AIRO NATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL

www.airo.co.in

For Inside India Circulation Only

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Editorial Board

Ashutosh Shrivastava MBA, PGDBM, Gwalior MP

Chief Editor

Dr. M.N. Sharma Assistant Professor, AIEER, Hyderabad AP

General Manager

Dr. Dharmendra Mishra Member, AICTE New Delhi

MICS, Editorial

Dr. Gurvishal Sinha Assistant Professor, Management

J.P. University, MP

Editorial Member

Dr. Rajeev Chaurasia Assistant Professor, Gwalior Law College,

MP

EM, Legal Affairs

Dr. Ashok Kumar Sahu Assistant Professor, Education, Govt.

Degree College Kanpur

EM, Educational Affairs

Dr. Bhaskar Chaurasia Assistant Professor, Pharmacy, Apark

India, Gwalior MP

Editorial Member

Dr. Sanjeev Shukla Gwalior Editorial Member

Dr. Maharshi Mudgal Associate Director, AIEER, Gwalior MP

Editorial Member

Dr. Abhilasha Asthana Chemistry Editorial Member

Dr. Ashok Verma Principal, Govt. PG College,

Sendhwa MP

Editorial Member

Dr. Uma Shankar Verma, Assistant Professor, RJIIT,

Takenpur, MP

Editorial Member

Dr. Rakesh Chugh Promotional Analyst

Shri Rama Shankar Shrivastava Director, Journal Processing

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Volume I

DISTINCT STUDY OF THE REQUIREMENT OF EDM (EUCATIONAL DATA MINNING) IN INDIAN SCHOOL EDUCATION SYSTEM

Vikas Singh-Computer Science

Research Scholar EIILM UNIVERSITY, SIKKIM

ABSTRACT

If we talk about the title of the research, the work is being progressed to analyze the execution of EDM in Indian School Education system. Some major schools from particular states of India will be comprised for the analytical study. Data mining, a relatively young and interdisciplinary field of computer science, is the process of extracting patterns from large data sets by combining methods from artificial intelligence with database management and statistics.

DEFINITION

The EDM Educational Data Mining (called EDM) is an up-and-coming regulation, concerned with developing methods for exploring the unique types of data that come from educational settings, and using those methods to better understand students, and the settings which they learn in.

REVIEW

In the early time of DATA MINNING some research have already been done, but the

recent problem is to find the solution of removal or shifting of and preservation, and collection of

data with the adoption of new techniques as a device or equipment so that it could be easy to use

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and transfer. As the data mining technology is growing day by day and its users are also

increasing in an ascending way.

The execution on EDM in the previous time

1. EDM Implementation techniques by Dr A. Sanghavai

2. Conference Review of EDM 2008 by Dr. G.N. Sharma

3. EDM future aspects by Dr. J.S. Shrivastava

4. Sonjorum EDM overview by Dr. O.P. Shrivastava

5. Emperor EDM : Technical Sys. By Dr. R.K. Chugh

STATISTICS

91% - 2001

89%- 2006

89%- 2008

99%- 2011

98%-2012

77% - 2001-2005

89%- 2006-2007

89%- 2008-2010

99%- 2011-2012

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Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 40%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Series 3Series 2Series 1

Blue Figure

91% - 2001

89%- 2006

89%- 2008

99%- 2011

98%-2012

Green Figure

77% - 2001-2005

89%- 2006-2007

89%- 2008-2010

99%- 2011-2012

Red Figure- Difference

3.7% Negligible

METHODOLOGY

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Research may have different phases. First phase will explain the introductory part where

definition and implementation of data mining and EDM and uses will be explained. The area of

work, connectivity, storage, fetching, and its essentiality will also be explained. The need of

EDM and its advancement will be illustrated with the comparative theory previous

implementation techniques.

The advantages as well as drawbacks some aspects of EDM will be illustrated with the help of

survey database. With some mathematical analysis, graph and scale diagrams the theory of

implementation, drawbacks, limitations, and conclusions will be explained. As the motto of the

research is to find the advance options of EDM and the more implementation of it, the

suggestions will be given for the adoption of present procedure. With the help of previous

research work some data will be taken to know the techniques, conclusions, and suggestion, and

with all, the advance suggestions will be illustrated.

The collection of data in the thesis will represent the current scenario of EDM in India.

Systematic use of EDM and suggestive policies for some authorities, for the welfare of education

system in India and establishment of new technology will be given in the suggestion and

conclusion part.

Reference table will clear the sources of database so that in future the thesis contents can easily

be connected and matched well and the some more knowledge can be gained through complete

data of previous research.

FINDINGS

On the basis of such research, there may be a kind of revolution in almost all corners of

education which may move towards of safe use of data preservation and transferring from the

users.

Many new researchers will take place on the basis of current database used in the thesis.

The governments of different countries may take some steps for the safe process of data mining

in education sector, which may be boon for future education system.

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In future there may be a policy by some educational authorities, with which a sharing system of

network will start.

Suggestion and conclusion part will give the real picture to be the reason of new discoveries and

inventions, and it may be possible that some devises will have some advance techniques and new

safe versions of equipments be lunched.

It can never be denied that the fetching of data in education system of India will be increased and

the onset of new procedure will definitely take place.

Step by step clearance of research will give the suggestive theory to the new researcher, and who

are concerned with the technology and implementation of data mining.

Mathematical analysis of companies, users, health parameters, current technology, optional

technology, and new device technology will help in making new works in the concerned field.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. General theory of EDM by A.N. Shekhawat 2007

2. EDM Implementation techniques by Dr D.K. Chugh

3. Conference Review of EDM 2008 by Dr. J. Thomson

4. EDM future aspects by Dr. P.S. Bhadauriya

5. Sonjorum EDM overview by Dr. G.S. Ghosh

6. Emperor EDM : Technical Sys. By Dr. J.K. Shrivastava

J.J. Bhagat Review on Data Mining 2007

Eighty Twenty Analysis EDM 2008

 R. Baker, K. Yacef (2010). "The State of Educational Data Mining in 2009: A Review and Future Visions". Journal of Educational Data Mining, Volume 1, Issue 1 1: 3– 17.

*******

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ANALYTICAL STUDY OF TRIGNOMETRIC FUNCTIONS IN FOUR LANE HIGHWAYS OF INDIA

DINESH JHARIA

Research Scholar Mathematics: Jodhpur National University

ABSTRACT

The research is being progressed to get the enhancement of trigonometric functions for four lane highways. As in Indian civil industry the constructions of four lane highway has become almost essential not only for national highways but also for inside city road constructions. The use of trigonometry in civil work has been traditional but as far as road constructions are concerned the innovative way of using techniques of trigonometry is quite new. In this research with some instances of previous roads construction have been taken and explained to implement more uses of Trigonometric functions.

INTRODUCTION

Wherever the work of height and distance reaches on the mathematical analysis of civil engineering, there is somewhere the involvement of Trigonometry. When we discuss about the trigonometric contents which are the familiar trigonometric functions sine, cosine, and tangent we pictures the standard unit circle with radius 1, where a triangle is formed by a ray originating at the origin and making some angle with the x-axis, the sine of the angle gives the length of the y-component (rise) of the triangle, the cosine gives the length of the x-component (run), and the tangent function gives the slope (y-component divided by the x-component). More precise

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definitions are detailed below. Trigonometric functions are commonly defined as ratios of two sides of a right triangle containing the angle, and can equivalently be defined as the lengths of various line segments from a unit circle.

BACKGROUND

For explaining the use and implementation of trigonometric functions, many research have already been done in the previous history. Construction and Application of Wavelets in Numerical Analysis, Engineering - Suspension bridges use trigonometry functions to stay afloat, are some concerned research. Degradation study of rehabilitated RC bridge by means of non-Destructive evaluation methods, Technology strategy and competitive performance : A study of bridge construction. PhD thesis, Standford University, Innovative Solutions in Bridge Construction, are the works where the use of mathematics in the construction of civil has been well defined. The contents and examples of previous work will be the helping agent in the current and future related work.

OBJECTIVES

1. To fetch the database for the use of trigonometric functions in future civil works2. To discover future techniques of trigonometry for innovative ways of road constructions3. To prepare the tools for future research and references. 4. To use the previous techniques of trigonometric function for brining better outputs5. To sketch the diagrammatic presentation for future work6. To find the new techniques of sketching 4 lane roads for its constructions 7. To enhance the advance way of constructing 4 lane roads.

NEED & SCOPE

For long back in civil engineering many techniques are being used as per the previous pattern. For saving time and giving the better methodology, the research is being designed to implement more reliable and result oriented techniques. As per the database of previous research work, it has been found out that, while constructing the 4 lane roads on highway or in city the methods is quite orthodox and to fetch some innovative techniques the importance of current work is essential.

As the current work has taken many inspirations through previous work, similarly the current techniques will be useful for future work. Many coming works may take references through the current work for the advancement of techniques, used in four lane road constructions.

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PROCEDURE

In the onset of the research first of all the introduction will be given which will comprise the definition, current problems, and traditional way of using techniques in 4 lane construction of roads. The trigonometric functions and its uses in construction work of roads will be explained and the methodology of using some techniques of trigonometry for future work will also be discussed.

In different chapters the current problems and its solution will be mentioned. With some mathematical analysis and statistics many current techniques will be explained. Histogram, Scalar-diagram, and with some survey tables the comparison and amendments will be mentioned

In the final chapters the conclusive and suggestive theory of the research will be presented

FINDINGS & CONCLUSION

Some trigonometric functions, explained in the current work will be principles in the sector of construction and also be used for many new models of roads. The reference material will not only be used in the private sectors but also in government sectors the same pattern will also be implemented.

Many reference books will have the contents from the current research and some revolutionary steps will be taken in construction methodology, which has not been used before. For making any advance work on the concerned topics, many parts of the work will be very useful for future researchers or who are involved in the construction or civil sector.The new techniques may give better output concerned with time and money factors

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Review Mathematics 2007, Volume II

Dr. C.P.Gupta : Intelligence theory on construction techniques

Survey report, AIEER, Gwalior 2007

Survey report, AIEER, Gwalior 2008

Dr. M.N. Gupta : Trigonometry in Civil 2009

Dr. C.V. Raman : Mathematical Analysis theory on Trigonometry

Research analysis report : 2006

Review on Trigonometry : Current Status in Civil Sector

www. Wickeypedia.com

wickey definitions

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www. Google.com

www. Mathseu/trigono/

Dr. VP Saxena : Trigonometric equations

Ashish Sharma : Review Survey on Roads.

*******

PHYSICAL FACILITIES IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS AFFECTS CAREER

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDENTS

By: Rashmi Bhadauria, Research Scholar Education, Jiwaji University Gwalior MP

ABSTRACT

For the welfare of health & educational achievement of higher secondary school

children, this research comprises the effect on children due to the physical facilities

available in the school. The big role of infrastructure, atmosphere and all the physical

facilities will be described to understand the reasons and the solution for the

betterment of higher secondary school children. In an individual survey researcher got

the way of thinking of many students and their parents for the selection of school. But

it was found the all are preferably choosing the standard of teaching, previous results

of school, and other academic achievements of a school. Some other problem, which a

student faces in his school, is not told to anyone because of a tradition of common and

speechless problem for him, as others are tolerating.

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INTRODUCTION

Apart from the teaching standards in a school this research attending the major factor of physical

facilities, which sometimes play a very important role for whole career of a student.

Unavoidable, Reasonable, and acceptable matter and conclusion of this research will

revolutionary change the way of continuing study for students and their parents or guardians.

Higher Secondary Schools Gwalior including rural urban areas is the main research area, where

the description of physical facilities and all atmosphere and effect on education of students is

discussed. Research is getting involved, many physical facilities such as Infrastructure,

Ventilation, Water, Light, Furniture, and Maintenance too.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

On the current subject no such objectives have been done so far but, on below Ph.D. level many

research related to the school facilities have been done. But the question of career objectives has

never been discussed. In one off college research of Priya Dixit of Indore declares the

unavailability of infrastructure in schools but the effects and affects on student were not

comprised. At Gwalior university no research have been submitted from any individual or any

education college. But on the review report the matter has been appreciated through many

professors and students of education. Survey will comprise the higher secondary ten-ten schools

of urban and rural areas of Gwalior Madhya Pradesh. The visiting reports, interview reports,

results of higher secondary schools, and infrastructural report of higher secondary schools of

Gwalior will be usually merged in the complete research.

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In the first phase of survey the discussion of problems of students and currently available

physical facilities of higher secondary schools of Gwalior will be considered, where direct

interview reports of students and their parents, teachers and principals view report will be

explained. Report of direct visit in rural and urban higher secondary schools will be detailed in

the thesis. With the help of directories or business yellow pages or educational magazines the

addresses of higher secondary schools of Gwalior will be taken and one by one the main schools

will be visited by researcher and its associates.

All the survey reports of students, parents, teachers and principals and owners of higher

secondary schools, done by the researcher will be taken as main tools of the study.

For this research survey reports are obviously the main tool, as through this process the data base

related to the current physical facility and problems of students can be collected. Direct visit in

the schools is also a part of finding solution, amendments, and conclusions of the research.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research’s onset will have the discussion of physical facilities for the students, available in the

higher secondary school. All aspects related to the education of students will be discussed, which

is affected by the physical facilities for the health and educational achievements. The research

will explain the problems, which students face commonly in higher secondary school due to lack

of physical facilities. The problems of infrastructure, water and light facilities, gardens and fields

of schools, sports equipments, sitting arrangement, black board, material used for teaching,

ventilation, and other physical facilities will be discussed in the initial part of the thesis. The data

base of selected higher secondary schools of Gwalior including urban and rural will be

mentioned with the details of current physical facilities of higher secondary school. The

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weakness of such physical facilities will be explained for giving the improvement or change in

that through the research work. Step by Step the current weak physical facilities will be

explained and the way and tools of improvement will also be declaimed. The survey, visiting,

and interview reports of students, parents, teachers, principals, or owners of the schools will be

enlighten to understand the problems and health effects and educational achievements of the

students. The outlooks of students and teachers and parents will be matched and the conclusion

from different educationalists and educational advisors will be comprised. All the reports will be

helpful to get the solution and improvement of physical facilities for the betterment of education

system. Apart from the standards of teaching the main focus will be on the result of the students

and their health, which is mainly affected in the school atmosphere due to the available physical

facilities. The comparison between the selected International or branded and the higher

secondary schools of Gwalior, will be shown to learn the way of fixing best infrastructure and

other physical facilities. The result and health chart of foreign and other private branded schools

will be explained through the research process to obtain the procedure of smooth running of

whole study in a school. Merging all the survey reports, interview reports and articles research

will elaborate the actual condition of schools where physical facilities are not upto the level and

affecting the educational achievements and health of the student. All methods of removing the

problems occurred in higher secondary schools will explained in the research work. The process

of collecting new physical facilities by amending the available equipments, and arranging

through some sources will be detailed. The process of recruiting staff for managing physical

facilities of school will be mentioned and the working process will also be elaborated.

SCOPE OF STUDY

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On the basis of this research many secondary school will come to know about the physical

facilities of their schools, which is affecting the career objectives of the students. There may be

the revolution in every school to emphasize the maintenance or provision of new equipments or

infrastructure.

Even for guardians the question of physical facility will be the priority to admit their students in

the school. Even many novice schools will adopt the culture of maintenance and proper

infrastructure in their premises. The research will be more useful for the government schools and

even many colleges may take lesson from the major points of research report. For the coming

researcher this research will work as a tool agent to collect the data and the methodology for

further advancement. The thinking of teachers, students and guardian will definitely be changed

for some major questions, arose in the thesis. And even solutions and conclusion part will be

very much effective for most of the schools, where deficiency is found in many corners of

physical facilities and proper infrastructure for the students.

NEED OF STUDY

The research is very much needful for the schools, where the awareness of proper infrastructure

and physical facilities for the students is not there. The schools and student would feel the need

of proper physical facilities for their current school or where they want to get admitted. As the

matter is so important because career objectives are affecting then many new research will be the

better instance of current report. In the conclusion of the research it will be explained how a

school can manage and avail the physical facilities. How a student can get a hygienic atmosphere

in a school? How a student can improve his study level by taking better physical facilities? What

type of precautions should be taken by a student and school management to improve and manage

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the available physical facilities? To make learning process better in a higher secondary school

physical facilities also play an important role, To improve all aspects of physical facilities for

providing good health and educational achievement through this research many contents will

explain the improvisation of current sitting arrangement of students, the distance matter between

the teacher and students in the class, the proper light in class room, the hygienic water supply for

drinking and washing too, to maintain the gardens and fields of school, where students are

always spend time in their interval and sports period, to maximize the reasons attending classes

as per the schedule of the school, to maintain the cleanliness and healthy atmosphere in the

whole premises of the school through many equipments. The major part of the research is to

create a competition in District, State and National level higher secondary schools for providing

the best physical facilities.

OBJECTIVES

The main objective of this research is to create awareness in the students and parents to

concentrate not only on the standard of teaching and other academic facility of a school but also

on the physical facilities available in the school, which affect the health of students and their

educational achievements. Many students and their parents are unable to see this most important

factor of education system. Avoiding the physical facilities of a school definitely affects the

student health and due to this many irregularities and level of study get decreased. This research

will definitely activate the thinking of students and their parents to ensure the availability of

proper infrastructure, ventilation, water, light and other unavoidable physical facilities in a

school. To create a competition of providing better physical facility for the higher secondary

students for the betterment of students’ health and education on District State and National level

is the main objective of this research.

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HYPOTHESIS

Research will create awareness in the students and their parents thinking for the selection of

schools on the physical facilities first, apart from the teaching standards. All the higher

secondary schools will get knowledge and from this research and will make many changes their

physical facilities such as infrastructure, water and light etc. Every higher secondary school will

make a department for the maintenance and fulfillment of physical facilities which is strictly

required for the students. An exclusive staff will be recruited for taking attention on the health of

students which may be affected due to physical facilities. The whole infrastructure which is

needed will be totally changed or reconstructed for attending each and every student of school.

Students who will pass out the 12th class examination will also be having good health and

positive view with standard education. Like others student will not have the problems of back

bone pain, weak eye vision, heavy head, pain in legs and hands, and other health related

problems, which is occurred due to worse physical facility available in the schools. When all the

corners of physical facilities will be changed or amended in the schools, it will definitely change

the view of a student for attending classes and way of study with his interest. The students who

are always habitual of making absent in the schools will be attracted by the new infrastructure,

water and light facilities. When proper light, ventilation, Hygienic drinking water, clean class

rooms, sitting arrangement will be available in the school, all students would like to join school

daily and it will affect their studies, because daily attention in the class will increase their rank.

In the availability of clean equipments of sports and labs will enchant students to participate in

all activities. And finally the competition of giving perfect physical facilities will arise not only

in Gwalior but also on state and then national level.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Reports of Direct Interviews of higher secondary students of Gwalior 2009, 2009

Reports of Direct Interviews higher secondary students’ Parents/Guardians of Gwalior, 2006,

2008

Education welfare Volume II R.K. Dixit Education 21st century.

Reports of Direct Interviews of teachers and principals of higher secondary schools of Gwalior

2008.

Visiting report of Central Schools of MP 2009,

Visiting report of LAHS Gwalior 2009,

Visiting report of CGHSS Gwalior 2010

.Visiting report of Private schools of Madhya Pradesh 2009, 2010.

BSNL Directory 2009. Web portals: indiaedu.com, justdial.com, education.nic.in,

www.rainrays.com/topic/school_in_gwalior_list, 2010.

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Introduction & Objectives of e-governance and its conclusion

Submitted by: Varun Joshi, Ph.D. Management, Research Scholar CMJ University Feb.2013 (National Publication)

1. INTRODUCTION

Electronic governance or e-governance is the application of information and communication

technology (ICT) for delivering government services, exchange of information communication

transactions, integration of various stand-alone systems and services between government-to-

citizen (G2C), government-to-business (G2B), government-to-government (G2G) as well as

back office processes and interactions within the entire government framework.

In today’s IT environment, e-governance has become the essential part of a citizen’s

communication channel. Hence as citizens, they want to interact with the government through

this channel thereby saving their time and the cost for availing governance services. This demand

forced the government to transact different citizen centric services online through

implementation of e-governance system.

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Since last decade, Government of Odisha automated many citizen centric services to e-

Governance services. Many national level and state level e-Governance services which include

G2G and G2C were implemented with the help of National e-Governance Division and National

Informatics Centre. There is a need to study the significance of these services for effective

communication to citizens in Odisha state.

2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the study are as follows:

1. To find the available citizen centric e-governance services in Odisha.

2. To observe the impact of e-governance services availed by citizens.

3. To do the comparative study of e-governance services versus manual services with

respect to cost of availing, ease of access, scope and transparency.

4. To study the efficiency level of government organizations after converting the manual

services into the e-governance services.

3. CONCLUSION

The expected outcome of this study is mentioned below:

1. Awareness of citizens about e-governance services is very high.

2. The services provided in the e-governance system are user friendly.

3. Citizens of Odisha are giving priority to avail e-governance services instead of manual

services.

4. The cost of availing e-governance services is comparatively less to the manual services.

5. E-governance services are more transparent than manual services.

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6. Government organizations reduced their cost and time to provide services to citizens after

converting the manual services into the e-governance services.

4. LIMITATION

There are the following limitations under this study:

1. Due to limitation of time in obtaining data from general public, the study will be

restricted to e-governance services in Odisha state only.

2. Common services implemented in all over Odisha have been considered for research

purpose. The district level services were not taken into consideration.

3. Employees who dealt with all e-governance services in district level have been

considered for survey purpose instead of all root level employees.

5. DELIMITATION

1. The study can be expanded to e-governance services implemented in all other states in

India.

2. Including with government-to-citizen services, the study can be delimited to government-

to-government and government-to-business e-governance services.

8. REFERENCES:

[1] Das, Rama Krushna ; Patnaik, Sujata ; Padhy, Arati Kumari ; Mohini, Chinmaya "Service

Oriented Layered Approach for E-Governance System Implementation" 2014 International

Conference on Information Technology (ICIT), 2014 , Page(s): 293 – 298

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[2] Bannister, Frank ; Connolly, Regina "New Problems for Old? Defining e-Governance", 44th

Hawaii International Conference onSystem Sciences (HICSS), 2011, Page(s): 1 – 10

[3] Singh, A. ; Goyal, D.P. ; Sharma, S. "Knowledge Management and E-governance: A

Case Study of E-kiosk in India", 2012 Seventh International Conference on Knowledge,

Information and Creativity Support Systems (KICSS), 2012 , Page(s):

-())-

A SUGGESTIVE THEORY ON CURRENT STATUS AND OPTIONAL FUTURE TECHNIQUES OF MOBILE TOWERS

Electronics and Communication

ROHIT SINGH

RESEARCH SCHOLAR CMJ UNIVERSITY

ABSTRACT

The research is being progressed to widely explain the current status of

mobile towers and future techniques of their standing. There is a worldwide

problem of space occupancy in the dense areas of city, town or village. The

research is completely emphasizing the future ways of their standing or other

options to occupy less space or other techniques.

The general problem of occupying space is very common to all. For the better

network the mobile towers are erected in such a way to achieve heights and big

volume in urban areas.

Working of towers for mobile network is worldwide and it has become

essential to find some techniques for their advancement so that their size and

space taking should be decreased. In the area of high population it is quite

22

harmful in many aspects.

INTRODUCTION

These days no city of any country is escaped from the establishment of towers. On high

complexes buildings and even on houses the companies are erecting towers.

All companies are having a cell site where the mobile towers are erected.

A cell site is a term used to describe a site where antennas and electronic communications

equipment are placed on a radio mast or tower to create a cell in a cellular network. A cell site is

composed of a tower or other elevated structure for mounting antennas, and one or more sets of

transmitter/ receivers transceivers, digital signal processors, control electronics, a GPS receiver

for timing (for CDMA2000/IS-95 or GSM systems), regular and backup electrical power

sources, and sheltering.

A synonym for "cell site" is "cell tower", although many cell site antennas are mounted on

buildings rather than as towers. In GSM networks, the technically correct term is Base

Transceiver Station (BTS), and colloquial British English synonyms are "mobile phone mast" or

"base station". The term "base station site" might better reflect the increasing co-location of

multiple mobile operators, and therefore multiple base stations, at a single site.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In the history of mobile techniques many research have already been done, but the

current problem is to find the solution of removal or shifting of mobile towers or to adopt any

new techniques as a device or equipment so that it could not affect health of human being. As the

mobile technology is growing day by day and its users are also increasing in an ascending way,

there it is quite unacceptable to ban the use of mobile. As per the previous research there is only

a matter of the growth and development of techniques used in mobile or its network.

Mobile Multimedia Systems Paul J.M. Havinga Ph.D. thesis, University of Twente, February

2000 SCANNING HALL PROBE MICROSCOPY OF MAGNETIC VORTICES IN VERY

UNDERDOPED YTTRIUM-BARIUM-COPPER-OXIDE

23

Janice Wynn Guikema 2004

PhD Thesis Abstract: Superimposed Radio Signals for Wireless Sensor Networks

Albert Krohn Telecooperation Office (TecO) Universit¨at Karlsruhe Dr. Magda Havas research

publication are the several works on mobile and mobile radiations.

OBJECTIVES

To achieve the information about the future option of tower erection in populated areas

To introduce the future techniques of mobile tower

To enhance the health protection system , where tower radiations are affecting health

To spread the knowledge the mobile phone and tower radiation and health

To state the real status of health due to mobile tower

To collect the optional current techniques for the saving of space and avoiding it from populated

areas.

To identify the other electronics devices to avoid tower system in density area

To introduce the sharing system for different companies using same technology for their cells.

To force the government policy to make some strict rules on companies for the erection of tower

in populated area.

To resemble the techniques with another advance version

To give the conclusion in favor of future optional techniques of mobile tower erection

NEED OF STUDY

As we have been observing from a decade that the establishment of erection of mobile tower is

improving day by day and there has also been a situation of dilemma, whether the radiations

from these towers are effecting on human health or not. Therefore now it has become a

24

compulsion to know the current actual status, and find some techniques for the betterment of

human health and technology too.

It seems to be a collision of many networks on seeing the number of towers in dense areas of a

city, or town. In any aspect there must be a harm to the society with these towers and their

current techniques used by cellular companies. As due to disturb network, and jam network we

suffer many problems then what would be the solution. Will we be enduring the technology,

which we never want for some reasons, or any new technology must be adopted? What are those

technologies? What are the options? What would be the new techniques? What would be the

future criteria for the erection of towers? Will there be another option of tower? Will the cellular

companies be spreading many diseases, because of mobile network comes from the towers, or

cell site?

SCOPE OF STUDY

Options of new advance research and future inventions and discoveries will take place

There would be spreading of awareness in the people about the effects and affects of mobile

tower radiations. The new options and alternatives for the constant techniques will come out

The current working procedure of many companies will be changed.

As the erection of towers and use of mobile has been increasing day by day but it cannot be

decreased therefore people will invite and welcome the new techniques and the main thing is that

people and companies will find the way of escaping from the harms of mobile towers and there

may be any new option of mobile towers with some new technologies of electronics and

communication. As far as health measurements are concerned many factors will be discussed in

the research, which may a learning agents in finding remedies against the harms of cell sites and

its network.

HYPOTHESIS

On the basis of such research, there may be a kind of revolution in almost all part of the

world which may move towards of safe use of mobile and safe networking system from the

25

companies. Many new researches will take place on the basis of current database used in the

thesis. The governments of different countries may take any step for the safe establishment of

cell sites and cell towers, which may not be harmful for public. In future there may be a policy

by some governments, with which a sharing system of network will start. Suggestion and

conclusion part will give the real picture to be the reason of new discoveries and inventions, and

it may be possible that some devises will have some advance techniques and new safe versions

of equipments be lunched. It can never be denied that the use of mobile will be increased and the

onset of new companies will definitely take place. But Step by step clearance of research will

give the suggestive theory to the new researcher, and who are concerned with the technology and

use of mobile towers. Mathematical analysis of companies, users, health parameters, current

technology, optional technology, and new device technology will help in making new works in

the concerned field.

METHODOLOGY

Research will have different phases. First phase will explain the introductory part where

definition of mobile towers its establishment, its working and uses will be defined. The area of

work, connectivity and its essentiality will also be explained. The need of tower and its

advancement will be explain with the comparative theory radiations through satellite and

previous cable connectivity.

The advantages as well as drawbacks of tower system will be illustrated with the help of survey

database. With some mathematical analysis, graph and scale diagrams the theory of use, harms,

and conclusions will be explained. As the motto of the research is to find the options of mobile

tower techniques which should not be harmful for health and even for infrastructure, the

suggestions will be given to adopt a new systems and devises and force to make remedies for it.

With the help of previous research work some data will be taken to know the techniques,

conclusions, and suggestion, and with all, the advance suggestions will be illustrated.

The collection of data in the thesis will represent the current scenario of mobile towers its

fixation and utility Systematic use of mobiles and suggestive policies for some authorities, for

the erection of tower and establishment of cell site will be given in the suggestion and conclusion

26

part. Reference table will clear the sources of database so that in future the thesis contents can

easily be connected and matched well and the some more knowledge can be gained through

complete data of previous research.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Conceptual theory on harmful effect by Amit K. Marwaha

Future of Mobile towers : Problems and Cure volume II Gajendra S.

Dr. Magda Havas Research work on radiation affecting brain

Dr. Neil Cherry,Ph.D. biophysicist from New Zealand, reports

Cell phone towers and other environmental sources of EMR – electro magnetic radiation.” Dr.

George Carlo, Ph.D.

