Science, Matter, Energy and Ecosystems

Chapter 2Pages 16-45

Matter and Energy

• Read section 2-2 on Matter and Energy

• Background to many ES issues and future chapters

• We will discuss some but not all

Science and Critical Thinking

Constructing the Hypothesis

• The goal of science is to discover facts about the natural world and the principles that explain these facts.

• How does one “measure” the natural world?Use senses, see, hear, feel, taste smell, as well as tools

to extend these senses– Observations

• Can quantify, through statistics can validate

– Scientific Knowledge is ultimately traced to Observations

Constructing the Hypothesis

The scientific method can be best described as procedures used to learn about our world.

Science cannot prove or disprove non-quantifiable factors, such as ESP.

Constructing the Hypothesis

• Must be stated in a way that allows them to be tested.

• A testable hypothesis is one that at least potentially can be proved false.

Constructing the Hypothesis

• For example:– There are no mermaids in the sea

• This is testable and can be proven false by finding a mermaid

– There are mermaids in the sea• This cannot be proven false, as the true believer

would say “They are there, you just didn’t find them”

Constructing the Hypothesis

• Variables are factors that might affect observations

• Models with variables one can alter – Laboratory• Ecological models – difficult to alter the

variables. Often only observations to determine differences based on variability.

• In science, no absolute truths. No hypothesis can be absolutely proved true.

• Make best decisions with available evidence.

•Scientific hypotheses – an unconfirmed explanation of an observation that can be tested

•Scientific method – used to test hypotheses – ways scientists gather data, formulate and test hypotheses.

•Peer review and publication – widely accepted – leads the scientific theories and laws.

•Scientific theories – description of what we find happening through repeated observations – verified and credible hypothesis

•Scientific (natural) laws – description of what we find happening, and is proven over and over

•Frontier science – preliminary results – often subject to news stories

•Junk Science – no peer review

Levels of organization in nature. The shaded portion is the five levels that ecology is based upon.

What is Matter?

• Atoms, ions and molecules

• Anything that has mass and takes up space.

• Two forms:– Element – distinctive building blocks of matter

that make up every material substance– Compound – two or more different elements

held together by chemical bonds

What is Matter?

• Organic compounds – Compounds containing carbon atoms

combined with each other and with atoms of one or more other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, chlorine, and fluorine.

• Inorganic compounds – All compounds not classified as organic

compounds.

The Law of Conservation of Matter

• Matter is not destroyed

• It only changes form

• There is no “away” – atoms are not destroyed, just rearranged.

• What are some examples of matter changing form?

First Law of Thermodynamics

• Energy is neither created nor destroyed

• Energy only changes form

• You can’t get something for nothing– Or “There is no such thing as a free lunch!”

• ENERGY IN = ENERGY OUT

Energy

• Kinetic– Wind– Electicity– Flowing water

• Potential– Water behind a dam– Gasoline in your car– Unlit match

Second Law of Thermodynamics

• In every transformation, some energy is converted to heat

• You cannot break even in terms of energy quality

Waste energy islow quality and cannot be reused

Second Law of Thermodynamics

• What are some other examples of the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

Water is heated due to energy loss from the flowing water and turbines

20-25% of the chemical energy in gasoline is converted to mechanical energy. The rest is lost into the environment as low quality heat energy.

5% of electricity is changed into useful light. 95% is lost as low-quality heat.

• Photosynthesis is the process of converting solar energy into chemical energy stored in food

• CO2 + H20 ---> C6H12O6 + O2

• Respiration is the process of releasing chemical energy stored in food to be used by living things.

• C6H12O6 + O2 ---> CO2 + H20

Ecological Concepts

• Ecology: Study of how organisms interact with each other and with their non-living surroundings.

• Eco - is from the Greek word “Oikos” for house

The Nature of Ecology

Levels of study in Ecology: • Organisms – single animal• Populations – same species• Communities – pop’ns living

together• Ecosystems – community +

physical environment• Biosphere – all the earth’s

ecosystems

The Earth’s Life-Support Systems• Atmosphere

– Thin membrane of air

– Troposphere• 11 miles

– Stratosphere• 12-30 miles• Lower portion (ozone) • filters out harmful sun rays• Allows life to exist on earth

• Lithosphere– Earth’s crust

• Hydrosphere– water

• Biosphere– Living and dead

organisms

Natural Capital: Sustaining Life of Earth

• One-way flowof energy from Sun

• Cycling ofcrucial elements

• Gravity

Solar Capital: Flow of Energy to and from the Earth

Greenhouse gasseswater vaporCO2MethaneOzone

Increases kinetic energy,Helps warm troposphere.Allows life to exist (as we know it) on earth.

As greenhouse gassesincrease, temperature oftroposphere increases.

