Scientific ClassificationScientific Classification

What’s In a Name??What’s In a Name??

What are some ways you What are some ways you are classified?are classified?

gendergender ageage social security numbersocial security number incomeincome state/area of residencestate/area of residence professionprofession

Why Classify??Why Classify??

Human nature- we love to put things Human nature- we love to put things in their place!in their place!

OrganizationOrganization IdentificationIdentification Less ConfusionLess Confusion Show RelationshipsShow Relationships

Modern ClassificationModern Classification

LinnaeusLinnaeus Binomial Binomial

nomenclaturenomenclature Taxon (taxa)Taxon (taxa) phylogenetics- the phylogenetics- the

tracing of tracing of evolutionary evolutionary relationshipsrelationships

Haeckel (1894)Haeckel (1894)Three kingdomsThree kingdoms

Whittaker (1959)Whittaker (1959)Five kingdomsFive kingdoms

Woese (1977)Woese (1977)Six kingdomsSix kingdoms

Woese (1990)Woese (1990)Three domainsThree domains

ProtistaProtistaMoneraMonera

EubacteriaEubacteria BacteriaBacteria

ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria ArchaeaArchaea

ProtistaProtista ProtistaProtista

EukaryaEukaryaPlantaePlantaeFungiFungi FungiFungi

PlantaePlantae PlantaePlantae

AnimaliaAnimalia AnimaliaAnimalia AnimaliaAnimalia

Early history of lifeEarly history of life Solar system~ 12 billion years Solar system~ 12 billion years

ago (bya)ago (bya) Earth~ 4.5 byaEarth~ 4.5 bya Life~ 3.5 to 4.0 byaLife~ 3.5 to 4.0 bya Prokaryotes~ 3.5 to 2.0 byaProkaryotes~ 3.5 to 2.0 bya

stromatolitesstromatolites Oxygen accumulation~ 2.7 bya Oxygen accumulation~ 2.7 bya

photosynthetic cyanobacteriaphotosynthetic cyanobacteria Eukaryotic life~ 2.1 byaEukaryotic life~ 2.1 bya Muticelluar eukaryotes~ 1.2 Muticelluar eukaryotes~ 1.2

byabya Animal diversity~ 543 myaAnimal diversity~ 543 mya Land colonization~ 500 myaLand colonization~ 500 mya

BacteriaBacteria

Kingdom: Monera?Kingdom: Monera? Domain: BacteriaDomain: Bacteria Domain: ArchaeaDomain: Archaea Prokaryotic- no Prokaryotic- no

membrane-bound membrane-bound organelles, microscopicorganelles, microscopic

Shape Shape

• •cocci (sphere) cocci (sphere)

••bacilli (rod) bacilli (rod)

••helical (spiral)helical (spiral)

Archaea Vs. EubacteriaArchaea Vs. Eubacteria

Domain ArchaeaDomain Archaea no membrane- bound no membrane- bound

organelles (prok.)organelles (prok.) no peptidoglycanno peptidoglycan do not respond to do not respond to

antibioticsantibiotics extremophilesextremophiles chemoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs,

heterotrophsheterotrophs 3 main groups: 3 main groups:

methanogens, extreme methanogens, extreme halophiles, extreme halophiles, extreme thermophilesthermophiles

Domain EubacteriaDomain Eubacteria no membrane-bound no membrane-bound

organelles (prok.)organelles (prok.) peptidoglycan in cell peptidoglycan in cell

wallswalls growth inhibited by growth inhibited by

antibioticsantibiotics diverse metabolismdiverse metabolism 5 main groups: 5 main groups:

spirochetes, chlamydias, spirochetes, chlamydias, gram+, cyanobacteria, gram+, cyanobacteria, proteobacteriaproteobacteria

ProkaryotesProkaryotes Decomposers: Decomposers: unlock organics unlock organics

from corpses and waste from corpses and waste productsproducts

Symbiosis~Symbiosis~ •symbiont/host •symbiont/host •mutualism (+, +) •mutualism (+, +) •parasitism (+, -) •parasitism (+, -) •commensalism (+, 0)•commensalism (+, 0)

DiseaseDisease •opportunistic: normal •opportunistic: normal residents of host; cause illness residents of host; cause illness when defenses are weakened when defenses are weakened •Koch’s postulates: criteria •Koch’s postulates: criteria for bacterial disease for bacterial disease confirmationconfirmation

••exotoxins: bacterial proteins exotoxins: bacterial proteins that can produce disease w/o that can produce disease w/o the prokaryote present the prokaryote present (botulism) •endotoxins: (botulism) •endotoxins: components of gram - components of gram - membranes (membranes (SalmonellaSalmonella))

Enter Eukaryotes- Domain Enter Eukaryotes- Domain EukaryaEukarya

nucleusnucleus membrane-bound membrane-bound

organellesorganelles larger in size than larger in size than

prokaryotic cellsprokaryotic cells fungus, plant, and fungus, plant, and

animal cellsanimal cells

Kingdom Protista (Domain Kingdom Protista (Domain Eukarya)Eukarya)

Ingestive Ingestive (animal-like); (animal-like); protozoaprotozoa

AbsorptiveAbsorptive (fungus-like)(fungus-like)

PhotosyntheticPhotosynthetic (plant-like); (plant-like); alga alga

Kingdom Plantae (Domain Kingdom Plantae (Domain Eukarya)Eukarya)

bryophytesbryophytes (mosses), (mosses), pteridophytespteridophytes (ferns), (ferns), gymnospermsgymnosperms (pines and (pines and conifers); conifers); angiospermsangiosperms (flowering plants)(flowering plants)