Cell phone and mobile tower radiation hazards 3721 views · Radiation Protection

12684 ...Medical Physics Profession - Ivan A. Brezovich, Ph.D.

www.slideshare.net/.../gk-radiation-normbtua

Radiations from cell phones and cell towers ...... "Some Unexpected Health Hazards Associated

with Cell Tower Siting," Bill P.Curry, PhD.,

Study by Sandy Bond (PhD, Appraisal Institute and Realtors), The Appraisal ... hazards of

cell phone radiation and to recommend a course for the future. 

R. Douglas Fields, Ph. D, writes in Scientific American about the Swedish ..... to bioactive

microwave radiation from mobile phones and their relay towers

Electromagnetic Radiation - A heartbreaking account of how a cell phone tower placed next to a

family's farm devastated... Robert C. Kane, Ph.D, of The Associated Bioelectromagnetics 

*******

27

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF OUTPUT DUE TO MECHANISM OF ELECTRIC

GENERATORS WITH ELECTRIC INVERTERS

Mechanical Engineering

ABHIMANYU KOTHARI

RESEARCH SCHOLAR DR. C.V. RAMAN UNIVERSITY

ABSTRACT

The research is based on the mechanism of electric generator, which gives more output

than an inverter with same ratio of input. But the theory is not acceptable in a few

circumstances. Therefore a comparison with some analysis, system output theory and

previous research conclusion, the research is being progressed to give the better

conclusion on the topic. These days the use of Generators and Invertors is in more

trends but the research is being processed to understand the output of both the

28

appliances so that we could know the mechanism and recommend the better object for

better use.

INTRODUCTION

As per the definition an electric generator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. A

generator forces electrons in the windings to flow through the external electrical circuit. It is

somewhat analogous to a water pump, which creates a flow of water but does not create the

water inside. The source of mechanical energy may be a reciprocating or turbine steam engine,

water falling through a turbine or waterwheel, an internal combustion engine, a wind turbine, a

hand crank, compressed air or any other source of mechanical energy.

In many research it has been proven that output of generator and the area of working is quite

bigger than electric inverters. The study is not to criticize the use and techniques of inverters, it is

just the study of comparison where this is to be explained that with how much input what energy

can be gained with the mechanism of generator. The study is just to appraise the mechanism of

generator which gives, big output. Due to mechanism of generator the output level is quite high

than an inverter because of high input cost. The research may help in development of future

mechanism of generator to give more outputs than current status.

BACKGROUND

As per the topic it has been found out that some research work on the working and mechanism of

electric and other type generators have been done. But as per the review the need to know the

mechanism is necessary due to the high output in same input to the generator and inverters.

29

Work by SCIgen on An Automatic CS Paper  Generator Franz T. Shenkrishnan, PhD, Network

Analysis Laboratories (Dan) 6 kW wind  generator   - Open Source Ecology Marcin

Jakubowski, Ph.D. ADVANCED INTERNAL COMBUSTION  ELECTRICAL GENERATOR by

P Van Blarigan ELECTRICAL GENERATOR. Peter Van Blarigan. Sandia National Laboratories.

FEASIBILITY STUDY OF VIBRATION-ELECTRIC GENERATOR FOR BRIDGE by CB

Williams electrical generator to power a sensor module to monitor by JF Kolb – 2005 are the

true instances of work and research on Electric Generator. The topic may be differentiate from

the other research work because the work is emphasizing on the output of generators due to its

mechanism, which inverter doesn’t give with same input.

OBJECTIVES

To know the mechanism of Generator

To know the comparison of Generator and Inverter

To identify the status output level of inverters and generators with same input

To develop the future program for further research on the advancement of the topic.

To retrieve the theory of output from low cost mechanism.

NEED OF STUDY

In the coming future there will always be a need to save energy. If we talk about the electricity

not only in India but in various countries there is a problem of full time electricity supply. To

continue the work many people opt generators or inverters. As all are not aware about the

mechanism, input and output of both the equipments, therefore it is essential to know and

differentiate the output for future energy resources and its use. Although the use of inverter is

30

soundless as compare to generators but the input and output variation compels us to think about

the choice. As the invention of inverter and its use in a domestic way is not so old. In a very less

time inverter and generators have approached our houses. And we can nominate it as a good and

useful invention. Therefore for future mechanism of coming machines we must know the

mechanism for new inventions. For the inventors, who are at the work of making new

mechanism and machines in the field of electricity, this research may be consider as a content

source.

SCOPE OF STUDY

It can never be denied that many inventions have become a part of our house equipments. And

generator and inverters are one of them. To fulfill our requirement of the taking use of any

equipment, somewhere we forget the cost, time and overall input to the equipment, which is not

only essential for the general inventors or assemblers are always at the work of launching new

equipments with high techniques and big output. But the matter of thinking about the input is

necessary. And in this way the current research will be very much fruitful. The mathematical

calculation, and cost and conclusive survey will automatically explain the variation, which will

helps in future inventions and other useful launching. In one hand previous research will have the

advance shape and on another hand the new research will have the contents and base material

from this research.

FINDINGS

There may be a combination of generator and inverter technology. As the mechanism of

generator gives big output and inverter gives soundless and pollution less output, therefore the

combination of mechanical engineering and electrical engineering will be giving new machines

31

in future. The current research and the work on inventions on the making of generators and

inverters may have some theory from this thesis, and due to which energy input cost in future

will be less than today’s cost and even the output level will be bigger.

METHODOLOGY

In the initial pages of thesis we will have the introduction of electronic generator and its

historical development, terminology, excitation, and types of generators. With this continuation

the overall machinery of inverter will also be sketched.

Mechanism of the generator will be explained to know the high output reasons and the

comparative study with the inverter will go on.

The advantages as well as drawbacks of both the machines will be discussed and the reasons will

also be illustrated with the help of previous data base available in the books and internet and the

survey database. With some mathematical analysis, graph and scale diagrams the theory of use,

harms, and conclusions will be explained. As the aim of the research is to compare and give the

better conclusion on generator use and inverter use. With the help of some previous work on

Generator and its mechanism the data will be taken to know the techniques, conclusions, and

suggestion. The collection of data in the thesis will represent the current scenario of mechanism

of electric generator. Systematic use of input energy resources for generator and inverters and

suggestive matter for the future inventions and improvements will be given. Reference table will

clear the sources of database so that in future the thesis contents can easily be connected and

matched well and the some more knowledge can be gained through complete data of previous

research.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

32

Amit Kumar : the analysis on mechanism of Generator 2008

Ashish Sharma : Utility and input to Generator volume I

SCIgen - An Automatic CS Paper   Generator

Survey Report on Electronics AIEER, Gwalior

Conclusive report on future machines AIEER, Gwalior

VOLUME-II

STUDY OF 3-DIMENSIONAL TECHNIQUES FOR FUTURE GAMING INTERFACE

33

ASHOK SHRIVASTAVA

RESEARCH SCHOLAR COMPUTER SCIENCE VINAYAKA MISSION UNIVERSITY, TN

34

ABSTRACT

The Research comprises the database of three dimensional techniques for future gaming interface. The word 3D is not new for current generation and most of the people are aware about its characteristics. If we talk about the mobile and video games we always put our mind in animation and graphical presentation of games. For last decade in video, mobile or in computer games the convention of graphics has been leaded. In these scenario three dimensional techniques is being used in graphics gaming.

INTRODUCTION

The current generation 3-dimensional games model the game world with 3-dimensional objects. They use the 3-dimensional graphics hardware to render such scenes. It is a combination of the way the game is created, the visual image the player sees, and the way the player controls the game.

And creating the game logics, including aspects like behavior of the game entities, collision checking, camera movement, etc., is a very difficult task. As a conclusion the production of a modern 3-dimensional game is a huge undertaking that involves a large team of specialized workers and typically costs millions of dollars.

BACKGROUND

The word 3D has now become popular for even children also. The presentation and way of watching movies is also strange for all and that is why, people are always eager to watch it. When we enter in gaming zone, these days in I-Phones, Mobiles, Video Games and in computer games the convention of 3D games is on implementing way. The model describes the process of forming the shape of an object. The two most common sources of 3D models are those originated on the computer by an artist or engineer using some kind of 3D modeling tool, and those scanned into a computer from real-world objects. Models can also be produced procedurally or via physical simulation.

 3D Monster Maze (1981) was the first 3D game for a home computer, while Dungeons of Daggorath (1982) added various weapons and monsters, sophisticated sound effects, and a "heartbeat" health monitor.

Platform-adventure games: Metroid (1986) was the earliest game to fuse platform game fundamentals with elements of action-adventure games, alongside elements of RPGs.

35

Racing games: Turbo (1981), by Sega, was the first racing game with a third-person perspective, rear-view format. Pole Position (1982), by Namco, used sprite-based, pseudo-3D graphics when it refined the "rear-view racer format" where the player’s view is behind and above the vehicle, looking forward along the road with the horizon in sight. The style would remain in wide use even after true3D graphics became standard for racing games.

The onset of 3D in electronics was in movie first. In the year 1922, Frederic Eugene Ives and Jacob Leventhal commenced releasing first stereoscopic shorts made over a 3-year period. The first film entitled, Plastigrams, which was distributed nationally by Educational Pictures in the red/blue anaglyph format.

The late 1920s to early 1930s saw little to no interest in stereoscopic pictures, largely due to the Great Depression. In Paris, Louis Lumiereshot footage with his stereoscopic camera in September 1933. The following year, in March 1934, he premiered his remake of his 1895 film L'Arrivée du Train, this time in anaglyphic 3-D, at a meeting of the French Academy of Science.

Two 30-minute Nazi propaganda films shot in 3D in Germany in 1936 were found in Berlin’s Federal Archives in 2011. The Australian documentary maker Philippe Mora is convinced there is more unseen 3D footage yet to be found.

CONCERNED PREVIOUS WORKS

3D animation Research - Gowri -2005 . Research Papers and Essays for 3D-ANIMATION ABSTRACT about the brief outline about the features.

Quaymberley 3D Animation: Animation Research Essay: 2008 . Animation Research : The Walk Cycle and Walk Variations. Game Over 3d Animation Project · Kaizer Chief Fans

3D   Modeling and   Animation   Market - Jon Peddie   Research   Publications 2009

MATLAB Central - Enhancing Simulation Studies with   3D Animation -

2010. Technology research article on the accessibility of 3D animationtechnologies on the simulation engineer's desktops. 

 Z Deng -Facial and Character Animation Research at UH CGIM. 2.3. 3D Facial Expression Posing through 2D Portrait. Sculpting various 3D facial expressions

36

OBJECTIVES

There are several objectives of the research on the above topic

1. To spread the knowledge of Luster Property of metals2. To motivate the researcher for the advancement of current technology3. To make an advance work with the combination of previous in same field.4. To spread awareness about the use and adoption of new technology in future gaming

interface.5. To make the thesis in such a way, so that further new research work can be done as an

advance version of this work.6. To identify the comparison in previous and current tools for making 3d games in

electronics. 7. To motivate the researcher or inventors for making advance technology8. To produce the consolidated material for getting the knowledge about the properties,

characteristics and comparison of software techniques for three dimensional multimedia games.

NEED AND SCOPE OF STUDY

As to get the conclusive knowledge of three dimension techniques and its uses in gaming interface, one has to refer many data through different sources, but no data is available in a consolidation format. The all contents of this research work will be a solution step for the same.

In future for doing advance research on the related topic one must have some advance database about it, therefore the current work will be a unique collection of database for all references.

In many newly established electronics industries, many new featured cellphones, laptops, palmtops, I-Phones and mobiles are being launched day by day. And for their customers the drastic changed advance tools are also added in the Gadgets. To know the new tools and the techniques for future gaming systems the contents of this research is truly useful for new users, who are intended to go with new technologies. For upcoming workers, who are intended to pursue working in the same field, there will always be a need to have the specific reference material to consult the many analytical points through some examples, therefore the work which is to be done in this topic will be helpful for those.

Uses, speed, data collection and implementation of new 3D techniques for future technologies, there is a wide scope to continue research on current or concerned topics.

PROCEDURE

37

In the first phase of research a brief introduction about the three dimension and its techniques will be discussed.. The characteristics, 3D facts, uses and current technology will be explained with suitable examples. With the help of survey data base the current technology and the ration of users and techniques for current market and future tools will also be added in different chapters of the thesis.

With different company short data summary the use of current techniques and the new changes in the gaming systems through 3D will be briefed.

With help of mathematical analytical analysis, images and histogram the comparative study will be shown

To know the concept and comparison images and scalar part help us, therefore in the thesis all the pictorial formats with graph and histogram will be added.

Final part of the thesis will comprise conclusion, where new technology’s sketch and its implementation through the users, being a customer and manufacturer will be explained. In suggestive theory some suggestions for the current users, the benefits of current technology will be briefed with some case studies outcomes. Finally reference contents will be added for further consult work.

FINDINGS

For the new generation, as the interest of three dimensional graphics games has grown up, and the users are also innovative and eager to accept the new technology in gaming with some attraction point. This work will definitely supportive for all those, who wants to add and be in the new techniques of electronics. There may be a possibility of making book publication for the current work so that it could become a compulsory reference matter for the students, researchers or any related candidate, as the thesis will comprising a consolidated database for the title.

After the completion of this thesis the awareness of knowing current technology will be increased.

38

Researchers who are continuing the research with concerned topics may have some contents through this thesis.

The work will be more useful for the people involving in finding and inventing new technologies for the uses, maintenance, restoring and new tools for the making of 3D games for computers, video and cell phones.

There may be some concerned research in the world going on with some related topics and for the advancement and the source database the current research is also useful.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A.N.T References : Multimedia Techniques Volume II, 2008

AIEER, Surveyor, Overview : CS 2008

Dr. A.P. Bhadaoriya : Research Analysis on generalized theory on three dimensional new techniques, Article Sabatier 3rd edition, 2009

Comparative theory of 2D and 3D by Accenture Technology Project Library. 2009

39

Methods of Graphical Gaming Manufacturing : SBD Articles. Special Review on Mobile Game technology.

Truth of 3D, Outlook 2007, Reader Review Special Edition

Tutorial Three Dimensional Games : Distinct theory: Summarized 2003 2004.

Article on 3D theory www. wonko.info

Analysis on Three Dimensional Multimedia techniques for future gaming.AC Review Analysis Prakash Chandra, I Edition 2010

Honda, T. (2000). Three-Dimensional Display Technology Satisfying 'Super Multiview Condition.' In B. Javidi & F. Okano (Eds.), Proc. Three-Dimensional Video and Display: Devices and Systems, vol. CR76, SPIE Press, (pp. 218–249). ISBN 0-8194-3882-0

Langhans, K., Bezecny, D., Homann, D., Bahr, D., Vogt, C., Blohm, C., & Scharschmidt, K.-H.(1998). "New Portable FELIX 3D Display," Proc. SPIE, vol. 3296, SPIE — Int'l Soc. for Optical Eng., (pp. 204–216). Includes a thorough literature review of volumetric displays.

*******

COMPARISION OF EFFECTS OF MORNING WALK AND RUNNING ON CHILDREN HEALTH PROSPECTIVES

Dr. Ajay Vyas: Department of Physical Education, Sagar Physical College.

ABSTRACT

The research work is based on the data base of students, belonging to the age of 10-15

years, who have the schedule of walking or running. The major aim of the work is to

40

differentiate the effects of both the exercise. On the basis of the result of survey and

children and their guardian opinion the suggestions are being mentioned in the

conclusion and objective of the study. The comparison, drawbacks, advantages,

methodology of exercise, timing, time management and diet chart according to the

exercise will be elaborated as per the choice of the children. The current convention on

walking and running shall be illustrated in the form of statistical output on the basis of

survey and data chart.

INTRODUCTION

Walking and running has become a part of children life. In most of the ration walking is

generally found in children and a survey says that running is having more existence in children

while walking is preferred by youngsters or old age peoples. Many problems that students are

suffering because of more running, which is directly affecting their future objectives, shall be

discussed and the suggestions on the basis of the children having benefits with some different

options will be illustrated.

RATIO

Children 5-10 Years = Running>Walking

Children 10-17 Years = Running> Walking

After Adolescent

41

Young Boys 18-30 = Walking<Running

Young Boys 31-45= Walking< Running

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

As many research work on waking, morning walk and running have already been done in

previous research, the data will be comprised for the suggestions and the conclusion of the

current research work.

The research work of the effects of morning walk, of Dr. S.K. Nigam, and the many research

data available on internet may also be taken for help in the current results of the thesis.

The work of the effect of morning walk of many previous research has also been comprised to

explain the better advantages and conclusions.

An exclusive part related to More than mere physical exercise, with its emphasis only on

strengthening the body, emphasizes integrated strengthening of body, mind and spirit.

NEED OF STUDY

The basic need of the study is to create the awareness through which children without any

guidance start many exercises including running, will come to know the adverse of hard

exercises and hard running. The results on the data base of survey and previous research will be

shown in order to get the lesson to adopt any exercise in early age. At the age of 10 to 15, which

exercise or mild exercise such as morning walk is necessary and harmless and even fruitful for

their health and future achievement will also be illustrated, as to know the proper knowledge is

very much essential for children for their career objectives.

42

As per the survey of Indian children the data base is clearly explaining that due to non-awareness

and lack of guidance the children are adopting any exercise for watching any convention through

media or people words and harming their health and concentration towards study too. The

arbitrary adoption of hard running at the early age creates many diseases and body unfitness,

which is clearly defined in the research work. Therefore the need of this research is entirely for

the children and their guardian to know the better prospects of exercise, when the child is at

growing and learning stage.

SCOPE OF STUDY

After the completion of this research work it will be easy to come to know the drawbacks and

advantage of morning and running at the early age of children. With the help of conclusions of

this thesis many guardians and school authorities could easily impose the best way to adopt the

exercise of running or walking.

As per the survey of many people it has been found out that the guide or any book for the

drawbacks, limitations, and advantage of running ad walking at early age is not perfectly

illustrated. Therefore the research work will explain the unique collection of database to

understand the same.

Before participation or targeting goal for the future and selection of running as per the body

structure can easily be understood after going through the data of the thesis.

OBJECTIVES

To make compulsory the mild exercises in schools.

43

To create the awareness in the schools and in parents of the children about the value, advantage,

and drawbacks of exercise.

The research is being done for the following points

Improve balance and prevent falls

Enhance cardio-respiratory function of the students

Maintain the blood pressure, heart rate, energy level and cholesterol in the children of 10 to 15

years.

Boost immune system response

Reduce bone loss or weakness in the children

Enhance sleep and decrease daytime sleepiness

Relieve psychological symptoms such as anxiety and depression

Improve the study level better and full of concentration

Enabling psychological states such as well-being and quality of education with no burden body

tiredness. Advantage of at Distinct categories of Practice, gentle and flowing steps allows it to be

practiced by virtually anyone and is safe for those who may be physically challenged. Relaxed

turning and twisting of the body strengthens core muscles and stretches tendons and ligaments of

the children which is the fundamental of future’s healthy body.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

44

The research will be initiated with the introductory part of exercises, running and walking. The

basic need and adoption of exercises of the children will be mentioned in the research. The work

is being put in order to give the knowledge to the children, their guardian and especially the

school teachers to know the all prospects of running and walking. The results of any aspect of

running and walking at early age will be defined and explained so that future objectives should

never be affected, and maintain at the beginning level. Survey data and statistical explanation

will be demonstrated in the thesis to get all the data base related to the research, which is truly

helpful for the future of the students and current system.

Survey chart, histogram, scale parameters, drawback matrix and advantage graph will be shown

in the thesis to complete the purpose in a view to maintain the current scenario and

implementation of suggestion.

With many previous research and their result, the importance, suggestions, development,

procedure, and abstaining will be mention for the children for the adoption of better exercise and

balance exercise for their future aspects.

Through some diagram the way of exercise the result of hard exercise and the benefit of mild

walk and the timing of running or walking will be illustrated.

The comparative study of walking and running which is the main part and aim part of the

research work will be elaborately explained in the conclusive section.

The direct survey report of children, guardian, and schools will also be explained to know the

problem and its cure.

45

The reference of each and every aspect of the thesis will be written in the reference table to know

the data source of the research work.

FINDINGS & CONCLUSION

On the basis of this research work the making of many reports or books on children

exercising program shall take place. Many concerning people may collect the date base and

upload it to the internet for the welfare of early exercising student. As the people and children at

the initial level gets any information easily from the internet. Then it would be better to fetch the

data from the research on internet to know the advantages and conclusion of research work.

There may be a onset of tradition in schools of awareness programs for the students about the

selection of exercise even at home. Guardian and school teachers will easily get the selective

date for their students to adopt slow running or morning walk. The conclusion will definitely

give the revolution in the advantage of walking at early age of children. The adoption of walking

or running on which age standard should be accepted and what are the outcomes of walking and

running at a particular age level will come out through this research work. The theme of getting

benefits through walking and running is not always good, we can find out the benefits and

drawbacks of untrained walking and running styles and methodology. Through this research

work the interesting people who are habitual of walking or running in morning time may get the

feedback through the survey and data analysis of this work.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

46

C.N. chari Advantage of walking

BM Chugh. Volume II Running may adverse

MP survey report on fitness of secondary children

MP survey report on fitness of primary children

www. Wickepedia.com through internet

Health insight today

Special walking issues Google 2006.

Direct survey report of 100 children

Direct survey report of 100 guardian

Direct survey report of 100 school people.

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47

ANALYSIS OF SLOW-DOWN PARAMETERS OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENTS

DECISION MAKING IN INDIA

Gaurav Jain : Research Scholar Political Science: CMJ University

ABSTRACT

If we go through the results of Government achievements and working procedures of

last decade, then there is no hesitation in declaring that the delay process of decision-

making in India is saying that changing the leaders of existing government is a major

issue and the system has made it clumsy. There have been many contents of

slowdown in some of the processes in India. All of us know the political leaders

developing in the country have slowed down the decision-making process and some

of the approvals in India. Clarifying that one is not critical of India but the slow

decision making process in the country is harming and hurting the objectives and

emotions of peoples.

GENERAL

The circumstances and the situation have clearly slowed down, due to the influence by the

international economic crisis, and some of the internal matters of India.

The country is potentially rifting billions to remain in poverty by not supporting industrialization

and there are understandable challenges in India relating to land property acquisition and raw

materials, which needs to be overcome speedy.

Few months ago, India’s largest engineering and construction firm Larsen and Toubro had also

revealed negative the government for delayed policy measures industrial production and

outcomes.

The leader of all of this is Congress-led UPA government for demoralizing the economic

policies.

48

This government had been facing flak from different quarters including the home industry and

Business trade leaders for policy inaction. And the rating agencies also joined in and warned that

India could be downgraded amid country's GDP growth plunging to a nine year low of 8.7 per

cent in the last Economic year.

Slow Down Ratio in Industrialization 2009

Real Estate Metal Cothing Pharma FMCG0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Ratio 3Ratio 2Ratio 1

Slow Down Ration in Industrialization 2010

Real Estate Metal Cothing Pharma FMCG0%

10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

Ratio 3Ratio 2Ratio 1

49

Slow Down Ration in Industrialization 2011

Real Estate Metal Cothing Pharma FMCG0%

10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

Ratio 3Ratio 2Ratio 1

Slow Down Ration in Industrialization 2011

Real Estate Metal Cothing Pharma FMCG0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Ratio 3Ratio 2Ratio 1

SLOW DOWN RATION DUE TO DELAY IN DECISION MAKING

2009 = 49%

50

2010 = 57 %

2011 = 62%

FINDINGS

As per the analytical ratio for taking quick decision in any department or ministry of existing

Government in India is resulting delay in process and the percentage has been increasing which

is not good for the development of the country.

There must be an authority or organization that could look after the process of taking decision

and rectify the current delaying process. And with taking any initial approval by the government

by any operative body there must be the provision of punishment or immediate loss

compensation or responsibility of completion within the time limit by the government

authorities. By this way the industrialization and even many departments will be developed and

nourished in India.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The role of  government   of  india   in education - Vidya Onlinewww.vidyaonline.org/dl/JPNaik_01.pdf by JP NAIK -

Procedure followed in  Decision Making   Process -  Government   of ...tourism.gov.in/RTIA/ChapterView.aspx?CNO=9&TCNO=

General search from google.com

C.N. Lehri Review on Constitution of India 2012

AMY Report on UPA Government 2012 General Procedures of Parliament: Analytical & Survey Review 2011

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DISCRETE STUDY OF LUSTER OF METALS : SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE COMPARISION OF SOME PARTICULAR METALS

ANOOP CHAUDHARY

RESEARCH SCHOLAR PHYSICS: VINAYAKA MISSION UNIVERSITY T.N.

ABSTRACT

As per the scientific definition a thing has luster if it shines and is brilliant. Diamond, Gold, Silver, Brass are such metals having the property of Luster. All has the quality of shining. The research is based on the study of luster of metals with the comparison and properties. For this study some metals having luster properties are comprised to result the statistical analysis.

INTRODUCTION

To process the research, we have three metals having luster properties and that is Gold, Silver and Brass. Lustre varies in a wide continuum, and therefore has no rigid boundaries between the different terms.

For knowing the specific contents about the luster properties of metals the research work is being progressed. For the comparative study and knowing the luster property of metals there is not any consolidated reference material so far. For taking any information about it many reference sources are consulted. The current work will be helpful for future study of Luster properties of metals.

REVIEW

As the property of Luster of any metal is known to almost many people who are concerned with it and many works are done through different sources and for different uses. Therefore many reference materials are already available in the market in many ways to get the theory of Luster and other related things. If we talk about the previous work many industries or academy are having the information about the luster of metal but in different forms such as books or other official records.

Toxicology of Metals By Gary L. Hook, PhD, MPH, CIH, Peter T. LaPuma, Ltc, lustrous and, in the transition metals, typically ductile and malleable.

Copper Healing and Metaphysical Properties of Gemstones from ...21 Feb 2011  Wheels of Life by Anodea Judith, PhD, 2000

Dave's Mechanical Pencils: Paper Mate PhD Ultra Mechanical Pencil.

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27 Apr 2010. The PhD in metal trim and high luster plastic. 

Collaboration at the PhD thesis of J. Dessureault-Rompré, ... Nowack B, Schulin R, Tercier-Waeber M-L, Luster J. Metal solubility and speciation

PhD in Mineralogy and. Economic Geology by Mr. Coltman, are the previous works in the concerned field. Current research work is having the inspiration contents from the previous work and also a step in the advancement for future.

OBJECTIVES

There are several objectives of the research on the above topic

1. To spread the knowledge of Luster Property of metals2. To motivate the researcher for the advancement of current technology3. To make an advance work with the combination of previous in same field.4. To spread awareness about the use and adoption meals having luster properties.5. To make the thesis in such a way, so that further new research work can be done as an

advance version of this work.6. To identify the comparison in metal’s property of luster 7. To motivate the researcher or inventors for making advance technology8. To produce the consolidated material for getting the knowledge about the properties and

comparison of metals having luster

NEED AND SCOPE OF STUDY

As to get the combined and complete knowledge of metals for its luster property, we have to refer many data through different sources, but no data is available in a consolidation format. The all contents of this research work will be a solution for the same.

In future for doing advance research on the related topic one must have full database about it, therefore the current work will be a unique collection of database for all references.

In many newly established industries or upcoming workers, who are intended to pursue working in the metal field, there will always be a need to have the specific reference material to consult the many points, therefore the work which is to be done in this topic will be helpful for those.

Uses, Maintenance, furnishing storage of metals for future use will also be specifically explained. Therefore the research work is having a wide scope for future concerned works.

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METHODLOGY

In the first phase of research a brief introduction about the metals having luster properties will be discussed. The definition of Luster and other related matter will also be explained. With different metals the ration and uses of metals with comparative study will be described. With help of mathematical analytical analysis, images and histogram the comparative study will be shown

To know the concept and comparison images and scalar part help us, therefore in the thesis all the pictorial formats with graph and histogram will be added. Final part of the thesis will comprise conclusion theory and reference part.

CONCLUSION

To get the knowledge for luster properties and the comparison among the metals this work will be very helpful. There may be a possibility of making book publication for the current work so that it could become a compulsory reference matter for the students, researchers or any related candidate, as the thesis will comprising a consolidated database for the title. After the completion of this thesis the awareness of knowing current technology will be increased.

Researchers who are continuing the research with concerned topics may have some contents through this thesis. The work will be more useful for the people involving in finding and inventing new technologies for the uses, maintenance, restoring of the metals. There may be some concerned research in the world going on with some related topics and for the advancement and the source database the current research is also useful.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A.N.T References : Metal Properties 2009

AIEER, Gwalior Overview : Physics 2008

Dr. A.P. Bhadaoriya : Generalized theory on luster of metals

Metals and Nonmetals - Difference between Metals and Nonmetals - What Are t ...chemistry.about.com/od/elementgroups/a/metalloids.htm - Cached - Similar

Silver Facts - Periodic Table of the ElementsSilver Facts. Chemical & Physical Properties. By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph ...chemistry.about.com/od/elementfacts/a/silver.htm - Cached - SimilarShow more results from about.com

Minerals II

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Properties. by Anne E. Egger, Ph.D. Key Concepts hide. Properties that help geologists identify a mineral in a rock are: color, hardness, luster, ...www.visionlearning.com › Library › Earth ScienceProperties. by Anne E. Egger, Ph.D. Key Concepts hide. Properties that help geologists identify a mineral in a rock are: color, hardness, luster, ...www.visionlearning.com › Library › Earth Science

Physical   Properties   Of   Metals   And Non- metals ,   Metals   And Non   ... To summarize: metals are electropositive in nature, lustrous, malleable, ... A detailed comparison of properties of metals and non-metals is given in table. ...www.tutorvista.com/.../metals...metals/physical-properties-metals-non-metals.php - United States  Metals , Nonmetals and Metalloids Metalloids. Properties intermediate between the metals and nonmetals. Silicon for example appears lustrous, but is not malleable or ductile (it is brittle ...www.mikeblaber.org/oldwine/.../notes/.../Metals/Period06.htm - Cached - Similar

Nonmetals -   Properties   of Element Groups Solid nonmetals are generally brittle, with little or no metallic luster. ... Metalloids or Semimetals - Properties of Element Groups · Metals and Nonmetals.chemistry.about.com/od/elementgroups/a/nonmetals.

