scientists who influenced darwin
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Scientists Who Influenced Darwin. James Hutton (1726-1797) Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1829). Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) Charles Lyell (1797-1875). James Hutton. Hutton estimated that the Earth was millions of years old. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Scientists Who Influenced Darwin
James Hutton (1726-1797) Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1829)
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) Charles Lyell (1797-1875)
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James Hutton• Hutton estimated that the
Earth was millions of years old.
• At that time, Earth’s age was thought to be thousands of years old based on religious beliefs
• Earth is now estimated to be 4.54 billion years old
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James Hutton
• Proposed the Plutonic theory – “volcanic activity was the source of rocks on the surface of the Earth”
• Evidence of repeated cycles of uplift & erosion in the geology of the land
• Introduced the idea of “repair” into geological history
• Previous idea was decay from initial creation
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James Hutton• Concluded incorrectly that the repeated
cycles of decay & repair erased history from the geological record
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Grand Canyon
• Formed by the Colorado River – water erosion initially, then soil and wind erosion
• Took millions of years, exposing nearly 2 billion years of the Earth’s history in rock strata
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Charles Lyell• Student of James Hutton• He was a geologist – one who studies the origin,
history, and structure of the earth. • He proposed the theory of Uniformitarianism –
“all geologic phenomena may be explained as the result of existing forces having operated uniformly from the origin of the Earth to present time”
• Introduced “Stratigraphic Ages” – uses strata of different rocks to separate the ages of previous geological history
• Noted changes in fossils in strata to fix relative ages
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Hawaiian Islands
• Volcanic in origin
• Each made up of at least one primary volcano, although many islands are composites of more than one.
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Shield Volcanoes• Shield-volcano eruptions
such as this one at Kilauea, Hawaii are not explosive, and they are hundreds of feet high rather than tens of thousands of feet high.
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Shield Volcanoes• Gently sloping mountains produced from a
large number of generally very fluid lava flows
• A volcano emerging from beneath the ocean results in the formation of a new island
• Hawaiian Islands are built on the moving sea floor of the North Pacific
• A volcanic eruption can also destroy an area of land & all its inhabitants
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Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck• Believed there were
multiple origins with gradual change over time
• No extinctions
• We did not all evolve from a common ancestor
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Lamarck’s 3 Theories• Desire to Change – Organisms change b/c they
have an inborn urge to better themselves & become more fit for their environment
• Use & Disuse – Change occurs b/c organisms could alter their shape by using their bodies in new ways. If an animal did not use a particular part of its body, that body part would decrease in size & might finally disappear
• Passing on Acquired Traits – Acquired characteristics are inherited
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Lamarck’s 3 Theories
• How was he incorrect?
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Giraffe Evolution
• Look at these giraffes. How would Lamarck have explained their long necks?
• How would Darwin have explained their long necks?
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Were you right?
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Darwin
• What other species that Darwin observed exhibits evolutionary changes that can be seen over years?
*Hint: Galapagos Islands
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Finches
• Finches’ beaks
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Galapagos Tortoises
• Galapagos tortoises’ shellsDome
shaped carapace
Saddle shaped carapace
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Marine & Land Iguanas• Marine iguanas
Efficient swimmers
Feed on algae & seaweed
Live on black lava shore rocks
• Land iguanas Feed on prickly
pear cacti Live in arid
portion of islands
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Thomas Malthus
• What does this image indicate?
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Thomas Malthus
• Population grows exponentially while resources grow arithmetically
• When the population exceeds the resources, populations will begin to die off until reasonable numbers are reached
• Name three factors that reduce population sizes.
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3 Factors That Limit Population
• Famine – an extreme & general scarcity of food, as in a country or large geographical area
• Plague – an epidemic disease that cause high mortality
• War – military conflict
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Malthusian Graph
• Explain what is meant by the graph above.
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Malthusian Graph • Carrying capacity is the maximum number of
organisms of a particular species that can be supported indefinitely in a given environment
• Population increases at a much faster rate then the available resources such as food, shelter, clothing, etc.
• When the population exceeds the available resources necessary for life, the population will begin to die off.