science study guide for tcap - mrs. fowler's...
TRANSCRIPT
4th Grade Science Study Guide for TCAP Test
Basic Structures of Plant and Animal Cells Plant Cell Animal Cell
Plant cells have: -‐Cell wall-‐ outer wall that gives more structure -‐Chloroplasts-‐ food factory for plant cells -‐Vacuole-‐ bigger and fewer (storage place for food, water, and waste) -‐Cell Membrane-‐ inner wall (controls what goes into and out of the cell) -‐Cytoplasm-‐ jellylike substance throughout the cell -‐Nucleus-‐ control center (like the brain) **Plant cells have two things that animal cells DO NOT: Cell Wall & Chloroplasts.
Predation and Competition in Environments
Predator-‐ an animal that hunts and eats its prey (stronger) Prey-‐ an animal that is hunted and eaten by a predator (weaker) Competition-‐ a fight or struggle to get something that is needed or wanted (food, water, space) Example: Animals or plants may COMPETE for resources (food, water, space) in order to be able to survive. IF animals or plants cannot get what they NEED they will not survive and the species will DECREASE in numbers.
Vacuoles
Animal Cells have: -‐Vacuoles-‐ smaller and more (storage place for food, water, and waste) -‐Cell Membrane-‐ the ONLY wall (controls what goes into and out of the cell) -‐Cytoplasm-‐ jellylike substance throughout the cell -‐Nucleus-‐ control center (like the brain)
Energy Pyramids
**In the energy pyramid above:
• The producers have the MOST energy, because they can make their own from the sun. Producers are plants.
• The herbivores have the 2nd most energy since they eat the producers. They
do not have to hunt far for their food because they ONLY eat plants (which do not move).
• The omnivores have the 3rd most energy. They eat plants and other animals,
so they use more energy than herbivores in order to get their food.
• The carnivores have the least amount of energy. They have to use their energy to hunt for food since they ONLY eat other animals.
Producers-‐ make their own food by using the sun’s energy. Examples of producers are plants. Consumers-‐ consume or eat their food to gain energy. They cannot make their own food like plants. Examples of consumers are animals and humans. Decomposers-‐ are organisms that break down dead and decaying plants and animals into wastes and other substances. Examples of decomposers are mushrooms and worms.
Herbivores
Omnivores
Carnivores
*All the species in an energy pyramid are dependent on each other for survival (being able to live and survive). If something happens to one organism, all the other organisms in the pyramid are at risk for increasing or decreasing in number. **For example: if the owl in the food chain below were to decrease in number, all the other organisms would also be affected (the mouse population would increase, because nothing would be eating it; the insect population would decrease because too many mice would be eating them; and the plants would increase because not enough insects would be eating them)
Survival/ Reproduction Notes
Reproduction or reproduce- to make more of ones own kind (species), to create babies of that species. **EVERY species MUST reproduce in order to survive. If a species cannot reproduce, it may become endangered or even extinct. Offspring- the young or babies of a living thing. Female- girl Male- boy *It takes BOTH a female and a male to reproduce (make more of their kind or species)
• If there is an increase OR decrease in males or females of a species, it will hurt the chances for reproduction (making more).
*Females generally have the young or babies of their species. *A species cannot reproduce with another species to create the same species. (Example: A monkey and a donkey cannot mate and produce offspring)
Sun
Incomplete and Complete metamorphosis Complete Metamorphosis-‐ a life cycle in which each stage is unlike any other stage. All the stages look different from each other. (Stages: Egg, Larva, Pupa, Adult)
Incomplete Metamorphosis-‐ a life cycle in which the adult stage looks like the nymph stage, only bigger because of molting (shedding of skin). The nymph stage can happen MANY times before turning into an adult. (Stages: Egg, Nymph, Adult)
Animal Adaptations
There are two types of animal adaptations: Physical and Behavioral 1. Physical Adaptation-‐ a body part that helps an animal to stay alive.
• Body parts that helps an animal to breathe or obtain oxygen • Body parts that helps an animal to obtain food • Body parts that help an animal to survive in a particular environment (cold, hot wet, dry)
• Body Covering such as camouflage (blending in with the environment)
• Body Covering such as mimicry (mimic a dangerous type species to be able to survive)
2. Behavioral Adaptation-‐ the way an animal acts (their behavior) to be able to survive.
• Hibernation-‐ sleeping through the winter during a time where food is very little.