Mineral Identification Key Mineral   Properties   &   Luster Brief discussions of the most important properties follow below. ... Non-metallic, not looking like a metal at all. Nonmetallic luster is divided into ...www.minsocam.org/msa/collectors.../mineral_id_keyi3 Pursuit Of The   Properties   Of   Metals   And Nonmetals | Free Lesson   ... Define the concepts of color, luster, malleability, and conductivity with your students. Next, review the properties of metals, nonmetals, and semimetals. ...www.discoveryeducation.com 

Metal Guide: AVR overview on metals 2009 volume 9

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General Introduction to Migration of Charge in DNA Jasmin Jadon: Research Scholar Biotechnology:

Introduction: It is a well known fact in the science of Biotechnology that charge migration is a very important process in biomolecules and other large polymeric systems. It has been found that charge migration in proteins or similar systems is highly efficient, but the mechanistic origin is still not well understood even though various models have been advanced (1, 2).Recently we have demonstrated that the photoionization of positive charge at a specific chromophore in a series of polypeptides can lead to facile migration of this charge over long peptide chains (3–5); we have studied neutral peptides of natural amino acids of the type (X)n-Y (n = 1, 2, 3, where Y denotes the aromatic amino acid) in the gas phase. They have been prepared by laser desorption and supersonic cooling. Local ionization is performed by resonant laser excitation in aromatic acid Y located at the C terminus. Subsequent UV photofragmentation of the cation is shown to directly reflect the prior charge migration in these large molecules. The charge is initially localized at the chromophore in the form of an electronic hole in its ground electronic state of the cation. After photoexcitation of the cation, the electron is promoted into a charge transfer (CT) state (or by a photoexcitation to a localized state followed by internal conversion to a CT state) and the new hole thus created can hop between local sites in the chain.

Estimation: The distance and direction of the charge migration is determined to a first order by the ionization energies of the individual amino acids, rather than the ionization potential of the entire supramolecule (6). It has been found that the charge migration can be blocked by as small a local barrier as 0.2–0.3 eV (differences in ionization potentials between different neighboring amino acids). In this work, we shall propose a model that is compatible with experiments and supported by ab initio (6) and molecular dynamics (7) calculations. Because of the importance of DNA damage and its repair, diverse biophysical and biochemical studies have sought to understand the electron transfer (ET) in DNA (8–11). The strong resemblance of the base-pair stack of DNA to conductive one-dimensional aromatic crystals has prompted the proposal that long-range charge transport might proceed through DNA. Recently Zewail and co-workers (8) have reported with femtosecond resolution the direct observation in DNA of ultrafast ET, initiated by excitation of tethered ethidium, the intercalated electron acceptor.

Conclusion: The long-range charge hopping in DNA (ref. 19 and the references therein). In our theoretical treatment of long-range charge migration in proteins and DNA, the torsional motion of floppy backbones is emphasized to play a very important role in the hole hopping between local amino acid sites in proteins. We have derived the generalized master equations which can describe the time evolution of the charge migration (and/or other dynamical processes) in complex systems.

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CONTRIBUTION OF PROPERTIES AND EFFECTS OF GLUCOSE IN OUR LIFE

By : Santosh Kumar Dakhle

Research Scholar: CMJ University, Shillong, Meghalaya

The question in the field of chemistry often arises that why glucose—and not another monosaccharide such as fructose—is so widely used in organisms is not clearly understood. One reason might be that glucose has a lower tendency, relative to other hexose sugars, to react non-specifically with the amino groups of proteins. This reaction (glycation) reduces or destroys the function of many enzymes. The low rate of glycation is due to glucose's preference for the less reactive cyclic isomer. Nevertheless, many of the long-term complications of diabetes (e.g., blindness, renal failure, and peripheral neuropathy) are probably due to the glycation of proteins or lipids.[5]In contrast, enzyme-regulated addition of glucose to proteins by glycosylation is often essential to their function. Another reason as to why glucose is the most common sugar is that it is the most conformation stable among other possibilities.

Non-invasive blood glucose determination has been investigated by more than 100 research groups all over the world during the past fifteen years. Many measurement methods are based on the capacity of near-infrared light to penetrate a few millimetres into human tissue where it interacts with glucose.

A change of glucose concentration may change the optical parameters in tissue, with the result that its glucose concentration can be extracted by analysing the received optical (or other) signals. This paper applies a streak camera in conjunction with the photoacoustic (PA) technique to study glucose determination on the based on optical scattering effect and on skin properties.

The near-infrared region, the scattering change, rather than the change of absorption or thermal physical parameters of glucose dominates the PA response of glucose in whole blood. However, the skin in vivo tests show that other factors, such as physiological change, blood circulation, water content, and body temperature drift, may interfere with PA response of glucose in noninvasive measurement. This is due to skin to be high scattering, neither homogeneous nor simply multilayered, so that any change in its morphology will cause the scattering change in it.

In glucose measurements, PA technique has higher detection sensitivity than near infrared absorption method. The effect of glucose scattering can increase PA response. However, from the viewpoint of detection sensitivity, PA method is not the best choice for optical scattering measurement or non-invasive blood glucose determination based on the optical scattering effects, because PA mechanism is relative to the total effects of optical absorption and thermal expansion, rather than optical scattering directly.

Future research work should focus on finding better scattering-related method or larger glucose-induced optical effects in tissue. Glucose is a ubiquitous fuel in biology. It is used as an energy

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source in most organisms, from bacteria to humans. Use of glucose may be by either aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, or fermentation. Glucose is the human body's key source of energy, through aerobic respiration, providing approximately 3.75 kilocalories (16 kilojoules) of food energyper gram.[6] Breakdown of carbohydrates (e.g. starch) yields mono- and disaccharides, most of which is glucose. Through glycolysis and later in the reactions of the citric acid cycle (TCAC), glucose is oxidized to eventually form CO2 and water, yielding energy sources, mostly in the form of ATP. The insulin reaction, and other mechanisms, regulate the concentration of glucose in the blood.

Reference

1. V.; Migarskaya, L. B. (1960), "Heats of combustion of some amino-acids", Russ. J. Phys. Chem. (Engl. Transl.) 

2. Boerio-Goates, Juliana (1991), "Heat-capacity measurements and thermodynamic functions of crystalline α-D-glucose at temperatures from 10K to 340K", J. Chem. Thermodynam. .

3. ^ Clark, D.; Sokoloff, L. (1999), Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects.

4. "Dextrose", Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary5. ^ High Blood Glucose and Diabetes Complications: The buildup of molecules known as

AGEs may be the key link, American Diabetes Association. 6. S. Nissilä and O. Ahola, et al., Medical Sensors IV and Fibre Optics Sensor III, Proceedings

7. F. A. Duck, Physical properties of tissue: a comprehensive reference book, Academic Press Inc., San Diego, 1990.

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FOR ANY ASSISTANCE REGARDING ARTICLE OR RESEARCH MAKINGGET ASSISTANCE THROUGH MAILING airoofficials@gmail.com

Volume – III

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GENERAL THEORY OF SPECTROSCOPY AND CHROMATROGRAPHY FOR CHARACTERIZATION IN VARIOUS SOLUTIONS

By: Subhash Ram Dabar Research Scholar : CMJ University, Shillong, Meghalaya

The two major areas of the analytical sciences are Spectroscopy and Chromatography. Spectroscopy covers a wide range of techniques for chemical analysis at the atomic and molecular level. Chromatography is a general term for techniques that separate, identify and quantify compounds.

Spectroscopy is the interactions of matter with radiation particularly electromagnetic region such as UV visible and infrared light. The range of light analysis techniques includes absorbance, reflection, emission, scattering and refractive index. The physical quantity measured is either of energy absorbed or energy produced.Absorption Spectroscopy includes atomic absorption and molecular techniques, such as infrared and ultraviolet-visible. Emission Spectroscopy includes fluorescence and one of the main examples of Scattering Spectroscopy, is Raman Spectroscopy. Other commonly used spectroscopic analysis techniques are Circular Dichroism , Dual Polarisation Interferometry and Laser Spectroscopy.

Reaction Kinetics are usually detected and recorded by spectroscopic techniques such as UV absorbance, fluorescence or circular dichroism. One of the main rapid kinetics techniques is stopped-flow, commonly used with fluorescence detection due to its high sensitivity.High pressure liquid chromatography. The sample to be analysed is dissolved in a liquid which is pumped through a column packed with particles. As the analyte traverses the length of the column it is slowed by specific chemical or physical interactions with the particles. When the analyte emerges from the column it passes through a detector which shows a peak with a retention time characteristic for that analyte. Traditional HPLC is performed with columns packed with particles usually around 5 μm diameter. Smaller particles (<2 μm) provide more surface area with significant increases in resolution, speed, and sensitivity.

The development of chemistry is based on finding out the composition of various compounds. Not just the chemical aspect of it but the physical parameters and properties as well. The branch of chemistry which throws light on the various aspects involved in characterizing an element, compound or mixture is known as analytical chemistry. The importance of Analytical chemistry is the determination of the chemical composition of matter. This is done by the identification of a substance, the elucidation of its structure and its composition. These are the aspects covered by analytical chemistry, which involve a wide variety of equipment and techniques

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Analytical chemistry is an interdisciplinary branch of science wherein a large number of inputs from different branches of sciences have contributed to its development. For instance, most of the chromatographic methods were invented by biochemists, or biological scientists, while contributions by physicists account for  nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy etc.

References:

Chromatography General Chemistry 2001Chromatography General Chemistry 2002Chromatography General Chemistry 2003Chromatography General Chemistry 2004Chromatography General Chemistry 2005Chromatography General Chemistry 2006

AIEER REVIEWNAL CHEMISTRY 2009AIEER REVIEWNAL CHEMISTRY 2010

AIEER REVIEWNAL CHEMISTRY 2011

AIEER REVIEWNAL CHEMISTRY 2012

WWW.WICKYPEDIA.COM

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IMPROVISATION OF OLD PATTERNED MATERIALS IN MODERN HOUSES OF INDIA

Madan Lal Gupta : Research Scholar Civil Engineering

ABSTRACT

These days’ low cost and high safety materials are in demand in almost all countries of the world. The maximum loss to life and property in the Asian Region, due to frequent occurrence of natural disasters, dictates the need for the evolution of safer habitat, which can respond and resist the loads, forces and effects due to the natural disasters. This becomes imperative in the context of huge socioeconomic loss to nations. Therefore, all efforts are to be promoted and nurtured for safer building construction to take care of normal loads and forces and the effects of natural disasters. This can only happen when an enabling environment is created for effective techno-legal and techno financing regime for effective building regulatory mechanism for creating safe habitats. With large part of the communities belonging to low income strata, with people driven construction processes, appropriate grass root level technology transfer initiatives should be put in place for creating awareness, appreciation and application models for using disaster resistant and cost effective building technologies.

Introduction

In the developing countries such as our India, the technology in civil construction is growing and getting new inventions day by day. In this continuation the use of Chowkhats Blocks, Ash Bricks Roof Tiles and Interlocking Wall Blocks are the new additions in the field of construction. This research is based on the promotion and expansion of the use of prefabricated building component using fly ash.

The “Prefabrication” is the manufacture of an whole building or components cast in a factory or on site before being placed in position, assembling the structural units so that they can be easily and rapidly erected. Prefabricated buildings are pre-cut, pre-drilled, and pre-

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engineered before the actual building is constructed. Prefabricated Structures (PFS) are useful for sites, which are not suitable for normal construction methods such as hilly regions, and also when normal construction materials are not easily available.

Reviews

The information supplied in this report is obtained from the reliable sources.

ii Fly ash is a fine, glass-like powder recovered from gases created by coal-fired electric power generation. Flyash material is solidified while suspended in the exhaust gases and is collected by electrostatic precipitators or filter bags. Since the particles solidify while suspended in the exhaust gases, flyash particles are generally spherical in shape and range in size from 0.5 µm to 100 µm. They consist mostly of silicon dioxide (SiO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and iron oxide (Fe2O3).

selection of fly ash brick manufacturing technology should be based on the availability of raw materials, financial strength of the entrepreneur, and the market characteristics (size and nature of applications, i.e. required strength and quality of the bricks / blocks etc.).

Clay fly ash brick technologies should be encouraged for conversion of large number of clay fired brick units and urgent steps taken is low investment and minimum changes from status quo are required.

Advantages of prefabrication are: 1. In prefabricated construction, as the components are readymade,

self supporting, shuttering and scaffolding is eliminated with a saving in shuttering cost.

2. In conventional methods, the shuttering gets damaged due to its repetitive use because of frequent cutting, nailing etc. On the other

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hand, the mould for the precast components can be used for large number of repetitions thereby reducing the cost of the mould per unit.

3. In prefabricated housing system, time is saved by the use of precast elements which are casted off-site during the course of foundations being laid. The finishes and services can be done below the slab immediately. While in the conventional in-situ RCC slabs, due to props and shuttering, the work cannot be done, till they are removed. Thus, saving of time attributes to saving of money.

Recommendations 1. Risk and security have to be defined in the context of location

specific vulnerabilities, 2. Safety and security of people can be ensured only when the affected

communities determine their priorities and control the use of resources

3. Building innovations that are evolved by the poor to cope with the crisis can be sustained by mainstream institutional structures if they are supported with resources and capacities.

4. Standard safety norms and building codes are developed (in relation to local skills, materials and resources)

5. Alternative institutional arrangements to ensure resources allocated for the widespread awareness of safe building techniques.

References

[1] “Faster Production of Stone Blocks and Concrete Blocks‟, CBRI-Annual Report, 1999- 2000.

[2] Garg R.K., `Sustainable Human Settlements and Cost Effective Housing Technologies.‟ BMTPC

[3] Garg R.K., Garg N. K. & Batra Y. K.(2004), Sanitation and Waste Water Disposal Systems inRural Areas, Journal of Indian Building Congress, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2004; Seminar on “Up gradation of Housing & Amenities in Rural Areas”, Bhubaneswar, December, 22nd -23rd2004. BMTPC.ACSGE-2009, Oct 25-27, BITS Pilani, India

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AIEER Civil Engineering Reviews 2007

AIEER Civil Engineering Reviews 2008

AIEER Civil Engineering Reviews 2009

AIEER Civil Engineering Reviews 2010

Recycle Construction Analysis Gaurav Jain Volume 1

Recycle Construction Analysis Gaurav Jain Volume 2

Recycle Construction Analysis Gaurav Jain Volume 3

Recycle Construction Analysis Gaurav Jain Volume 4

Recycle Construction Analysis Gaurav Jain Volume 5

Recycle Construction Analysis Gaurav Jain Volume 6

Recycle Construction Analysis Gaurav Jain Volume 7

Recycle Construction Analysis Gaurav Jain Volume 8

Recycle Construction Analysis Gaurav Jain Volume 9

Prefabricated structures –a case study” by Charl .h, Jevan.P vol .6, 2001, “structural engineering journal”.

Prefabricated structures by Charan singh.

www.prefabricate.com

Rajiv Gupta Latest Building Construction Techniques : Volume 1

Rajiv Gupta Latest Building Construction Techniques : Volume 2

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Modern Techniques and Implementation of Latest Updates on Nanostructures & Nanomaterials

Bharat Singh Jayant : Research Scholar CMJ University

Nanomaterials is a field that takes a materials science-based approach on nanotechnology. It studies materials with morphological features on the nanoscale, and especially those that have special properties stemming from their nanoscale dimensions. Nanoscale is usually defined as smaller than a one tenth of a micrometer in at least one dimension,[1] though sometimes includes up to a micrometer.

On 18 October 2011, the European Commission adopted the following definition of a nanomaterial:

A natural, incidental or manufactured material containing particles, in an unbound state or as an aggregate or as an agglomerate and where, for 50% or more of the particles in the number size distribution, one or more external dimensions is in the size range 1 nm – 100 nm. In specific cases and where warranted by concerns for the environment, health, safety or competitiveness the number size distribution threshold of 50% may be replaced by a threshold between 1 and 50%.

An important aspect of nanotechnology is the vastly increased ratio of surface area to volume present in many nanoscale materials, which makes possible new quantum mechanical effects. One example is the “quantum size effect” where the electronic properties of solids are altered with great reductions in particle size. Nanoparticles, for example, take advantage of their dramatically increased surface area to volume ratio. Their optical properties, e.g. fluorescence, become a function of the particle diameter. This effect does not come into play by going from macro to micro dimensions. However, it becomes pronounced when the nanometer size range is reached.

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Nanomaterials and nanostructures are key components in the development of nanomanufacturing technologies leading toward macroscopic system innovations that directly benefit society. They find extensive applications in the areas of electronics, optoelectronics, photonics, photovoltaics, catalysis, energy storage, sensors, environmental science, and biomedical systems.

Georgia Tech faculty are actively involved in related research, utilizing the state-of-art cleanroom and characterization facilities at the IEN to accomplish their research goals. Ongoing research by GT faculty involves synthesis of nanomaterials, emphasizing the relationships between the atomic- and microstructure, study of material properties and characterization, processing and performance of nanomaterials, development of nanogenerators and self-powered nanosystems, and graphene nanoelectronics. Active research also includes the potential applications of nanomaterials in nanomedicine, plasmonics, and nanocatalysis. In the area of biomedical engineering, research is focused Further examples of faculty research include the use of diamond coatings as a bio-barrier to prevent the body from attacking implants, and nanomaterials in tissue engineering.

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Current Techniques and Improvisation of Metaphysics

Anand Swaroop Laharia : Research Scholar CMJ University

Metaphysics is a traditional branch of philosophy concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world that encompasses it, although the term is not easily defined. Traditionally, metaphysics attempts to answer two basic questions in the broadest possible terms:

1. What is ultimately there?2. What is it like?

A person who studies metaphysics is called a metaphysicist  or a metaphysician. The metaphysician attempts to clarify the fundamental notions by which people understand the world, e.g., existence, objects and their properties, space and time, cause and effect, and possibility. A central branch of metaphysics is ontology, the investigation into the basic categories of being and how they relate to each other. Another central branch of metaphysics is cosmology, the study of the origin (if it had one), fundamental structure, nature, and dynamics of the universe.

Prior to the modern history of science, scientific questions were addressed as a part of metaphysics known as natural philosophy. Originally, the term "science" (Latin scientia) simply meant "knowledge". The scientific method, however, transformed natural philosophy into anempirical activity deriving from experiment unlike the rest of philosophy. By the end of the 18th century, it had begun to be called "science" to distinguish it from philosophy. Thereafter, metaphysics denoted philosophical enquiry of a non-empirical character into the nature of existence.[6] Some philosophers of science, such as the neo-positivists, say that natural science rejects the study of metaphysics, while other philosophers of science strongly disagree.

The world seems to contain many individual things, both physical, like apples, and abstract, such as love and the number 3; the former objects are

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called particulars. Particulars are said to have attributes, e.g. size, shape, color, location, and two particulars may have some such attributes in common. Such attributes are also termed Universals or Properties; the nature of these, and whether they have any real existence and if so of what kind, is a long-standing issue, realism and nominalism representing opposing views.

Metaphysicians concerned with questions about universals or particulars are interested in the nature of objects and their properties, and the relationship between the two. Some, e.g. Plato, argue that properties are abstract objects, existing outside of space and time, to which particular objects bear special relations. David Armstrong holds that universals exist in time and space but only at their instantiation and their discovery is a function of science. Others maintain that particulars are a bundle or collection of properties (specifically, a bundle of properties they have).

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Predication of Useful data by applying data Warehousing Techniques

Manish Kumar Shukla:

Research Scholar Computer Science - Shri Venkateshwara University Gajraula, Amroha, (U.P.),

Data mining techniques provide people with new power to research and manipulate the existing large volume of data. Data mining process discovers interesting information from the hidden data which can either be used for future prediction and/or intelligently summarizing the details of the data. There are many achievements of applying data mining techniques to various areas such as marketing, medical, financial, and car manufacturing. In this paper, a proposed data mining application in car manufacturing domain is explained and experimented. The application results demonstrate the capability of data mining techniques in providing important analysis such as launch analysis and slow turning analysis. Such analysis help in providing car market with base for more accurate prediction of future market demand.

The main steps for providing the Slow Turn/Launch analysis are the following •Receiving and validating the data sources.•ETL the data sources to the data warehouse.•Processing the data warehouse to generate the required data marts.•Building the required data marts and OLAP cubes.•Generating the reports.•Delivering the analysis in the form of Excel work books, and PowerPoint slides.The data sources used for this solution are the followings:•”Stock/Sales/Orders” data sources are snapshots at the (exact) date of data.•“Production Plan” data source is a list of models quantities that are planned to be produced for a specific period.•“TOPs” data source is a structured data which is used to map all car configurations under production.•“SPOT” data source is used to list dealers, in addition to their rating and their geographic information.•“Web Activity” data source is used to track all user web hits/requests on DCX websites. The ETL was designed for transforming heterogeneous data sources formats into flat file format in order to load it as bulk insert, to gain higher performance.

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Conclusion

A survey on the data mining techniques developed in car market area. A classification of the available data mining techniques was also provided, based on the kinds of databases to be mined, the kinds of knowledge to be discovered, and the kinds of techniques to be adopted. This survey is organized according to one classification scheme: the kinds of knowledge to be mined

REFERENCES

S. Bongsik, “An exploratory investigation of system success factors in data warehousing”, Journal Of The Association For Information Systems, vol. 4, pp. 141-168, 2003.[2] L. Cabibbo and R. Torlone, “An architecture for data warehousingsupporting data independence and interoperability: an architecture for data warehousing”, International Journal Of Cooperative Information Systems, vol. 10, no. 3, 2001.[3] D. Calvanese, G. D. Giacomo, M. Lenzerini, D. Nardi, and R. Rosati,“Data integration in data warehousing”, International Journal Of Cooperative Information Systems, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 237, 2001.[4]  N. Chan, H. Wong, “Data mining of resilience indicators”, IIE Transactions, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 617-627, 2007.[5] S. Elkaffas and A. Toony, “Applications of genetic programming in datamining”, Enformatika; vol. 17, pp. 1-5, 2006.

Latest Updates on Data Mining Techniques and Tools

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CURRENT UPDATES UNDER APPLICATION OF DATA MINING TECHNIQUE IN E-COMMERCE

ASHISH KUMAR: Research Scholar Computer Science - Shri Venkateshwara University Gajraula, Amroha, (U.P.),

The Data is becoming an important part of people’s life. The web is a very good place to run successful businesses. Selling products or services online plays an important role in the success of businesses that have a physical presence, like a retail business. Therefore, it is important to have a successful website to serve as a sales and marketing tool. One of the effective used technologies for that purpose is data mining. Data mining is the process of extracting interesting patterns from large databases. Web mining is the usage of data mining techniques to extract interesting information from web data. 

Electronic commerce is changing the face of business. It allows better customer management, new strategies for marketing, an expanded range of products and more efficient operations. A key enabler of this change is the widespread use of increasingly sophisticated data mining tools.

Early efforts at this were based on market segmentation. Businesses attempted to discover clusters of consumers who were similar, and then would develop payment plans, ad campaigns, special discounts and other policies designed for each cluster (especially the most profitable). The data mining tool used for this was cluster analysis, and the most famous commercial pioneer is Claritas, which used Census data to identify 64 “clusters” of consumers, with shorthand descriptors such as “kids and cul-de-sacs” or “money and brains” or “back country folks.” Clusters get revised periodically to reflect important changes; for example, Claritas recently added the cluster “young digerati” to reflect the important technophile segment.

References

Bradlow, E. T. and Schmittlein, D. C. (2000). The little engines that could: Modeling the

performance of the World Wide Web search engines. Marketing Sci. 19 43–62.

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Chatterjee, P., Hoffman, D. L. and Novak, T. (2003). Modeling the clickstream: Implications for web-based advertising efforts. Marketing Sci. 22 520–541.

Clyde, M. and George, E. I. (2004). Model uncertainty. Statist. Sci. 19 81–94. MR2082148

Dobra, A. and Fienberg, S. E. (2003). How large is the World Wide Web? In Web Dynamics

(M. Levene and A. Poulovassilis, eds.) 23–44. Springer, New York.

Donoho, D. L. and Huber, P. J. (1983). The notion of breakdown point. In A Festschrift for

Erich L. Lehmann (P. Bickel, K. Doksum and J. Hodges, eds.) 157–184. Wadsworth, Belmont,

CA. MR0689745

Dumais, S. (1991). Improving the retrieval of information from external sources. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers 23 229–236.

Fellegi, I. P. and Sunter, A. B. (1969). A theory for record linkage. J. Amer. Statist. Assoc.

64 1183–1210.

Fienberg, S. E. (2006). Privacy and confidentiality in an e-commerce world: Data mining, data

warehousing, matching and disclosure limitation. Statist. Sci. 21 143–154.

Friedman, J. H. and Popescu, B. E. (2005). Predictive learning via rule ensembles.

Web address: http://arxiv.org/pdf/math/0609204.pdf

***

73

STUDY OF REASONS AND PROBLEMS RECTIFICATION IN PROJECT DEVELOPMENT UNDER DATA MINING

Dhyan Chandra

Research Scholar Computer Science - Shri Venkateshwara University Gajraula, Amroha, (U.P.),

There are many achievements of applying data mining techniques to various areas such as marketing, medical, financial, and car manufacturing. In this paper, a proposed data mining application in car manufacturing domain is explained and experimented. The overall study of the concerned title reveals that data mining techniques provide people with new power to research and manipulate the existing large volume of data. Data mining process discovers interesting information from the hidden data which can either be used for future prediction and/or intelligently summarizing the details of the data. The application results demonstrate the capability of data mining techniques in providing important analysis such as launch analysis and slow turning analysis. Such analysis help in providing car market with base for more accurate prediction of future market necessity.

In summary, without business knowledge, not a single step of the data mining process can be effective; there are no “purely technical” steps.  Business knowledge guides the process towards useful results, and enables the recognition of those results that are useful.  Data mining is an iterative process, with business knowledge at its core, driving continual improvement of results.

The second aspect is making the data more informative with respect to the business problem – for example, certain derived fields or aggregates may be relevant to the data mining question; the data miner knows this through business knowledge and data knowledge.  By including these fields in the

74

data, the data miner manipulates the search space to make it possible or easier for their preferred techniques to find a solution.

There are 5 factors which contribute to the necessity for experiment in finding data mining solutions:1. If the problem space were well-understood, the data mining process

would not be needed – data mining is the process of searching for as yet unknown connections.

2. For a given application, there is not only one problem space; different models may be used to solve different parts of the problem, and the way in which the problem is decomposed is itself often the result of data mining and not known before the process begins.

3.  The data miner manipulates, or “shapes”, the problem space by data preparation, so that the grounds for evaluating a model are constantly shifting.

4. There is no technical measure of value for a predictive model (see 8th law).

5. The business objective itself undergoes revision and development during the data mining process, so that the appropriate data mining goals may change completely.

***

Modern Scenario of Cryptography and Message Security

Bhanu Prasad Vishwakarma : Research Scholar Computer Science - Shri Venkateshwara University Gajraula, Amroha, (U.P.),

The requirements of a security regime which addresses these risks are conventionally summarized under four broad headings. For the sender and receiver to be confident in the outcome of their communications, all of these requirements need to be satisfied.(1) 'Confidentiality', or Message Content SecurityThis comprises two separate requirements, that, during a message's transit from sender to receiver: no observer can access the contents of the message; and no observer can identify the sender and receiver.The term 'confidentiality' is used by computer scientists who specialize in security matters. This is most unfortunate, because the term has an entirely different meaning within commerce generally, which derives from the law of confidence. For this reason, the alternative term 'message content security' is used in this Module.

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(2) Integrity of Message ContentThis requires that the recipient can be sure that, whether accidentally, or because of an action by any party: the message has not been changed or lost during transmission; the message has not been prevented from reaching the recipient; and the message has not reached the recipient twice.(3) Authentication of the Sender and RecipientThis requires that: the sender can be sure that the message reaches the intended

recipient, and only the intended recipient; and the recipient can be sure that the message came from the sender and

not an imposter. The act by an imposter of sending such a message is referred to as 'spoofing'.

(4) Non-Repudiation by the Sender and RecipientThis requires that: the sender cannot credibly deny that the message was sent by them;

and the recipient cannot credibly deny that the message was received by

them. Symmetric cryptography involves a single, secret key, which both

the message-sender and the message-recipient must have. It is used by the sender to encrypt the message, and by the recipient to decrypt it.

The NSA stated in the mid-1990s that a 40-bit length was acceptable to them (i.e. they can crack it sufficiently quickly). Increasing processor speeds, combined with loosely-coupled multi-processor configurations, are bringing the ability to crack such short keys within the reach of much less well-funded organizations. To be 'strong', the key-length therefore needs to be at least 56 bits in 1998, and it was argued by an expert group as early as 1996 that 90 bits is a more appropriate length.

Symmetric cryptography provides a means of satisfying the requirement of message content security, because the content cannot be read without the secret key. There remains a risk exposure, however, because neither party can be sure that the other party has not exposed the secret key to a third party (whether accidentally or intentionally).

