Science without Generalised Theory of Evolution (GTE)

Dr Rahman KhatibiSwindon

4 December March 2015More details on the GTE is given in:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285771385_Learning_from_Natural_Selection_in_Biology_Reinventing_Existing_Science_to_Generalize_Theory_of_Evolution-Evolutionary_Systemics_%28pp._1-96%29

Orhttps://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=41521

This presentation may make a better sense by running it in the animation mode.

Some Definitions• Science: A set of institutionalised activities and more

•Evolution: replicating population / mutation / variations

• Generalised Theory of Evolution: an attempt to transform existing tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge

• Science without evidence: pseudoscience

• Science without GTE: encourages exclusion, evolves implicitly, it has ontological outlook and may be referred to as “semi-science”

• Science with GTE: is my vision, encourages inclusion, towards explicit evolution by invoking common architecture & “responsible science”

• We need science with GTE: why? Because existing science a tip of the iceberg and the GTE would map out the rest

• Science: deep insight , liberating force, improved life, Win-lose or win-win• Do we get improved standard of life for nothing?• Catalogue of telltale signs of adverse impacts: things not quite right– Acid Rain, Environment Degradation, Mounting Waste – Ozone Layer, Greenhouse Gases, Global Warming– Climate Change and Sea Level Rises– WWII: Cold war, nuclear deterrent – End of Old Conflicts, Emergence of a New Age– Using Faith as a Tool against Communism– Islamic Republic of Iran and Collapse of the USSR– Triumph of capitalism! globalisation since Internets (1990s)– Emergence of Al-Qaeda and the Gulf wars– Democracy for Afghanistan, Iran, Libya, Syria– Somalia: the first ungoverned country since 1991– Medieval Mindset: Boko Haram, I.S., PKK, Iran, Russia– Exposure of the Rift between Exclusion and Inclusion when the

Schengen Area Appeared to Approach a Possible Collapse

Setting the Scene: Win/Lose mindset vs Win/Win mindset

Summary of the GTE• GTE Applicable to any “Evolvable Entity”: species, cultures, societies, communities,

individuals, the environment, technology ... NO BUT • Adaptive Structure of the GTE

– Actors: Individuals; Communities; Institutions– Evolution: Institutions evolve through Epochs of Evolutionary transitions

o Epoch 1: Community as Zero-order Institutions (hunter gatherer way of life)o Epoch 2: Governance-driven institutions (settled way of life until 16-17th century)o Epoch 3: Emergence of evidence in reductive science in the 17th centuryo Epoch 4: Emergence of computers and globalisation versus the growth of uncritical mindset on exclusion

– Architect for: sequentially emerging pluralistic architects (makers, creators or dimension)o Zero+ Feedback: Architect to give rise to the emergence of “evolvable entities” o Positive Feedback (PF): Architect for natural tendency to proliferateo Transitions: Too much proliferation would impact and trigger the need for regulationso Negative Feedback (NF): Architect to respond to disorder for internal consistencyo Feedforward (FF): Architect to respond to disorder and ensure consistency external conditions

– Architecture: Emergence of hierarchies– Basic concept: All-pervasive concept of Building Blocks operated by Rules

• Examples are everywhere on Remarkable Advancements• Little examples on inclusive frameworks for common architecture (Neo-Darwinian

model) but plenty of examples exclusionist architectures through science; thus, increasing Impacts / Risks – unwise policies and poignant prospects!