• Migration-‐ moving locations to find food, shelter or a warmer climate.
Example: Birds fly south for the winter to find food and stay warmer. • Defense-‐ a body part or way of acting which helps an animal defend (protect) itself
Examples: bad smells, noises, poison, etc. • Locomotion-‐ when animals move parts of their body back and forth in order to move to a new location.
Example: Octopus’ moves its tentacles to get to a new place. Bird Beak Adaptations: Hooked Beak-‐ Used for catching and killing small animals Cone Shaped Beaks with a point-‐ Cracking into seeds Long, Slender, Tubular Shaped Beaks-‐ Sipping nectar from flowers
Plant Adaptations
Plants will adapt to things in their environment called tropisms. Tropism-‐ a response of a plant to something in its environment Examples of tropisms:
• Sunlight • Water • Heat • Lack of water • Too much water
*Plants will grow up and toward the tropism of sunlight. Roots of a plant grow down into the ground to reach the needed water. **Plants can also have adaptations to help protect themselves from predators such as thorns, bad smells, and poison inside leaves & berries.
Endangered/ Extinct Species
Endangered-‐ when a species population numbers become so low that it might die out completely. There are not many left in the world. Extinct-‐ when a whole species completely dies out and no longer exists. Once a species becomes extinct it can no longer return to life. Examples: The passenger pigeon is an extinct species and can longer return to life. Some reasons for animals or plants to become endangered or extinct:
• Overuse of resources by humans such as water, plants, land, food sources
• Deforestation-‐ cutting down of large forests to make room for building things for human needs and wants
• Pollution-‐ not taking care of our environment by littering, using too many chemicals, not recycling, reusing, and reducing our wastes
• Overhunting-‐ of a species • Poaching-‐ (Illegal Hunting) for animals or plants
Distinguish between weather and climate Weather-‐ the day to day temperatures, precipitation, humidity, barometric pressure, etc. This is happening currently which is no more than 1 month. Examples: -‐Today, it is sunny. -‐Next week it will be rainy. -‐The forecast for the next 4 weeks shows temperatures that are getting warmer.
Climate-‐ the pattern of seasonal weather that happens over a longer period of time (more than 1 month). This is the average weather for a certain place over time. Clue words to help identify climate: Usually, Normally, Typically, Season Names, Month Names Examples:
-‐ In Alaska, the winter is usually very cold. -‐ That area was 10 degrees above normal this year. -‐ Antarctica experienced a colder than usual summer last year.
Matter (Physical Changes, Tools, & Units) Matter –anything that takes up space and has mass 1. Solid-‐ particles are tightly packed together and do not move very much.
2. Liquid-‐ particles are moving slowly, touching each other ever so often, takes the shape of the container it is in.
3. Gas-‐ particles are spread out and rarely touch each other. *Physical Changes in Matter-‐ nothing new is created, it is still the same type of matter. It can be put back together. Anything that goes through a physical change keeps its:
• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES • IDENTITY
Examples: Tearing paper, slicing tomato, water changing into water vapor, ice changing into water, mixing ingredients together that are NOT cooked *In order for matter to change from a solid to liquid to gas OR gas to liquid to solid there needs to be a change in temperature. Know how each change below happens: Melting-‐-‐-‐Solid to Liquid Boiling-‐-‐-‐Liquid to Gas Condensing-‐-‐-‐Gas to Liquid Freezing-‐-‐-‐Liquid to Solid **Be able to match the correct tool with the property it measures, and the units that are used from the chart below:
Tool(s) Property it measures
Units that are used
Graduated Cylinder, Beaker, Measuring Cup
Volume Milliliters (mL) Liters (L)
Balance Scale, Pan Balance, Triple Beam Balance
Mass Grams (g) Milligrams (mg)
Spring Scale Weight Ounces (oz), Pounds (lbs) Milligrams (mg), Grams (g)
Thermometer Temperature Degrees Celsius, Degrees Fahrenheit
Clock, Calendar, Stopwatch Time
Seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, years (1),
decades (10), centuries (100) Ruler, Meter stick, Tape measure, Level
Length Centimeters, Meters,, Kilometers Inches, Feet, Yards, Miles
Water Cycle 1. Groundwater-‐ water UNDER the ground; underground streams 2. Evaporation-‐ water is heated by the sun and turns from a liquid to a gas; it rises into the sky. 3. Condensation-‐ water in the gas form starts to cool and changes back into a liquid, this creates clouds. 4. Precipitation-‐ water vapor droplets all form together and become too heavy for the sky; gravity pulls them down in the form of rain, snow, sleet, and/ or hail. 5. Runoff-‐ water following gravity and running off to the lowest point of the Earth (down). 6. Transpiration-‐ water that evaporates from within plants into the air. 7. Sun-‐ gives energy (heat) to the water cycle, so that evaporation can happen.