Conclusion

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If a person or organization loses their private key, they are unable to: encrypt messages with their private key; and read messages sent to them encrypted with their own public key.If the private key is stored only on a person's workstation or chip, it is vulnerable to theft, loss, damage and malfunction of that device. In order to address those risks, it is strongly advisable that every private key be placed into deposit in some location separate from that person's normal workstation. Because of the risks involved if the private key comes to be known by some other person, the deposit needs to be subject to an appropriately high set of security standards.If, however, security is to be sustained (and, indeed, if privacy is to be protected), any access to escrowed keys would need to be subject to very careful designed and implemented controls, e.g. a prior requirement of legal authority (such as a search warrant), granted by a senior member of the judiciary.If key escrow is implemented, it might be: voluntary; voluntary for individuals but mandatory for corporations; mandatory for all users; or mandatory for dealings with government.and the function might be performed by: one or more individuals and/or service organizations of the key-owner's

choice; a service organization which must be licensed, and which, as a

condition of the license, has to satisfy certain conditions; or a specified government agency or agencies.

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          Volume VI AIRO NATIONAL JOURNAL ISSN : 2321-3914   

Review, Comparison & Modern Changes in British & American English

Submitted by : TANU PRIYA  Research Scholar English Page: 78

An Introduction to Grobner Bases

 Submitted by Rajwinder Kaur      Research Scholar Mathematics Page: 82

Womanhood in the light of The Life Divine

 By  Umesh Prasad Research Scholar English  Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh India  Page 89

Implementation & Analysis on Cloud Computing Process & Grid Architecture

Submitted by :SHEETAL  Research Scholar Computer Sc. Page 93

Role of Micro-bacteria in Cleaning of the Organic Pollutants from Yamuna River

 Submitted by SAT PAUL Research Scholar ZOOLOGY Page 95

LITERARY CRITICISIM AND TRADITION IN ELIOT’S POETRY”

Submitted by :Dr. Sarita Research Scholar English Page 100

The Electronic Nose

Submitted by : Dr. S. Viswanadha Raju Professor, Department of Computer Science & EngineeringJNTU, Hyderabad.

&M. Naveen Kumar Research Scholar Ph.D in Computer Science Dravidian University Page 103

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Review, Comparison & Modern Changes in British & American English

Submitted by : TANU PRIYA Research Scholar English

Introduction

The use of English in the United States was inherited from British colonization. The first wave of English-

speaking settlers arrived in North America in the 17th century. During that time, there were also speakers in

North America of Spanish, French, Dutch, German, Norwegian, Swedish, Scots, Welsh, Irish, Scottish Gaelic,

Finnish, Russian (Alaska) and numerous Native American languages.

The English language was first introduced to the Americas by British colonization, beginning in 1607

in Jamestown, Virginia. Similarly, the language spread to numerous other parts of the world as a result of British

trade and colonization elsewhere and the spread of the former British Empire, which, by 1921, held sway over a

population of 470–570 million people, approximately a quarter of the world's population at that time.

Although spoken American and British English are generally mutually intelligible, there are occasional

differences which might cause embarrassment—for example, in American English a rubber is usually interpreted

as a condom rather than an eraser; and a British fanny refers to the female pubic area, while the

American fanny refers to an ass (US) or anarse (UK). Likewise the Australian root means to have sexual

intercourse whilst in both British and American English it means to support someone for success.

Review of Literature

American English and British English (BrE) differ at the levels of phonology, phonetics, vocabulary, and, to a

79

lesser extent, grammar and orthography. The first large American dictionary, An American Dictionary of the

English Language, was written by Noah Webster in 1828; Webster intended to show that the United States,

which was a relatively new country at the time, spoke a different dialect from that of Britain.

Differences in grammar are relatively minor, and normally do not affect mutual intelligibility; these include, but

are not limited to: different use of some verbal auxiliaries; formal (rather than notional) agreement with collective

nouns; different preferences for the past forms of a few verbs (e.g. AmE/BrE: learned/learnt, burned/burnt, and in

sneak, dive, get); different prepositions and adverbs in certain contexts (e.g. AmE in school, BrE at school); and

whether or not a definite article is used, in very few cases (AmE to the hospital, BrE to hospital). Often, these

differences are a matter of relative preferences rather than absolute rules; and most are not stable, since the two

varieties are constantly influencing each other.

Differences in orthography are also trivial. Some of the forms that now serve to distinguish American from

British spelling (color for colour, center for centre, traveler for traveller, etc.) were introduced by Noah Webster

himself; others are due to spelling tendencies in Britain from the 17th century until the present day (e.g. -ise for -

ize, although the Oxford English Dictionary still prefers the -ize ending) and cases favored by the francophile

tastes of 19th century Victorian England, which had little effect on AmE (e.g. programme for program,

manoeuvre for maneuver, skilful for skillful, cheque for check, etc.).

The most noticeable differences between AmE and BrE are at the levels of pronunciation and vocabulary.

While written AmE is standardized across the country, there are several recognizable variations in the spoken

language, both in pronunciation and in vernacular vocabulary. General American is the name given to any

American accent that is relatively free of noticeable regional influences.

After the Civil War, the settlement of the western territories by migrants from the Eastern U.S. led to dialect

mixing and leveling, so that regional dialects are most strongly differentiated along the Eastern seaboard. The

Connecticut River and Long Island Sound is usually regarded as the southern/western extent of New England

speech, which has its roots in the speech of the Puritans from East Anglia who settled in the Massachusetts Bay

Colony. The Potomac River generally divides a group of Northern coastal dialects from the beginning of the

Coastal Southern dialect area; in between these two rivers several local variations exist, chief among them the

one that prevails in and around New York City and northern New Jersey, which developed on a Dutch substratum

80

after the British conquered New Amsterdam. The main features of Coastal Southern speech can be traced to the

speech of the English from the West Country who settled in Virginia after leaving England at the time of the

English Civil War, and to the African influences from the African Americans who were enslaved in the South.

Although no longer region-specific, African American Vernacular English, which remains prevalent among

African Americans, has a close relationship to Southern varieties of AmE and has greatly influenced everyday

speech of many Americans.

A distinctive speech pattern also appears near the border between Canada and the United States, centered on the

Great Lakes region (but only on the American side). This is the Inland North Dialect—the "standard Midwestern"

speech that was the basis for General American in the mid-20th Century (although it has been recently modified

by the northern cities vowel shift). In the interior, the situation is very different. West of the Appalachian

Mountains begins the broad zone of what is generally called "Midland" speech. This is divided into two discrete

subdivisions, the North Midland that begins north of the Ohio River valley area, and the South Midland speech;

sometimes the former is designated simply "Midland" and the latter is reckoned as "Highland Southern." The

North Midland speech continues to expand westward until it becomes the closely related Western dialect which

contains Pacific Northwest English as well as the well-known California English, although in the immediate San

Francisco area some older speakers do not possess the cot-caught merger and thus retain the distinction between

words such as cot and caught which reflects a historical Mid-Atlantic heritage.

The South Midland or Highland Southern dialect follows the Ohio River in a generally southwesterly direction, moves across Arkansas and Oklahoma west of the Mississippi, and peters out in West Texas.

Objective

The main objective of this thesis is to get the current global acceptance of British and American English in

the international context of communication mainly in corporate world. Through this work we understand

the major differences and the way of acceptance and understand both the languages. Through review we

got to know how and where with the differences these languages are being implemented and accepted

with the lee.

Hypothesis

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At present, the English language situates itself at a transitional point between two worlds: o the old world

where all other usages than standard – informal speech, regional dialect – were considered to be inferior

or corrupt, and thus excluded from serious consideration, and o the new world where informal and

nonstandard usage is achieving a new presence and respectability within society.

American English is increasingly becoming a minority dialect of world English, and, although it has

exercised a greater influence on world English than any other variety, it seems to slowly lose its status as

the dominant version. A good example in this direction is the situation of the Internet.

Conclusion  

The conclusions are drawn in the theory and last chapters. The summary of the findings comes first,

focusing on the fact that British English has been influenced by American English since the 17th century.

Our research shows that this influence has been present in different fields of activity. In order to provide a

detailed view of the Americanisms that entered the British English vocabulary, we classified the 793 words

and phrases under two headings: everyday vocabulary (480 terms) and functional varieties (313 terms).

In our opinion the whole world witnesses the increasing unification of English towards the status of a

world language, as English has some kind of special administrative status in over seventy countries, it

achieves a special role when it is made a priority in a country’s foreign-language teaching policy, and

communication in the worlds of business and education is expected to be conducted in English. The final

conclusion is that the influence of American English on British English was much greater in

the beginning, but nowadays words and phrases are filtered and everything useless,

pompous, or simply fashion is to be eliminated. The more necessary an item proves to be,

the more quickly it will be absorbed into the language and it will accommodate in such a

manner that will not be perceived as an intruder anymore

References  

82

Airo Article Series 2006

Airo Article Series 2007

Airo Article Series 2008

AIEER Research Press 2009

Aruna & Archana: Communication Realities.

Chapman, James A. Grammar and Composition IV. 3d ed. Pensacola: A Beka Book, 2002.

"The names of sports teams, on the other hand, are treated as plurals, regardless of the

form of that name.

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000

http://www.perfectyourenglish.com/writing/american-and-british-usage-2.htm "Conditional

would is sometimes used in both clauses of an if-sentence. This is common in spoken

American English."

An Introduction to Grobner Bases

Submitted by Rajwinder Kaur Research Scholar Mathematics

Introduction

One of the purposes of research paper is to show that, in many cases Gröbner bases can be used to find solutions

for formal verification problems. In this way, this forms a good complement to existing techniques, like

83

simulators and SAT-solver, which are suited for identification of counter examples (falsification).

A significant advantage is, that Gröbner bases provide a mathematically proven systematic and very flexible tool

while many engineering solutions inside commercial verification tools rely on ad hoc heuristics for special cases.

However, the success of Gröbner basis methods, reported in this paper, could not be achieved with existing

generic Gröbner basis algorithms and implementations.

A new efficient algorithm for computing Gröbner bases which is to avoid as much intermediate computation as possible,

the algorithm computes successive truncated Gröbner bases and it replaces the classical polynomial reduction found in

the Buchberger algorithm by the simultaneous reduction of several polynomials. This powerful reduction mechanism is

achieved by means of a symbolic precomputation and by extensive use of sparse linear algebra methods. Current

techniques in linear algebra used in Computer Algebra are reviewed together with other methods coming from the

numerical field. Some previously untractable problems (Cyclic 9) are presented as well as an empirical comparison of a

first implementation of this algorithm with other well known programs. This comparison pays careful attention to

methodology issues. All the benchmarks and CPU times used in this paper are frequently updated and available on a Web

page. Even though the new algorithm does not improve the worst case complexity it is several times faster than previous

implementations both for integers and modulo p computations. a new efficient algorithm for computing Gröbner bases.

Review of literature

All operations related to Gröbner bases require the choice of a total order on the monomials, with the

following properties of compatibility with multiplication. For all monomials M, N, P,

1.

2. .

A total order satisfying these condition is sometimes called an admissible ordering.

These conditions imply Noetherianity, which means that every strictly decreasing sequence of monomials is

finite.

Although Gröbner basis theory does not depend on a particular choice of an admissible monomial ordering,

three monomial orderings are specially important for the applications:

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Lexicographical ordering, commonly called lex or plex (for pure lexical ordering).

Total degree reverse lexicographical ordering, commonly called degrevlex.

Elimination ordering, lexdeg.

Gröbner basis theory was initially introduced for the lexicographical ordering. It was soon realised that the

Gröbner basis for degrevlex is almost always much easier to compute, and that it is almost always easier to

compute a lex Gröbner basis by first computing the degrevlex basis and then using a "change of ordering

algorithm". When elimination is needed, degrevlex is not convenient; both lex and lexdeg may be used but,

again, many computations are relatively easy with lexdeg and almost impossible with lex.

Once a monomial ordering is fixed, the terms of a polynomial (product of a monomial with its nonzero

coefficient) are naturally ordered by decreasing monomials (for this order). This makes the representation of

a polynomial as an ordered list of pairs coefficient–exponent vector a canonical representation of the

polynomials. The first (greatest) term of a polynomial p for this ordering and the corresponding monomial

and coefficient are respectively called the leading term, leading monomial and leading coefficient and

denoted, in this article, lt(p), lm(p) and lc(p).

Reduction

The concept of reduction, also called multivariate division or normal form computation, is central to

Gröbner basis theory. It is a multivariate generalization of the Euclidean division of univariate polynomials.

In this section we suppose a fixed monomial ordering, which will not be defined explicitly.

Given two polynomials f and g, one says that f is reducible by g if some monomial m in f is a multiple of the

leading monomial lm(g) of g. If m happens to be the leading monomial of f then one says that f is lead-

reducibleby g. If c is the coefficient of m in f and m = q lm(g), the one-step reduction of f by g is the

operation that associates to f the polynomial

The main properties of this operation are that the resulting polynomial does not contain the

monomial m and that the monomials greater than m (for the monomial ordering) remain unchanged. This

operation is not, in general, uniquely defined; if several monomials in f are multiples of lm(g) one may

85

choose arbitrarily the one that is reduced. In practice, it is better to choose the greatest one for the

monomial ordering, because otherwise subsequent reductions could reintroduce the monomial that has

just been removed.

Given a finite set G of polynomials, one says that f is reducible or lead-reducible by G if it is reducible or

lead-reducible, respectively, by an element of G. If it is the case, then one defines 

. The (complete) reduction of f by G consists in applying iteratively this

operator   until getting a polynomial  , which is irreducible by G. It is called a normal

form of f by G. In general this form is not uniquely defined (this is not a canonical form); this non-

uniqueness is the starting point of Gröbner basis theory.

For Gröbner basis computations, except at the end, it is not necessary to do a complete reduction: a lead-

reduction is sufficient, which saves a large amount of computation.

Research Methodology

The theory of Gröbner bases has been extended by many authors in various directions. It has been generalized to

other structures such as polynomials over principal ideal rings or polynomial rings, and also some classes of non-

commutative rings and algebras, like Ore algebras.

Polynomial Algebra

Certain sets of polynomials have special algebraic structure, they may be rings, fields or ideals. Algebraic properties

associated to these structures play a very im-portant role in solving computational tasks involving polynomials. In this

chapter, we will discuss various aspects of polynomials which will play a fundamental role in our later discussion. We will

define ideals over polynomial rings and will give brief summary on Groebner bases for ideals and modules. Most of the

material given in this section is taken from [1, 18].

Monomials

A monomial, in n indeterminates x1, . . . , xn, is a product of the form xu1

1 xu2

2 · · · xun

n , where the ui are non-negative

86

integers, and u = (u1, . . . , un). The total degree of this monomial is the sum |u| = u1 + · · · + un.

2.1.1 Definition [Polynomial] A polynomial f in x1, x2, . . . , xn with the coeffi-cients in K (where K is any field) is a finite

linear combination of the monomials, written as

f = cuxu, cu ∈ K, (2.1)

∑

u

cu is called the coefficient of the monomial xu = xu1

1 · · · xun

n . If cu , 0 then we call cuxu a term of f . The set of all polynomials

in x1, x2, . . . , xn with coefficients in

is denoted by K[x] = K[x1, . . . , xn]. These polynomials in n variables, over a field K, together with operations of addition

and multiplication, satisfy all axioms of ring, and so form commutative polynomial ring.

Objective

This research work is elaborating the methodology of Grobner and its application in various mathematical aspects.

The main objective is to determine the more and more implementation of the theory of Grobner in the world of Mathematics

Through this work we are to know the following implementations

CoCoA free computer algebra system for computing Gröbner bases.

GAP free computer algebra system that can perform Gröbner bases calculations.

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FGb, Faugère's own implementation of his F4 algorithm, available as a Maple library.[5] To the date, as of 2014, it is,

with Magma, the fastest implementation for rational coefficients and coefficients in a finite field of prime order

Macaulay 2 free software for doing polynomial computations, particularly Gröbner bases calculations.

Magma has a very fast implementation of the Faugère's F4 algorithm.[6]

Maple has implementations of the Buchberger and Faugère F4 algorithms, as well as Gröbner trace

Mathematica includes an implementation of the Buchberger algorithm, with performance-improving techniques

such as the Gröbner walk, Gröbner trace, and an improvement for toric bases

SINGULAR free software for computing Gröbner bases

Sage provides a unified interface to several computer algebra systems (including SINGULAR and Macaulay), and

includes a few Gröbner basis algorithms of its own.

SymPy Python computer algebra system uses Gröbner bases to solve polynomial systems

Coding theory plays an important role in efficient transmission of data over noisy communication channels.

Based on experimentation and comparison of timings with other methods reported, we state a tentative

conclusion. The methods of this paper are viable and effective when the problem at hand is unperturbed from an

exactly solvable variant. They often give good results when the problem is overdetermined, provided the noise is

modest relative to an exactly solvable nearby problem, and the scale of coefficients does not vary too much. In

other situations it is not clear whether our methods can be adapted so readily.

While most examples covered seem to work efficiently and give reasonable results, it remains an open question

as to how competitive these methods are in regard to speed and quality of results, as compared to other

approaches. An advantage to Gröbner bases is that polynomial algebra is carried out in a sparse setting; many

methods based on linear algebra require dense matrix manipulation. The examples presented offer evidence that,

when working with input of modest degree, Gröbner bases methods are viable. That the coding is simple makes

them all the more attractive.

Hypothesis

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The Gröbner bases method is a powerful tool in symbolic and algebraic computing, which is currently not yet fully utilized

in SymPy. Also implementation of Buchberger’s algorithm is quite limited at the moment. However, as we showed in this

chapter, SymPy can be used for solving practical problems in symbolic mathematics, specifically problems which involve

solving systems of polynomials. We hope that, in foreseeable future, improved algorithms for computing Gröbner bases

will be implemented, so that SymPy will be able to tackle more complex problems.

Summary

In particular, the practical approach to find a minimal Gröbner basis is to calculate an interreduced Gröbner basis. Interreduction means that all generators are in normal form w.r.t. the rest of the generators. This is clearly not true here: x2y+x+1 can be reduced by succesive reduction with x−y into y3+y+1, and xy2+y+1 into y3+y+1 as well.

The sets {x2y+x+1,xy2+y+1,x−y} and {y3+y+1,x−y} generate the same ideal (you can write the elemtents of one in terms of the elements of the others), and it is interreduced: y3+y+1 does not reduce x−y, and x−y does not reduce y3+y+1. Thus, this is an interreduced Gröbner basis, and it is easy to see that it is also a minimal Gröbner basisWe presented a new method for SVA properties checking by using Groebner bases based symbolic

algebraic approaches. To guarantee the feasibility we defined a constrained subset of SVAs, which is powerful

enough for practical purposes.

References

Adams, W. W. and Loustaunau, P. An Introduction to Gröbner Bases. Providence, RI: Amer. Math. Soc., 1994.

Becker, T. and Weispfenning, V. Gröbner Bases: A Computational Approach to Commutative Algebra. New

York: Springer-Verlag, 1993.

Boege, W.; Gebauer, R.; and Kredel, H. "Some Examples for Solving Systems of Algebraic Equations by

Calculating Gröbner Bases." J. Symb. Comput. 1, 83-98, 1986.

Buchberger, B. "Gröbner Bases: An Algorithmic Method in Polynomial Ideal Theory." Ch. 6

in Multidimensional Systems Theory(Ed. N. K. Bose). New York: van Nostrand Reinhold, 1982.

Buchberger, B. "A Criterion for Detecting Unnecessary Reductions in the Construction of Groebner

Bases." Proceedings of the International Symposium on Symbolic and Algebraic Computation. pp. 3-21, June

89

1979.

Buchberger, B. "Groebner Bases: A Short Introduction for Systems

Theorists." http://www.risc.uni-linz.ac.at/people/buchberg/papers/2001-02-19-A.pdf.

Buchberger, B. and Zapletal, A. "Gröbner Bases ..

Bibliography." http://www.ricam.oeaw.ac.at/Groebner-Bases-Bibliography/.

Cox, D.; Little, J.; and O'Shea, D. Ideals, Varieties, and Algorithms: An Introduction to Algebraic Geometry and

Commutative Algebra, 2nd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1996.

Eisenbud, D. Commutative Algebra with a View toward Algebraic Geometry. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1995.

Faugere, J. C.; Gianni, P.; Lazard, D.; and Mora, T. "Efficient Computation of Zero-Dimensional Groebner Bases

by Change of Ordering." J. Symb. Comput. 16, 329-344, 1993.

Giovini, A.; Mora, T.; Niesi, G.; Robbiano, L.; and Traverso, C. "One Sugar Cube, Please?, or Selection

Strategies in the Buchberger Algorithm." Proceedings of the International Symposium on Symbolic and

Algebraic Computation. pp. 49-54, June 1991.

Harris, J. "Rearranging Expressions by Patterns." Mathematica J.

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Womanhood in the light of The Life Divine

By Umesh Prasad Research Scholar English

Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh India

The call of womanhood is deep, challenging and broad. We at Ladies against Feminism desire to raise high the Standard of godly womanhood and proclaim it beautiful -- not just with our words, but with our very lives. From comforting the dying to nurturing the weak to praising the strong, we glory in our role as women and find it rich beyond measure. We invite you to explore this marvelous calling with us, whatever your background or beliefs. Feminism has had its time on history’s stage. We now call for it to step down and face the ruin and despair it has wrought and repent of its wrongs. One lifetime is given us to make things beautiful, wholesome, nourishing, glad-hearted and noble. May we use our time wisely!1

The Life Divine explores for the Modern mind the great streams of Indian metaphysical thought, reconciling the truths

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behind each and from this synthesis extends in terms of consciousness the concept of evolution. The unfolding of Earth's

and men spiritual destiny is illuminated, pointing the way to a Divine Life on Earth.

The Life Divine is no mere call to a life of piety, asceticism or outward religious fervor. It is a call to bring the

Divine as a force of higher consciousness into all that we are and do, both individually and as a species. The Life

Divine unfolds a panoramic exploration of consciousness from the Absolute (Brahman), to the Cosmic Creator

(Ishvara), to the individual soul (Jivatman), and all the realms of existence, manifest and unmanifest, known and

unknown. There are few books that cover such an expanse and with such depth, direct knowledge and clarity. For

those who want to widen their horizons and extend their awareness into the realms of higher consciousness, there

is perhaps no other book that is as complete, comprehensive and challenging. Reading it requires both

concentration and meditation of a very high order, but brings great riches of inner insight in return.

As someone who has studied the main religious traditions of the world, and has written extensively on the

traditions of India, this book has remained with me as life time companion. I recommend it to all those who are

looking at the spiritual life as a quest for a higher consciousness and grace that can transform all that we do. One

can continue to delve into the book for new wisdom and insight year after year. The Life Divine teaches us in

depth about the great spiritual traditions of India, Veda, Vedanta, Samkhya, Yoga, Tantra and Buddhism, but

from a view of practice and realization, and a seeking for the universal truth behind all these great teachings.

In The Life Divine, Sri Aurobindo explains that there are two primary means by which we connect to and are

transformed by the Spirit.

First, he informs us that in the depths of our being there is a True Self and Spirit -- an evolving Soul that he calls

the "Psychic Being" -- which is the primary lever and means of our evolutionary change. By connecting to our

Evolving Soul, we perceive our ultimate purpose in life, open to the vast array of spiritual insights, forces, and

powers in the universe; feel a sense of oneness with everything and all around us; and as a result experience

ultimate joy and delight in being alive.

Second, he reveals that around us there is also a descending spiritual Force -- a Supramental truth consciousness

-- that we can open to, allowing Its infinite truth power to enter our being, and uplift, perfect, and transform it. It

turns out that this supramental truth consciousness is not only the descending spiritual power that can hasten our

progress, evolution, and transformation, but it is in fact the very force and power that enabled the universe to

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emerge from a Divine Source.

As we take up the call to discover our higher nature; as we come in touch with our evolving soul; as we open and

surrender to the descending supramental power, we begin to make the decisive evolutionary and transformational

change. Through this reversal of consciousness, our old nature is transmuted into a new supernature. Not only are

our mental, vital, and physical parts uplifted, and our capacities dramatically enhanced, but we also feel a deep

connection and oneness with the world around us. In addition, we begin to feel a profound connection with the

cosmic and transcendent spiritual reality, which helps us perceive life's true purpose, and our own purpose as

instruments of the Higher Power. Finally, out of all of these inner and outer experiences, we feel a deep and

abiding Joy and Delight in being alive.2

As individuals make this decisive change in their nature, as they infuse all parts of their being with this higher

consciousness, there then gradually emerges a new type of Person -- a Gnostic, Supramental being, whose

existence is organized around the power of the Spirit. As a number of such individuals make this decisive change,

a new human social existence begins to emerge, culminating in a Divine Life on earth.

This is the powerful vision that Sri Aurobindo has offered the world. This is the revelation of a future existence

for the individual and the society that he has captured so eloquently in his metaphysical treatise .

Most notably, the Life Divine outlines the spiritual purpose of the soul and of our human lives. It charts a way to a future

in which we can go beyond our current mentality of ego and strife to a world of Divine peace, bliss and knowledge. It

charts the transformation of our species from a confused adolescence to the maturity of wisdom and grace. Sri Aurobindo

shows how the Divine Shakti can descend into our minds and lift us to a higher level of intelligence as our natural state of

existence. The book is perhaps the best study of the spiritual evolution of humanity, the evolution of consciousness in

man and nature, which is available.

Ref:- [1] Tudor, Tasha and Richard Brown. The Private World of Tasha Tudor. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1992. Page 104.

[2] The Life Divine, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-941524-61-2

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Implementation & Analysis on Cloud Computing Process & Grid Architecture

Submitted by :SHEETAL Research Scholar Computer Sc.

Introduction

Cloud computing relies on sharing of resources to achieve coherence and economies of scale, similar to a utility (like the electricity grid) over a network. At the foundation of cloud computing is the broader concept of converged infrastructure and shared services.

Cloud computing, just "the cloud", also focuses on maximizing the effectiveness of the shared resources. Cloud resources are usually not only shared by multiple users but are also dynamically reallocated per demand. This can work for allocating resources to users. For example, a cloud computer facility that serves European users during European business hours with a specific application (e.g., email) may reallocate the same resources to serve North American users during North America's business hours with a different application (e.g., a web server). This approach should maximize the use of computing power thus reducing environmental damage as well since less power, air conditioning, rackspace, etc. are required for a variety of functions. With cloud computing, multiple users can access a single server to retrieve and update their data without purchasing licenses for different applications.

Many of today’s Information Technology (IT) applications rely on access to state-of-the-art computing facilities. For instance, as business decisions are increasingly driven by (data) analytics, the practice of operations research and business analytics becomes inherently intertwined with the management of IT resources. In response to the resulting demand for flexible computing resources, cloud computing has taken the IT industry by storm over the past few years. According to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (for example, networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service-provider interaction. Cloud computing is a service where computing is provided as a commodity, much akin to electricity or cable television. Thus, cloud computing is not about a specific technology; rather it is a step in the commoditization of

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IT enabled by technological advances.

Cloud Computing

A key differentiating element of a successful information technology (IT) is its ability to become

a true, valuable, and economical contributor to cyber infrastructure. “Cloud” computing embraces cyber infrastructure, and builds upon decades of research in virtualization, distributed

computing, “grid computing”, utility computing, and, more recently, networking, web and software services. It implies a service oriented architecture, reduced information technology

overhead for the end-user, greater flexibility, reduced total cost of ownership, on demand services and many other things.

Cloud computing is a paradigm that focuses on sharing data and computations over a scalable network of nodes. Examples of such nodes include end user computers, data centers, and Web Services. We term such a network of nodes as a cloud. An application based on such clouds is taken as a cloud application. Basically cloud is a metaphor for internet and is an abstraction for the complex infrastructure it conceals.

Advantages

(i) Reduced Cost: Cloud technology is paid incrementally (you pay only for what you need), saving organizations money in the short run. Money saved can be used for other important resources.

(ii) Increased Storage: Organizations can store more data than on private computer systems.

(iii) Highly Automated: IT personnel not needed to keep software up to date as maintenance is the job of the service provider on the cloud.

(iv) More Mobility: Employees can access information wherever they are, rather than having to remain at their desks.

(v) Allows IT to Shift Focus: No longer having to worry about constant server updates and other computing issues, government organizations will be free to concentrate on innovation.

Drawbacks

The interesting thing about cloud computing is that we've redefined cloud computing to include everything that we already do. One reason you should not use web applications to do your computing is that you lose control. It's just as bad as using a proprietary program. But certainly shifting to cloud computing has other problems including:

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(i) Security: Is there a security standard?

(ii) Reliance on 3rd Party: Control over own data is lost in the hands of an “difficult-to-trust” provider

(iii) Cost of transition: Is it feasible for me to move from the existing architecture of my data center to the architecture of the cloud?

(iv) Uncertainty of benefits: Are there any long term benefits?

Conclusion

Cloud computing is an emerging computing paradigm that is increasingly popular. Leaders in the industry, such as Microsoft, Google, and IBM, have provided their initiatives in promoting cloud computing. However, the public literature that discusses the research issues in cloud computing are still inadequate. In a study of the research literature surrounding cloud computing, I found that there is a distinct focus on the needs of the scientific computing community. Big IT companies are also building their own version of cloud. But still there are many question have left without an answer and indeed the most important one is security. One of the other aspects of the cloud which is left is the social aspect of it. The Cloud is going to happen but which services should be offered on the cloud and for whom. What happens if smaller IT companies start to offer their services on the cloud and no one uses them?! I believe that everything eventually can move to the Cloud. The question is if users are ready for that and if it’s the right move and this need must be addressed.