Actors of GTE: 1 – Individuals• Individuals operate as per nature and nurture

– Functions: different for each species & cultures– Development: Stages: childhood, young, middle age and maturity– Context: Contextual: poor-man and rich-man’s sons learning are not

identical but poor-man’s thinking can be much better than rich-man’s one

– Attributes: Flexible, all human individuals are interchangeable

• Communities: implicit institutions, all-pervasive and behave as in intermolecular van der Waals forces

• Institutions: These are evolvable entities and act like species

Actors of GTE : 2 – Communal Mindset• Each species have communities with

different cultures• Communities do not evolve but adapt• Communal behaviours analogous to Soils:

– Low Capacity for Active Pressures– High Capacity for Passive Pressure– Communities are poor for initiative– Communities are good for resilience

• As a force, communal mindset tends to encourage tribalism when active but encourages resilience when passive

Active Pressure

Active Pressure

Reta

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all

One SoilParticle

Evolutionary Transitions: 3 – Institutional Mindset

• A Heredity system to pass on skills, Know-how and Knowledge from one generation to another

• Institutions evolve to ensure internal consistency and respond to the environmental forcing

• Institutional evolution goes through epochs:– Epoch 1: Prior to Institutions (primitive communities)– Epoch 2: Reason-driven institutions– Epoch 3: Evidence-driven Institutions– Epoch 4: Globalising Institutions

Classic Theory of Evolution (TE)• Let us skip the root of TE prior to science• The thinking on TE has the roots on:

1. Cladistic (taxonomy of species) studies e.g.: Carl Linnnaeus and John Ray, Lamarck, Wallace, Darwin but Darwin’s work brought new concepts of the law of natural selection and common origin

2. Heredity studies: Gottleib Kolreuter, von Gartner, Gregor Mendel, van Leeuwenhoek (cell theory)

3. Supported by palaeontology, geology, genetics ...4. Neo-Darwinism (1920s-1930s) by integrating the above5. The emergence of molecular genetics in the 1950s

• The tenets of Theory of Evolution by natural selection:

http://jalopnik.com/5816040/who-invented-the-worlds-very-first-car Recommend seeing this clip

Tacit Heredity outside Genes of Species• Let us consider evolution of electric motors and car engines• Pictures show very first examples on the emergence of these evolvable entities

The map below shows global carbon emission. Who would have thought that one day these innocent-looking prototypes would have global impacts?

1960

1950

1940

1930

1920

1910

1900

1890

1880

Source: IIT Research Institute 1968

Magnetic Theory Magnetic Recording

Electronics

Frequency ModulationControl Theory

Magnetic andRecording Materials

Video Tape recorder

The archaeology of research or “the tree of research” Applied Research

Basic ResearchStrategic Research

Tacit Heredity in Research and science• Let us consider roots of Video Tape Recorder showing strong tacit evidence of evolution• Source: Fig 2.1 in Foresight in science by J. Irvine and B. R. Martin

Epoch 1: Communal Mindset

• Hunter-gatherer way of life

• A vehicle to transfer knowledge/ skills from generation to generation

• Communities don’t evolve but adapt• Communal mindsets offer resilience &tribalism

Epoch 2: Institutional Mindset(settled way of life till emergence of science in 1700)

• History: emerged out of settled way of life• Nature: Perhaps first explicit heredity systems capable of being evolvable entity• Functions: To pass knowledge/skill from generation to generation• Examples: Governance, Religion, Philosophy• Governance: emergence of government organisations and ancillary systems• Philosophies: Greek philosophy, Chinese philosophy, Indian philosophy, Islamic philosophy, European philosophy –

– Greek philosophy showed philosophy to be a porous honeycomb; – philosophies do not evolve but one falsifies the others

• Knowledge base: – Selected by trial-and-error– If something/idea/method has worked in the past, it should work in the future– Received ideas had little fact base

• Religions:– Faith strongly reacts against critical thinking and retards it– Christianity was institutionalised– Islam remained strong within individuals/communities and colluded with the rulers but hardly

institutionalised in the real sense of the term

• Theocracy: Catholicism governed by religion and nurtured witch-hunting, extraction of confessions by inquisition, encouraged hypocrisy and created entropic conditions rife for the emergence of evidence-based science

• Emergence: Machiavellian theocratic governance made the conditions rife for evidence-based knowledge to make sense and people started caring for painstaking work to create evidence

• Process: Introduction of evidence by challenge (negative feedback) into human cultures

• Heredity: theories required measured data and scientists built their ideas on the past works by others