Forms of Energy
Heat (warmer to cooler) Light (allows us to see objects) Radiant (heat AND light) Chemical (stored energy like batteries, coal, wood, food, & fuel) Mechanical (energy from movement) Electrical (energy from electricity-‐ charged particles) Solar (energy from the sun; use of solar panels to collect solar energy) Nuclear (from the splitting of atoms)
Light *What types of surfaces does light react to? Opaque -‐ light cannot pass through this material (Ex: wood, brick, metal, aluminum foil) Translucent -‐ light passes through but scatters (Ex: wax paper, lamp shade, sheer curtains, stained glass window) Transparent -‐ light passes through this material clearly. (Ex: window glass, plastic wrap, eyeglasses,
*What does light do when it hits a surface? Absorb-‐ light energy is taken into the object. Dark colored objects take in more energy than light colored objects. **REMEMBER: More light = More Heat Reflect – light energy bounces off an object due to its shiny quality. (mirror, shiny objects, light colored objects, water) Refract-‐ light energy bends as it passes through an object (from air to glass or water)
Sequence the moon’s phases and understand that they come from the revolution of the Earth and moon around the sun.
SUN *Remember: YOU are standing on the Earth looking at the moon during each phase. The Light is on the Left in the Last stages of the moon. Waxing Stages-‐ first 4 stages Waning Stages-‐ last 4 stages
Waxing Stages-‐ New Moon, Waxing Crescent, First Quarter, Waxing Gibbous Waning Stages-‐ Full Moon, Waning Gibbous, Last Quarter, Waning Crescent
Position of an Object Cardinal Directions: North, South, East, West Intermediate Directions: Northwest, Northeast, Southwest, Southeast Clue words to help with describing position:
1. If the word FROM comes before a position (place), start at that position. Example-‐ Kim went from her house to John’s house after school. Answer-‐ Kim started at her house (and ended at John’s house).
2. If the word OF comes before a position (place) word, start at that position.
Example-‐ Kim was which direction of John’s house? Answer-‐ Start at John’s house and end at where Kim is.
3. If the word TO or TOWARD comes before a position word, end at that position.
Example –Kim went from her house toward John’s house after school. Answer –Kim ended at John’s house (and started at her house).
Compass Rose
Force & Motion *Factors that influence the motion of an object.
**Force-‐ a push or pull, big or small, can start or stop movement, can change the speed or direction of a moving object. There are 4 forces that mainly influence motion: 1. Friction-‐ a force that works against motion. When surfaces rub
together, motion is slowed down. **Rough surfaces like sandpaper or carpet have more friction available. Objects moving on these surfaces will have more grip and will not slip as easily. They will also not move as fast on these surfaces. **Smooth surfaces like tile, ice, or a polished floor will have less friction available. Items moving on these surfaces will move faster and slip much more easily. Adding water to a surface will also provide less friction. 2. Gravity-‐ a force that acts over a distance and pulls all objects together.
*Gravity pulls objects to the ground. If you throw a ball up, it will eventually come back down, due to gravity. 3. Air Resistance-‐ a force that slows objects as they move through the air. Air resistance works against gravity. 4. Unbalanced Forces-‐ when 2 forces acting on an object are not equal to each other.
Speed **Determine the relationship between speed and distance over time. Speed-‐ the change in distance over time Distance-‐ how far two things are from each other (length) Time-‐ how long it takes How do we determine an objects speed?
1. Find out how far the object moved. (distance) 2. Find out how long it took to get there. (time) 3. Divide the distance by the time.
Example: Jonathan traveled 125 miles from his house to his grandmothers. It took him 5 hours to travel the distance. What was his total speed? 125 miles Speed= 5 hours
Speed= 125 divided by 5 = 25 Speed= 25 miles per hour or 25 mph Relationship Facts-‐ 1. The shorter amount of time it takes to go the same distance, the faster the speed will be.