References

AIEER 2009 Volume I

AIEER 2010 Volume III

AIEER 2011 Volume V

AIEER 2012 Volume VII

AIEER 2013 Volume VIII

[1] Armbrust, M. Fox, A., Friffith, R., Joseph, A. D., Katz, R., Konwinskii, A., Lee, G., Patterson, D.,Rabkin, A., Stoica, I., Zaharia, M. (2010). “A View of Cloud Computing”, Communications of theACM, 53(4).

[2] D.E. ATKINS ET AL., “Revolutionizing Science and Engineering Through Cyberinfrastructure: Report of theNational Science FoundationBlue-ribbonAdvisory Panel on Cyberinfrastructure”, NSF, Report of theNational Science FoundationBlue-ribbonAdvisory

Panel on Cyberinfrastructure, January 2003,

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http://www.nsf.gov/od/oci/reports/atkins.pdf

[3] Gentry, C. (2010). “Computing Arbitrary Functions of Encrypted Data”, Communications of theACM, 53(3).

[4] Mell, P., Grance., T. (2011). “The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing”, Special publication 800-145, National Institute of Standards and Technology.

[5] Lijun Mei, W.K. Chan, T.H. Tse, “A Tale of Clouds: Paradigm Comparisons and Some Thoughts on Research Issues”, To appear in Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Asia-Pacific Services Computing Conference (APSCC 2008), IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA

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Role of Micro-bacteria in Cleaning of the

 Organic Pollutants from Yamuna River

 Submitted by SAT PAUL Research Scholar ZOOLOGY

______________________________________Introduction

The research work is being processed to find out the data related to the role of Micro-bacteria in cleaning of organic pollutants from Yamuna. River Yamuna is one of the most polluted rivers of the India. It originates from Yamunotri glaciers in the lower Himalayas at an elevation of approximately 6387 meters. The barrages formed on the river are playing a major role in escalating the river pollution. River can be divided into five segments on the bases of hydrological and ecological conditions. Water quality of only one segment (Himalayan segment) meets the river water quality standards. Normally no water is allowed to flow downstream of the Himalayan segment (Tejewala barrage) especially in the summer and winter seasons to fulfill the demand of water of the surrounding area. Whatever water flows in the downstream of the Tajewala barrage is the untreated or partially treated domestic and Industrial wastewater contributed through various drains. The discharge of untreated domestic and industrial effluents have severely affected the quality of Yamuna River and now it falls under the category E, which makes it fit only for recreation and industrial cooling, completely ruling out the possibility for underwater life and domestic supply. Almost every year mass death of fishes is reported. Pollution levels in the Yamuna River have risen. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) load has increased by 2.5 times between 1980 and 2005: From 117 tonnes per day (TDP) in 1980 to 276 TDP in 2005. The Yamuna has been reduced to a small stream, draining industrial effluents, sewage, dirt and other toxic substances. There is an urgent need to take stringent measures to alleviate these pollution loads and save an ailing river.

___________________________________________Objective

The main objective of this work is to collect the data to understand the role of micro-bacteria in cleaning organic

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pollutants from Yamuna. As the impurities of Yamuna is well known to us and it’s process of cleaning is also popular in many area, therefore the basics of purification and mainly the importance of micro-bacteria are to be known. For many government and non-government organizations this work is behaving like a leaning chapter for the development and purification of Yamuna in the near future.

Review of literature

The hymn also praises her for being the source of all spiritual abilities. And while the Ganges is considered an epitome of asceticism and higher knowledge and can grant us Moksha or liberation, it is Yamuna, who, being a holder of infinite love and compassion, can grant us freedom, even from death, the realm of her elder brother. She rushes down the Kalinda Mountain, and verily describes her as the daughter of Kalinda, giving her another name, Kalindi, the backdrop of Krishna Leela. The text also talks about her water being of the colour of Lord Krishna, which is dark (Shyam).

It is mention as Iomanes (Ioames) in the surveys of Seleucus I Nicator, an officer of Alexander the Great and one of the Diadochi, who visited India in 305 BC, later Megasthenes, a Greek traveller and geographer, visited India, sometimes before 288 BC, the date of Chandragupta's death, also mention the river in his text Indica, where he described the region around it as the land of Surasena.[14] In Mahabharata, Indraprastha, the capital of Pandavas was also situated on the banks of Yamuna, it is considered to the modern day city of Delhi.

Geological evidence indicates that in the distant past the Yamuna was a tributary of the Ghaggar River (also known as the Vedic Sarasvati River), but that it later changed its course eastward due to a tectonic event, becoming a tributary of the Ganges. This may have led to the Sarasvati River drying up, the end of manyHarappan civilization settlements, and creation of the Thar desert. However, recent geological research suggests that the diversion of the Yamuna to the Ganges may have occurred during the Pleistocene, and thus could not be connected to the decline of the Harappan civilization in the region.

The importance of the Ganges–Yamuna river basin, and the Doab region as traditional the seat of power, can be derived from the fact, in much of early history of India, most of great empires, which ruled over majority of India, until the Chalukyas King, Vinayaditya, were based in the highly fertile Ganges–Yamuna basin, including the Magadha (ca 600 BC), Maurya Empire (321–185 BC), Sunga Empire (185–73 BCE), Kushan Empire (1st–3rd centuries CE), Gupta Empire (280–550 CE), and many had their capitals here, in cities like Pataliputra orMathura. The government of India over the next five years has prepared plans to rebuild and repair the sewage system and the drains that empty into the river. To address river pollution, certain measures of river cleaning have been taken by the Government's Ministry of Environment and Forests in twelve towns of Haryana, eight towns of Uttar Pradesh, and Delhi, under the Yamuna Action Plan (YAP) which has been implemented since 1993 by the National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD) of the Ministry of Environment

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and Forests. The Japan Bank for International Cooperation is participating in the Yamuna Action Plan in 15 of the above 21 towns (excluding 6 towns of Haryana included later on the direction of Supreme Court of India) with soft loan assistance of 17.773 billion Japanese Yen (equivalent to about Rs. 700 crore INR) while the Government of India is providing the funds for the remaining 6 towns added later. In 2007 the Indian government's plans to repair sewage lines were predicted to improve the water quality of the river 90% by the year 2010.

However in 2009, the Union government admitted to the Lok Sabha (Indian Parliament), the failure of the Ganga Action Plan (GAP) and the Yamuna Action Plan (YAP), saying that "rivers Ganga and Yamuna are no cleaner now than two decades ago" despite spending over Rs 1,700 crore to control pollution. According to a CSEofficial, these plans adopted the Thames model, based on a centralized sewage treatment system. This meant that huge sum of money and a 24-hr power supply were needed to manage the treatment plants, while only an 8-hr power supply was available, contributing to the failure of both river plans.[34] In August 2009, the Delhi Jal Board (DJB) initiated its plan for resuscitating the Yamuna’s 22 km stretch in Delhi by constructing interceptor sewers, at the cost of about Rs 1,800 crore.

Research Methodology

The processes below are the ones commonly used in water purification. Some or most may not be used depending

on the scale of the plant and quality of the raw (source) water.

Pre-treatment Pumping and containment – The majority of water must be pumped from its source or

directed into pipes or holding tanks. To avoid adding contaminants to the water, this physical

infrastructure must be made from appropriate materials and constructed so that accidental contamination

does not occur.

1. Screening (see also screen filter) – The first step in purifying surface water is to remove large debris such as sticks,

leaves, rubbish and other large particles which may interfere with subsequent purification steps. Most deep

groundwater does not need screening before other purification steps.

2. Storage – Water from rivers may also be stored in bankside reservoirs for periods between a few days and many

months to allow natural biological purification to take place. This is especially important if treatment is by slow

sand filters. Storage

An analysis of the slum assessment findings revealed the following situation:

• A large number of slums are located near dirty, open ‘nalas’. This leads to higher malaria, diarrheal disease incidence in

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these slums.

• Slum dwellers have individual sources of water (taps / handpumps) in most slums.

However, water supply is generally limited to 2-6 hours in a day. Water quality is poor (yellowish, hard water, smelly) in a

few slums.

• Sanitation is the most pressing issue in a majority of slums with situations varying from existence of individual toilets

which lead into open drains to a total absence of individual or public toilet facility. Children defecate in drains in most

slums.

• Drains are open and narrow, which remain blocked due to disposal of solid waste and no regular cleaning. Regular

cleaning is done in ‘better off’ slums where residents pay monthly charges to private cleaning staff.

The slum assessment will reveal that about 20 % of the slums exist in the Trans Yamuna area and that the slums in this

area are largely scattered. In contrast, the slums in Rakabganj area, which is also part of the old city, are highly congested

and the density of population in these settlements is fairly high. reservoirs also provide a buffer against short periods of

drought or to allow water supply to be maintained during transitory pollution incidents in the source river.

Hypothesis

River environmental management depend on interactions between river, environment and human infrastructure,

including the interactions between ecology, hydrology, water quality, climate, flooding, public sanitary facilities,

waste water inputs and waste water treatment facilities. Thus a river directly as well as indirectly reflects the

environmental management system facilities of any town, city, state and country. To protect Yamuna River from

the pollutants some of the important steps should be taken immediately such as.

Conclusion

Several water treatment technologies prevailing in West are very expensive and country like India cannot afford

it. Besides, that the conventional water treatment processes, based on chemical coagulation and filtration or

biological slow sand filtration, have little capacity to remove water-soluble pesticides. Therefore emphasis should

be given to the easily feasible and economically feasible techniques capable of removing or minimizing the

pesticides content from the water.

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Waste water discharges in rivers destroy marine lives; degrade the environment, and causes water shortage and

waterborne diseases. Their proper management and treatment is necessary because it reduces or removes the

organic matter, solids, nutrients, disease-causing organisms and other pollutants from the wastewater before it is

discharged to river water. Delhi alone contributes around 3,296 MLD of sewage water in Yamuna River.

Therefore it is imperative to take necessary action and promotes the following strategies.

There are number of Government, semi-government, NGO’s, private companies and environmental agencies are

available which are working in the field of wastewater management. These organizations should be encouraged

to work on the waste management techniques and can be financed through projects, schemes.

The status of sewerage systems especially in the cities, towns and blocks all along the Yamuna River course is

extremely bed, due to this large quantity of untreated or partially treated sewage water mixed with river water.

Further many cities, small towns and blocks do not have the sewer system facilities. The existing sewer system

improvement and formation are needed to reduce the risk of seepage of sewerage water and material into the

groundwater and river, especially during rainy seasons.

References

[1] AIEER 2003 VOLUME I

[2] VIJAY DHAM YAMUNA SURVEY 2002

[3]D. S. Bhargava, “Most rapid BOD Assimilation in Ganga and Yamuna Rivers,” Journal of Environmental Engi-

neering, American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 109, No. 1, 1983, pp. 174-188.

[4]D. S. Bhargava, “Water Quality Variations and Control Technology of Yamuna River,” Environmental Pollution,

Series A, Ecological and Biological, Vol. 37, No. 4, 1985,

pp.355-376.

[5]D. S. Bhargava, “Revival of Mathura’s Ailing Yamuna River,” The Environmentalist, Vol. 26, No. 2, June 2006,

pp.111-122.

[6]“Yamuna Action Plan,” 1993.http://yap.nic.in/about-yap. asp

[7]P. Verma, “The Mystery of Large-Scale Fish Fatalities in the Yamuna near Agra and the Conflicting Official Theo- ries,” Down

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to Earth, Vol. 12, 15 July 2002.

“LITERARY CRITICISIM AND TRADITION IN ELIOT’S POETRY”

Submitted by :Dr. Sarita Research Scholar English Rewari (HR-India ) Mobile:- 09416331594

T.S.Eliot seemed to be standing still. His poetry has developed and matured so that today also he ranks as one of the most outstanding poet. The opinion of criticism and his general audience has shifted and changed. No poet in the past quarter century ―has been so often reviled, denounced, defamed, buried so often, revived so often, been so enthusiastically defended, and so passionately denied (by his adverse critics) the merits of human contact and of sincerity.‖¹ Back in the war period and in the twenties Eliot‘s minor poetry (and also The Waste Land, for the matte) was considered, and partially was, a sort of arch, sophisticated. Eliot was the clever young man who shocked the salon reviewers with his risqué cameos of bourgeois sin. In this thesis the aim is, first, to elucidate Eliot‘s critical theory. It consists fundamental Eliot‘s critical attitude and his theory of poetry in the emphasis on traditional values. The name of Eliot, with all the opposition offered him, and with all his short-comings, is a land-mark in English literature. His antipathies for the Romantics as a school, for much of Tennyson and all of Swinburne, for the careless attempts of Whitman and Sandburg, and his revivifying Donne and the Elizabethans revolutionized poetry and set scores of poets imitating him and following his precepts. Eliot was not wrong to say that literature was a timeless order that was modified by very subsequent work of literature. The social function of poetry explain the benefits of having an updated literary criticism and tradition. Eliot, like Derrida later, strikes at the root of dogmatism. As a result, their criticism is characterised the way they make reservations, qualify positive assertions and introduce parentheses. Eliot, at times, becomes critical of his own pronouncements by offering recantations. In the essay,' To Criticise the Critic', he turns against his youthful utterances. There are, he says, statements with which he no longer agrees; there are views which he maintains with less firmness of conviction than when he first expressed them, or which he maintains with imperfect reservations. Deconstruction in freeing the critic from dogmatism makes the critic humble. Derrida too, is humble to the degree possible. In offering to deconstruct his first gesture of respect, of response, of courtesy, Eliot says in East Coker : The only wisdom we can hope to acquire Is the wisdom of humility: humility is endless. (Four Quartets)

Deconstruction is, therefore, wrongly said to be haughty and intolerant, destructive and violent. This could it be indifferent and callous, born as it is, out of self-discipline, self-criticism and self-analysis ? All that it does is that it does not take sides, for it sees things in their many-sidedness. It believes that with the passage of time one grows wiser and also self-critical of his earlier responses. Eliot in ' To Criticize the Critic', further says that his early essays find more favour with the critics and students, just because they are seasoned by the tone of arrogance, of vehemence, of cocksureness, or rudeness and which he regrets now as there are errors of judgement along with the errors of tone. Should we say then that there are two Eliots— Eliot, the critic of the early, and Eliot, the critic of the later phase. But for all his braggadocio, Eliot must acknowledge his relationship to the man, who made those statements and in spite of all the exceptions, he continues to identify himself with the author. This is like saying as Heraclitus said that though the river changes, yet the river is the same. The author, thus, is and is not. It has generally been held that Eliot argues for the impersonality of the poet and Eliot's own statements seem to support this view but the way he deconstructs the author himself, it leaves room enough to doubt the popular view that the poet is absent from his poem. The poet is absent and present, present and absent simultaneously. That is why Eliot approaches his own essays of the early period with apprehension rather than with hopeful expectation. He finds himself constantly irritated by having his words, perhaps written thirty or forty years ago, quoted as if "I had uttered them yesterday." Deconstruction is a philosophy of change, of the unpredictable and the unpredictable, of the new and the surprising. It does not work on the assumption that a poet's writing is of a piece, innately given, the end of which is sketched out right in the beginning. Eliot takes care and it has become a habit with him to indicate the original date of publication of his essays and poems: Prufrock, 1917; Choruses from the Rock, 1934; Tradition and Individual Talent, 1919; Shakespeare and the Stoicism of Seneca, 1927 and so on. These are only a few examples and they underline the deconstructive mode, reminding the reader of the time that separates the author when he wrote it from the author as he is today. But he is unhappy with his readers who rarely resort to the mode of deconstruction; they

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never say quoting him, "this is what Mr. Eliot thought (or felt) in 1933- (or whatever the date was)." Every writer is therefore, accustomed to seeing his words quoted out of context in such a way as to put an unintended construction upon them. Why Eliot objects to this mode of reading is that it does not take into account the state of mind and maturity of the writer, the situation--political, social, economic available at the time of reading, the poet's own strategy of delay and, last but not the least, his failure to say what he wanted to say. The text falls short of or falls outside, as Derrida says in an interview, "from what I say or write; or rather, it is connected, relayed by so many spaces, languages, apparatuses, histories, and so forth, by so many bands, that I am able to say at one and the same time : I am, to be sure, mobilized by the immediate stakes of these texts ' produced' in my name, but I also live this relation with a disinterestedness that is more and more distracted, in an accelerated forgetfulness that is more and more profound and with the certainty that is the essential thing, as it is called, is going on elsewhere."1 It does not, however, mean that the writer's identity is totally a fiction, as David Hume would say. Derrida is of the view that though the exigencies of the situation, which Eliot call ‗objective correlative‘ would take the writer outside himself, the writer also goes in, as if not totally elsewhere. "Hence", Derrida says, "The attention and at the same time, the distraction with which I relate to what I write. What interests me in going elsewhere, is not taking place where I write (but) I have to write by another route (par allures)" 2 Deconstruction as Eliot thinks and Derrida elaborates is always a qualified statement. Hence, both do not allow^ statement to go without its counterpart. In 'To criticize the critic', Eliot gives an example of how one of his statements has continued to dog him long after it has ceased in his view, to be a satisfactory statement of his beliefs. It is a sentence from the Preface to a small collection of essays entitled 'ForLancelot Andrews', to the effect that he was a Classicist in literature, a Royalist in politics and an Anglo-Catholic in religion. Eliot feels that he ought to have foreseen that so quotable a sentence would follow him through life as Shelley tells us how his thoughts followed him like a bird of prey. Eliot attributes the dogmatic statement to his youthful years. Of the two causes for making such a bland statement, one, of course, is the dogmatism of youth. When we are young, we see issues sharply defined, adds Eliot. But as we age, we tend to make reservations. We see objections to our own views; we regard the enemy with greater tolerance and even sometimes with sympathy. When we are young, Eliot elaborates the point, we are confident in our opinions, sure that we possess the whole truth; we are enthusiastic or indignant. What are worse, even mature readers are attracted to a writer who is quite sure of himself. If nothing else, one-sidedness provokes controversy.

The second reason for the enduring popularity of some of Eliot's early criticism is that the poet in these essays collected in Selected Essays 3 was implicitly defending the sort of poetry-which "I and my friends wrote." This, according to Eliot, gave his essays a kind of urgency, the warmth of appeal of the advocate, which his later, more detached and he hoped, more judicial essays cannot claim. Eliot's early criticism is conditioned by the state of literature at the time at which it was written as well as by state of maturity at which the poet had arrived by the influences he had been exposed to and by the occasion of each essay. It is, however, difficult to reconstruct all the conditions under which he wrote, for example, his most celebrated essay of the early period "Tradition and the Individual Talent" (1919). This essay, Eliot wrote between ' Prufrock and other Observations, 1917) and 'Poems' (1920). The essay appeared in The Egoist and still to immense popularity among editors and professors who prepare anthology text-books. Eliot traces two influences on the essay — one of Ezra Pound and secondly of Irvin Babbit. It is in this essay that Eliot's recurrent theme of Classicism vs. Romanticism becomes apparent. Again, it is in this essay that he propounded his idea of tradition and of the impersonality of poetry. Together, these two themes shaped the entire corpus of Eliot's early criticism. It is in this essay that Eliot's recurrent theme of Classicism vs. Romanticism becomes apparent. Again, it is in this essay that he propounded his idea of tradition and of the impersonality of poetry. Together, these two themes shaped the entire corpus of Eliot's early criticism. At this point of time, Eliot, as a young scholar thought that Classicism and Romanticism and likewise, the man who suffers and the mind which writes are two different aspects. Eliot's deconstruction begins here, for unless we see difference, we cannot search for similarity. Deconstruction thus looks near, before it looks far. Derrida's claim that since the difference though seen is yet unheard, it is always possible to see what appears to be different, the same. His is thus a new play of opposition, of articulation of difference. Eliot's main grouse against romanticism in his early essays, beginning ' Tradition and the Individual Talent' but more precisely in ' The Function of Criticism' (1923) was that it is fragmentary, loose, subjective, that it is immature, deaf and mute. He calls it ' a new literary disease' a sort of raid on the absolute etc. Eliot, at the end of 1919 essay refers obliquely to Wordsworth's theory of poetry, saying that poetry is not ―a turning loose of emotion, but an escape from emotion, it is not an expression of personality but an escape from personality." 4 Eliot's attack here is squarely directed against the poetry of emotion unallied with thought. While discussing the role of emotions in poetry, he, in the same essay, says that it is not in his personal emotion, the emotion as provoked by particular events in his life that the poet is in any way, remarkable or interesting. His particular emotion may be simple or crude, or flat. The emotion in his poetry will be a very complex thing. By complexity of emotion, Eliot does not mean the emotion of a very complex man or of an eccentric. The emotion which finds expression in poetry should be common with the rest of humanity. If the emotion of poetry is common and ordinary and Eliot wishes it so, he should not have objected to Wordsworth's theory of poetry as a spontaneous overflow. Wordsworth was confessedly a poet of common man, speaking in the language not necessarily different from the language of prose. If Wordsworth thought of poetry as an overflow of powerful emotions, he also said in the Preface to Lyrical Ballads itself that poetry is emotions recollected in tranquility. Gould one be both simultaneously? Could one be at once the sensible and the intelligible? Of course, yes. Hume, for example, said that we form all our thoughts on the basis of our sense impressions, and though ordinarily our thoughts are bland in comparison with the liveliness of our impressions, they can be more vivid and alive when we are able to recall them in our reflective moments, as does Wordsworth in

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' The Daffodils'. Romanticism in general is not merely emotive. In the flow of conscious experience, Hume, as Wordsworth, distinguishes between two types of things. On the one hand, we have impressions, in which are to be included not merely our sense impressions but feelings like love, desire, will etc. On the other hand, we have thoughts or ideas. The distinction between the two lies in the greater degree of force and vivacity accompanying impressions. But when the imagination and memory are fresh, ideas are more vivid and vivacious than even impressions. The so-called creative mind, according to Hume, amounts to no more than the faculty of compounding, transposing, augmenting or diminishing the materials, afforded us by the senses and experience.

Eliot, too, says in 'The Function of Criticism' that Mathew Arnold distinguishes too bluntly, between the two activities; he overlooks and this, according to Eliot, is not to deconstruct, the capital importance of criticism in the work of creation itself. Probably, indeed, the larger part, Eliot adds, of an author in composing his work is critical labour of sifting, combining, constructing, expunging, correcting, testing: this frightful toil is as much creative as critical. This "is sound deconstruction, finding similarity in things apparently different. But where Eliot misses the point is that he is not able to see similarity of differences in others and in the present context in Arnold. Arnold, on the contrary says that the two movements — critical and creative, must go hand in hand; in fact, the critical precedes, and prepares the ground for the creative movement to take roots. For Arnold, the critical movement consists of philosophical upsurge and that is perhaps what Eliot does not take to be critical in the narrow sense of the word. Eliot suffers from one great handicap, that while he deconstructs his own creative and critical experience, he falls short of his strategy when he comes to write on other poets. And, indeed, he confesses that in his earlier criticism, both in his general affirmations about poetry and in his writing about authors, he was implicitly defending the kind of poetry he was himself writing. Obviously, he could not do justice, among others, to Wordsworth. A glaring example of his blindside towards deconstruction in Shakespeare is mainly because of his prejudice he bore the great dramatist throughout life. Nevertheless, even when he was writing 'To Criticize the Critic' in the form of a convocation lecture to be delivered at the University of Leeds in 1961, he felt still pleased with Shakespeare's contemporaries, but not with Shakespeare himself. It was, he recalls, from these minor dramatists that he, in his own poetic formation, had learnt his lessons; it was by them and not Shakespeare, that his imagination had been stimulated, his sense of rhythm trained and his emotions fed. Moreover, he had tried them at the age at which they were best suited to his temperament and stage of development and had read them with passion and delight long before he had any thought, or any opportunity of writing about them. Eliot's full-throated praise of these dramatists, is, as we shall shortly see, a little structuralism, as he over-shoots the mark in order somehow to build the hierarchy: Elizabethan dramatists/Shakespeare. Eliot's case here appears to be that of the anxiety of influence. And he, indeed, says that he preferred to be influenced by minor writers, for a poet of ' supreme' greatness can hardly influence: he can only be imitated and the difference between influence and imitation is that influence can fecundate whereas imitation-especially unconscious imitation -can sterilize. Dante's imitation, however, was different, he says. Imitation of a writer in a foreign language can after all be profitable —because we cannot succeed. Eliot's preference for minor writers is curiously pertinent. He, for example, allowed himself to be influenced not by Baudelaire but by Jules Laforgue. So the dramatic poets he prefixed to read were Marlowe and Webster and Ford, not Shakespeare. Eliot's structuralism critique of the Elizabethan dramatists is, however, conscious and deliberate, that is unconsciously drawn by the pull of Shakespeare. He admits that Shakespeare is a ' supreme' artist and so, inimitable. The only aspect that distances Eliot from Shakespeare is that he, though not uniformly, descends to his subjective self, to his romantic ego. As a corollary of this romantic ' fall' of Shakespeare, Eliot finds the Elizabethan dramatist suffering from an inferior philosophy of the stoics in general are of Seneca in particular. Eliot thinks that the emotion of art is impersonal. And the poet cannot reach this impersonality without surrendering himself wholly to the work to be done. And he is not likely to know what is to be done unless he lives in what is not merely the present moment of the past, "unless he is conscious not of what is dead, but what is already living." This is a hallmark of deconstruction that it perceives in discontinuity, a continuous flow —me kind Eliot envisages in the above formulation. But as we have seen in chapter I, there is in essence, not one kind of deconstruction. No two artists can conceive the unity of opposites identically. If Eliot, for example, sees more of unity and continuity, Shakespeare highlights opposition more than he does unity. It is possibly for this reason that Shakespeare's vision is comical, ironical, both sweet and sour, whereas Eliot, in emphasizing the subsistence of the presence in the past and the continuity of the past into the present sounds prophetic and sad. The latter is a misreading as the former. What could be a greater mix of humour and pathos, or more precisely bathos in ' The Love Song" of J. Alfred Prufrock' than anyone else in modern poetry? And Shakespeare is tragic-comical and vice versa, not alternately, but simultaneously. As a young man, Eliot in his early criticism tends to miss the mark of deconstruction, but since he is aware of the dialectic of the past and present, he soon gets back to the path of equivocation. For instance, in the essay ' Tradition and the Individual Talent', he gives the impression as if tradition is prior, more significant than the individual. In fact he says: Tradition is a matter of wider significance. It cannot be inherited and if you want it you must obtain it by great labour." 6 Similarly, he says : No poet, no artist of any art, has his complete meaning alone. His significance, Ms appreciation is the appreciation of his relation to the dead poets and artists. You cannot value him alone; you must set him, for comparison and contrast among the dead." 7 But soon, afterwards, he also says : "The necessity that he shall conform, that he shall cohere is not one-sided; what happens when a new work of art is created is something that happens simultaneously to all the works of art which preceded it. Most readers of Eliot are misled by appraisal of the tradition to posit that Eliot is a conservative.

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REFERENCE

1. Jacques Derrida, "Force and Signification,‖ Writing and Difference (London : Routiedge and Kagan Paul, 1978) p.8

2. The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (London: Atlantis, 1980) p. 737

3. The essay is included in Contemporary Literary Criticism ed. by Robert Con Davis and Ronald Schleifer (New York & London: Longman, 1984) pp. 230-

The Electronic Nose

Submitted by : Dr. S. Viswanadha Raju Professor, Department of Computer Science & EngineeringJNTU, Hyderabad.

&M. Naveen Kumar Research Scholar Ph.D in Computer Science Dravidian UniversityE-Mail: mahinaveen@gmail.com Phone: +91-9848060484

Electronic Nose (eNose) is a device used to detect and recognize odours/vapours, i.e. a machine olfaction device with an array of chemical sensors.

"An electronic nose is an instrument which comprises an array of electronic chemical sensors with partial specificity and an appropriate pattern

recognition system, capable of recognizing simple or complex odours"

The most common use at the present time for the eNose is within the food and drink industries. In addition to this field, eNose can be used in other

areas such as petroleum qualitative and quantitative analysis, detection of explosives, classification and degradation studies of olive oils, development

of a field odour detector for environmental applications, quality control applications in the automotive industry, discrimination between clean and

contaminated cows' teats in a milking system, cosmetic raw materials analysis, plus many other important areas such as in the medical and space fields.

The principle of eNose is that it uses an array of sensors, whether in the form of different types of polymers or via the use of metal oxide semi

conductors, the principle here is still the same.

When molecules from any element deposited on the surface of the sensor, the electrical conductivity changes, as and when the surface expands. This is

the basic idea of how eNose works i.e. change of the sensor resistance when the sensor exposed to odours/vapours.

The pattern displayed on the monitor for each particular resistance is unique (i.e. the type of odour or vapour of a particular sample). In this way it is

possible to distinguish a sample from another or the state/condition of the sample itself, as the headspace from each sample has a unique signature on

the eNose sensors resistance.

Brief History

It is difficult to pin point the exact date of "when and how" the idea of designing a system, which can mimic the human nose, came about. However, the

following dates with devices give a better understanding of how the design progressed for a machine olfaction devices (MOD) system. The MOD

design led eventually for the conceptualisation of the eNose.

Please note that an eNose differ from other types of MOD by simply having multiples sensors, while other devices may have one sensor only or simply

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the mechanism itself differ substantially from the eNose basic working principles.

The name MOD, therefore, cover devices such as eNoses i.e. devices with multiple sensors, as well as devices with single sensors - or those devices

which operate on a different design principles.

The four following dates are important in the history and development of the eNose:

1. The making of the first gas sensor, Hartman 1954

2. Constructing array of 6 termistors, Moncrief 1961

3. First Electronic Nose, Persaud and Dodd, 1982

4. Ikegami (Hitachi Research Laboratory, J) array for odour quality - 1985

Therefore, the first recorded scientific attempt to use sensor arrays to emulate and understand mammalian olfaction was carried out by Persaud and

Dodd in 1982 [3], at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology.

