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European, Mediterranean & Middle Eastern Conference on Information Systems 2011 (EMCIS2011)May 30-31 2011, Athens, Greece

Charalampos Tsaravas, Marinos Themistocleous 154

Cloud Computing: A Literature Review

CLOUD COMPUTING AND EGOVERNMENT:ALITERATURE REVIEW

Charalampos Tsaravas, Department of Digital Systems,

University of Piraeus, [email protected]

Marinos Themistocleous, Department of Digital Systems,

University of Piraeus, Greece, [email protected]

University of Coimbra,[email protected]

Abstract

With the rapid evolution of Information Communication Technology (ICT) governments,

organizations and businesses are looking for solutions to improve their services and integrate

their IT infrastructures. In recent years, advanced technologies have been evolved to addressintegration problems. Recent technological trends such as Service Oriented Architectures

(SOA) and cloud computing support these efforts. Despite that there is a plenty of research

studies related to SOA, there is limited literature on: a) the application of SOA in an electronic

government (e-government) and b) the use of cloud computing in public sector. Thus, our

research focuses on the area of cloud computing in conjunction with e-government

environment. In this paper, we analyse the normative literature on Cloud computing. In

addition we analyse case studies in which cloud computing has been used by various

government organizations.

Keywords: E-Government, Cloud Computing, Public Sector, Case Studies

1 INTRODUCTIONInformation Technology (IT) is being increasingly used as a key tool to automate business processes at

all level. In spite of this, current information systems within government organisations have not been

developed in a coordinated way. As a result, the majority of organizations IT infrastructure consistsof autonomous and sometimes heterogeneous solutions that are often unable to meet the needs of the

organization. Thus, a variety of integration problems has been derived from this effect while

applications can not cooperate and incongruent IT solutions cannot be integrated together (Corbitt and

Themistocleous, 2011; Soja et al., 2011). he global economic recession and the shrinking budget ofIT projects have led to the need of development of integrated information systems at a lower cost.

European Commission (through Europe 2020 Strategy-Digital Agenda) and Unite States are lookingforward to meet this need. Today, the emergent phenomenon of cloud computing aims at transforming

the traditional way of computing, by providing both software applications and hardware resources as a

service. Thus, government agencies, businesses and/or individuals can either provide or use services

within a near limitless computing environment (storage, CPU power etc).

Specifically in governments, the adoption of ICT in public domain has become the main focus of

governmental reforms and has been recognized as a strategic tool to enable these reforms in public

sector (Charalabidis et al., 2010). Governments that are looking for answers against bureaucracy and

complication of procedures are almost obligated to implement new technological solutions to provide

public services effectively. According to Ebrahim and Irani (2005) one of the most important barrier

for the adoption of e-government is the existing inadequate IT infrastructure. Particularly, the lack of:

(a) integrated information systems across government organizations and (b) the interoperability of

their legacy systems prevent the development of easily accessible, cost-effective and reliable

electronic services. Moreover, due to the complexity of e-government processes and its obvious needs
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]

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for massive data record and monitoring, a secure and powerful infrastructure is vital (Charalabidis et

al., 2011; Soja et al., 2011). An example of this , a fire and weather forecasting system, which has

been recently developed in Greece and relies on continuously collection and analysis of geographical

data, requires massive processing power and storage capacity, in order to execute complex

calculations derived from specific models.

In order to address these challenges, advanced technologies trends in this area such as ServiceOriented Architecture and cloud computing may be an effective manner for the development of

integrated information systems (Cellary and Strykowski, 2009). Thus, SOA, computer power and IT

infrastructures which will offer software as a service should be taken into consideration in order to

attain automated and optimized processes (Kamal et al., 2008). However, cloud computing research is

still in its infancy. Therefore, questions related to its reliability and effectiveness are raised. This

indicates that there is a need for further research on cloud computing and its collaboration with SOA

in an e-government environment. Due to the absence of published works related to e-government and

Cloud computing, in this article we will summarize some case studies of cloud computing

implementation in e-government environment.

The remainder of this paper is organised as follows: Section 2 introduces cloud computing providing a

brief review of normative literature on this research field. The purpose of this section is to explainwhat cloud computing really is and from what is consisted of. Thereafter, a discussion on: (a) the

benefits and obstacles, (b) service models and (c) deployment models of cloud computing is carried

out. Section 3 summarizes and discusses different case studies within government organizations. The

purpose of this section is to highlight the benefits and limitations that derived from the migration of

government services to the cloud. The paper closes with conclusions and future research issues.

2 INTRODUCING CLOUD COMPUTING2.1 What is Cloud Computing?The vision of Cloud Computing is not new compared to the rapid development of information

technology. In 1961, a pioneer in computer science John McCarthy had predicted that someday the

computational power will be offered as a public service, such as water and electricity. This concept,

however, declined in early 1970's, due to the lack of physical infrastructure that would satisfy the

needs of Cloud technology implementation. In spite of this, the real development of this model is

nowadays in its infancy and computing as a utility seems to be the latest trend which attracts the

attention of IT professionals and researchers. The concept of providing everything-as-a-service (X-as-

a-Service) is being reflected in the buzzword: Cloud computing. Armbrust et al., (2009) define that:

Cloud computing refers to both applications delivered as services over

the Internet and the hardware and systems software in the datacenters

that provide those services (Armbrust et al., 2009)

Thus, cloud computing provides a pool of highly scalable and easily accessible virtualized resources

(such as hardware, development platforms and/or services) capable of hosting end-user applications

exploited in a pay-as-you-go model. Datacenters in which these services are hosted, are sets of

interconnected servers which generate huge computing power and virtualized environment that allows

the dynamically deployment of applications at run-time.

cloud computing involves the following three basic components:

Clients: Clients and their needs remain the same as in a common Local Area Network (LAN).