Ecosystem Components

• Abiotic factors• Biotic factors• Range of tolerance for each species

– what factors are important for…

Ecosystem Components

• Limiting factors determines distributions

Law of Tolerance

• The existence, abundance and distribution of a species is determined by levels of one or more physical or chemical factors.

Common limiting factors

• Limiting factors – more important in regulating population growth than other factors.

• Terrestrial ecosystems (on land)– precipitation– temperature– soil nutrients

• Aquatic ecosystems– temperature– sunlight– nutrients– dissolved oxygen– salinity

Biological Components of Ecosystems

• Producers (autotrophs)

• Consumers (heterotrophs)– Herbivores, carnivores,

omnivores– Decomposers and

detritivores• detritus = dead organic

material

Biodiversity

• Genetic diversity – variety of genetic material within a species or a population

• Species diversity – the number of species present in different habitats

• Ecological diversity – the variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems found in an area or on earth

• Functional diversity – biological and chemical processes needed for the survival of species, communities and ecosystems

Energy Flow in Ecosystems

• Food chains – sequence of organisms which is a source of food for the next.

• Food webs – most species participate in several food chains (they don’t just eat one thing!).

• Trophic levels– each step in the flow of energy through an

ecosystem (feeding level)

Food Chains and Energy Flow in Ecosystems

Ecological Pyramids

• Pyramid of energy flow

• Ecological efficiency

• Pyramid of biomass

• Pyramid of numbers

Food webs

• reality tends to be more complex than a linear food chain

Primary Productivity of Ecosystems

• Gross primary productivity (GPP)• The rate at which an ecosystem's producers capture

and store a given amount of chemical energy as biomass in a given length of time.

• Net primary productivity (NPP)• Rate at which all the plants in an ecosystem produce

net useful chemical energy; equal to the difference between the rate at which the plants in an ecosystem produce useful chemical energy (gross primary productivity) and the rate at which they use some of that energy through cellular respiration.

• (NPP = GPP – Respiration)

Net Primary Productivity comparison

Soils

• Importance • Provides most of the nutrients for plant life• Cleans water• Decompose and recycle biodegradable wastes

• Maturity and Horizons• Surface litter layer• Top soil layer (humus)• Sub soil• Parent material

• Variations with Climate and Biomes• Variations in Texture and Porosity

Soil Profiles in Different Biomes

Matter Cycling in Ecosystems

Biogeochemical cycles – global cycles recycle nutrients through the air, land and waterCycles are driven directly or indirectly by solar energy and gravity

• Hydrologic cycle (H2O)• Carbon cycle• Nitrogen cycle• Phosphorus cycle

Hydrologic (Water) Cycle

Human Influence on the Water Cycle

• Water withdraw from lakes and streams

• Clear vegetation

• Construct impervious surfaces

• Fill wetlands

• Modify water quality by adding nutrients

The Carbon Cycle (Marine)

Based on Carbon Dioxide

Terrestrial producers removeCO2 from the air; aquatic producers remove it from thewater.

Through photosynthesis, Converts to carbohydrates.

O2 consuming producersrespire,breaking carbo-hydrates back to CO2.

CO2 not released until burned.

The Carbon Cycle (Terrestrial)

Human Influence on the Carbon Cycle

• Clear trees and other plants, often times permanently

• Burning fossil fuels and wood

• Increased CO2 in the troposphere enhance natural greenhouse effect

• Results in global warming

The Nitrogen CycleAtmosphere’s most abundant element.

Bacteria help recycle nitrogen.Nitrogen cannot be used by plantsand animals without bacteria’s help.

Ammonia not taken up by plants

Toxic to plants

Usable by plants

Waterloggedsoil

Human Influence on the Nitrogen Cycle

• Add large amounts of nitric oxide by burning fuel• Gas converted to nitrogen dioxide gas and nitric

acid (acid rain)• Add nitrous oxide through anaerobic bacteria

breaking down livestock wastes (global warming).• Release nitrogen stored in soils and plants by

destroying forests, grasslands and wetlands.• Add excess nitrates for agriculture• Remove nitrogen from topsoils through harvesting

various crops

The Phosphorus Cycle

Fig. 4-33 p. 82

Slow

Bacteria not a major player

Washes from the land into streams, then the sea.

Can be deposited as sediment and remain for millions of years.

Often a limiting factor for plant growth on land.

Also limits growth in lakes And streams because phosphate salts are onlyslightly soluble in water.

Human Influence on the Phosphorus Cycle

• We mine large quantities of phosphate rock to make inorganic fertilizers.

• We reduce the available phosphate in tropical soils by clearing tropical forests.

• We disrupt aquatic systems with phosphates from runoff of animal wastes and fertilizers, and sewage systems.