A device was built with an array of three metal-oxide gas sensors used to discriminate among twenty odorous substances. Using visual comparison for

the ratios of the sensor responses, they obtained the pattern classification.

The name itself "Electronic Nose" used for the first time during 1988 and has come into common usage "as a generic term for an array of chemical gas

sensors incorporated into an artificial olfaction device" [3][4] after the introduction of this title at a conference covering this field in Iceland 1991.

From that point, the idea and the principles of the eNose has grown and developed into different fields across the globe.

Historically speaking, there are two different types of eNoses (Pearce 1997):

1. Static odour delivery.

2. Mass-flow systems.

As the two names suggest, the basic mechanism for the first type is that there is no odour flow but simply a flask contains the sensors array with a fan

at the top to distribute the flow within the flask. This type was the design of the first eNose in 1982.

The second type which is very popular now is where the odour flows within the system. Most eNoses designs are made in this way.

To complete this brief historical outlook concerning the eNose, it is a good idea to look at the basic schematic comparison between human and

electronic noses [6], summarized in the following two sections.

The Human Nose[6]

There are millions of self generated receptors (over 100 million) with selectivity classes can range from 10 to 100.

The human nose is very adaptive but unlike the eNose, saturation can happen and that is one of the reasons why it operate only for a short periods of

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time. Variety of odours can be identified, plus it can detect some specific molecules but it cannot detect some other types of simpler molecules.

As a biological system, infection can take place, which may affect the ability to smell.

And finally, smelling can be associated with various experience and memory.

The eNose [6]

Approximately 5 - 100 chemical sensors manually replaced. In comparison with the human nose, it is not possible to reduce automatically the number

of signals to a particular one.

As the eNose continue to develop, it is possible in the future to become adaptive, it is also unlikely to become saturated and can work for a long periods

of time.

If pattern recognition hardware provided within the device, then new real-time signal treatment can occur. Unlike the human nose, eNose needs to be

trained for each application. It can detect simple molecules but it cannot detect some complex molecules at a low concentration.

The eNose can get poisoned (sensors' malfunction); at the same time it is possible for eNose with multi-sensors to be associated with other functions

and recognitions.

How eNose work?

A number of operation parameters are usually required in order for the eNose being able to function "to a maximum effect". These operation

parameters can be:

1. Setting up the temperature for the sample incubation

2. The size of the sample.

3. The rate of injection.

4. The quantity of injection.

5. The added solvent being used.

6. Flow rate.

7. Sensor type.

8. Sensor operational parameters.

The above are just examples; however, there can be other factors as well.

As mentioned briefly earlier on, the principle of eNose is mainly rests with the one or more (an array) of vapour-sensitive detectors (sensors). Usually

the detector is made up from certain type of sensitive materials which its characteristic or behaviour change in response to absorbed or adsorbed

molecules. As we measure the changes in each sensor, identification can be made for the unknown odour(s) by comparing it with the library data.

Conclusion

eNose devices have been developed over the past 20 years to perform a variety of identification tasks in various industries. However, merely a few

106

years ago, the majority of work and publication related to this field were mostly restricted to the area of research. These days, various types of

commercially available eNoses can be purchased anywhere in the world.

The reason for the relatively fast development and commercialization of these devices is because they attracted new interest in their application in the

fields of food, environment, medical diagnosis, industries, security and other related areas.

References

[1] Ampuero S., Bosset J., O., (2003) "The electronic nose applied to dairy products: a review" Sensors and Actuators B 94 (2003) 1-12.

[2] Perera, A., Sundic T., Pardo A., Gutierrez-Osuna R., Marco S., (2002)"A Portable Electronic Nose Based on Embedded PC Technology and

GNU/Linux: Hardware, Software and Applications" IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL, VOL. 2, NO. 3, JUNE 2002 235.

[3] Stetter J.R., Penrose W. R. (2001 )"THE ELECTROCHEMICAL NOSE" Department of Biological, Chemical and Physical Sciences Illinois

Institute of Technology - Chicago, IL 60616, USA.

[4] Briand D., Stephan Heimgartner S., Gr´etillat M-A., Schoot B., Rooij N. F.( 2002) "Thermal optimization of micro-hotplates that have a silicon

island" J. Micromech. Microeng. 12 (2002).

[5] Davide, F.; Holmberg, M; Lundstrom, I.; (2001) 12 " Virtual olfactory interfaces: electronic noses and olfactory displays" Communications

Through Virtual Technology: Identity Community and Technology in the Internet Age .

[6] Nagle, H. T., Schiffman, S. S., Gutierrez-Osuna, R.(1998) "The How and Why of Electronic Noses" IEEE Spectrum September 1998,

“Analysis of e-Governance Services for effectiveCommunication to Citizens in Odisha State”

Research Scholars

1. Dr. A. K. SRIVASTAVAPROFESSOR & HEADDEPARTMENT OF PHYSICSDr. C.V. RAMAN UNIVERSITYKOTA, BILASPUR (C.G.)

107

2. RAGINI SHUKLAASST. PROFESSORDr. C.V. RAMAN UNIVERSITYKOTA, BILASPUR (C.G.)

3. GUNA SEKHAR NETHETIM.PHIL [CS] STUDENTDr. C.V. RAMAN UNIVERSITYKOTA, BILASPUR (C.G.)

ABSTRACT

In today’s information technology environment, e-governance has become the

essential part for the citizens to interact with the government. Through e-

governance, citizens of India would like to save their cost and time for availing

different services provided by government.

Govt. of India understands the demand of citizen’s perspective and prepared the

National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) with an aim to make all Government services

accessible to the common man in his locality, through common service delivery

outlets and ensure efficiency, transparency & reliability of such services at

affordable costs to realize the basic needs of the common man.

Including with GOI strategy of NeGP, Odisha state government have also taken

various innovative steps to promote e-Governance for IT implementation and

delivery of services to the citizens online.

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The aim of this paper is to find and analyze all the citizen centric e-governance

services available in Odisha state in terms of its cost, ease of access, scope and

transparency.

1. INTRODUCTION

Today’s world is internet driven and everything is going to be internet enabled. The common

citizens are getting internet services within low cost and they are seeking all the services

provided by government should be e-enabled. Government reformers are changing their strategy

towards e-governance as it is the best channel to communicate citizens and to achieve good

governance and transparency.

Since last decade, Government of Odisha automated many citizen centric services to e-

Governance services. Many national level and state level e-Governance services which include

G2G and G2C were implemented with the help of National e-Governance Division, National

Informatics Centre (NIC) and Odisha Computer Application Centre (OCAC).

The citizen centric e-governance services can be categorized based on the nature of service and

government department delivering the services. Fig 1 shows the identified major citizen centric

e-governance services facilitating by government to citizens of Odisha state.

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Fig 1: Categories of e-Governance Services in Odisha state

Beyond the services identified by the categories mentioned in Fig 1 there are many other services

indirectly act as G2C but considered as G2G. Those services were not taken into consideration

for analysis in this paper. The services which are directly beneficial to the citizens of Odisha

state only were analyzed in this paper.

e-District/CSC e-Municipality Odisha

OnlinePassport

SevaOdisha

TaxOther

e-Services

CasteCertificate

Birth & Death Certificates

Electricity Bill

Fresh / Re-issue of Passport

e-Waybill e-Procurement

ResidenceCertificate Trade Licence Water

Tax

Track Applicatio

n Statuse-TransitPass e-Abhijoga

IncomeCertificate

Property/Holding Tax

e-VAT Clearance Certificate

eNijukti

Legal HeirCertificate

Water Connection &

Charges

e-filing(VAT/CT/

EST)

Transport(Vahan & Sarathi)

Certify Copies of

RORBuilding Plan

e-No Deduction Certificate

e-Counselling

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Odisha Tax

(e Services of Commerci

al Tax)

E-Governan

ceServicesIn

Odisha

e-District

/ CSC

SolvencyCertificate

PRERANA(e-

Scholorship)Standardization of District

Portals

Table 1: List of services under different categories of e-Governance services in Odisha State

2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the study are as follows:

5. To find the available citizen centric e-governance services in Odisha.

6. To observe the impact of e-governance services availed by citizens.

7. To do the comparative study of e-governance services versus manual services with

respect to cost of availing, ease of access, scope and transparency.

8. To study the efficiency level of government organizations after converting the manual

services into the e-governance services.

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8. REFERENCES:

[1] Das, Rama Krushna ; Patnaik, Sujata ; Padhy, Arati Kumari ; Mohini, Chinmaya "Service

Oriented Layered Approach for E-Governance System Implementation" 2014 International

Conference on Information Technology (ICIT), 2014 , Page(s): 293 – 298

[2] Bannister, Frank ; Connolly, Regina "New Problems for Old? Defining e-Governance", 44th

Hawaii International Conference onSystem Sciences (HICSS), 2011, Page(s): 1 – 10

[3] Singh, A. ; Goyal, D.P. ; Sharma, S. "Knowledge Management and E-governance: A Case

Study of E-kiosk in India", 2012 Seventh International Conference on Knowledge, Information

and Creativity Support Systems (KICSS), 2012 , Page(s): 111 – 117

[4] Bhudeb Chakravarti and M. Venugopal, “Citizen Centric Service Delivery through e-

Governance Portal – Present Scenario in India”, White Paper published by National Institute for

Smart Government (NISG), Hyderabad, India, May 2008.

[5] Saeed, M. ; Bharali, J. ; Bhowal, A. "E-governance service delivery - an assessment of

Community Information Centre Model in India", 2010 International Conference on Advances in

ICT for Emerging Regions (ICTer), 2010, Page(s): 22 – 31

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[6] Dr. S P Kulshrestha, "Public Service Delivery System & E-governance" CSI

Communications, July 2013, Pages 18-20

Websites:

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Governance

2. http://india.gov.in/e-governance

3. http://deity.gov.in/content/e-governance

4. http://www.nceg.gov.in/

5. https://egovstandards.gov.in/

6. http://www.orissaonline.gov.in/site/default.aspx

7. http://edistrictorissa.gov.in/edistrict/index.php

8. http://www.oesl.in/

9. http://bhulekh.ori.nic.in

10. http://www.ocac.in/

11. www.oswan.gov.in/

12. https://www.ulbodisha.gov.in

13. http://ebloodbank.nrhmodisha.in/

14. http://orissa.gov.in/portal/default.asp 15. http://apps.nic.in 16. http://central.ortpsa.in

Customers’ Satisfaction from FinancialServices of Indian Public Sector BanksA Study on State Bank of India

Submitted by: Savita Dhawan Research Scholar Computer Science

General ScenarioSBI is one of the most promising and developing nationalized bank of India. Since its establishment it has been taking high rise growth over the accounts of its customers in merchant savings and corporate fields. Customer service is the provision of service to customers before, during and after a purchase. According to Turban et al. (2002), "Customer service is a series of activities designed to enhance the level of customer satisfaction – that is, the feeling that a product or service has met the customer expectation." Its importance varies by products, industry and customer; defective or broken merchandise can be exchanged, often only with a receipt and within a specified time frame. Retail stores often have a desk or counter devoted to dealing with returns, exchanges and complaints, or will perform related functions at

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the point of sale; the perceived success of such interactions being dependent on employees "who can adjust themselves to the personality of the guest," according to Micah Solomon quoted in Inc. Magazine. From the point of view of an overall sales process engineering effort, customer service plays an important role in an organization's ability to generate income and revenue. From that perspective, customer service should be included as part of an overall approach to systematic improvement. A customer service experience can change the entire perception a customer has of the organization.

SBI Growth Rate Years

63% 2009

67% 2010

68% 2011

69.46% 2012

71% 2013

From the above findings it was found that one of the S.B.I.Bank provided services is Online transactions. That is not much known to the customers, therefore the Bank management should take efforts to make awareness among the general public about online facilities. 2. Since 73% of the customers using savings account deposits in every Bank. So the Bank management should think of introducing new schemes regarding savings accounts and marketing those to the customers. 3. While discussing with the customers about suggestions they want more information on loans with interest rates provided by the Bank. So the Bank should employ some contact persons through a toll free number. 4. Since 23% of the Respondents were dis-satisfy on transactions at Bank and time consumed too. To avoid this problem the Bank management should recruit more employees. 5. Majority of the customers will prefer online bill payment facility provide by S.B.I.Bank. so the management should give low service charges and offering prices on Online Bill Payments. 6. Advertisement of S.B.I.Bank is very less when compared with the competitors. It may leads to switching on other Banks. To overcome the Bank management should promote more advertisements through various advertisement vehicles. 7. Most of the customers felt that opening of an account is very difficult in the Bank. So the management should take care on new customers as well as old customers 8. Only24% of the customers will aware of the availability of shares in stock exchange. So the management should display their types of securities like equity shares, bonds, debentures etc in their branches. 9. The discussions of the customers, mostly to expanding of the branch for their convinence.The management try to expand the branch for customers’ convenience. 10. Since private sector Banks are the main competitors of the SB.I.Bank.So the Bank management should always work out special market strategies to retain the current customers and also bring out the market share of S.B.I.Bank customers, by regular advertisements, improving service quality, introducing new schemes for the customers.

Conclusion: Some light was shed on some negative factors also like creating an awareness on online transactions, interest rates on loans, A.T.M. facilities etc.,That’s why Some suggestion were provided to the management like concentrating on Online services, solving banking problem with a quick time and promote loan facilities like industrial,business,agriculture,individual loans etc, with an attracting advertisements.

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References:

AIEER REPORT 2010

AIEER REPORT 2009

AIEER BANKING REPORT 2009

M. Kailash, A Study on Customer Satisfaction with Service Quality in Indian Public and Private Sector Banks: Golden Research Thoughts (March 2012) [6].

Hummayoun Naeem, Asma Akram and M. Iqbal Saif, 'Service Quality and Its Impact on Customer Satisfaction: An Empirical Evidence from The Pakistani Banking Sector', International Business & Economics Research Journal –December 2009 Volume 8, Number 12 pp. 99-104 [7].

Uma Sankar Mishra, Bibhuti Bhusan Mishra, Saroj Kanta Biswal and Bidhu Bhusan Mishra, ―Employee Evaluations of Customer Satisfaction: A Comparative Study between Public and Private Banks in India‖, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics ISSN 1450-2887 Issue 59 (2010), pp134-144

Dr. C.K. Amravati Finance Report 2011

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Role of political administration in Increasing Transparency in Electronic Voting

Submitted by : MD BOKTIAR KHILZI RESEARCH SCHOLAR POLITICAL SCIENCE

The Indian government has made many technical reasons through the election commission to make the electronic voting easy and transparent. The administration has gone through the facts that he most important advantage is that the printing of millions of ballot papers can be dispensed with, as only one ballot paper is required for fixing on the Balloting Unit at each polling station instead of one ballot paper for each individual elector. This results in huge savings by way of cost of paper, printing, transportation, storage and distribution. Secondly, counting is very quick and the result can be declared within 2 to 3 hours as compared to 30-40 hours, on an average, under the conventional system. Thirdly, there are no invalid votes under the system of voting under EVMs. The importance of this will be better appreciated, if it is remembered that in every General Election, the number of invalid votes is more than the winning margin between the winning candidate and the second candidate, in a number of constituencies. To this extent, the choice of the electorate will be more correctly reflected when EVMs are used

Electronic votingElectronic voting is a term used to describe the act of voting using electronic systems to cast and count votes.

Forward-thinking countries and election commissions are keen to explore how it can help them improve their elections.

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Auditable, transparent, secure and accurate

For some nations, automated elections mean that people can trust the results because it allows for a process that is so auditable, transparent and secure. Of course, electronic voting also helps reduce human error.

Faster results and build trust

For other countries, particularly large ones like Brazil, India and the Philippines, electronic voting and electronic counting means that people can get official election results within hours, instead of weeks. Again, this builds trust.

Can increase engagement and turnout

For others countries, technology will be a useful way of improving voter education and registration, to increase engagement and voter turnout.

Increases accessibility

It’s also vitally important that everyone who is eligible to participate in elections can do so. And electronic voting is very good at making voting more accessible, meaning it’s easier for disable people to vote independently.

Smartmatic: the world leader in electronic voting

We lay claim to this title because we’ve processed more electronic votes (2.3 billion) in over 3,500 elections around the world – more than any other organisation.

The electronic voting system we’ve developed has been called the ‘best in the world’ by the world’s leading, independent election observer, The Carter Center.

Electronic voting that is completely auditable

One of the reasons our electronic voting system has been praised so highly is that it’s designed around the idea that all parties, citizens and electoral commissions are able to audit the electoral process at every stage, including before an election has even begun.   

The key to our success is what’s known as the voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT). Our voting machines print a paper receipt every time a vote is registered electronically. This makes it easy to perform recounts and audits because you can compare the electronic count with the paper count. It’s become the de facto standard worldwide for transparent electronic voting. he microchip used in EVMs is sealed at the time of import. It cannot be opened and any rewriting of program can be done by anyone without damaging the chip. There is, therefore, absolutely no

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chance of programming the EVMs in a particular way to select any particular candidate or political party.

There is provision for issue of tendered ballot papers under the system of EVMs also. But, when such a situation arises, the voter concerned will be issued an ordinary ballot paper. After marking the ballot paper with the arrow cross mark rubber stamp supplied, the tendered ballot paper will be put inside a cover specially provided for the purpose, sealed and kept by the Presiding Officer.

As soon as the last voter has voted, the Polling Officer in-charge of the Control Unit will press the ‘Close’ Button. Thereafter, the EVM will not accept any vote. Further, after the close of poll, the Balloting Unit is disconnected from the Control Unit and kept separately. Votes can be recorded only through the Balloting Unit. Again the Presiding officer, at the close of the poll, will hand over to each polling agent present an account of votes recorded. At the time of counting of votes, the total will be tallied with this account and if there is any discrepancy, this will be pointed out by the Counting Agents.

References

Website http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/evm.aspx

Administration for Election in India Volume III 2011

Dr. C. Y. Acharya Report analysis on Election 2012

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THE PROBLEM OF PARALLEL SORTING AND ALGORITHM

Submitted by : SHAKIR KHAN Research Scholar Physics

A sorting algorithm is an algorithm that puts elements of a list in a certain order. The most-used orders are numerical order and lexicographical order. Efficient sorting is important for optimizing the use of other algorithms (such as search and merge algorithms) which require input data to be in sorted lists; it is also often useful for canonicalizingdata and for producing human-readable output. More formally, the output must satisfy two conditions:

1. The output is in nondecreasing order (each element is no smaller than the previous element according to the desired total order);

2. The output is a permutation (reordering) of the input.

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Further, the data is often taken to be in an array, which allows random access, rather than a list, which only allows sequential access, though often algorithms can be applied with suitable modification to either type of data.

Since the dawn of computing, the sorting problem has attracted a great deal of research, perhaps due to the complexity of solving it efficiently despite its simple, familiar statement. For example, bubble sort was analyzed as early as 1956.[1] A fundamental limit of comparison sorting algorithms is that they require linearithmic time – O(n log n) – in the worst case, though better performance is possible on real-world data (such as almost-sorted data), and algorithms not based on comparison, such as counting sort, can have better performance. Although many consider sorting a solved problem – asymptotically optimal algorithms have been known since the mid-20th century – useful new algorithms are still being invented, with the now widely used Timsort dating to 2002, and the library sort being first published in 2006.

Sorting algorithms are prevalent in introductory computer science classes, where the abundance of algorithms for the problem provides a gentle introduction to a variety of core algorithm concepts, such as big O notation, divide and conquer algorithms, data structures such as heaps and binary trees, randomized algorithms, best, worst and average case analysis, time-space tradeoffs, and upper and lower bounds.

Comparison sorts

Name BestAvera

geWors

tMemory

Stable

Method

Other notes

Quicksort o

n

average,

worst

case is ;

Sedgewi

typical

in-

place

sort is

not

stable;

Partitioni

ng

Quicksort is usually

done in place withO(log n) stack

space.[citation needed]Most

implementations are

unstable, as stable in-

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Comparison sorts

Name BestAvera

geWors

tMemory

Stable

Method

Other notes

ck

variation is

worst

case

stable

version

s exist

place partitioning is

more complex. Naïv

evariants use an O(n)

space array to store

the

partition.]Quicksort

variant using three-

way (fat) partitioning

takes O(n)

comparisons when

sorting an array of

equal keys.

Merge sort worst

caseYes Merging

Highly

parallelizable(up to O(log n) using the

Three Hungarians' Algorithm[2] or, more

practically, Cole's

parallel merge sort)

for processing large

amounts of data.

In-place merge

sort

— — Yes Merging Can be implemented

as a stable sort based

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Comparison sorts

Name BestAvera

geWors

tMemory

Stable

Method

Other notes

on stable in-place

merging.[3]

Heapsort No Selection

Insertion sort Yes Insertion

O(n + d), in the worst

case over sequences that have dinversions.

Introsort No

Partitioni

ng &

Selection

Used in several ST

Limplementations.

Selection sort No Selection

Stable with O(n) extra

space, for example

using lists.

Problem

Sorting is the process of placing elements from a collection in some kind of order. For example, a list of words could be sorted alphabetically or by length. A list of cities could be sorted by population, by

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area, or by zip code. We have already seen a number of algorithms that were able to benefit from having a sorted list (recall the final anagram example and the binary search).

There are many, many sorting algorithms that have been developed and analyzed. This suggests that sorting is an important area of study in computer science. Sorting a large number of items can take a substantial amount of computing resources. Like searching, the efficiency of a sorting algorithm is related to the number of items being processed. For small collections, a complex sorting method may be more trouble than it is worth. The overhead may be too high. On the other hand, for larger collections, we want to take advantage of as many improvements as possible. In this section we will discuss several sorting techniques and compare them with respect to their running time.

Before getting into specific algorithms, we should think about the operations that can be used to analyze a sorting process. First, it will be necessary to compare two values to see which is smaller (or larger). In order to sort a collection, it will be necessary to have some systematic way to compare values to see if they are out of order. The total number of comparisons will be the most common way to measure a sort procedure. Second, when values are not in the correct position with respect to one another, it may be necessary to exchange them. This exchange is a costly operation and the total number of exchanges will also be important for evaluating the overall efficiency of the algorithm.

Reference

1. Demuth, H. Electronic Data Sorting. PhD thesis, Stanford University, 1956.

2. J Ajtai, M.; Komlós, J.; Szemerédi, E. (1983). An O(n log n) sorting network. STOC '83. Proceedings

of the fifteenth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing: 1–

9. doi:10.1145/800061.808726. ISBN 0-89791-099-0. edit

3. Auran & charya Huang, B. C.; Langston, M. A. (December 1992). "Fast Stable Merging and Sorting

in Constant Extra Space" (PDF).Comput. J. 35 (6): 643–

650. doi:10.1093/comjnl/35.6.643. CiteSeerX: 10.1.1.54.8381. edit

4. http://www.algolist.net/Algorithms/Sorting/Selection_sort

5. http://dbs.uni-leipzig.de/skripte/ADS1/PDF4/kap4.pdf

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History of Charitable Homes in Assam

Submitted by ATIQUR RAHMAN, Research Scholar History

Introduction

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In assam non profit organizations / non governmental organizations are part of social development and welfare of the state people. NGOs in Assam has been actively working for genuine social development programmes and welfare activities of urban and rural communities. Assam NGOs are participating in Social development and charitable issues organized by Government and welfare groups. Assam NGOs are always ready to come ahead to work for the upliftment and betterment of the children women development, education social awareness and other objectives.

Homes for old age persons, physically and mentally handicap persons, and upliftment of slum children and women. NGOs are well organizing education, health, social, justice, disaster management, natural resource management, agriculture development, social awareness, betterment of backward and deprived communities, poverty and distress relief programs.

NGO has been implementing the programs related to Employment female, feticides, Rain water harvesting, Animal welfare, science and technology, sports development of Art, Craft and Culture, Heritage protection, conversation of historical places the issues like conservation and protection of environment, human rights, social equality, drinking water issues, legal awareness and Aid, Nutrition, Right to information, Rural and Urban development, forming and supporting self help groups, research and development are main part of the major active NGOs, in Assam.

Major Charities & Non Profit Organizations In Assam India

 United Nations Development Programme Undp India

http://www.undp.org.in/

UNDP is the UN's global development network, advocating for change and connecting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better life. We work in 166 countries through a network of 135 country offices worldwide, workin

 Resources Centre For Sustainable Development (rcsd

http://www.rcsdin.org

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RCSD is an S&T NGO based in Northeast India and undertake scientific research and extension for promotion of sustainable development addressing issues relating to energy, water, environment degradation, biodiversity and climate change. Seek out and s.

 Pfi Foundation India

http://www.pfifound.org

PFI FOUNDATION is an international NGO based in Assam with its HQ in Guwahati and branches in Silchar, Patherkandi (Karimganj) and Addis Ababa (Ethiopia). The Foundation focuses on various kinds of socio-economic welfare activities and work to promot

 Omeo Kumar Das Institute Of Social Change And Development Okdiscd

http://www.okd.in

The Omeo Kumar Das Institute of Social Change and Development (OKDISCD), originally called the Institute for Social Change and Development, came into being on March 30, 1989 in Guwahati under the joint initiatives of the Government of Assam and the I

 Centre For Rural Development Crd

http://www.crdev.org

Centre for Rural Development (CRD) is a professional Developmental Organisation registered under the Societies Registration Act XXI of 1860 in the year 1994-95; the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act of 1976 vide no. 020780083 in the year 2003;

 Bosco Reach Out, Bro

http://www.boscoreachout.org

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Bosco Reach Out (BRO), the development organization of the Salesian Province of Guwahati committed to the integral and holistic development of the human being and rooted in the charism of the Salesian within the church and in the society, is a non-profit organization.

References

http://www.charity-charities.org/

assam.ngosindia.com

Charity & Trust Report Volume 27 Assam, 2009

NGO Assam Guide 2010

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The Study of Inner Bremsstrahling

Submitted by : MD. SAFIQUE HUSSAIN AHMED Research scholar Physics

Introduction

The "inner" bremsstrahlung (also known as "internal bremsstrahlung") arises from the creation of the

electron and its loss of energy (due to the strong electric field in the region of the nucleus undergoing

decay) as it leaves the nucleus. Such radiation is a feature of beta decay in nuclei, but it is

occasionally (less commonly) seen in the beta decay of free neutrons to protons, where it is created

as the beta electron leaves the proton.

In electron and positron emission by beta decay the photon's energy comes from the electron-

nucleon pair, with the spectrum of the bremsstrahlung decreasing continuously with increasing

energy of the beta particle. In electron capture, the energy comes at the expense of the  neutrino, and

the spectrum is greatest at about one third of the normal neutrino energy, decreasing to zero

electromagnetic energy at normal neutrino energy. Note that in the case of electron capture,

bremsstrahlung is emitted even though no charged particle is emitted. Instead, the bremsstrahlung

radiation may be thought of as being created as the captured electron is accelerated toward being

absorbed. Such radiation may be at frequencies that are the same as soft gamma radiation, but it

exhibits none of the sharp spectral lines of gamma decay, and thus is not technically gamma

radiation.

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General AspectA measurement of inner bremsstrahlung in muon decay has been made using spark chambers, scintillators and fast oscilloscopes. The electron range distribution in graphite and the absolute rates were determined for electron-gamma-ray angles between 130 and 180 deg. For the electron and gamma-ray energies studied, the branching ratio of μ→e+γ+ν+ν¯ to μ→e+ν+ν¯ is predicted to be about 10−4 over this angular range. The total number of inner bremsstrahlung events observed was 1805±43, which is in agreement with an expected number of 1889±283. The data were found to be in accord with the predictions given by electromagnetic corrections applied to the weak interaction.

Reference

Aieer physics report 2007

Aieer physics report 2009

MIS measurement bremsstrahlung 2010

Humage Gorge Volume II 2009

ATY Image Sensation and Physics 2010

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Role of Internship Training to develop Quality Human Resource

Submitted by: Raghvendra Katti Research Scholar Management

Current Aspects

Human resource is directly attached with the term training where the resources are

fetched through one of the common factor of all and that is Internship. It is not a

revolutionary shift, it is an evolutionary process. While the following does not

125

apply to all companies, it does apply to most companies that begin as domestic-

only companies.

The biggest obstacle these marketers face is being blindsided by emerging global

marketers. Because domestic marketers do not generally focus on the changes in

the global marketplace, they may not be aware of a potential competitor who is a

market leader on three continents until they simultaneously open 20 stores in the

Northeastern U.S. These marketers can be considered ethnocentric as they are

most concerned with how they are perceived in their home country.

After product research, development and creation, promotion (specifically

advertising) is generally the largest line item in a global company’s marketing

budget. At this stage of a company’s development, integrated marketing is the

goal. The global corporation seeks to reduce costs, minimize redundancies in

personnel and work, maximize speed of implementation, and to speak with one

voice. If the goal of a global company is to send the same message worldwide,

then delivering that message in a relevant, engaging, and cost-effective way is the

challenge.

Objective

(1) Identify the skills needed to be effective in international marketing.

126

(2) identify the level of importance of each of these skills

(3) identify the degree to which these skills are present in employees of exporting

companies

(4) describe the gap between the skills these employees have and the skills they

need.

CONTRIBUTION OF RESEARCH IN FUTURE ASPECTS :

The results of this study provided a foundation that could be used to initiate

several additional studies:

(a) using the skills identified for effective international marketing as the

foundation for designing skill standards for effective international marketing

practice

(b) using the general international marketing training priorities to establish

industry-specific international marketing training modules

127

(c) validate the international marketing skill assessment instrument and develop

additional international marketing audit tools, methods and instruments

(d) using the skills identified for effective international marketing as the

foundation for addressing the merits of outsourcing options.

