scientific revolution. summarize the 3 changes i the 15 th and 16 th centuries that gelped the...
TRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER 10 SECTION 1SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
SUMMARIZE THE 3 CHANGES I THE 15TH AND 16TH CENTURIES THAT GELPED THE NATURAL PHILOSOPHERS DEVELOP NEW VIEWS
Renaissance humanists made available the works of Ptolemy, Archimedes and Plato
Invention of new instruments for more accurate measurement(telescope, microscope)
Printing press spreads ideas
With the advance of mathematics (algebra, trigonometry and geometry) it became easier for scientists to demonstrate the proof of abstract theories with clear, logical evidence
SCIENTIFIC BREAKTHROUGHS
Explain what the Ptolemaic system is based upon.Geocentric --- it places the Earth at the
center of the Universe
Nicolaus CopernicusMathematician; PolandBelief---heliocentric ---sun-centered universe;
planets revolve around the sun
Johannes KeplerMathematician; GermanLaws of Planetary motion (confirms sun-
centered universe)Planets orbit sun in elliptical pattern not
circular; sun located toward end of the ellipse
Galileo GalileiItalian Scientists; taught MathematicsRegular observations of the heavens using
the telescopeDiscoveries: mountains on Earth’s moon; 4
moons around Jupiter; sunspotsHeavenly bodies are composed of material
substance not pure orbs of light (idea of Ptolemy)
Published The Starry Messenger (1610) – made people aware of new view of the universe
Issac NewtonProf. of Mathematics; work: Mathematical Principles
of Natural PhilosophyDefined 3 laws of motion that govern planetary bodies
as well as objects on EarthCrucial to whole argument --- universal law of
gravitationEvery object in the universe is attracted to every other
object by a force called gravityThis one universal law could explain all the motion in the
universe, mathematically calculated.Ideas created new picture of the universe --- one huge,
regulated uniform machine that worked according to natural laws
Andreas VasaliusAccurately described the individual organs
and general structure of the human bodyHuman dissection
William HarveyShowed heart – NOT LIVER – was the
beginning point for the circulation of blood
Proved blood flows through the veins and arteries and makes a complete circuit through the body
What did Vasalius andHarvey do differently than Galen that led to their medical discoveries?Dissected human bodies
BREAKTHROUGHS IN CHEMISTRY
Robert Boyle1st to conduct controlled experiments in
chemistryBoyle’s Law --- volume of a gas varies with
the pressure exerted on it
Antoine LavoisierSystem for naming chemical elementsFounder of modern chemistry
CONTRIBUTIONS OF WOMEN TO SCIENCE
Margaret Cavendish (philosopher)Work – Observatons upon Experimental
PhilosophyCritical that humans, through science, were
the masters of naturepublished under her own name
Maria Winkelmann (atronomer)Discovered a cometApplied to Berlin Academy – rejected – told
studies would interfere with duties women were expected to perform
Describe the obstacles that women I the 1600s and 1700s faced in being accepted as scientists * little opportunity for formal training or
employment in science • Work not taken seriously• Science was male dominated and at odds with
domestic duties of women
PHILOSOPHY AND REASON
RENE DESCARTES’S1ST PRINCIPLE – “I think therefore I am”2nd PRINCIPLE - Because the mind cannot be
doubted by the body and material world can, the 2 must be radically different”. Separation of mind and body – This idea allowed
scientist to view matter as dead or inert; should be investigated independently by reason
Father of Rationalism – system of though based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge
SCIENTIFIC METHOD:
FRANCIS BACONDeveloped scientific Method
Inductive reasoning – proceeding from the particular to the general
Scientific Method: systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidenceCrucial to the evolution of science I the modern
world