scientific drilling - university of...

Directional Drilling in Coal

Bob Godbolt, Business Development Coordinator,

UK, Caspian and Africa.

Monday 21st March 2011

Scientific Drilling

Introduction to Scientific Drilling

Horizontal Wells and why we use them

An overview of Drilling Systems and

Techniques used for horizontal drilling in coal

Drillstrings and BHA

Navigation Technology used for critical well

placement in thin zone coal horizontals

Summary

Contents

Scientific Drilling is a Directional Drilling Service Provider that provides a very wide range of in-house built Drilling and Navigation Systems

We will plan and engineer the well and supply any downhole equipment required to drill it.

We provide a complete directional drilling plan to be included in the drilling program.

We do the Torque and Drag Analysis to insure that the customer gets as much of the reservoir as possible with the least amount of problems

We supply expert engineers to liaise with the client and to run the tools and equipment provided.

Scientific is a company that custom builds all equipment, tools, sensors and instruments in-house

Who is Scientific Drilling?

Bill Wade – CEO

Scott Watson – VP Operations

Adelaida

Wineries Scientific Drilling Int. Inc.

Houston H.Q.

ATA California (R&D)

Scientific Drilling Int.

USA

Operations in 10 States

Scientific Drilling

Controls

Production / Cased

Hole Logging

Canada

South America

Far East

Australia

North Sea Scandinavia

Europe

Middle East

Africa

FSU

Russia

Company Structure

WHERE SDI OPERATES

Operations on six continents

Permanent facilities in North America, Europe, Asia, Australia and the Middle East

Company History1969 - Scientific Drilling Company Founded.1975 - Survey Division formed and opened offices in U.K. 1977 - Started Norway, Holland and Middle - East- operations.1979 - Commenced Far East and Canadian operations1981 - Scientific bought by AMF corporation. Started D/D in the US.1983 - Introduced Pressure Gauge Services.1986 - Scientific bought by Don Van Steenwyk1986 – Introduced 1st Continuous N.Seeking Gyro Finder1994 – Introduced 1st twin Gyro Continuous N.Seeking Gyro Keeper1996 - Opened office in Australia 1997 - Introduced new Memory Production Systems1997 - Launched Electromagnetic MWD System1999 - Launched Mud Pulse MWD1999 - Introduced world first Memory Pulsed Neutron tool.2000 - Launched gMWD2001 - Opened office in Alaska and launched TITAN range of Motors2002 - Launched Adk high accuracy drop Keeper2002 - Introduced Enhanced Magnetic Ranging System – MagTraC2003 - Introduced A/P and Resistivity system2004 – Opened Satellite operations in Russia and China

2005 - Scientific Drilling gMWD Drills 1 Million Feet

2005 - Successfully completed CBM Multi-Seam Directional Drilling Projects

2006 - Launched the GAIN (Gamma and Inc. near Motor) tool in the US

2006 - Continue to develop CBD (Coal Boundary Detection), Short Hop EM Transmission & Smart

Motor for Horizontal Drilling Projects

2006 – Introduction of Worlds First 600 F 33K PSI EMS Survey Tool2007 - Introduced EM gMWD,Rattler Drilling Tool, Tuning Fork Density Tool2008 – Introduced 3 ¾ Smart Motor

ATA R&D Facilities

Engineering Facility

Manufacturing Facility

Logging Facility

Testing Gyro Tools

World-Class

laboratories

ATA Engineering &

Manufacturing Facilities

Digital Machine Shop

Digital Circuit Board Assembly

Keeper Lab

Pulsed Neutron Lab

Mechanical Assembly

Precision

equipment

producing

high-accuracy

tools

1 of 3 Cleanrooms

Testing Magnetic Tools

The MagLab is located in a

“greenfield site” for high-

accuracy testing of all magnetic

sensors.

Our Test Wells

The test wells provide known entry and

exit points and non-magnetic casing

Spears and

Associates

www.scientificdrilling.com

Directional Drilling

Research and

Development

Scientific Drillings research organization

A.T.A. has vast experience in several fields:

• Aerospace Industry

• Geo-thermal Industry

• Military - Navigation Systems

• Tool and Sensor Manufacture

• Software Development

• Oil & Gas Industry

• Worldwide Staff = 1800, 20% work in

R&D.