References :

Albaum, G., Jesper, S., & Edwin, D. (2004). International marketing and export

management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Financial Times Prentice Hall

Albaum, G., & Peterson, R. A. (1984). Empirical research in international

marketing. Journal of International Business Studies

Ball, D.A., Wendell, H., McCulloch, Jr. (2005). International business: The

challenge of global competition. Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hill/Irwin

Bartlett, C. A., & Ghoshal, S. (1992). What Is a Global Manager. Harvard Business

Review

Berry, D. (1990). Marketing mix for the '90s adds an S and 2 Cs to 4 Ps. Marketing

News 24, no. 26 (24 December).

128

Borden, N. H. (1964). The concept of the marketing mix. Journal of Advertising

Research.

Cateora, P. R. (1993). International marketing. Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin.

Cateora, P.R., & Graham, J. L. (2002). International marketing. New York, NY:

McGraw-Hill

Dahringer, L. D., & Hans M. (1991). International marketing: A global

perspective. Menlo Park, CA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.

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Relationship between Need abasement and High & Low Attitude of Teachers

Submitted by : SRI RAMEN KUMAR BAYAN

Research scholar : Education

Introduction

Attitude in a teacher does a lot mater in the teaching line in any educational sector either of school or in colleges or universities. The measures of High and Low attitude is strictly noticed for the necessity of abasement and its all parameters. For the welfare of health & educational achievement of higher secondary school children, this research comprises the effect on children due to the physical facilities available in the school. The big role of infrastructure, atmosphere and all the physical facilities will be described to understand the reasons and the solution for the betterment of higher secondary school children. In an individual survey researcher got the way of thinking of many students and their parents for the selection of school. But it was found the all are preferably choosing the standard of teaching, previous results of school, and other academic

129

achievements of a school. Some other problem, which a student faces in his school is not told to anyone because of a tradition of common and speechless problem for him, as others are tolerating. Apart from the teaching standards in a school this research attending the major factor of physical facilities, which sometimes play a very important role for whole career of a student. Unavoidable, Reasonable, and acceptable matter and conclusion of this research will revolutionary change the way of continuing study for students and their parents or guardians. Higher Secondary Schools Gwalior including rural urban areas is the main research area, where the description of physical facilities and all atmosphere and effect on education of students is discussed. Research is getting involved, many physical facilities such as Infrastructure, Ventilation, Water, Light, Furniture, and Maintenance too.

Objective

The main objective of this research is to create awareness in the students and parents to concentrate not only on the standard of teaching and other academic facility of a school but also on the physical facilities available in the school, which affect the health of students and their educational achievements. Many students and their parents are unable to see this most important factor of education system. Avoiding the physical facilities of a school definitely affects the student health and due to this many irregularities and level of study get decreased. This research will definitely activate the thinking of students and their parents to ensure the availability of proper infrastructure, ventilation, water, light and other unavoidable physical facilities in a school. To create a competition of providing better physical facility for the higher secondary students for the betterment of students’ health and education on District State and National level is the main objective of this research.

All the survey reports of students, parents, teachers and principals and owners of higher secondary schools, done by the researcher will be taken as main tools of the study.

For this research survey reports are obviously the main tool, as through this process the data base related to the current physical facility and problems of students can be collected. Direct visit in the schools is also a part of finding solution, amendments, and conclusions of the research.

Conclusion

Apart from the standards of teaching the main focus will be on the result of the students and their health, which is mainly affected in the school atmosphere due to the available physical facilities.

130

The comparison between the selected International or branded and the higher secondary schools of Gwalior, will be shown to learn the way of fixing best infrastructure and other physical facilities. The result and health chart of foreign and other private branded schools will be explained through the research process to obtain the procedure of smooth running of whole study in a school. Merging all the survey reports, interview reports and articles research will elaborate the actual condition of schools where physical facilities are not upto the level and affecting the educational achievements and health of the student. All methods of removing the problems occurred in higher secondary schools will explained in the research work. The process of collecting new physical facilities by amending the available equipments, and arranging through some sources will be detailed. The process of recruiting staff for managing physical facilities of school will be mentioned and the working process will also be elaborated. In the conclusion of the research it will be explained how a school can manage and avail the physical facilities. How a student can get a hygienic atmosphere in a school? How a student can improve his study level by taking better physical facilities? What type of precautions should be taken by a student and school management to improve and manage the available physical facilities? To make learning process better in a higher secondary school physical facilities also play an important role, To improve all aspects of physical facilities for providing good health and educational achievement through this research many contents will explain the improvisation of current sitting arrangement of students, the distance matter between the teacher and students in the class, the proper light in class room, the hygienic water supply for drinking and washing too, to maintain the gardens and fields of school, where students are always spend time in their interval and sports period, to maximize the reasons attending classes as per the schedule of the school, to maintain the cleanliness and healthy atmosphere in the whole premises of the school through many equipments. The major part of the research is to create a competition in District, State and National level higher secondary schools for providing the best physical facilities.

References

Reports of Direct Interviews of higher secondary students of Gwalior 2009, 2010

Reports of Direct Interviews higher secondary students’ Parents/Guardians of Gwalior, 2009, 2010

Reports of Direct Interviews of teachers and principals of higher secondary schools of Gwalior 2010.

Visiting report of K.V.No.1 Gwalior 2010,

Visiting report of LAHS Gwalior 2010,

Visiting report of Scindhia School Gwalior 2010

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A COLLABARATIVE DIGITAL NETWORK APPLIED TO A BALANCED MOBILITY DISPLAY

Submitted by : ALI AKHTAR

Research scholar : Computer Science

Introduction

Mobile devices are a double-edged sword, regarded as both a worker's constant digital leash, yet also a productivity enhancer under the right conditions. However, research suggests that an enterprise's deep commitment to maintaining an effective mobile digital workforce can also have a positive impact on employee recruitment, retention and satisfaction, writes Aberdeen's Andre brew

For the benefits of collaboration to be better realized, IT leaders must take a balanced and strategic approach to mobile security that focuses more on protecting the network and proprietary data and less on implementing overly broad restrictions.Gartner recently made three interesting predictions about mobility in the workplace. And while each of these predictions are compelling – they only offer one-side of the story and the solution:

1. Twenty percent of BYOD projects will fail by 2016 due to IT’s “heavy hand.”2. Strict mobility policies will drive employees to want to isolate personal data from business data.3. Mobile browsers will gain market share for app delivery for multiple platforms, and the role of

HTML5 in solving issues that arise with the multiple platform problem.Instead, IT leaders should encourage employees to use secure solutions on devices connected to the network. Managing belief and behaviors of users and deploying a flexible infrastructure that can support an open BYOD policy and mitigate advanced security threats, can have tremendous impact on creating an immersive collaborative environment.

General Aspects

The employee retention benefits discovered point to mobility's role in recruiting new talent and encouraging existing employees to stay longer. Aberdeen's newest survey, The State of Wireless LAN 2008, is trying to find out even more about how companies are deploying and optimizing this technology for their workforce, especially as the positive impact on employee retention among the Best-in-Class has been a finding somewhat in contrast with popular wisdom. The phenomenon of the "crackberry," describing the addictive aspect of mobile, ubiquitous access to enterprise information, is widely understood to represent the negative impact that mobility has historically had on the work/life (work/work?) balance of employees.

132

Benefits

Mobile messaging and collaboration tools provide many benefits to the Best-in-Class enterprises that have implemented them. Among the more obvious and tangible benefits of increased productivity and customer satisfaction are the "softer" benefits of a more satisfied workforce resulting in increased employee retention. The report was based on survey data from over 233 end-user organizations worldwide, fielded in August 2008. The following are selected actions recommended by the report You Can Take it with You: Enterprise Mobile Messaging and Collaboration:

Create a cross-functional team to help identify mobile messaging best practices

Develop the ability to measure and track mobile messaging usage Expand the usage of push e-mail Extend mobile messaging and collaboration capabilities throughout the

organizational value chainReferences

V.t. walia volume 3 2010

C.N.N. Computer and its mobility volume 2009

www.technewsworld.com › Mobile Tech

blogs.cisco.com › Collaboration

aieer report 2011

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IMPORTANCE AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SURDS

133

SUBMITTED BY : ANOWAR HUSSAIN RESEARCH SCHOLAR MATHEMATICS

The reason for learning surds is so that you can express non-exact numbers easily with small numbers instead of huge numbers that take up loads of room. Surds are numbers left in root form (√) to express its exact value. It has an infinite number of non-recurring decimals. Therefore, surds are irrational numbers.There are certain rules that we follow to simplify an expression involving surds. Rationalising the denominator is one way to simplify these expressions. It is done by eliminating the surd in the denominator. This is shown in Rules 3, 5 and 6.It can often be necessary to find the largest perfect square factor in order to simplify surds. The largest perfect square factor is found by looking at any possible factors of the number that is being square rooted. Lets say that you are looking at the square root of 242. Can you simplify this? Well, 2 x 121 is 242 and we can take the square root of 121 without leaving a surd (because we get 11). Since we cannot take the square root of a larger number that can be multiplied by another to give 242 then we say that 121 is the largest perfect square factor.

Surds is one of those confusing areas that I vaguely remember but have to look at a definition to recall properly. The BBC GCSE Bitesize website has “a square root which cannot be reduced to a whole number” and says “you need to be able to simplify expressions involving surds”. Rearranging surds, then, is the business of noticing that the square root of 12 multiplied by the square root of 3 can be combined to give the square root of 36, which is 6.

Surds, then, are a part of general algebraic fluency. I expected, therefore, that one answer would be that this is the kind of manipulation that helps generally with higher mathematics; though I wonder when such neat numbers arise in reality. I also expected to hear that surds were useful in very efficient computation. I remember once speaking to someone who was programming computers to go on board aeroplanes. These had very limited computing power and needed to work in real time; the programming involved all sorts of mental arithmetic tricks to minimise the complexity of calculations.

REFERENCE

http://aperiodical.com/2012/10/surds-what-are-they-good-for-2/

double seety brand and organized surds system volume 3

Aieer mathematics data base 2009

THE PROBLEM OF PARALLEL SORTING AND ALGORITHM

134

Submitted by: Pooja Sharma, Research Scholar Computer Science

We determine, up to a constant factor, the time complexity for finding an approximate maximum, for approximate sorting and for approximate merging for all admissible values of the three parameters n, p and ~. This implies, as a special casei all the known results about the time complexity of the corresponding comparison problems. In addition, it reveals certain surprising differences between the time complexities of some of the problems and these of their approximation generalizations. All our upper bounds are obtained by explicit algorithms that apply several known explicit expanders, and only the constants can be somewhat improved by Using random graphs instead of explicit ones. We next state our results in this futl generality. The functions appearing in these results are somewhat complicated, and/hence it is not easy to see the exact implications of the theorems below. It is thus worth mentioning, before the statements of the theorems below, one somewhat surprising special case which appears in [3] and answers a question raised by N. Pippenger and by J. Koml6s. Suppose we wish to find, among our n elements, an element which belongs to the biggest n/2, where in each round we allow n comparisons:, We show in [3] that log* n - 4 rounds are necessary and log* n + 2 are sufficient for this problem. Here log*n denotes the minimum number k such that, starting with ~, k applications of logarithms in base 2 suffice to reach a number smaller than or equal to 1.

Conclusive Points

We have determined the exact behavior, up to a constant factor, of three of the main comparison problems; sorting, merging and selecting the maximum, even when we just want to have an e-approximation for them. There is a fourth important comparison problem which is the general selection. We can define an ~-approximate selection for the rank/3n, 1 < /3 < 1, ~n < e < 89 as finding an element x in the set g whose rank is known tosat~sfy n(/3 -~ ~) -~ rN(x ) < n(/3 + c). Approximate maximum is thus the case where/3 = 1. Approximate median is the case/3 -- 1/2. It is known that the algorithms for selection are harder than the algorithms for finding the maximum. However the complexity of parallel selection in the comparison models for every n and p is the same as for the maximum and is: O (p + log log(2§176 } (see [7], [27], [121). The exact complexity of approximate parallel selection is not known. Our lower bound for approximate maximum holds, of course, for approximate selection as well. On the other hand the upper bound for ~-approximate sorting gives an upper bound for approximate selection. In fact, our methods enable us to prove a slightly better upper bound that gives, for example, for p = n the following upper bound. 1 ' log* n - log* 1/c + 2 + log* n) 0 (log log /e-log(1-~g ,n-- ~'oog ~-~/e ~ 2) Note that this is really a better bound than the one for approximate sorting. In fact it is not more than log* n~ log log* n times the approximate maximum lower bound. It is interesting to find the exact complexity of approximate selection and to decide whether it is more than the complexity for approximate maximum. Acknowledgement. We would like to thank N. Pippenger for bringing some of the problems considered in this paper to our attention.

References

[1] D.T. Survey 2009

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[2] N. ALON, and Y. AZh: The average complexity of deterministic and randomized parallel comparison sorting algorithms, Proc. 28th IEEE FOCS, Los Angeles, CA 1987, IEEE Press, 489-498; Also: SIAM J. Comput. 17 (1988) .

[3] Armaan Belding and Toren Singh 2010.

[4] Belging and Furnandise Ever Maths Volume 2009

[5] Monty Dessin , V.R. Sharma 6996, Volume III

Updates on Indian Audit and Account Services

Submitted By : PARITOSH SARKAR, Research Scholar : Commerce

General Introduction

The services comprises the controlling and monitoring of all Indian government departments or its linked organization through auditing and accounting association. It is an Indian Central Government service, free of control from any executive authority, under the Comptroller and Auditor General of India. The officers of the Indian Audit and Accounts Department serve in an audit managerial capacity. IAAS is responsible for auditing the accounts of the Union and State governments and public sector organizations, and for maintaining the accounts of State governments. It role is somewhat similar to the USGAO and National Audit Office (United Kingdom).

We are well aware about the facts of accounting and audit. The service can be divided into officers looking after State accounts and the officers at Headquarters. The state accounts and audit offices are headed by Accountants General or Principal Accountants General. They are functionally equivalent; only the designations vary. Major states have three Principal Accountants General (PAsG) or Accountants General (AsG), each heading Accounts and Entitlement (i.e., compiling state accounts, maintaining pension accounts, loan accounts, etc.), General and Social Sector Audit (GSSA) or Economic and Revenue Sector Audit (ERSA).

Through the emulate of synchronize data the controlling and data fetching is done through the central body. The equivalent officers at the Central level are Principal Directors (PDs) or Directors General (DsG). The PDs, DsG, AsG and PAsG report to Additional Deputy CAG (also called ADAI, for historical reasons) or Deputy CAG (called DAI, again for historical reasons). The Deputy CAGs are the highest-ranked officers in the service.

After training, the Officer Trainees are posted as Deputy Accountants General (DAsG) or Deputy Directors (DDs). Subsequent to their promotion, they become Senior Deputy Accountants General (Sr.DAsG) or Directors. All officers below the rank of AG/PD are also called Group Officers as they are generally in charge of a group in the office.

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Personnel

Recruitment to the IAAS is through the joint competitive examinations (the Civil Services Examination) and through promotion from the subordinate cadre. Once recruited to IAAS, the directly recruited officers are trained mainly at the National Academy of Audit and Accounts, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India. The training is split into two phases. Phase-1 involves giving a theoretical background to the students on concepts of Government and commercial auditing and accounting. Phase-2 gives emphasis on practical training. The training involves modules where Officer Trainees are attached to the Reserve Bank of India, the National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, the Planning Commission, the Bureau of Parliamentary Studies and the Indian Institute of Management, Lucknow. The Officer Trainees are also given an international exposure through attachment with London School of Economics and Political Science.

AuthoritiesSanctioned strength of IA&AS Cadre (As on 01.08.2009) Deputy Comptroller and Auditor General: 5 Additional Deputy Comptroller and Auditor General: 5 Principal Accountant General: 26 Senior Administrative Grade: 107 Junior Administrative Grade: 161 (Selection Grade 80 and Ordinary Grade 81) Senior Time Scale: 256 Junior Time Scale: 136

Work Elements

For carrying out diverse functions, the Comptroller & Auditor General of India is assisted by one of India's oldest services – the Indian Audit & Accounts Service, whose officers are deployed in offices spread throughout the country besides three overseas offices located at London, Kuala Lumpur and Washington.

Referencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Audits_and_Accounts_Service

D.Y. Patil Account Refresher

Sub Miracles of Audits and its results B.N. Ghosh

Amrawati Management System Volume III

PRESERVATION OF WET LAND &WATER BODY

Submitted by : Tarun kanti Ghosh Research Scholar: Education

Wetlands are defined as lands transitional between terrestrial and aquatic eco-systems where the water table is usually at or near the surface or the land is covered by shallow water (Mitch and Gosselink, 1986). The value of the world's wetlands is increasingly receiving due attention as they contribute to a healthy environment in many ways. They retain water during dry periods, thus keeping the water table high and relatively stable. During periods of flooding, they mitigate floods and trap suspended solids and attached nutrients. Thus,

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streams flowing into lakes by way of wetland areas will transport fewer suspended solids and nutrients to the lakes than if they flow directly into the lakes. The removal of such wetland systems because of urbanization or other factors typically causes lake water quality to worsen. In addition, wetlands are important feeding and breeding areas for wildlife and provide a stopping place and refuge for waterfowls. As with any natural habitat, wetlands are important in supporting species diversity and have a complex of wetland values.

The present review is aimed at providing, in a nutshell, the distribution of wetlands, the value of wetlands, the causes and consequences of the loss of wetlands. The review attempts to provide a glimpse of the use of modern spatial technology tools, viz., Remote Sensing/GIS for obtaining an assessment, description and monitoring of inland wetlands. The review also gives a methodology for an ongoing nationwide attempt at evolving a conservation area network or a protected area network of inland wetlands.

Distribution

India, with its annual rainfal1 of over 130 cm, varied topography and climatic regimes, supports and sustains diverse and unique wetland habitats. Natural wetlands in India consists of the high-altitude Himalayan lakes, followed by wetlands situated in the flood plains of the major river systems, saline and temporary wetlands of the arid and semi-arid regions, coastal wetlands such as lagoons, backwaters and estuaries, mangrove swamps, coral reefs and marine wetlands, and so on. In fact with the exception of bogs, fens and typical salt marshes, Indian wetlands cover the whole range of the ecosystem types found. In addition to the various types of natural wetlands, a large number of man-made wetlands also contribute to the faunal and floral diversity. These man-made wetlands, which have resulted from the needs of irrigation, water supply, electricity, fisheries and flood control, are substantial in number. The various reservoirs, shallow ponds and numerous tanks support wetland biodiversity and add to the country's wetland wealth. It is estimated that freshwater wetlands alone support 20 per cent of the known range of biodiversity in India (Deepa and Ramachandra, 1999).

Indian wetlands are grouped as:

(I) Himalayan wetlands: Ladakh and Zanskar Pangong Tso, Tso Morad, Chantau, Noorichan, Chushul and Hanlay marshes Kashmir ValleyDal, Anchar, Wular, Haigam, Malgam, Haukersar and Kranchu lakesCentral Himalayas Nainital, Bhimtal and NaukuchitalEastern Himalayas 

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Numerous wetlands in Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Manipur, Beels in the Brahmaputra and Barak valley (II) Indo-Gangetic wetlands:The Indo-Gangetic flood plain is the largest wetland system in India, extending from the river Indus in the west to Brahmaputra in the east. This includes the wetlands of the Himalayan terai and the Indo-Gangetic plains.(III) Coastal wetlands:The vast intertidal areas, mangroves and lagoons along the 7500 km long coastline in West Bengal, Orissa, Andh,ra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra. and Gujarat. Mangrove forests of Sunderbans, West Bengal and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Offshore coral reefs of Gulf of Kutch, Gulf of Mannar, Lakshwadeep and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. (IV) Deccan:A few natural wetlands, but innumerable small and large reservoirs and several water storage tanks in almost every village in the region

Conclusion

It is noteworthy that even a small country like UK could designate 161 wetlands as Ramsar Sites, India being a mega-diversity country, so far managed to delineate a mere six sites to date. There is obviously much ground to be covered in our conservation efforts for wetlands. In addition, a paradigm shift in our conservation ethic is also a strong need of the hour. This shift is necessary and perhaps mandatory due to the very nature of the resource being conserved and 'protected'. Because wetlands are a common property resource, It is an uphil1 task to protect or conserve the ecosystems unless the principal stakeholders are involved in the process. The dynamic nature of wetlands necessitates the widespread and consistent use of satellite-based remote sensors and low-cost, affordable GIS tools for effective management and monitoring.

References

www.aiwped.com

W.G. Sewagram volume III 2009

AIEER Report of Education 2010

A Study on Universalization of Education and Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan Programmes , its Functioning and Utility

Submitted by : Saumyajit Acharya Research Scholar Education

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Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) is a programme for Universal Elementary Education. This programme is also an attempt to provide an opportunity for improving human capabilities to all children through provision of community -owned quality education in a mission mode. It is a response to the demand for quality basic education all over the country.

Main feature of SSA:

1. Programme with a clear time frame for universal elementary education.

2. A response to the demand for quality basic education all over the country.

3. An opportunity for promoting social justice through basic.

4. A expression of political will for universal elementary education across the country.

5. A partnership between the central, state and the local government.

6. An opportunity for states to develop their own vision of elementary education.

7. An effort at effective involving the Panchyati Raj Institutions, school management Committees, village and urban slum level Education Committees, parent’s Teachers’ Associations, Mother-Teacher Associations, Tribal Autonomous councils and other grassroots level structures in the management of elementary schools.

The responses were like this:

a. need of financial stability

b. need of pennanency in the job

c. improvement in the government policies

d. improvement in the working atmosphere

e. need of a strict and transparent regulatory body

f. evaluation of integrated education and moving towards inclusive education

g. initiative on the part of the government to give special education the same identity as given by the

western world.

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From the above figure 4.28 it has been seen that the above graph clearly represents the trend of

responses to the final question of the form.

14.25% of the respondents said that they needed some financial stability for themselves. The data

collected clearly showed that most of the respondents priority was the permanency of the job as almost

290/0 of the respondents didn't want to change the job at a later time and wanted to be stable in their

current job. 14% of the teachers change in the government policies and a small numbers wanted change in

the working atmosphere. Need of strict and transparent -regulated body and related topic were the

response of around 13%. Again 12% of the teachers wanted the system to move towards inclusive set up.

A new generation impression was seen in the data collected when 14% of the respondents wanted the

government to give the same importance to special education as is given to general education.

In the above analysis it has been found out that financial stability job permanency and equal

status with the regular teacher are the major area which needed importance and its implementation.

Teachers believed that their hard works still not recognized and give right place in the educational

viewpoint. The non-performance of the job forced them to move for other options in their career.

On the basis of above analysis and interpretation, the major findings and conc1usions have been

discussed in the following chapter.

Conclusive theory

Education for all, a philosophy coined very recently is not a new one. In fact for more than 5000

years the Indian philosophers have stated this philosophy for the education for all in the society. For the

Indian philosophers each and every individual are the sparks of the supreme authority and everybody had

the right to achieve the goal of integrating with the supreme. To achieve the goal of education there were

teachers or gurus to guide the pupils. The personal touch of the teachers and the relationship between

them endeavoured to achieve the target of education.

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With the advent of Muslims and English the slIn of Indian philosophy was under the clouds. The

centre of education were shifted to madarsa and temples. There started struggle between the two cultures

and due to the dominance of the other Indian education system went under the shell. After this English

empire came and then whatever was left around Indian education system was almost subdued. The

English continued draining out money and materials from India, but the advent of preachers from their

country rekindled the light of knowledge again. They spread the education and many of the preachers

worked for the disabled of the COtll1try. Thus the concept of special education was brought to India. A

small step it looked but certainly was a giant leap of mankind. This was the time when the philosophy of

"education for all" took rebirth in India.

The concept of education of the disabled had got its seed but the actual development of it started

after the independence. It was between the year 1964 to 66when the Indian education commission

suggested that the education for the handicapped children has to be organized not merely on humanitarian

grounds but also on the grounds of their development. The commission accepted that very little had been

done so far for the education of the disabled. The commission accepted the need of integrated education.

The target of integrating at least 15% of the disabled education was initially taken into consideration. The

option of integration was thought out to be the best possible solution among the available education

system for the disabled.

References

IAMD report 2009

Eirr Report Journal of Education volume III 2010

Management in Education Volume III 2009

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142

Madhavadeva: His Life Art and Thoughts

Madhusudan Malakar : Research Scholar Linguistic

General Introduction

Madhavdev is an important preceptor of the Ekasarana Dharma known for his loyalty to his guru, Srimanta

Sankardev as well as his artistic brilliance. Initially a saktaworshipper, he was converted to Ekasarana Dharma by the

Sankardev and became his most prominent disciple. He became the religious as well as artistic successor of Sankardeva

after the later's death in 1568. He is known particularly for his book of hymns, the Naam Ghoxa, as well as a large

selection of songs called Borgeets.

Review

Madhabdev was born in May 1489 at Leteku Pukhuri in [Lakhimpur District] of [Assam] to Govindagiri Bhuyan

and Manorama. Govindagiri was a descendant of Hari Bhuyan one of the Bhuyan's who accompanied Candivara

(Sankardev's forefather) in the 14th-century as part of an exchange between Dharmanarayana of Gauda and

Durlabhnarayan of Kamarupa-Kamata. Govindagiri became a Majinder at Banduka, (in Rangpur District, in present-

day Bangladesh) and established his family (wife and a son) there. On the death of his wife, he migrated to

Bardowa Nagaon District, present-day [Assam], and married Manorama of the [Baro-Bhuyan] clan. But due to warfare

(between the Bara Bhuyans and the [Kachari kingdom|Kachari] he became homeless and Harasinga Bora, an officer of the

[Ahom kingdom], gave him shelter at Letekupukhuri where Madhavdev was born. Harisinga Bora arranged for

Madhavdev's early education at Narayanpur.

Legend work

As an author and saint-poet, Madhavdev's contribution to his Guru's religion is immense. He is the author of the

holy Naam Ghosa, (the book of the Lord's Name), which is as great a work as Sankardev's  Kirtan ghosa. This work is also

known as theHazari ghosa (the book of thousand couplets). His another significant work is the Bhakti Ratnavali. He is

also the author of many Borgeets (noble numbers) (191 of them) besides nine Jhumuras (one-act plays). His first literary

work is Janma Rahasya, based on the creation and destruction of the world. Among his other outstanding contributions

are Naam Maalikaa and the Assamese rendering of the Adi Kanda of Valmiki's Ramayana. His Guru Bhattima the long

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poem of praise to his Guru, Srimanta Sankardev is also very popular. He also composed a third chapter on having lost the

two chapters composed by Sankardev, of the Kirtan-Ghosha titled 'Dhyana Varnana'

References

www.wikipedia.com

aieer report manual on education 2006

S.V. Sanghamitra Educationalist Volume III 2005

Amar Nath Khare Tribute to Education Volume IV 2007

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Bhagwata Purana : The socio cultural Study

Submitted by: Samiran Nath Dev Sharma, Research Scholar Sanskrit

General Introduction

The Bhagavata Purana declares Lord Vishnu (Narayana) as Para Brahman Supreme Lord who creates unlimited universes and enters each one of them as Lord of Universe. [6] Lord Vishnu engages in creation of 14 worlds within the universe asBrahma when he deliberately accepts rajas guna. Lord Vishnu himself sustains, maintains and preserves the universe as Vishnu when he accepts sattva guna and annihilates the universe at the end of maha-kalpa as Rudra when he acceptstamas guna.[7][8]

The Bhagavata is a product of oral tradition, its extant version usually dated between 4th or 10th century CE.[2][9][10]

The intense and personal bhakti described in the Bhagavata is directed toward Krishna as Vishnu in human form. The tenth book (or canto), which is dedicated to Krishna, takes up about one quarter of the entire Bhagavata. [2] It includes the most comprehensive collection of stories about the life of Krishna, showing him in all the stages and conditions of human life. It also includes instruction in the practice of bhakti, an analysis of bhakti, and descriptions of the different types of bhakti.[11]Many Vaishnavas consider Srimad Bhagvatam to be non-different from Krishna and to be the literary form of Krishna.

144

Social and Cultural Aspects

The Bhagavata is among the most important texts on bhakti, presenting a fully developed teaching on  bhakti that originated with the Bhagavad Gita.[29] Bhakti is presented as a path of yoga, or "union with the divine". Many of the bhakti teachings in the Bhagavata are presented as yogic activities—meditating on the lila of Krishna; hearing and singing about Vishnu as Krishna; remembering, serving, and worshiping him; dedicating all of one's actions to him—all are among nine activities of Bhakti Yoga taught in the Bhagavata. While classical yoga attempts to shut down the mind and senses, the Bhakti Yoga in the Bhagavata teaches that the focus of the mind is transformed by filling the mind with thoughts of Krishna.[30]

There are many didactic philosophical passages, but the lengthy narrative stories are also a teaching; the book describes one of the activities that lead to liberation (moksha) as listening to and reflecting on the stories of Bhagavan.[31] EvenKapila, the Samkhya philosopher, teaches his mother that in order to reach liberation, she must have bhakti, jnana(wisdom), and vairagya (dispassion), with bhakti being the most important. 

