scientific revolution 1500-1800 a.d
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The Scientific Revolution
and the Enlightenment(15001800)
Submitted by Anchal,Anmol & Anubhuti
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During the first half of the 1700s, philosophers emphasized the use of
reason. They thought that people should use reason to free themselves
from ignorance and superstition and thereby
become enlightened. They were convinced that enlightened people
could perfect themselves and society. Thus, the eighteenth century is
known as the Enlightenment or Age of Reason.
The scientific method is a threefold approach to scientific
study.
First, careful experiments and observations are made.
Second, reason is used to interpret the results of the
experiments and observations. Third, mathematics rather than logic or reasoning from
principles, is used to prove
scientific theories.
The Scientific Method
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Copernicus Nicolas Copernicus, a Polish mathematician and astronomer,
played a central role in developing the scientific
method.
Copernicus used mathematical calculations to show that Ptolemy
was wrong on two crucial points.
First, Copernicus said that the earth was not stationary but that it
Turned on its axis once a day .
Second, he declared that the earth was not the center of the universe.
He argued that the planets revolved around the sun in perfect circles.
Copernicus Theory
Ptolemy
Ptolemy taught that the earth was the center of the universe
and
the sun and the other planets revolved around it in perfectcircles.
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Galileo Galilei
Through the telescope, Galileo saw that the moon had a rough
surface broken by jagged mountains.
He discovered that the planet Jupiter had four moons, which
no one had seen before.
The sun was seen to be imperfect because it had dark,
changeable spots on its surface.
Galileos discoveries showed that the universe was very
Different from what ancient philosophers had taught Galileo Galilei1564-1642
When Galileo announced his discoveries in the early 1600s,
the conflict between the traditional thinking and the new
science broke into the open.An outspoken man, he did not hesitate to defend his views.
He made powerful enemies when he humiliated his critics in public.
These enemies convinced the Catholic Church to condemn
the teachings of Copernicus and to forbid Galileo from
defending his new ideas.
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An English mathematician, Sir Isaac Newton, built on the
work of many earlier scientists.
Among Newtons most important contribution was the law
of gravity. It states that there is a force of attraction between
objects that increases as objects move closer together.
Newtons law explains mathematically how the moons gravity
causes tides on earth and how the suns gravity keeps the planets
within their orbits. Newton is said to have discovered gravity after he saw an apple
fall. His law explains that an apple falls to the
ground because it is attracted by the earths gravity.
Isaac Newton
Newtons work had many effects.
Navigators and mapmakers used his mathematics to make more precise charts.
Calculus was used to improve weapons such as guns and cannons.
Later, inventors improved on Newtons ideas and developed such practical
devices as the steam engine.
Newtons Effect
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Further Discoveries
In 1609, Kepler announced that the planets move in another kind of
orbit, called an ellipse.
Johannes Kepler
1571-1630
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The age of the scientific revolution was also
the age of the baroque style in art. The
term baroque was invented by eighteenth
century critics who regarded seventeenth
century art as a corruption of Renaissance art. The dominant notes of baroque were a sense
of tension and conflicts of man and
environment etc.
The most typical product of baroque
architecture was royal palace: VERSAILLESin France.
THE CULTURE OF SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
The Baroque Style in Art
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Early in the seventeenth
century operas were theoriginal creation.
The union of dramaticaction and simple music
style was a great popularsuccess.
The dramatic conflicts ofthe action and theemotive power of the
music suites the taste ofthe period.
Operas-that originated in Italy
It includes elements likeacting, drama, scenery,
costumes, and sometimes
dance.
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Seventeenth- Century Thought About Man
These conceptions may be convenientlysummed up under three heads:
The radical thinkers of the seventeenthcentury were coming to think of society asan organization of independent individuals.
Idea of relativism in times was born andgrew. What had been the right behavior ofromans was perhaps not right in other
times.
individualism
relativism
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The leading thinkers of the seventeenth century were
predominantly rationalistic. Reason was the faculty thatdistinguished man from the beast, & the triumphs of
seventeenth-century science proved that reason would be
trusted & so the conclusion was drawn that the man of
reason could know & understand the world into which hewas born if he made the right use of his mind.
rationalism
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The Enlightment
It was the philosophical, intellectual and
cultural movement. Known as the
The task that the leading thinkers of the
eighteenth century set themselves was topopularize the method and natural scienceand to apply these methods and principlesto god, man and society.
It is basically the dawn of the age of lightafter a long night of darkness.
The age of reason.
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