AMERICANASSOCIATION FOR THEADVANCEMENT OFSCIENCE SCIENCE

ISSN 0036-807531 JANUARY I986VOLUME 231No. 4737

439 This Week in Science

441 A Serious Parlor Game*RI

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442 Systematics and Museums: T. D. NICHOLSON * Mutagenicity of Spy Dust:G. KLOPMAN, A. KALos, M. FRIERSON, H. S. ROSENKRANZ * Graduate Studentsin Math: M. JOLLIE * Adult Decisions: A. H. SOLOWAY

443 Research Pinched in First Year of the Gramm-Rudman Law Era * NIH Faces$236-Million Budget Cut in FY 1986

445 The Global Flight Over Plant Genes

447 A Plea from Academia

448 Briefing: Study Estimates Higher Risk from Ethylene Oxide Exposure * BritishCommittee Rebuked Over Archaeology Congress M Internal Audit Scores Contract-ing by DOD Labs * Working Women Still Segregated and Underpaid * Comingsand Goings

450 The Slow, Insidious Nature of the HTLV's

452 New Test Finds "Certified" Primes in Record Time

453 Polynesians' Litter Gives Clues to Islands' History

455 The Meteorological Satellite: Overview of 25 Years of Operation: W. L. SMITH,W. P. BISHOP, V. F. DvoRAx, C. M. HAYDEN, J. H. McELROY, F. R. MOSHER,V. J. OLIVER, J. F. PURDOM, D. Q. WARK

463 Terrestrial Observations from NOAA Operational Satellites: H. YATES,A. STRONG, D. McGINNIs, JR., D. TARPLEY

470 The Intervening Sequence RNA of Tetrahymena Is an Enzyme: A. J. ZAUG andT. R. CECH

476 Irreversible Block of the Mycelial-to-Yeast Phase Transition ofHistoplasmacapsulatum: G. MEDOFF, M. SACCO, B. MARESCA, D. SCHLESSINGER,A. PAINTER, G. S. KOBAYASHI, L. CARRATU

U SCIENCE Is published weekly on Friday, except the IM week In December, by the AmerIan Aeoclton for theAdvancement of ScInce, 1333 H Strat, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Second-cass postage (publication No.484460) paid at Washington, DC, and at an additional entry. Now combined with The Scientif Month" Copyright 01986 by the American Association for the Advancement of Scince. Domestic individual mrnmbership and subscription(51 issues): $60. Domestic institutional subscription (51 issues): $98. Foreign postage extra: Canada $24, other (surfacemail) $27, air-surface via Amsterdam $65. First cass, airmail, school-year, and student rates on requesL Single copies$2.50 ($3 by mail); back issues $4 ($4.50 by mail); Biotechnology issue, $5.50 ($6 by mail); ciassroom rates on request.Change of addree: allow 6 weeks, giving old and new addresses and seven-digit account numfber. Authorization tophotocopy material for intemal or personal use under circumstances not falling wfthin the fair use provisions of the Copy-rght Act is granted by MAS to libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clarance Center (CCC) Transac-tional Reporting Service, provided that the base fee of $1 per copy plus $0.10 per page is paid directly to CCC, 21 Con-gress Street, Salem, Massachusetts 01970. The identification code for Science is 0036-8075/83 $1 + .10. Pot e:Send Form 3579 to Science, 1333 H Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Science is indexed in the Readrs Guide toPeriodical Literature and in several specialized indexes.

* The American Association for the Advancement of Science was founded in 1848 and incorporated in 1874. Its objectsare to further the work of scientists, to facilitate cooperation among them, to foster scientific fredom and responsibility,to improve the effectiveness of science in the promotion of human welfare, and to increase public understanding and ap-preciation of the importance and promise of the methods of science in human progress.