Religious Aspects

The Bhagavata extends the concept of dharma that had previously been regarded either as the duty to

follow Vedicinjunctions, as a moral code that emphasizes ahimsa (non-injury), and satya (truthfullness), or as the idea of

self-realization through yoga. Breaking with these senses of the term, the Bhagavata also considers dharma to consist of

sincere worship and devotion towards God without any ulterior motive. Such worship is said to cleanse the spirit of all

impurities—such as motives, jealousies, and pretensions to reveal man's nature as part of the absolute, leading to supreme

bliss. Conversely, the Bhagavata teaches that simply following Vedic injunctions that do not produce devotion towards

God, is of transitory benefit and so is considered to be fruitless labour

References

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana

Bhagwat Geeta Saar 1998

Krishna Vachan 2009

Social Religion of India Volume 3, 2009

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Impact of Commercialization on Language with Special Reference to Urdu Lexicon

Submitted by Abdul Hamid Ahmed Research Scholar Urdu

It has been a common fact that the acceptance of Urdu is also lovable for those who are not of even Muslim or Mugal families. As the explanation and pronunciation has been liked by others therefore the commercialization on this language has been special for most of the communities. Urdu is good for the Urdu is one of the Indo-Aryan Languages which has developed from Sanskrit through Khari Boli and Šaurseni

145

Prakrit. The development of Urdu took place after 1000 A.D. which marks the end of Apabhramsa Period. (Kelkar, 1968). There were certain political and socio-cultural influences which favored and prepared background for the evolution of Urdu in India. Its proper development started, only when Muslim entered Delhi from Punjab in 1193 A.D., and made the city capital of their empire. It has adopted certain elements from Arabic and Persian Languages, example phonological features, grammatical features and a considerable part of lexicon. (Beg, 1986)

Although the common language for Hindus has been Hindi, but in many uses the accent , pronunciation and even in words it is commonly spoken. Urdu is closely related to Hindi in phonology and grammar. As a language of ‘mixed’ background, Urdu manifests diversity of problems at various structural levels out of which its phonology requires a special treatment as it has socio-linguistic and socio-cultural implications. Urdu is not just a language specified in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution; it is widely used in India. Its speakers are spread over a number of states in India including Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and far off states like Karnataka and Maharashtra. It is the state language of Jammu and Kashmir in India and the official language of Pakistan. In Manorama Yearbook it is given that Urdu is spoken by more than twenty-eight million people in India. Urdu employs the Perso-Arabic script. It has produced extensive literature. Its idioms fascinate even those who know it marginally. One obvious reason for this is its rich and glorious past of our country. Urdu assimilated words from Arabic, Persian and Turkish apart from a large number of words from English and other languages (Kelkar, 1968, p. 20).

For its raw nature and raw origin it is basically a Khadi Boli Idiom which developed in the North India especially in and around Delhi by the end of the twelfth century A.D. This was the time when due to the settlement of Muslims comprising Turks, Afghans and Iranians; and establishment of the Muslim rule in Delhi, certain socio-political, cultural and linguistic changes were taking place in North India. It was during this period that Khadi Boli came under the influence of new linguistic and cultural forces and eventually became a full-fledged language called ‘Urdu’. Though the structure of Urdu is purely Indo-Aryan, its vocabulary is largely derived from Persian and Arabic and it is written in an ‘adaptation’ of the Perso-Arabic script, and therefore the acceptance and presence has occupied the global commercialization with the respect of language.

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146

Impact of Genetic Testing for colorectal Cancer on Term Life Insurance

Submitted by : Abdul Bareque Miah, Research Scholar Economics

Overview

Genetic testing continues to throw up problems for the insurance industry. Most attention has been paid to the basic questions of: (a) personal privacy and protecting individuals from insurers’ adverse use of genetic test results; and (b) adverse selection arising from insurers’ enforced ignorance of genetic test results. The severe single gene disorders provide some concrete test cases, whereas the more common multifactorial diseases so far support more hypothetical actuarial research, because of the epidemiology available so far. One of the most troublesome concerns about allowing insurers to use genetic test results is that it may deter individuals from taking part in valuable medical research that involves testing; or, worse, from being tested when their family history suggests that their own medical care could be improved by doing so. The latter concern is perhaps marginal in the case of an untreatable disorder, like Huntington’s disease. It becomes extremely important if effective treatments are available, and genetic testing may be offered as part of a screening program to identify high-risk 2 individuals at an early stage. It would surely be unacceptable if anyone declined to enter such screening programs because of concerns about insurability. Lu et al. (2007) described an actuarial model for hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), a rare inherited form of colorectal cancer (CRC). CRC often has a relatively good prognosis if detected early, but being a cancer of an internal organ the chances of doing so are limited. Carriers of gene mutations known to cause HNPCC can be given regular colonoscopies to detect the early stages of disease; hence genetic testing may be offered in various kinds of screening programs. Genetic epidemiology is now becoming available, measuring the outcomes of such programs; hence we can now try to evaluate the effect on insurance premiums of individuals choosing to participate in them.

Accepted Conclusion

Screening programs for some diseases might be introduced by national health services (however constituted) if they promise sufficient benefits. One such target is CRC, and we have reviewed two screening approaches. Our purpose has been to estimate, however crudely, the possible consequences for life insurance. Epidemiology supports a greatly reduced onset rate of CRC (56%, J¨arvinen et al. (2000)) but not yet an improved prognosis post-onset, which we might reasonably expect in due course. In that sense, our results based on survival observed to date are conservative. We found that a national CSP which enrolled a large proportion of families at risk of HNPCC would bring most at-risk persons within the normal limits of life insurance, albeit at an increased premium. As just noted, this made no allowance for improved prognosis, only reduced onset rates, so we expect these premium reductions to be conservative.

References

http://www.macs.hw.ac.uk/~angus/papers/crc.pdf

147

Role of Internship Training to develop Quality Human Resource

Submitted by : Prohlad Chandra Das , Research Scholar Political Science

Important Roles

Find future employees. An internship program is a year-round recruiting tool. Fall internships, summer internships, semester internships, and quarterly internships, implementing an internship program means you have an ongoing pipeline of future fulltime employees.

For many, the process of recruiting and hiring is a drain on company resources. One solution: Appeal to tomorrow's staff members when they're looking for internships, and all you have to do is choose the best of the bunch when it comes time to hire.

Moreover, college campuses are viral societies. This means if your organization impresses one class of interns, word will quickly spread. Soon you'll find the most sought-after student talent is interested in working with you.

Test-drive the talent. It's a human resources reality: A new employee makes a solid impression in the interview, but then just doesn't gel with your current team or your company's way of doing things.

Because of this, hiring someone as an intern is the most effective way to evaluate their potential as a fulltime employee. When you "try out" candidates via a semester or summer internship, you make fewer mistakes when it comes to fulltime staffing; you avoid the pitfall of training a new hire, only to find out they're not a fit for your organization…or that the entry-level employee doesn't like the field. Starting an internship program lets you benefit from added manpower, while more accurately assessing candidates.

Increase productivity. Speaking of additional manpower, setting up an internship program allows you to take advantage of short-term support. The extra sets of hands help your employees be more productive, prevent them from becoming overburdened by side projects, as well as free them up to accomplish more creative tasks or those where higher-level, strategic thinking or expertise is required.

Increase employee-retention rate. The proof for the test-driving theory is in the positive employee-retention figures: According to NACE's 2009 Experiential Education Survey, almost 40% of employers reported a higher five-year retention rate among employees they'd hired via their internship programs.

Enhance perspective. It's not just the extra sets of hands that make interns advantageous. Especially in an organization of only 12 or 15 employees, new people bring with them novel perspectives, fresh ideas, and specialized strengths and skill sets. These augment the abilities of your professional workforce.

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Other Benefits

Support students. Internships provide students numerous perks: They gain experience, develop skills, make connections, strengthen their resumes, learn about a field, and assess their interest and abilities.

Offering a paid internship is particularly beneficial, because it enables economically disadvantaged youth to participate. Students who have to help fund their own schooling will need a job, regardless. Providing an internship allows that job to facilitate a positive future.  When looking for fulltime work, the top talent often go for big-name businesses. But when seeking internships, learning is the leading draw. Many candidates feel they'll get more hands-on training, real experience, and mentoring opportunities with smaller organizations.

Reference

http://www.internships.com/employer/resources/setup/benefits

Aieer Report Volume 3, 2009

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Arabic Discrete Study on Arabic Language and Literature Special Reference to Current Advancement

Submitted by: Mojbin Jinnath Shamim, Research Scholar Arabic

Introduction

In the aspect of advancement, Arabic is a Central Semitic language, closely related to Aramaic,Hebrew, Ugaritic and Phoenician. The standardized written Arabic is distinct from and more conservative than all of the spoken varieties, and the two exist in a state known as diglossia, used side-by-side for different societal functions.

Standard Promoters

We have many institutions to understand standard of Arabic language. Academy of the Arabic Language is the name of a number of language-regulation bodies formed in the Arab League. The most active are in Damascus and Cairo. They review language development, monitor new words and approve inclusion of new words into their published standard dictionaries. They also publish old and historical Arabic manuscripts.

Aspect of Foreign Language

When we talk about Arabic language on global world we have a certain group of countries where this language is spoken and day by day advancement take place. Arabic has been taught worldwide in many elementary and secondary schools, especially Muslim schools. Universities around the world have classes that teach Arabic as part of their foreign languages, Middle Eastern studies, and religious

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studies courses. Arabic language schools exist to assist students to learn Arabic outside the academic world. There are many Arabic language schools in the Arab world and other Muslim countries. Because the Quran is written in Arabic and all Islamic terms are in Arabic, millions of Muslims (both Arab and non-Arab) study the language. Software and books with tapes are also important part of Arabic learning, as many of Arabic learners may live in places where there are no academic or Arabic language school classes available. Radio series of Arabic language classes are also provided from some radio stations. A number of websites on the Internet provide online classes for all levels as a means of distance education; most teach Modern Standard Arabic, but some teach regional varieties from numerous countries

Reference

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language#Language-standards_regulators

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A STUDY ON EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION OM RED GRAM (CAJANUS CAJAN(L) ) CROP AT KURNOOL AT ANDHRAPRADESH

Submitted by : SHRI DEKBIN YONGGAM

Research Scholar ; Botany

Introduction

In a general scenario the effects of industrial pollution om red gram at Kurnool at Andhra Pradesh we have certain survey data to analyze and determine the facts of the study . In this continuation we have to present a carried out data at Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India just to reveal the effect of pollutants releasing from an industry on physiology of Cajanus cajan (L.), a pulse yielding crop of Fabaceae. The total chlorophyll content, ascorbic acid, relative water content and P H of the leaf extract was measured following the standard methods. On basis of them the Air pollution tolerance index (APTI) of the crop

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was calculated for two leaf samples, one collected from polluted field of industrial area and another from a nearby unpolluted village field. The study revealed an increase in APTI of the leaves collected from polluted site. The percentage increase in APTI was 13.14. This indicates the tolerance capacity of the crop to a polluted smoke releasing from the industry and the crop may be recommended to the farmers of urban area for their economic growth. Indian cities are being exposed to high levels of air pollution and people living in these cities are paying a price for the deterioration in air quality. The serious problem is with airborne particulate matter (Agarwal et al.1999) due to industrialization and urbanization. The pattern of economic growth is becoming increasingly associated with environmental pollution. Agricultural crops can be injured when exposed to high concentrations of various air pollutants. Injury ranges from visible markings on the foliage, reduced growth and yield to premature death of the plant. The pollutants can cause a serious threat to the overall physiology of plants (Ashenden & Williams, 1980; Mejstrik, 1980; Anda, 1986). Leaf is the most sensitive part to the air pollutants (Lal & Singh, 1990).

Analysis

State Year Percentage of Pollution

Andhra Pradesh 2009 52%

Andhra Pradesh 2010 65%

Andhra Pradesh 2011 29%

General Analysis on the form of Standard Mean 41.2%

Findings and Summary

The content values of total chlorophyll, ascorbic acid, relative water and PH along with the calculated APTI for both the samples of site-1 and site-2 and percentage increase in APTI are given in a table. Agbaire & Esief, 2009 reported that the plants show alteration in the biochemical processes or accumulation of certain metabolites by the affect of certain pollutants. In this study, changes in four parameters such as total chlorophyll content, ascorbic acid, relative water content and PH of leaf extracts are used to determine the air pollution tolerance index in Cajanus cajan. In industrial site sample the ascorbic acid concentration is higher than in village site sample. The reducing activity of ascorbic acid is directly proportional to its concentration (Raza & Murthy, 1988) and it is PH dependent. In present study, concentration of ascorbic acid and PH of the leaf extracts is high in industrial sample supporting the studies of Agbaire & Esief (2009). Chlorophyll content is an index of productivity of plant (Raza & Murthy, 1988). In present study total chlorophyll is high in sample of Industrial site than in village site. Allen et al.1987 demonstrated the increasing levels of total chlorophyll by certain pollutants. So, increase in chlorophyll content of the leaves in industrial site may be attributed to the influence of

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pollutants present in a smoke releasing from the industry. According to the studies of Dedio, 1975 the relative water content in a plant body helps in maintaining its physiological balance under stress conditions of air pollution. Thus, the higher relative water content in industrial site sample may be responsible for normal functioning of biological processes in plants at industrial site.

References

1. Amarine Kaur Voluem III Reporting on Botanical Views 2009

2. Submerge On Gasopathic Survival and Views 2010.

3. Anteropatho Work on Crop. Gynic and Geora 2009

4. Crop and State analysis on theory of Andhra Pradesh.

5. aieer botanical report volume III 2009

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Training Effectiveness and organizations performance in retail sector of Madhya Pradesh

Akash Nimbalkar: Research Scholar Management, Jiwaji University

Introduction

Time to time maintaining the retail employees informed about company policies, procedures, and processes is key to its success, but giving them the training they need often requires a great deal of both time and money. However, there is a way to provide employees with the knowledge and skills they need to do their job effectively without going over budget. And this is no other than online training! In this article, you’ll learn about the most important online training benefits in the retail sector.

1. Employees Perfection in Updates about latest products and services.In traditional training courses, employees might not find out about the specs or features of a new product or service for weeks. The training manager would have to develop and print

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learning materials and, then, to book an instructor for a specific training date. They can simply access an online training module that details the specs and benefits of the new item. The same goes for store promotions. More and more retail stores are now holding “flash promotions” which involve promotions that only last a few days, at the most. Online training gives employees the opportunity to stay informed about current promotions and brush up on their product knowledge.

2. Development employee retention.Employees who are well informed and have access to training materials are typically happier employees. Rather than having to jump onto the sales floor without any prior knowledge of a product or a process,employees know exactly what they are selling and how to carry out a transaction.

3. Ascend sales and customer satisfaction.Customers cannot make informed buying decisions if the retail staff isn't well informed about the products on offer. Another benefit of online training in the retail sector is that online training keeps employees informed about the products they are selling, so that they can pass this knowledge onto the customer.

4. Accurate and increasing knowledge of retention and less resource allocation.Corporate online training requires less money and time, but it leads to greater knowledge retention. There is no longer a need for on-site instructors, printed training materials or lengthy training events. This means that employers pay less out-of-pocket for training implementation and for staff training hours. Employees don’t have to sit through a half hour speech on human resource policies if, for example, they are in the sales department because their online training experience is customized for their specific training needs and performance goals.

5. Knowledge availabilityLast but not least, one of the most important benefits of online training in the retail sector is that online training can take place anywhere, anytime, thanks to mobile learning. If an employee needs to know how to complete an exchange for a customer, he/she can simply access a online training video to learn all about the steps involved in the process.

FEDERAL IT AND INCOME TAX SYSTEM IN INDIA : A SYNCHRONIZATION

Submitted by: Ishwar Singh : Research Scholar Commerce

Federal Indian Domestic Company

General Income Tax : 30% of taxable income.Tax Calculator : AY 2014-15

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Termed Surcharge : The amount of income tax as computed in accordance with above rates, and after being reduced by the amount of tax rebate shall be increased by a surcharge

At the rate of 5% of such income tax, provided that the taxable income exceeds Rs. 1 crore. (Marginal Relief in Surcharge, if applicable)

At the rate of 10% of such income tax, provided that the taxable income exceeds Rs. 10 crores.

Education Cess : 3% of the total of Income Tax and Surcharge.

II. Federal Indian Company other than a Domestic Company

Income Tax :Tax Calculator : AY 2014-15

@ 50% of on so much of the taxable income as consist of (a) royalties received from Government or an Indian concern in pursuance of an agreement made by it with the Government or the Indian concern after the 31st day of March, 1961 but before the 1st day of April, 1976; or (b) fees for rendering technical services received from Government or an Indian concern in pursuance of an agreement made by it with the Government or the Indian concern after the 29th day of February, 1964 but before the 1st day of April, 1976, and where such agreement has, in either case, been approved by the Central Government.

@ 40% of the balance

Surcharge :

The amount of income tax as computed in accordance with above rates, and after being reduced by the amount of tax rebate shall be increased by a surcharge as under

At the rate of 2% of such income tax, provided that the taxable income exceeds Rs. 1 crore. (Marginal Relief in Surcharge, if applicable)

At the rate of 5% of such income tax, provided that the taxable income exceeds Rs. 10 crores.

Education Cess : 3% of the total of Income Tax and Surcharge.

Explanation of Marginal Relief in Surcharge

When an assessee's taxable income exceeds Rs. 1 crore, he is liable to pay Surcharge at prescribed rates mentioned above on Income Tax payable by him. However, the amount of Income Tax and Surcharge shall not increase the amount of income tax payable on a taxable income of Rs. 1 crore by more than the amount of increase in taxable income.

Example :

Matter of an individual assesseee (< 60 years) having taxable income of Rs. 1,00,01,000/-

1. Income Tax General Rs. 28,30,300

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2. Surcharge @10% of Income Tax Rs. 2,83,030

3. Income Tax on income of Rs. 1 crore Rs. 28,30,000

4. Maximum Surcharge payable(Income over Rs. 1 crore less income tax on income over Rs. 1 crore)

Rs. 700/- (1000 - 300)

5. Income Tax + Surcharge payable Rs. 28,31,000

6. Marginal Relief in Surcharge Rs. 2,82,330/- (2,83,030 - 700)

Legal Aspect

All efforts are made to keep the content of this site correct and up-to-date. But, this site does not make any claim regarding the information provided on its pages as correct and up-to-date. The contents of this site cannot be treated or interpreted as a statement of law. In case, any loss or damage is caused to any person due to his/her treating or interpreting the contents of this site or any part thereof as correct, complete and up-to-date statement of law out of ignorance or otherwise, this site will not be liable in any manner whatsoever for such loss or damage.

Reference :

Amateur IT management Report 2014

http://finotax.com/income-tax/slabs

Study of Childhood Education with the Influence of Education System in India

Submitted by Suman : Research Scholar Education

Four years ago, the World Bank upgraded India from a "poor" country to a middle-income one. As commentators were at pains to point out in November, when the UK announced it would end aid to India from 2015, the country has a space programme, 48 billionaires and its own aid budget. Under its Right to Education (RTE) Act, passed in 2009, a free and compulsory education is guaranteed for all children aged between six and 14, and the most recent figures for primary school enrolment stand at an impressive-sounding 98%.

But going to school, as those monitoring progress on the millennium development goal of achieving universal primary education have increasingly realised, is one thing: the quality of the education you get

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is another. Within government schools pupils face numerous challenges, says Oxfam India's Anjela Taneja. Overcrowded classrooms, absent teachers and unsanitary conditions are common complaints, and can lead parents to decide it is not worth their child going to school.

A 2010 report by the National Council for Teacher Education estimated that an additional 1.2 million teachers were needed to fulfil the RTE Act requirements, and last year the RTE Forum, a civil society collective of around 10,000 non-governmental organisations (NGOs), found that only 5% of government schools complied with all the basic standards for infrastructure set by the act. Some 40% of primaries had more than 30 students per classroom, and 60% didn't have electricity. The RTE Forum also reported official figures showing that 21% of teachers weren't professionally trained.

Earlier this year, the independent Annual Status of Education Report into rural schools found declining levels of achievement, with more than half of children in standard five – aged around 10 – unable to read a standard two-level text. "If you want to end child labour, you have to fix the education system," Taneja says. "People are aware of what education is and what it is not."

Analysis

Nor do enrolment figures necessarily reflect who is actually attending school, she says. The number of primary age children not in school in India was put at 2.3 million in 2008, but other estimates suggest it could be as high as 8 million. According to an Indian government report, the primary drop-out rate in 2009 was 25%.

It is girls, and marginalised groups such as the very poor and the disabled, who are often left behind. While girls attend primary school in roughly equal numbers to boys, the gap widens as they get older and more are forced to drop out to help with work at home or get married.

Of the out-of-school children in 2008, 62% were girls; they make up two-thirds of illiterate 15- to 24-year-olds. And two-thirds of those not in school were from those lowest in the caste system, tribal groups and Muslim communities, despite those historically oppressed groups making up only 43% of India's children. Meanwhile, neighbourhood "low-budget" private schools serving low-income families desperate – like Gulafsha's mother – to provide their children with a "quality" education have mushroomed. But they are unregulated, and can lack trained teachers and proper infrastructure.

Results

Inside one of the schools, some of the gloomy, bare-walled classrooms have low benches and desks. In others, the little girls sit on the floor, books in their laps. In several, no teacher is present; one man appears to be responsible for three of the small rooms. When the heavy metal gates at the entrance are

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opened at the end of the school day, an incredible crush of children pours into the squelchy mud of the lane outside.

A series of measures have been brought in since the December attack aimed at making women safer, but despite these, there has been a spate of attacks on women in Delhi since the beginning of March, including four reported assaults on girls under 18. Only a fraction of such attacks are reported.

The Global Campaign for Education (GCE), a coalition of 26 NGOs and teaching unions, wants all nations to allocate at least 6% of GDP to education. India has been promising that since 1968, Taneja says, but the figure has never topped 4%, and it is currently 3.7%. It is an issue of political will, rather than a lack of cash, she suggests: education is not a vote-winning issue in a system of frequent elections, where pledges need to be deliverable immediately.

Summarized Explanation of the Selected Perceptual Abilities among the Players of different Sports

Research Scholar : Sunil kumar Physical Education

Introduction

Playing sports gives people the ability to feel empowered. Gaining experience at a game that requires specific skill sets and strategies can help improve your feeling of self-worth and self-esteem. These feelings can provide empowerment that translates into an ability to derive sentiments of self-worth from successes in different activities. By seeing that your talents in a sport are part of your overall worth as a person, you will be able to draw on your successes for improved self-esteem

Consideration of Diversity

The United States has traditionally been known as a melting pot, as the nation has accepted and

encouraged diversity throughout its history. If you grew up in an area that is not particularly

diverse, you may find it difficult to adjust to people from different cultures or with different

values whom you meet in the working world or in higher education. Engaging in team sports can

help you develop meaningful friendships and foster understanding among a diverse range of

people.

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Evaluated Performances

Playing sports can help you put you to establish solid core values. According to the parenting

website Families.com, children who play sports are less likely to smoke or use drugs, and girls

who play sports are less likely to become pregnant. Those who play sports in high school may

also have better academic success.

Developed Thinking

Thinking critically and making quick decisions that will further your team's strategy are

necessary for success at higher levels of sports competition. The logical consideration and

critical thinking that you engage in to help your team claim victory can cross over to many other

areas of your life and may help promote improved performance on college entrance exams and

higher education activities.

Physical Strength

Sports also help bring out a diverse range of physical abilities, but they vary widely depending

on your chosen activity. Sports such as football and hockey can bring out physical strength and

speed; soccer and volleyball can improve agility; and basketball and distance running can foster

endurance. Sports may also help develop physical abilities such as a high vertical leap, hand-eye

coordination and balance.

References

AYW Sports Reports Volume III

www.jinglesports.com

LNIPU Physical Sports Reviews 2010.

 

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Study of Gene therapy

Submitted by Neera Gupta

Introduction

Following early advances in genetic engineering of bacteria, cells and small animals, scientists started considering how to apply it to medicine. Two main approaches were considered – replacing or disrupting defective genes. Scientists focused on diseases caused by single-gene defects, such as cystic fibrosis, haemophilia, muscular dystrophy,thalassemia and sickle cell anemia. Glybera treats one such disease, caused by a defect in lipoprotein lipase.

Reviews In 1992 Claudio Bordignon, working at the Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, performed the first gene therapy procedure using hematopoietic stem cells as vectors to deliver genes intended to correct hereditary diseases  In 2002 this work led to the publication of the first successful gene therapy treatment for adenosine deaminase-deficiency (SCID). The success of a multi-center trial for treating children with SCID (severe combined immune deficiency or "bubble boy" disease) from 2000 and 2002, was questioned when two of the ten children treated at the trial's Paris center developed a leukemia-like condition. Clinical trials were halted temporarily in 2002, but resumed after regulatory review of the protocol in the US, the United Kingdom, France, Italy and Germany.[47]

In 1993 Andrew Gobea was born with SCID following prenatal genetic screening. Blood was removed from his mother'splacenta and umbilical cord immediately after birth, to acquire stem cells. The allele that codes for adenosine deaminase (ADA) was obtained and inserted into a retrovirus. Retroviruses and stem cells were mixed, after which the viruses inserted the gene into the stem cell chromosomes. Stem cells containing the working ADA gene were injected into Andrew's blood. Injections of the ADA enzyme were also given weekly. For four years T cells (white blood cells), produced by stem cells, made ADA enzymes using the ADA gene. After four years more treatment was needed. Jesse Gelsinger's death in 1999 impeded gene therapy research in the US.[48][49] As a result, the FDA suspended several clinical trials pending the reevaluation of ethical and procedural practices

 

DNA must be administered, reach the damaged cells, enter the cell and express/disrupt a protein. Multiple delivery techniques have been explored. The initial approach incorporated DNA into an engineered virus to deliver the DNA into a chromosome. Naked DNA approaches have also been explored, especially in the context of vaccinedevelopment.

Generally, efforts focused on administering a gene that causes a needed protein to be expressed. More recently, increased understanding of nuclease function has led to more direct DNA editing, using techniques such as zinc finger nucleases and CRISPR. The vector incorporates genes into chromosomes. The expressed nucleases then "edit" the chromosome. As of 2014 these

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approaches involve removing cells from patients, editing a chromosome and returning the transformed cells to patients.

Other technologies employ antisense, small interfering RNA and other DNA. To the extent that these technologies do not alter DNA, but instead directly interact with molecules such as RNA, they are not considered "gene therapy" per se

Importance

Genes that are flawed and do not work properly can cause disease. Gene therapy is a technique for correcting defective genes responsible for disease development. Researchers may use one of several approaches for correcting faulty genes:

A normal gene may be inserted into a nonspecific location within the genome to replace a nonfunctional gene. This approach is most common.

An abnormal gene could be swapped for a normal gene through homologous recombination.

The abnormal gene could be repaired through selective reverse mutation, which returns the gene to its normal function.

The regulation (the degree to which a gene is turned on or off) of a particular gene could be altered.

References

http://cisncancer.org/research/new_treatments/gene_therapy/importance.html

www.wikipedia.com

 

 

Effectiveness of Physical Growth Urban College’ Students

Submitted by: R a t a n K u m a r P h y s i c a l E d u c a ti o n

General Facts

The ignorance towards physical fitness of the players has caused so many failures in the international

level competitions.

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The main aim of this study is to explore the reasons of lower level of fitness, to improve the same, to

acquaint the players and the coaches about their fitness level, so that they can improve their present

level and make good performance in the Olympics.

This investigation aims on testing their levels of fitness so that proper schedule can be prepared by

taking the results of this study as reference.

Study can also help in selecting the best players on the basis of the knowledge of their fitness.

Thus by testing the fitness level of the players, they can be provided with good diet, psychological

support, special and scientific training, specialized and other necessaries according to their need so the

importance of this investigation is clear.

Hypotheses of the study are:

1) There will be no significant difference in the score of the flex arm hang (arm shoulder strength) of

forward and defence line women hockey players.

2) There will be a significant differences in the sit-ups (abdominal strength) of forward and defence line

women hockey players.

3) There will be no significant difference in standing broad jump (power of leg muscles) of forward and

defence line women hockey players.

4) There will be a significant difference in the scores of shuttle-run (agility) of forward and defence line

women hockey players.

5) There will be a significant difference in the 50 yards (speed) of of forward and defence line women

hockey players.

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6) There exists a significant difference in 1milerun/walk(endurance) of forward and defence line women

hockey players.

DELIMITATIONS

1. The study is confined to the women hockey players of Amritsar and Jalandhar districts of Punjab,

India.

2. The study is delimited on 50 women hockey players between the age group of 18-25 years.

3. Life style and habits of the player are not taken into consideration.

4. AAPHER physical fitness test battery is used to collect the raw score, which is considered as the

delimitation of the study.

LIMITATIONS

1 No special motivational techniques are used to boost

the subjects to perform during test.

2 Ground conditions at the time of the test were not of

the standard conditions.

3 Efforts from subjects, may not be their best performance while performing in the test, which is

also one of the limitation of the study.

4 Climatic conditions varied at different days at the time of the test.

5 Some players are not fully fit, which is also considered as the limitation of the study.

6 All the subjects were not available at one time for conducting the physical; fitness test.

R e f e r e n c e s :

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w w w . w o r l d s p o r t s / i 2 9 / w e b e r s

C h a d e , A n n a E s p e n s , “ F i t n e s s o f F o u r t h G r a d e C h i l d r e n ” R e s e a r c h

Q u a r t e r l y 2 9 ( O c t 1 9 5 8 ) : 2 7 4

C l a r k e , H . H a r r i s o n . “ T h e P h y s i c a l F i t n e s s V a l u e s ” S N I P E S J o u r n a l 1 ( J a n .

1 9 8 1 ) : 6 0

w w w . s p o r t s m a n i a . c o m

AIRO RESEARCH JOURNALS

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BALWANT NAGAR GANDHI ROAD GWALIOR MP

PIN 474002

Email; airo@airo.co.in

www.airo.co.in

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