• Self-sustenance: Institutions were recurred in this new mindset to cater for growth and further applications of evidence-based science

• Value: Individuals served as interchangeable agents• Mindset: World complexity was reduced to components for finding a set of objective

facts but everything else was simply ignored• Blind spots: The industrial muscle of reductive science served utilitarianism but

turned a blind eye to impacts. This is not a criticism of the time but not learning from the past must be criticised in strong terms

Epoch 3: Emergence of Reductive Science(from 1700 to 1950)

Epoch 4: Systems Science and Complexity ScienceDuring the years from 1950 - present

• Systems science emerged in the 1950s to cope with socio-technical systems

• Computers emerged in the 1950s• Complexity science since the 1990s• Now: the tendency is to cluster many individual

disciplines together• The state-of-the-art in science:

– Science has discovered that: Species are interconnected with common architecture & common origin

– But scientific products are subject to exclusion by not being interconnected and not having common architecture

– Science is uncritical of exclusion, absence of interconnectivity and hierarchy in its products

– Lifecycle management is used on voluntary basis

• Three Timescales identified by the GTE• System scientist’s conception of Feedbacks• Evolutionary Scientist’s conception of Feedbacks• Filling the gaps by the GTE

• With the benefit of this table, it is evident that “the survival of the fittest” is an anomaly and has no evolutionary basis. Evolution is confined to e-loop.

1. The Architects of the GTE

2. Architects of the GTE: Emergence of Evolvable Entities

Inputs Outputs

Positive Feedback e-scale

Envi

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ent

Feed

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ard

Min

dset Building Blocks Rules

TransmitterFact Engine

Feed

back

Actuator

Negative Feedback d-scale

Negative Feedback e-scale•Performance criteria•Blueprint of the subsystem

Broken lines means: Not formed yet

A Potential Future Evolvable Entity, where its building blocks and rules are floating in the environment

Positive Feedback Complexes

OutputsInputs

Positive Feedback d-scale

Positive Feedback e-scale

Envi

ronm

ent

Feed

forw

ard

Min

dset

Feedforward

TransmitterFact Engine

Feed

back

Actuator

Negative Feedback d-scale

Negative Feedback e-scale•Performance criteria•Blueprint of the subsystem

Tenden

cy to In

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3. Architects of the GTE: Tendency to Proliferate

Axioms on Transition to Negative Feedback · As no system is perfect, the connections between the building blocks are one

source for potential inconsistencies and waste of some of the inputs; · Often, the higher the dynamism, the greater is inconsistencies. This triggers a

selective advantage for the emergence of a system to reduce entropy;· A positive feedback complex is unable to cope with its inherent entropy

unless it operates at a slow dynamic rate. An additional subsystem is needed to modulate both inputs and the working of the modules to maintain the output at the required level and to maintain the integrity of the system.

· Entropy triggers the selective advantage for the emergence of such a subsystem;

· If such a subsystem fails to emerge, entropy undermines the system’s efficacy;· Due to entropy, evolvable entities dwindle, reach critical masses and then at

risk of being perished;· Critical masses may show resilience and revive through cyclic fluctuations.

Architects of the GTE: 4 – Evolutionary Transitions

TransmitterFact Engine

Feed

back

Actuator

Negative feedback d-scale

Positive feedback d-scale

InputsOutputs

Positive Feedback e-scale

Envi

ronm

ent

Feed

forw

ard

Min

dset

Negative Feedback Mindset•Performance criteria•Blueprint of the subsystem

Architects of the GTE: 5 – Need to Regulate

Envi

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ent

Feed

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e-sc

ales

InputsOutputs

Positive Feedback d-scale

Positive Feedback e-scaleFeedforward

TransmitterFact Engine

Feed

back

Actuator

Negative feedback d-scale

Negative Feedback e-scale•Performance criteria•Blueprint of the subsystem

Architects of the GTE: 6 – Need to Anticipate

Towards Epoch 5

A vision for Inclusion by

the GTE

Communal Data ThinkingVisionCognitive Data Thinking (of individuals)

Mesolithic – (10k-5000Y.A.)