2. The farther the distance traveled in the same amount of time, the greater the speed will be.
Magnets Attract-‐ to draw closer together Repel-‐ to push away
Magnets have 2 poles: South and North South North Pole Pole *Opposite poles will attract Ex: North will be attracted to South South will be attracted to North *Like poles will repel Ex: North will repel North South will repel South
**Magnetic field is an area of magnetic attraction around a magnet. The magnetic force will be stronger at the poles of a magnet.
Magnets ARE attracted to: Magnets ARE NOT attracted to: • Iron • Steel • Nickel
• Aluminum • Copper • Non metal objects (plastic, wood,
etc. )
Determine how an electrically charged material interacts with other objects-‐ 3 ways
1. Static Electricity-‐ a build up of electrical charges on an object. This is a form of electricity that stays in one place, it does not continuously travel. *Discharge-‐ the fast movement of electrical charges. Ex: You might feel a discharge after walking across a carpeted room and touching a door handle. **Opposite charges attract to each other and like charges repel each other. Positive electrical charges (+) are attracted to negative electrical charges (-‐) negative(-‐) & negative(-‐) charges AND positive (+) & positive(+) charges are repelled
2. Conductors and Insulators-‐ Conductors-‐ Do allow electricity to flow through easily. Insulators-‐ Do NOT allow electricity to flow through easily. Good Conductors-‐ Copper, Aluminum, Steel, Iron, Brass, Silver, Nickel, Metals, Water Good Insulators-‐ Wood, Rubber, Cotton, Leather, Wool, Glass, Plastic, Stone, Brick, Fiberglass 3. Electromagnet-‐ an electrical circuit that produces a magnetic field. Items needed for an electromagnet are iron, battery, & wire. *When created correctly, an electromagnet will pick up metals that are magnetic, with the help of electricity. (Hint: the more coils the stronger the magnet)
Electrical Circuits Electric Current-‐ a flow of electrical charges. Circuit-‐ the path that electrical charges flows on. Switch-‐ a device that turns electric current on or off. Open Circuit-‐ electricity IS NOT Closed Circuit-‐ electricity IS able to able to flow when a circuit is open. flow when a circuit is closed.
Parallel Circuit Series Circuit *MORE THAN ONE path back to the *only ONE path back to the power source to the power source
Circuit
Wind and movement of water altering the earth’s surface
Weathering breaks up rocks. Erosion carries them away. Deposition drops them off, and there they will stay until they are eroded again some day. Weathering is the slow process that breaks rocks into smaller pieces. It can be caused by wind, water, and ice. Erosion is the wearing away and movement of sediment or soil from one place to another. Wind, water, and ice causes this to occur. Sediment is the bits of sand, rock, clay, and soil that erosion carries away. Deposition is the dropping off of sediment, soil or other particles into another place. Particles are first carried by wind, water, or ice and THEN deposited (put somewhere).
Earth Materials Utilized to Solve Human Problems or Improve the Quality of Life Minerals and Rocks-‐ nonrenewable-‐ we cannot make these easily-‐ it takes millions of years to create them in nature. Aluminum-‐ used to make wire, cans, parts for cars and airplane parts, sports equipment; lightweight but can be strong Calcite-‐ used to make cement and concrete for buildings bridges, and sidewalks Copper-‐ used to make wire Halite (salt)-‐ used to make food taste better, to preserve food, to melt ice on roads and walkways Iron-‐ used to make steel for cars, ships, buildings, tools, & appliances; strong and heavy Granite-‐ used for buildings, countertops, tombstones, statues Limestone-‐ used as a building stone Marble-‐ used as a building stone, for statues, & tile floors Pumice-‐ used to make skin smooth, as a polishing stone, and in toothpaste; very lightweight Fossil Fuels-‐ nonrenewable-‐ we cannot make these easily-‐ it takes millions of years to create in these in nature. Oil and natural gas-‐ we use these for many things made of plastic, to create gasoline and diesel fuel for our cars and trucks, and also to heat our homes with. We also cook with fossil fuels called propane. Coal-‐ We burn coal to produce electricity for our homes and businesses. We also burn coal to heat our homes or to cook with. Renewable Resources-‐ more of these resources can be made (Examples are sunlight, air, trees, water, wind)