Horizontal Wells

What are they and why

do we use them

What is Directional Drilling?

The intentional deviation of a wellbore from the

path it would naturally take.

This is accomplished through the use of various

down hole tools The directional driller can also

exploit certain drilling parameters such as weight

on bit and rotary speed to deflect the bit away from

the axis of the existing wellbore. While many

techniques can accomplish this, the general

concept is simple: point or push the bit in the

direction that one wants to drill.

Reasons for Drilling Directionally

1. Inaccessible Locations

2. Geological

3. Remedial

4. Environmental

5. Trenchless Drilling

6. Economic


1. Inaccessible Locations

Historically prime reason for drilling a

directional well was that it was not possible to

rig up vertically above the target.

Environmentally protected area

Economically non-viable to develop a site

Someone else owns the surface location!


2. Geological

Formations in many parts of the world present difficulty in drilling

vertical wells.

e.g. Salt formations are very unstable, thus drilling extended vertical

sections through salt leads to poor hole stability issues, even after casing

is run, tubulars are still at risk of being crushed.

Severe dip formations – difficult to drill vertically through, bit wants to

follow angle of dip. Fault could slip and shear casing.

Salt Dome


3. Remedial

-Having to re-drill the well due to

stuck drilling assemblies “junk”

-Drill relief well to control blow out

downhole.


4. Environmental

By drilling directionally it is possible to drill a large number of

wells from a relatively small area.

With the rig on location for a greater length of time, greater care

can be taken over site preparation with more effective pollution

control measures in place.

Many oil formations lie below environmentally sensitive areas. It is

possible to develop these formations by sitting the rig out with the

area.


5. Trenchless Drilling

For installation of utilities and pipes close to surface; minimizes or

eliminates the need for surface excavation, reduces environmental

damage and reduces the associated costs for underground work.

Example: Paso de Los Libres “River Crossing”.

1230 Metres crossing under the Uruguay river between Argentina &

Brazil for gas pipe line installation.

“Punch out” achieved within 0.4 metres of the exit target centre!


Vertical

3’ Horizontal – 3,000’+

More footage of formation

Increased cleat & fracture exposure

Increased production!

2-10(x) Production

2(x) Total Well Cost

6. Economic

By optimising the wellpath through the producing formation, production can be

increased considerably. Many formations cannot be developed economically

without drilling directional wells


6. Economic – (continued)

Offshore daily rig rate: +/- $350,000

Onshore daily rig rate: +/- $25,000

Ultimately the main reason to drill any well is economically driven, the

additional cost of directional drilling has to be justified.

Cost Savings:

- Several targets acquired with one well without separate cost of establishing

separate wellheads / or separate sites.

Obvious rig site prohibitively expensive to use (drilling offshore from

onshore, under lakes and under hilly terrain).

Drilling may be made more efficient when directional drilling tools and

procedures are utilised (even vertical wells).

HORIZONTAL CLASSIFICATION

The Leading Force in Wellbore Navigation

HORIZONTAL WELL CLASSIFICATION

CURVE BUILD RATES

Long: 2 - 6° / 100’

Medium: 6 - 40° / 100’

Short: 40 - 70° / 100’

Ultra Short: 70 - 150° / 100’

4,500’

Plus

Rule of thumb used to be the Total Horizontal Length of the well is three

times the length of the Lateral.


Tension Dogleg &

Tortuosity Torque Rotation

on

Bottom

Stress

TORQUE DRAG MODEL

SDI > 10,000 Onshore Horizontal Wells Drilled in the last decade

> 5,500 Coalbed Methane Horizontal Wellbores

> 2,800 Total Horizontal Shale Gas projects (Barnett, Woodford, Caney, Marcellus, Haynesville, Eagleford, Chattanooga, Floyd, Fayetteville, etc…)

> 2,000 Horizontals since 1999 in the Barnett Tight Shale Gas

SDC Horizontal Experience

WELL DESIGN

CONSIDERATIONS

CBM WELLPLAN OPTIONS

Multi

-

MULTI-SEAM WITH SUMP

HORIZONTAL DOWNDIP INTERCEPT DOWNDIP HORIZONTAL ACCESS TO VERTICAL

PRODUCTION

DUAL LATERAL TO VERTICAL WELL DESIGN

DUAL LATERAL TO VERTICAL DESIGN

CBM Multi-Lateral Examples

SAN JUAN – 2-SEAM FOUR LATERAL EXAMPLE – 2 WHIPSTOCK EXITS

Offset Well

Dewatered Zone

(Lower Pressure)

