scientific method - behs sciencescientific method 1. stating a problem-something is considered a...
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Scientific Method
1. Stating a problem -
something is considered a
problem if its solution is not
obvious. Some crucial
information is missing. Solving
the problem involves finding
this missing information.
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Scientific Method
2. Collecting information
on the problem -- the more
you know about the problem
the more precisely you can
state the problem and the
less time you will waste
looking for solutions.
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3. Making a hypothesis-
–a. Use what you know
about the problem to
predict a solution and
try it.
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3. Making a hypothesis-
–b. Look for patterns
that will help you make
predictions about the
problem.
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3. Making a hypothesis-
– c. Make a model, or a
representation, of what
you’re working with.
–d. Break the problem
down into smaller,
simpler problems.
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Scientific Method
4. Performing an
experiment - design an
experiment that will
provide a means for you to
make a solid conclusion
about your hypothesis
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Scientific Method
5. Make a conclusion - a
solid conclusion is related
to the hypothesis and
based on the results of a
well designed experiment.
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Experimental Design Concepts
A science experiment is
designed so that only
ONE variable is being
tested at a time.
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Experimental Design Concepts
A VARIABLE is
something that is changed
to study how this change
effects the time being
studied.
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Experimental Design Concepts
By changing only one
variable, when you make
your conclusion you can
be assured that it is only
that one variable that is
causing the EFFECT.
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Experimental Design Concepts
Independent variable (IV) -
the variable that is
purposely CHANGED by
the experimenter.
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Experimental Design Concepts
Dependent variable (DV) -
the variable that responds
and is the variable
MEASURED.
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Experimental Design Concepts
Constant (C) - all factors
that are kept the SAME
during the experiment.
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Experimental Design Concepts
CONTROL - the standard
to compare the
experimental effect
against.
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Experimental Design Concepts
Repeated trials - the NUMBER
of objects/organisms
undergoing treatment for each
value of the independent
variable, or the number of
TIMES the experiment is
repeated.
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Scenario #1
IV: Types of Orange juice
Treatment:
Trials:
DV:
Constants:
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Scenario #1
IV: Types of Orange Juice
Treatment: Fresh Frozen bottled
Trials:
DV:
Constants:
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Scenario #1
IV: Types of orange Juice
Treatment: Fresh frozen bottled
Trials: 1 1 1
DV:
Constants:
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Scenario #1
IV: Types of orange Juice
Treatment: Fresh frozen bottled
Trials: 1 1 1
DV: Amount of Vitamin C mg/100 ml
Constants:
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Scenario #1
IV: Types of orange Juice
Treatment: Fresh frozen bottled
Trials: 1 1 1
DV: Amount of Vitamin C
Constants:
100 mL of OJ, same procedure
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Science
A process through which nature
is studied, discovered, and
understood.
All areas of science involve
posing INQUIRIES
(questions) about nature.
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Processes of Science
Observing
Organizing data
Measuring
Analyzing data
Collecting data
Hypothesizing
Experimenting
Communicating
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Terms and Definitions
Theory -- The most probable
EXPLANATION based on the
best available EVIDENCE.
–Example:
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Terms and Definitions
Facts -- Data or EVIDENCE
that can be OBSERVED
repeatedly
–Example:
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Terms and Definitions
Inference -- A CONCLUSION
drawn on the basis of FACTS
–Example:
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Terms and Definitions
Hypothesis -- An EDUCATED
guess – a TESTABLE
statement
–Example:
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Terms and Definitions
Law -- A general statement
that DESCRIBES or explains a
wide variety of PHENOMENON
–Example:
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Terms and Definitions
Superstition -- A BELIEF that is
NOT based on evidence
–Example:
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Scenario #2
IV: Type of Metal
Treatment:
Trials:
DV:
Constants:
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Scenario #2
IV: Type of Metal
Treatment: Iron Aluminum Magnesium Lead
Trials:
DV:
Constants:
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Scenario #2
IV: Type of Metal
Treatment: Iron Aluminum Magnesium Lead
Trials: 1 Nail 1 Nail 1 Nail 1 Nail
DV:
Constants:
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Scenario #2
IV: Type of Metal
Treatment: Iron Aluminum Magnesium Lead
Trials: 1 Nail 1 Nail 1 Nail 1 Nail
DV: Amount of Rust (small, med., large) color of water
Constants:
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Scenario #2
IV: Type of Metal
Treatment: Iron Aluminum Magnesium Lead
Trials: 1 Nail 1 Nail 1 Nail 1 Nail
DV: Amount of Rust (small, med., large) color of water
Constants: same water, same type of nail, equal amounts of
metal, 5 days
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Scenario #3
IV: Type of Perfume
Treatment:
Trials:
DV:
Constants:
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Scenario #3
IV: Type of Perfume
Treatment: A B C D
Trials:
DV:
Constants:
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Scenario #3
IV: Type of Perfume
Treatment: A B C D
Trials: 1 test 1 test 1 test 1 test
DV:
Constants:
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Scenario #3
IV: Type of Perfume
Treatment: A B C D
Trials: 1 test 1 test 1 test 1 test
DV: Number of bees emerging, behavior observations
Constants:
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Scenario #3
IV: Type of Perfume
Treatment: A B C D
Trials: 1 test 1 test 1 test 1 test
DV: Number of bees emerging, behavior observations
Constants: Same day, weather conditions, same bees, 30 min.
interval, amnt. of perfume, distance from hive