SCIENCE, VOL. 2314-36

COVER East Amatuli Island, one of the Barren Islands in the northern part ofthe Gulf of Alaska, is home to several hundred thousand fork-tailed storm-petrelsthat return to the island only at night. Regional water quality can be monitored bycollecting storm-petrel regurgitate and analyzing it for the presence or absence offossil fuel hydrocarbons. See page 373. [P. Dee Boersma, Institute for Environ-mental Studies, University of Washington, Seattle 98195]

480 What Perturbs the -y and 8 Rings of Uranus?: R. G. FRENCH, J. A. KANGAS,J. L. ELLIOT

483 Model for the Intrusion of Batholiths Associated with the Eruption of Large-Volume Ash-Flow Tuffs: J. A. WHrrNEY AND J. C. STORMER, JR.

486 Lasing Droplets: Highlighting the Liquid-Air Interface by Laser Emission:S.-X. QIAN, J. B. SNow, H.-M. TZENG, R. K. CHANG

488 Indirect Observation by "3C NMR Spectroscopy of a Novel CO2 Fixation Pathwayin Methanogens: J. N. S. EVANS, C. J. ToLMAN, M. F. ROBERTS

491 Genetic Control of Melatonin Synthesis in the Pineal Gland of the Mouse:S. EBIHARA, T. MARKS, D. J. HUDSON, M. MENAKER

493

495

Bacterial Grazing by Planktonic Lake Algae: D. F. BIRD and J. KALFF

Diet-Induced Head Allometry Among Foliage-Chewing Insects and Its Importancefor Graminivores: E. A. BERNAYS

497 Presence of Nonoxidative Ethanol Metabolism in Human Organs CommonlyDamaged by Ethanol Abuse: E. A. LAPOSATA and L. G. LANGE

499 Optical Image Quality and the Cone Mosaic: A. W. SNYDER,T. R. J. BOSSOMAIER, A. HUGHES

501 The Sympathochromaffin System and the Pituitary-Adrenocortical Response toHypoglycemia: P. E. CRYER and J. E. GERICH; M. F. DALLMAN and M. A.GREER; T. D. REISNE, E. MEZEY, M. PALKOVITS, M. J. BROWNSTEIN,J. AXELROD

503 Philadelphia: Where It All Began

504 Counsels of War, reviewed by G. A. GREB * Science versus Practice, C. MEINEL eBlack Scientists, White Society, and Colorless Science, C. B. MARRETr Prehistoryof the Eastern Arctic, W. W. Fitzhugh * Books Received

Robert McC. AdamsRobert W. BerlinerMildred DresselhausDonald N. LangenbergDorothy NelkinJohn E. SawyerShelia E. WidnallLinda S. Wilson

William T. GoldenTreasurer

William D. CareyExecutve Officer

Editorial Board

David BafltimoreWilliam F. BrinkmanAnsley J. CoaleJoseph L. GoldsteinJames D. Idol, Jr.Leon KnopotfSeymour UpsetWafter MasseyOliver E. NelsonAllen NewellRuth PatrickDavid V. RagoneVera C. RubinHoward E. SimmonsSolomon H. SnyderRobert M. Solow

Board of RevIewIngEdIors

Qais Al-AwqatiJames P. AllisonLuis W. AlvarezDon L. AndersonKenneth J. ArrowC. Paul BianchiElizabeth H. BlackbumFloyd E. BloomCharles R. CantorJames H. ClarkBruce F. EldridgeStanley FalkowDouglas J. Futuyma

Theodore H. GeballeRobert B. GoldbergStephen P. GoffRoger 1. M. GlassPatricia S. Goldman-RakicRichard M. HeldGloria HeppnerEric F. JohnsonKonrad B. KrauskopfJoseph B. MartinJohn C. McGiffAlton MeisterMortimer MishkinJohn S. PearseYeshayau PockerFrederic M. RichardsJames E. Rothman

Ronald H. SchwartzOtto T. SolbrigRobert T. N. TjianVirginia TrimbleGeerat J. VermeijMartin G. WeigertGeorge M. WhitesidesWilliam B. WoodHarriet Zuckerman

TABLE OF CONTENTS 437

- SCIENCE

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F.1L'__1useI_erno_

Board of DirectorsDavid A. HamburgRetiring President,ChairmanGerard PielPresdentLawrence BogoradPrsident-elect

31 JANUARY I986

SCIENCE

Anm n Asociation for the Advancement of ScianceScience serves its readers as a forum for the presentationand discussion of important issues related to the advance-ment of science, including the presentation of minority or con-flicting points of view, rather than by publishing only materialon which a consensus has been reached. Accordingly, all ar-ticles published in Science-including editorials, news andcomment, and book reviews-are signed and reflect the indi-vidual views of the authors and not official points of viewadopted by the AAAS or the institutions with which the au-thors are affiliated.