Offset Well

HORIZONTAL FIELD DEVELOPMENT

SINGLE WELL SIDETRACK TO VERTICAL

RADIAL PATTERN COAL SEAM WELL DESIGN

Mother Bore

Window

Sidetrack Exit MULTIPLE

SIDETRACKS

AND MULTI-

LATERALS IN

ONE PRIMARY

COAL SEAM

MagTraC

MagTraC MWD Ranging has been designed and engineered to

aid directional drilling by giving a distance and direction to a

nearby source of magnetic interference or “target”. This

information can be used to intercept or avoid targets and can

also act as a real time confirmation on the position of nearby

wells.

Used extensively in the North

Sea and around the globe by

Shell, Chevron, ConocoPhillips,

Exxon Mobil, Occidental and

Total (to name a few), MagTraC

has quickly become another

essential tool in the drilling

engineer’s arsenal.

MWD Ranging is accomplished by measuring the magnetic fieldmagnitude and direction at several locations along the active wellbore,using our standard MWD tools.

The MagTraC software processes these measurements of the complexmagnetic field that results from the combination of the backgroundearth (reference) field and the magnetic interference from the nearby“target” casing string.

As we are using the directional MWD tools already in the hole, noextra trips or wireline runs are required. Also, no access is required tothe existing well, saving both time and money.

MagTraC

North Sea ExampleMagTraC was recently used on a project

in the North Sea that highlighted its

many capabilities.

Initial ranging was done to confirm that

the sidetrack had taken place and that

we were heading away from the

motherbore.

Interference from the target well was

picked up much earlier than expected.

Without using MagTraC to range against

this source of interference, the oil

companies only other course of action

would have been to abandon the well.

However, utilising MagTraC allowed us

to tell the client that the new well would

pass under the target by 14ft.

Using MagTraC allowed the client to

update his positioning of the target well,

moving it 45ft laterally and 12ft on TVD.

MagTraC

Drillstring and BHA Components


DRILL STRING / BHA

Drill Bit

Positive Displacement Drill Motor

MWD System (MP or E-Field)

Logging While Drilling Tool

Non-Magnetic Drill Collar

Push Drill Pipe or Collars

Heavy Weight Drill Pipe

Drill Pipe from Surface

DIRECTIONAL DRILLING EQUIPMENT


4-3/4” BHA with a 3-3/4” MOTOR & 3-1/2” GAIN E-Field MWDAssumes 20ft of NMDC below gap sub and 3 ft Float Sub - Otherwise adjust for different lengths

3-¾ 7:8 2.3 Stage Motor & EM4

MWD Configuration

Ext. Focus Gamma

Extensions

NMDCGap/hanging subNMDC

EM Mag.sensor pt.

Bottom of motor to EM MWD sensor pt. = +/- 38 ft.

4-3/4 bit3 ¾ 7:8 2.3 Stage Motor w/1.25 bendFloat Sub

16’3’

EM toolAnchor pt.

Gammasensor pt.

5’

Bottom of motor to Gamma sensor pt. = +/- 21-23 ft.

35’

21’10”

5’

PonyNMDC

35.3’ **

**GAIN: Gamma And Inclination Near Motor

DRILL BITSRoller Cone BitPDC Bit

12 - 20 ft

Maintaining the BHA heading within the

Target Zone – Correct bit selection can mean the

difference between staying in the coal or drilling

into the boundary above or below.

Too high

Too low

BIT SELECTION IS KEY

KEY COAL

DRILLING ISSUESFAULTING AND FRACTURING

Under Clay

Sandstone

Shale

Upper Coal Seam

Middle Coal Seam

Steer Up 1stSandstone

Steer Down 2nd

KEY COAL

DRILLING ISSUESFAULTING AND FRACTURING

Under Clay

Sandstone

Upper Coal Seam

Middle Coal Seam

Possibility of steering up

into another coal seam

Sandstone


DIRECTIONAL DRILLING TOOLS

DRILLING STEERING SYSTEMS

STEERABLE POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT DRILL

MOTOR (PDM)

Downhole Steerable PDM with a Rotary Drilling Rig

Coiled Tubing, PDM with down-hole orientation system

ROTARY STEERABLE SYSTEM (RSS)

Drill MotorsSTANDARD, AIR, ERT, EXTENDED, SUPER-EXTENDED

MOTOR CONFIGURATION

LOBE (7:8, 4:5, 1:2, …)

NUMBER OF STAGES

ELASTOMER

PROPERTIES

ROTATION PER GALLON

CLEARANCE FIT

PITCH(Courtesy Robbins &

Myers, Inc)

PDM Drill MotorsABH (Adjustable Bent housing Motors);

.

