter and PollutionMatter and Pollution Chemical nature of pollutantsChemical nature of pollutants

ConcentrationConcentration

Persistence: how long pollutants stay in the Persistence: how long pollutants stay in the air,water,soil, or body.air,water,soil, or body.

• Degradable (nonpersistent) pollutantsDegradable (nonpersistent) pollutants

• Biodegradable pollutantsBiodegradable pollutants

• Slowly degradable (persistent) pollutantsSlowly degradable (persistent) pollutants

• Nondegradable pollutants (Pb, Hg, As)Nondegradable pollutants (Pb, Hg, As)

Matter and PollutionMatter and Pollution Point Source PollutionPoint Source Pollution

Single Identifiable sourcesSingle Identifiable sources• Smokestacks, sewer or drain outlets Smokestacks, sewer or drain outlets

into lakes or streamsinto lakes or streams• Easiest to identify and controlEasiest to identify and control

Nonpoint Source PollutionNonpoint Source PollutionDispersed and difficult to identifyDispersed and difficult to identify• Pesticides sprayed into air, runoff of Pesticides sprayed into air, runoff of

fertilizer from fields into lakes and fertilizer from fields into lakes and streamsstreams

• Hardest to identify and controlHardest to identify and control

Nuclear ChangeNuclear Change

Natural radioactive decayNatural radioactive decay FissionFission FusionFusion

Nuclear FissionNuclear Fission

Critical Mass - produces chain reaction - Critical Mass - produces chain reaction - release of energy for power plantrelease of energy for power plant

Thermal pollution released into Thermal pollution released into environment under normal conditions.environment under normal conditions.

Creates high level radioactive waste.Creates high level radioactive waste.

Nuclear FusionNuclear Fusion

Uncontrolled - weaponsUncontrolled - weapons

Controlled - possible future energy Controlled - possible future energy source but source but not possible at this timenot possible at this time

Sun

High energy, shortwavelength

Wavelength in meters(not to scale)

Low energy, longwavelength

Ionizing radiation Nonionizing radiation

10-14 10-12 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-3 10-2 10-1 1

Cosmicrays

Gammarays

X raysNear

ultravioletwaves

Farultraviolet

waves

Nearinfraredwaves

Farinfraredwaves

microwavesTV

wavesRadiowaves

visiblewaves

Fig. 2-8, p. 29

Electromagnetic SpectrumElectromagnetic Spectrum

Fig. 2-9, p. 30

Ult

ravi

ole

t

Visible

Infrared

SunlightSunlight

Wavelength (micrometers)

En

erg

y em

itte

d f

rom

su

n (

kcal

/cm

2 /m

in)

Very high

High

Moderate

Low

ElectricityVery high temperature heat(greater than 2,500°C)Nuclear fission (uranium)Nuclear fusion (deuterium)Concentrated sunlightHigh-velocity wind

High-temperature heat(1,000–2,500°C)Hydrogen gasNatural gasGasolineCoalFood

Normal sunlightModerate-velocity windHigh-velocity water flowConcentrated geothermal energyModerate-temperature heat(100–1,000°C)Wood and crop wastes

Dispersed geothermal energyLow-temperature heat(100°C or lower)

Very high-temperature heat(greater than 2,500°C)for industrial processesand producing electricity torun electrical devices(lights, motors)

Mechanical motion (to movevehicles and other things)High-temperature heat(1,000–2,500°C) forindustrial processes andproducing electricity

Moderate-temperature heat(100–1,000°C) for industrialprocesses, cooking,producing steam,electricity, and hot water

Low-temperature heat(100°C or less) forspace heating

RelativeEnergy Quality

(usefulness)

Source of Energy Energy Tasks

Fig. 2-10, p. 31

Energy QualityEnergy Quality

First Law of ThermodynamicsFirst Law of Thermodynamics

Energy is not created or destroyed Energy is not created or destroyed

Energy only changes formEnergy only changes form

Can’t get something for nothingCan’t get something for nothing

Energy input = Energy outputEnergy input = Energy output

Second Law of ThermodynamicsSecond Law of Thermodynamics

In every transformation, some In every transformation, some energy quality is lostenergy quality is lost

You can’t break even in terms of You can’t break even in terms of energy qualityenergy quality

Second Law greatly affects lifeSecond Law greatly affects life

Examples of the Second Law Examples of the Second Law

Cars: only 20-25% of the energy from Cars: only 20-25% of the energy from burning gasoline produces mechanical burning gasoline produces mechanical energyenergy

Ordinary light bulb: 5% energy is useful Ordinary light bulb: 5% energy is useful light, rest is low-quality heatlight, rest is low-quality heat

Living systems: quality energy lost with Living systems: quality energy lost with every conversion every conversion

Solarenergy

Chemical energy(photosynthesis)

Chemicalenergy(food)

Mechanicalenergy

(moving,thinking,

living)

Wasteheat

Wasteheat

Wasteheat

Wasteheat

Fig. 2-11, p. 32

Second Law of Second Law of ThermodynamicsThermodynamics

Matter and Energy Change: Laws Matter and Energy Change: Laws and Sustainability and Sustainability

Unsustainable high-throughput (high-waste) Unsustainable high-throughput (high-waste) economies economies - Bad- Bad

Matter-recycling-and-reuse economy Matter-recycling-and-reuse economy - Good- Good

Sustainable low-throughput (low-waste) Sustainable low-throughput (low-waste) economies economies - Best- Best