PlantsPlants: multicellular, eukaryotic, : multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic autotrophsphotosynthetic autotrophs

Terrestrial colonizationTerrestrial colonization:: Vascular tissueVascular tissue The seedThe seed The flowerThe flower

Gymnosperms (Kingdom Gymnosperms (Kingdom Plantae)Plantae)

Cone-bearing plantsCone-bearing plants Lack enclosed chambers Lack enclosed chambers

(ovaries) for seeds(ovaries) for seeds Ovules and seeds develop on Ovules and seeds develop on

specialized leaves called specialized leaves called sporophyllssporophylls

Ginkgo, cycads, and conifersGinkgo, cycads, and conifers All are “evergreens”All are “evergreens” Needle-shaped leavesNeedle-shaped leaves Vascular tissue refinement: Vascular tissue refinement:

tracheidstracheids~ water conducting ~ water conducting and supportive element of and supportive element of xylemxylem

Angiosperms (Kingdom Angiosperms (Kingdom Plantae)Plantae)

Most diverse and geographically widespread of all plantsMost diverse and geographically widespread of all plants ““Flowering plants”(Phy: Flowering plants”(Phy: AnthophytaAnthophyta)) Monocots: 1 embryonic seed leaf (lilies, palms, grasses, grain Monocots: 1 embryonic seed leaf (lilies, palms, grasses, grain

crops)crops) Dicots: 2 embryonic seed leaves (roses, peas, sunflowers, oaks, Dicots: 2 embryonic seed leaves (roses, peas, sunflowers, oaks,

maples)maples) Vascular tissue refinement: vessel elements/fiber cellsVascular tissue refinement: vessel elements/fiber cells

Kingdom Fungi (Domain Kingdom Fungi (Domain Eukarya)Eukarya)

Heterotrophic by Heterotrophic by absorption (exoenzymes)absorption (exoenzymes)

Decomposers (saprobes), Decomposers (saprobes), parasites, mutualistic parasites, mutualistic symbionts (lichens)symbionts (lichens)

Hyphae: body filaments Hyphae: body filaments •septate •septate (cross walls) (cross walls) •coenocytic (no cross •coenocytic (no cross walls)walls)

Mycelium: network of Mycelium: network of hyphaehyphae

Chitin cell walls Chitin cell walls (polysaccharide)(polysaccharide)

Fungi Diversity, IFungi Diversity, I

Phy: ChytridiomycotaPhy: Chytridiomycota •aquatic fungi; •aquatic fungi; chytridschytrids •lineage closest to •lineage closest to protists (flagella) protists (flagella)

Phy: ZygomycotaPhy: Zygomycota ••RhizopusRhizopus (food mold) (food mold) •mycorrhizae: mutualistic •mycorrhizae: mutualistic with plant roots with plant roots •zygosporangia: resistant •zygosporangia: resistant structure (freezing and structure (freezing and drying)drying)

Fungi Diversity, IIFungi Diversity, II

Phy.: AscomycotaPhy.: Ascomycota •sac •sac fungi • fungi • yeasts, truffles, morels, yeasts, truffles, morels,

Sordaria Sordaria •asci: sexual spores •asci: sexual spores •conidia: asexual •conidia: asexual sporesspores

Phy.: BasidiomycotaPhy.: Basidiomycota • • club fungus •mushrooms, club fungus •mushrooms, puffballs, puffballs, shelf fungus, shelf fungus, rusts rusts •basidiocarps: produce •basidiocarps: produce sexual sporessexual spores

Kingdom Animalia (Domain Kingdom Animalia (Domain Eukarya)Eukarya)

heterotrophicheterotrophic most are mobilemost are mobile ingestion followed by digestioningestion followed by digestion multicellular (most have tissues)multicellular (most have tissues) lack cell wallslack cell walls sexual reproductionsexual reproduction 35 phyla- most are marine35 phyla- most are marine

Animal phylogeny & Animal phylogeny & diversitydiversity

Monophyletic; colonial flagellated Monophyletic; colonial flagellated protist ancestorprotist ancestor

1- 1- Parazoa-Eumetazoa dichotomyParazoa-Eumetazoa dichotomy: : sponges (Parazoa)~ no true tissues; sponges (Parazoa)~ no true tissues; all other animals (Eumetazoa)~ true all other animals (Eumetazoa)~ true tissuestissues

2- 2- Radiata-Bilateria dichotomyRadiata-Bilateria dichotomy: : Cnidaria (hydra; ‘jellyfish’; sea Cnidaria (hydra; ‘jellyfish’; sea anemones) & Ctenophora (comb anemones) & Ctenophora (comb jellies)~ radial body symmetry; all jellies)~ radial body symmetry; all other animals~ bilateral body other animals~ bilateral body symmetry (also: cephalization)symmetry (also: cephalization)

SummarySummary

3 Domains- but textbooks are 3 Domains- but textbooks are behind: Bacteria, Archaea, and behind: Bacteria, Archaea, and EukaryaEukarya

6 kingdom system in most texts: 6 kingdom system in most texts: Eubacteria, Archaea, Protista, Fungi, Eubacteria, Archaea, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, AnimaliaPlantae, Animalia

classification now based on classification now based on evolutionary historyevolutionary history