Upper Palaeolithic(50k-10k)

5000 Years Ago – 17th C. 17th century – 1950 Since 1950 Near future

Now

Now

1950

Settl

ed W

ay o

f Life

16th

-17th

Cen

tury

Emer

genc

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Cul

ture

VisionEmergence of Communities

Epoch 1

VisionEmergence of Evidence

Epoch 3

Vision

Vision

Epoch 4

Emergence of Foresight

Architects of the GTE: 7 – Timeline of the Architects

Epoch 2

Emergence of Institutions

The Vision of Data Science Driven by the

GTE

UnselectedCommunal Data Thinking

VisionCognitive Data Thinking (of individuals)

Institutional Data Practices

Mesolithic – (10k-5000Y.A.)

Upper Palaeolithic(50k-10k)

5000 Years Ago – 17th C. 17th century – 1950 Since 1950 Near future

Now

Now

1950

Settl

ed W

ay o

f Life

16th

-17th

Cen

tury

Emer

genc

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Cul

ture

VisionEmergence of Data Objects

Epoch 1

VisionImplicit Data Thinking

Epoch 2

VisionExplicit Data Practices

Epoch 3

Vision

Epoch 4

Computer-DrivenData Science

An Example: Evolutionary Transitions in Data Science

Sys-

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Area

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Areas of C

omplexityChemicalistic hierarchy

Quantumistic hierarchy

Psychologistic hierarchy

Biologistic hierarchy

Anthropologistic hierarchy

Sociologistic hierarchy

Chemicalistic Complexity

Area

s of C

ompl

exity

e-loop

d-loopl-loop

Areas of Complexity

Architecture of the GTE: Hierarchy in Complexity

A Missing Very Basic Concept• The concept of building blocks, rules and their products• The working of neurons in terms of network connections and

their weighting• Artificial Neural Networks• If we treat random neurons as building blocks and random rules

as weightings and multiply them in generations through the convolution theorem, the product becomes a smooth curve. Does this mean that man is capable of believing anything and everything? A food for thought!

• I will publish these mathematical development in the near future

Another missing Concept on History

• History is not linear:– Past mindsets lurk around and affect us now– There is an accelerated revival of past mindsets– One way to bring different mindsets to sight is to use the architects of evolution (Z+, PF, NF and FF) and lay them down

as sequentially as below.• The emerging insight is remarkable but I will publish the details in the near future.• I am in the process of preparing papers to show that history is not linear and can be looked after by

‘arithmetic calculus’: http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=51184

Conclusion: Gap of Science without GTE

• Species ways of life are products of natural selection• Science studies ways of life of species and reveals Nature is:

– Hierarchically-organised– All species are interconnected with common architecture and common origin

• Science and languages are hierarchically organised and hierarchy is a product of natural selection

• Curiously scientific products:– Are not hierarchically organised– Do not have common architecture– Examples: mathematics, mathematical modelling, data science, risk

analysis, political mindset• Problems are everywhere! One has to open his/her eyes to see them. The

GTE can help it.• There is little critical thinking on the needs for inclusion. The GTE can help it.

Conclusion• Inclusion is my vision for Epoch 5 and it is becoming ever urgent• Its building blocks have already emerged by treating

– Everyone are interchangeable– The win/win culture– Full lifecycle management of everything– The actors, architects and the architecture of evolution

• Inclusion is a positive force (attractors) and the GTE can expose destructive forces (repellents). For instance, racism or medieval mindset are repellents and there cannot be inclusion with such mindset.• A new dimension is needed for governance:

– There is a need for the emergence of “critical folks” or “civic science” beyond activist groups

– Critical folks should be institutionalised with the global focus on policymaking and take policymakers responsible if and when they dare to deliberately mislead by rogue policies

– Uncritical politics for short-term gains need to be exposed