scientific revolution
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Scientific Revolution. The Old View. New Viewpoints. Scholars relied on traditional authorities for beliefs about structure of universe Geocentric theory , Aristotle Earth center of universe Sun, moon, planets revolved around earth Catholic Church was authority for European intellectuals. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Some Middle Ages scholars sought answers about the natural world from the church. In the mid-1500s, others began to think in new ways.
• Scholars relied on traditional authorities for beliefs about structure of universe
• Geocentric theory, Aristotle– Earth center of universe– Sun, moon, planets revolved
around earth• Catholic Church was
authority for European intellectuals
The Old View• Scholars began to challenge
traditional authorities, 1500s• Scientific Revolution, new
way of thinking• Posed theories, developed
procedures to test ideas• Why open to new ideas?
– Exploration – New lands, new people, new
animals
New Viewpoints
Dawn of Modern Science
Dawn of Modern ScienceAncient scholars could provide no information about
new lands, people, animals
• Age of Exploration led scientists to study natural world more closely
• Other things to be discovered, things unknown to ancients
• Navigators needed more accurate instruments, geographic knowledge
• Scientists examined natural world, found it did not match ancient beliefs, Catholic teachings
• Francis Bacon - experimentation to gain scientific knowledge
• Rene Descartes –
believed everything should be doubted until proved by reason
• Relied on math, logic
• Ideas of both continue to influence modern scientific methods
Scientific Method Scholars
• Scientific Method
• Identify problem
• Form hypothesis
• Perform experiments to test hypothesis
• Record results
• Analyze results, form conclusion
New Approach to Investigation
The Scientific Method
Early scientists• Began to explain complexities of solar system, limits of physical world• Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer, among first
Copernicus’ theory• Idea of earth orbiting sun was not completely new• Copernicus developed detailed mathematical explanation of process• Was first scientist to create complete model of solar system
Copernicus• Found geocentric theory of movement of sun, moon, planets not accurate• Concluded sun, not earth, near center of solar system• Heliocentric theory - earth revolves around sun
Discoveries in Astronomy, Physics, and Math
Weaknesses of theory
• Mathematical formulas did not predict positions of planets well
• Copernicus did not want to be ridiculed for weaknesses
• Died 1543 after work published, other scientists expanded on ideas
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
• Copernicus’ famous book not published until last year of his life
• Knew church would oppose work
• Work contradicted teachings of the Catholic Church
Kepler • German Scientist - Used data from Danish astronomer
Brahe to test Copernicus’s hypothesis using mathematical formulas
• Protestant - did not fear challenging the Catholic church
• Solved main problem of Copernican theory
• Found Copernicus assumption that planets orbited in circle untrue
• Proved planets orbited in oval pattern, ellipse
• Proved heliocentric theory correct
More support• Italian scientist Galileo Galilei • Built first telescope used for
astronomy• Scanned heavens beginning in
1609
Starry Messenger
• Galileo described discoveries
• Craters on moon, sunspots
• Saturn, moons of Jupiter
• Milky Way made up of stars
Discoveries in Astronomy, Physics, and Math
Galileo’s Theories• Brought him into direct conflict with the church• Church leaders pressured him not to support ideas of Copernicus• Dialogue concerning Two Chief World Systems, 1632, showed support
Results of Trial
Trial• Pope Urban VII ordered Galileo to Rome to stand trial before Inquisition• Church wanted to stamp out heresy, or dissenting views• Trial held, April 1633
Science and the Church
Change in science world
• Isaac Newton, English scientist
• Brought together astronomy, physics, math
• Wondered about gravity
Principia• Book explained law of universal
gravitation • Gravity affects objects on earth,
also in universe• Keeps planets in orbit
Discoveries in Astronomy, Physics, and Math
Newton’s Findings
• Newton developed calculus, new kind of math
• Used calculus to predict effects of gravity
Just as astronomers moved away from the works of ancient Greeks, other scientists used the scientific method to acquire new knowledge and make great discoveries in the fields of Biology and Chemistry.
• European Middle Ages doctors relied on Greek, Galen
• Galen’s works inaccurate
• Flemish doctor Andreas Vesalius became known for work in anatomy
Biology• Used bodies of
executed criminals for dissection
• Hired artists to produce accurate drawings
• On the Workings of the Human Body, 1543
Vesalius• English physician,
early 1600s
• Observed, explained workings of human heart
• Described blood, circulatory system functions
William Harvey
Discoveries in Biology and Chemistry
Robert Hooke
• English physician, inventor
• Used early microscope to describe appearance of plants at microscopic level
• Credited with creating the term cell
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
• Dutch scientist, 1600s
• Used interest in developing magnifying lens to invent microscope
• First to describe appearance of bacteria, red blood cells, yeast, other microorganisms
• French chemist, 1700s
• Developed methods for precise measurements
• Discovered law of Conservation of Mass, proved matter could not be created, destroyed
• Recognized, named oxygen, introduced metric system, invented first periodic table
Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier• Father of modern chemistry
• First to define element
• The Sceptical Chemist, 1661, described matter as cluster of tiny particles (now called atoms)
• Changes in matter occurred when clusters rearranged
• Boyle’s law - temperature, volume, pressure affect gases
Robert Boyle
Chemistry
Summarize
What were the major contributions made in biology and chemistry?
Answer(s): importance of anatomy and dissection; function of blood and circulatory system; invention of microscope; discovery of certain laws of matter
The church feared reason as an enemy of faith, but eventually began to embrace some of the achievements of the Scientific Revolution.
As science assumed greater significance, the question of the role of the Roman Catholic Church in a changing culture became important. While the church opposed the views of many scientists, it benefited from new discoveries that made Renaissance art and architecture possible.
• Church - most powerful institution in Europe, Middle Ages
• Primary resource for knowledge, learning
• Cathedral schools, universities trained people to run the church
Science and the Church
Science and Society
• Most scientists did not want to challenge role of Christianity
• Church explained world through inspiration
• Science explained world through logical reasoning
Conflicts
Renaissance
• Study of art, architecture not separate from study of science
• Artists learned anatomy in order to paint the body
Architecture
• Mathematics, physics crucial to great architecture
• Also used in engineering achievements of the time
Artists
• Experimented with chemistry of paints, nature of light
• Used math to create compositions of perfect balance
Science and religion
• Combined to produce great artistic achievements of Renaissance
• Most art, architecture dedicated to glory of God
Science and Art
Science and CommunityScientific Revolution established new way of
thinking about physical world
• Great advances made in astronomy, physics, biology, chemistry
• Advances influenced developments in arts, architecture
• Impact of Scientific Revolution soon would cause philosophers, scholars to wonder if reason could solve poverty, war, ignorance