Publisher: William D. CareyEditor: Daniel E. Koshland, Jr.

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31 JANUARY I986VOLUME 23INUMBER. 4737

A Serious Parlor GameT he resignation of George Keyworth II has energized one of Washington's favorite

parlor games: guessing who will be the next science adviser to the President. Likepsychoanalyzing Russian foreign policy from the lineup of faces on the balcony

during the May Day Parade, the only prerequisites for entering the game are a list of likelyand unlikely candidates, the ability to drop insiders' names with measured regularity, and a

conspiratorial whisper. Beyond this persiflage, however, lies a serious decision that willaffect the health of science in this country for many years to come.

This appointment comes at the point of entry into the Gramm-Rudman era, a

deceptively inviting territory containing a potentially lethal budgetary minefield. The dangerof the Gramm-Rudman amendment is not that it requires a balanced budget; many states,including California, have operated with mandatory balanced budgets for years withoutdifficulty. The danger is the coupling of two "hold-their-feet-to-the-fire" provisions of thebill. The first involves an automatic-triggering action. If the projected budget deficit exceedsthe targets voted into law, an automatic reduction process is set into motion. Such cuts are

frequently executed across the board, with little or no evaluation of their quality. The secondprovision is that certain programs are designated as "privileged sanctuaries" for whichfunding cannot be reduced beyond specified sums. These privileged programs are thebiggest, probably the most wasteful, but also the most politically sensitive-defense andentitlements. Reductions then must be achieved at the expense of the discretionary part ofthe budget, which contains most of the allocations for basic research.

The optimist might say that to prevent arbitrary and inappropriate across-the-boardcuts, Congress and the President will compromise to approach the budgetary process

rationally. The pessimist might say that the automatic provisions will allow individuals inCongress and the Executive to posture for their beloved favorites, with the knowledge thatthe automatic sequestration decisions will be invoked when there is a failure to compromise.At this stage no one knows precisely which programs will be cut, but reductions as high as 7to 14 percent are predicted. Unless science's indisputable priorities are established andadhered to, research could be dealt some devastating blows.

In view of this background the selection of a science adviser becomes vital. Rumor millssuggest that a strong figure with an independent reputation is not wanted because he or shemight be primarily loyal to his or her constituency instead of to the Administration. In thepast, the country had to operate without a presidential science adviser on the basis of justsuch logic. However, the urgency of the current decisions does not allow such timidity. Andit does not seem necessary, given a highly popular President who will not be running forreelection. An alternative system, in which the head of the National Science Foundation was

designated the science adviser, was tried in the past and was rumored to be one of the plansunder consideration. The present head of NSF, Eric Bloch, is an intelligent and vigorousleader who would make an excellent science adviser, but a dual role is not good either forNSF or for the country.

An ideal presidental science adviser would be an individual with leadership qualities andcontacts with many scientific and scholarly societies in many disciplines. The Administrationhas a right to demand someone who is publicly loyal, but the scientific community has a

right to expect someone who has the courage to fight for science and the long-range good ofthe country in the face of the inevitably enormous pressures for short-range budgetary fixes.

England's current financial difficulties may have resulted, in part, from the subsidiesfrom her empire having concealed inefficiencies in her home industry. The United States wassimilarly subsidized, by a land with ample raw materials. In the future, however, we willhave to live by our wits. If basic research was important in the past, it becomes even more

crucial to the future. The Administration needs, and science needs, a strong spokespersonwho can build bridges between scientific communities and the decision-making apparatus ofthe government.-DANIL E. KoSHLAND, JR.

3IJANUARY1986 EDITORIAL 44I