Adjustable bent housing

Allows the bend on the motor to be

Adjusted to different angles. (0-3 Degrees)

on location.

Wear pad on opposite side of bend increases side force on the bit.

The steerable motor will drill, when oriented, at a constant dogleg severity. Still industry standard for drilling complex directional wells in areas where the latest rotary steerable systems cannot be justified or are unavailable.

The near bit stabiliser sleeve will normally be undergauge (+/- ¼”). This will

result in a tendency to drop inclination in rotary, The gauge of the stabiliser

above the motor will be chosen to counteract this drop to allow the assembly to

drill straight in rotary.

DRILL MOTORS

Animation showing mud flow through a Motor

ERT Drill Motors

EFFECT OF LOBE CONFIGURATION

EFFECT OF STAGING (LENGTHENING)

Rotary Steerable Systems (RSS)

The greatest problem with steerable motor drilling is having to stop the rotary

when there is a need to adjust the direction of the well. Often hole conditions

make it difficult to drill without rotary (Rotary creates more turbulence down

hole and stirs up cuttings – more chance of getting stuck sliding).

Long horizontal wells: impossible to slide due to accumulation of drag along

high inclination sections.

Rotary steerable tools allow continuous rotary drilling whilst maintaining

directional control

Advantages:

Greatly improve long reach capability

Large decrease in orientation time

More economic in high cost areas

Smoother well paths with fewer dog legs (easier to run

casing)

Reduced Torque & Drag

Improved hole cleaning

Reduced stuck pipe frequency

Reduced bit to sensor spacing

Overall faster drilling rate & fewer trips

SMART MOTOR -

DETAILR

Focus Gamma Ray

& Inclination 60”

above the drill Bit!

Moves Sensors Closer to the Bit

TOO LATE!

Inc & Focus Gamma

Cross section view

Focused Gamma module

as part of the LWDM

(Logging While Drilling

Motor) - Navigation

payload in the motor

assembly drive assembly.

LWDM – SMART MOTOR FOCUS GAMMA

RAY

LWDM Gamma Ray

Measured Up

LWDM Gamma Ray

Measured Down

E-FIELD MWD EXTENDED FOCUS

GAMMA RAY LOG

VERTICAL SECTION

TR

UE

VE

RT

ICA

L D

EP

TH

GAMMA UP

GAMMA DN

RATON BASIN EXAMPLE: +/- 90.4% IN COAL

RATON CBM HORIZONTAL

2’-3’ Thick Coalbed Seam

+/- 1223 COAL

+/- 1353 LATERAL

+/- 90.4% IN COAL

Geological Steering?As capabilities of MWD / LWD

improve to include increasingly

sophisticated formation evaluation

sensors, once the DD has “landed

the well into the target formation it

is now possible to continuously

modify the well plan whilst drilling

to ensure the well is placed as

accurately as possible within the

producing formation.

Fault

3D Geo-modelling Software

SDI have tied up with United Oil & Gas consulting LTD to

utilize their 3d geo modeling software.

3D mapping, characterization and visualization:

Geosteering Services for Horizontal Wells

Integrated MWD, LWD and Real-time Geo-modelling for

Successful Well Placement Programs (Planning,

Monitoring and Geosteering)

A 24/7 Service

MWD,LWD

Protected

website Pre-drill Geo-model +

While Drilling Mapping

E&P Geologists,

Operations Staff

& Management

Pason / Petrolink

& Other Stakeholders

Copyright UOGC 2009 ©

3D Geo-Modelling and

Visualization

SMART Motor, Gain tool,

Radial Gamma, etc.

