Russia and Revolutions

Changes in Science and Industry

Scientific Revolution- Refers to a time of great scientific

discoveries & inventions in Europe during the 1500’s-1700’s

Nicolaus Copernicus

Earth revolves around the sun

Book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

Heliocentric theory:› Sun is the center of the universe

Sir Francis Bacon

Preferred inductive reasoning and facts over theory

Invented the scientific method (credited along with Newton)

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

• Invented the telescope, pendulum clock, thermometer, water pump.

• Used telescope to discover Jupiter, Saturn, & Venus.

Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

• The Principia• Three Laws of Motion• Defined gravity and its laws

• Invented optics and calculus

Changes in Science and Industry

Leeuwenhoek: Used microscope to explore a drop of water

Changes in Science and Industry

Linneus: Classified all living things

Classification

Industrial Revolution

Machines/Inventions replaced work done by people and animals.

What can machines do that people cant? Or better yet, what do people and animals need that machines don’t?

Industrial Revolution

› Factories were built near streams and rivers so they could be powered by water.

› What problems could happen when relying on Wind and Water for power?

Industrial Revolution

› In the 1700’s, steam engines were used to power machinery.

Steam Video

Workshop of the World (England)

Labor force: A need for workers

Workshop of the World (England)

In 1838, 75% of textile factory workers were women and children.

Workshop of the World (England)

Capitalism: Factories & business are privately owned.

Capitalism: System where countries allow citizens to run businesses and make decisions.

Workshop of the World (England)

Industrialization caused diseases and pollution.

Child Labor

Many children worked 16 hour days under atrocious conditions, as their elders did. Laws began to regulate the work of children in factories and cotton mills to 12 hours per day by about 1819. › Soon it was suggested that children aged 11-18 be

permitted to work a maximum of twelve hours per day;

› children 9-11 were allowed to work 8 hour days; › and children under 9 were no longer permitted to work

at all › In Iron and coal mines, children began work at age 5,

and generally died before they were 25

Child Labor

The treatment of children in factories was often cruel and the children's safety was generally neglected. › The youngest children, who were not old enough to work

the machines, were commonly sent to be assistants to textile workers.

The people who the children served would beat them, verbally abuse them, and take no consideration for their safety.

One common punishment for being late or not working up to quota would be to be "weighted." › An overseer would tie a heavy weight to worker's neck,

and have them walk up and down the factory aisles so the other children could see them and "take example.”

End of Part 1

French Revolution

France was in debt because of bad investments and war.

People were forced to pay heavy taxes.

Enlightenment formed new ideas about government

French Revolution

 Storming of the Bastille happened on July 14, 1789.

 Revolts continued throughout the country which finally resulted in a new constitution.

French Revolution

 1791: New Constitution

In 1792 France became a republic.

King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were beheaded due to treason.

French Revolution

 Reign of Terror: 17,000 people killed between 1793-1794

Napoleon Bonaparte

Crowned himself as Emperor & took control of France.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Crowned himself as Emperor & took control of France.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Summary – Enters army, rises thorough the ranks, and as general wins multiple battles

Named Emperor, and takes over more land

Loses to Russians Quits job Kicked out of Country

Nationalism

Pride & loyalty for one’s own country.› Think of it as Patriotism on steroids