Integrated While Drilling

10 Minute Frequency

Web Based Reports

Wellsite Geologist Input

The Process

Multi-lateral Wellbore in

Allison Unit Messa Coals, NM

Motherbore (MB)Upper Lateral (UL)

Lower Lateral (LL)

3D Map after drilling of MB

Upper/Blue Coal

Lower/Green Coal

Lower Lateral (LL) Integrated Gamma Presentation:

Lower/Green Coal Horizontal Profile

Gas

Pre-Drill Trajectory Plan (Light Green Path)

Post-Drill Trajectory Path and

Structure Map after Geosteering

Pre-Drill Trajectory Plan(Light Green Path)

Post-Drill Trajectory Path and

Structure Map after Geosteering

Upper Lateral (UL) Integrated Gamma

Presentation: Upper/Blue Coal Horizontal Profile

MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS (INC & AZ)

MWD SYSTEMS

E-FIELD (ELECTROMAGNETIC) MWD

MUD-PULSED (POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE PULSE) MWD

gMWD (Gyro MWD System – E-Field or MP)

WIRELINE STEERING TOOLS

Magnetic Steering Tools

Rate Gyro Steering Tools

Camera Based “Conventional” Magnetic or Gyroscopic –Obsolete in most areas

MPMWD

Scientific Drilling is a leading provider of highly-accurate measure-while-

drilling (MWD) services. With over 20 years of engineering and

manufacturing excellence, our MWD systems have proven reliability and

cost effectiveness worldwide.

Advantages

• Good for many well types. Has all standard collar sizes for multiple

• flow rates

• Wide range of measurements. Fully programmable, it produces a variety

• of Real-time measurements.

• High quality real time output. Sophisticated algorithms correlate, analyse

and Produce Accurate real time data

Mud Pulse Measurement-While-Drilling

MP MEASUREMENT WHILE DRILLING

MUD PULSED MWD ILLUSTRATION

Courtesy of

Landmark Graphics

Corporation

EM MWD Basic Theory of Operation

Transmission

Efield MWD uses electromagnetic wave propagation to send data from

the downhole MWD sensors back to a surface antenna.

The hybrid sub isolates and separates the 2 injection points from each

other.

This system is ideal for air operations as regular MWD requires a

column of fluid to transmit the data.

This system gives very fast data rate transmission.

ELECTROMAGNETIC MWD FEATURESFeatures Inclination

Azimuth

Toolface (highside + magnetic)

Vibration (peak + average)

Gamma (optional)

Focused Gamma (optional)

Gamma Near Bit

Pressure While Drilling (PWD)

Annular-Pipe-Differential

“Short Hop” communication to additional tools, i.e. Smart Motor, SRX, Bit Subs, etc...

gMWD - The System

Pulser

Power Pack

Gamma Sensor

Power Pack

Golden Eye Magnetic Probe

Keeper Gyro

SYSTEM APPLICATIONKick off/surface hole in high congestion areas.

• Kick well off with continuous gyro toolface from Keeper module in an MWD format.

• Typical time for TFU’s 14 secs.

• Survey data up after 3 min still time and 3.8 min pumps on.

• Establish magnetic interference point by sending survey data from gyro and mag probes simultaneously – 3 min still time and 6.6 min. pumps on.

• When drilling ahead rotary, gyro system is “put in sleep mode”. System is then powered up and gyro survey taken after 3 mins.

• Benefit from Gyro sensor point to bit depth at approx. 30ft.

KEEPER GYRO OVERVIEWKeeper Gyro – Latest generation high speed, high accuracy borehole surveying system.

Keeper operates in a continuous survey mode from vertical through horizontal and is capable of providing definitive surveys, orientations and gyro while drilling at all inclinations and orientations including due East/West and Horizontal.

It is more accurate, more versatile and much faster than any system available in small diameter.

WELLBORE SURVEYEarth Rate Gyro Configurations

Casing wireline mode decentralized

Wireline Mode centralized in D/Pipe, Memory mode on Slickline, Sightline mode

Drop or ADK Mode

Gyro steering mode on wireline

Gyro MWD configuration (gMWD)

Have a Team Approach & Keep the Team Consistent

Work together for a common goal

Make a detailed plan but be flexible

If you don’t need it, don’t run it in the hole!

Maximize wellbore stability by drilling a smaller wellbore diameter using the right tools

Develop new tools and methods to help horizontally drill a higher percentage of coal

SUMMARY

THANK YOU

[email protected]

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