They may use desktop computers, laptops, tablet computers or other mobile devices, to access

internet data or services.

Datacenter: The datacenter is a set of servers where the requested applications are hosted. The

growing trend in IT, servers virtualizing, facilitate multiple virtual servers to run on one

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physical server. The number of virtual servers that can run on a physical server depends on its

size and speed and on the nature of the applications will be running on the virtual server.

Distributed servers: The structure of cloud computing allows cloud providers to host physical

servers in disparate geographical locations without affecting the interaction of cloud end-users.

This increases the flexibility and security options of the service provider. In case of a problem in

a datacenter, a service will be still accessible through another distributed server. In addition, in

case that cloud needs more hardware devices to support its workload, it is not necessary to attach

more servers onto the primary datacenter but can be set up at another group of distributed servers

and to be automatically embedded to the cloud. These are illustrated in Figure 1.

The whole infrastructure can be deployed in multiple ways. It depends on the nature of applications

and the way that cloud is built. This is one of the key benefits for using cloud. It is useful when

servers needs are massive. It can also help organisations when they just want a spoonful of CPUpower (Velte et al., 2010). The advent of cloud computing brings a fresh air in IT departments of

governments and enterprises. There are many advantages for their operation but they also have to

address some important barriers erected in order to successfully migrate to the cloud. Benefits and

barriers of cloud computing are discussed in the following section.

2.2 Benefits and Obstaclescloud computing includes a variety of technologies and platforms such as SOA and Web Services

(Tsai et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2010; Youseff et al., 2008). Some could argue that Cloud and

SOA/Web Services share some barriers and benefits. Furthermore, SOA and Web Servicescharacteristics, has been researched extensively, but is not the intention of this research to expand and

incorporate them with cloud computing at this point. In our current research we focus on consolidating

a foundation of knowledge on cloud computing. Our intention is to investigate SOA/Web Services

issues in depth. Nevertheless, in an attempt to concentrate on cloud computing itself, an effort to

present its benefits and barriers is made.

Although cloud computing is still in its early stages technology and it is not yet widely adopted, some

benefits of its implementation, that the public sector and government IT organizations are certain to

want to take advantage of, has become apparent. Moving services, data and hardware resources onto

Cloud (that is maintained by a third-party), organizations do not spend money on software installationand maintenance. Cloud also gives massive storage spaces in its virtual datacenters so a physical

Figure 1: cloud computing topology

Instances

Distributed

Servers

Instance

s

Distributed

Servers

Instances

Distributed

Servers

Response

Clients

Request

Hardware ResourcesDevelopment ToolsServices

Datacenters

X-as-a-Service

Request

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storage centre is no longer needed. Implementation costs are reduced due to the pay-as-you-go model

while end-users can access services or resources and be precisely charged for what the use. In

addition, they are able to access data or services from anywhere they are, though the Internet.

Furthermore, any potentially additional resource can be set up in very short time so organizations are

flexible to scale up or down its IT infrastructure based on their needs. Finally, a significant

environmental benefit derives from Cloud computing. Vendors datacenters are specifically designedto provide the considerable required energy to maintain and manage the hardware infrastructure. Thus,

organizations dont need to host their own internal equipment, thereby saving on energy costs.

However, research has shown that there are some major obstacles which hinder the adoption and

growth of Cloud computing. As every technological concept, cloud computing is not an exception in

terms of trust and security issues. Once data are outsourced to a third-party cloud provider, several

concerns arise about security, availability and reliability of data. In addition, due to the lack of

interoperability among the clouds of different vendors, users may not be able to easily transfer their

data from one cloud to another (Data Lock-In). There are also some other technical and privacy

obstacles concerning on network efficiency during a heavy data transfer workload, performance

unpredictability of virtual machines and software licensing. Table 1 summarizes the extracted benefits

and challenges of cloud computing.

Benefits Reference Obstacles Reference

Cost reduction (installation and

maintenance)

(Bhardwaj et al., 2010) Availability of service (Armbrust et al.,

2009)

Massive storage capacity (Vaquero et al., 2009) Data Lock-In (Portability) (Armbrust et al.,

2009; Russell et

al., 2009)

Scalability (Furht and Escalante,

2010)

Reliability of data (Armbrust et al.,

2009)

Easily implemented (no

hardware/software installation

required)

(Bhardwaj et al., 2010) Data transfer bottlenecks (Armbrust et al.,

2009)

Accessibility/Mobility (accessible

applications on-demand anywhere)

(Rastogi, 2010; Velte

et al., 2010)

Performance

unpredictability

(Dikaiakos et al.,

2009)

Elasticity and pay-as-you-go (Rittinghouse and

Ransome, 2010)

Software Licensing (Armbrust et al.,

2009; Dikaiakos et

al., 2009)

Energy saving (Green datacenters) (Briscoe and Marinos,

2009)

Table 1: Cloud Computing Benefits and Obstacles

2.3 Service Modelscloud computing consists of three service models: a) Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), b) Software as

a Service (SaaS) and c) Platform as a Service (PaaS). Built on the base of service model stack, IaaS

layer provides the required hardware as a service. We could classify IaaS in two categories:

Computation as a Service (CaaS) and Data as a Service (DaaS). In CaaS virtual servers are rented and

billed per hour based on their capacities concerning on CPU power and memory RAM size, operation

system and deployed software. A vast storage space is provided by DaaS, where end-users can store

any type of data charged per gigabyte for data transfer and data size (Clemons and Chen, 2011; Tsai et

al., 2010) .

Platform as a Service (PaaS) is a pre-installed development platform providing a set of software and

services that aids developers to design, deploy and test and monitor applications hosting on the cloud.

This programming language integrated platform delivered as a service to developers over the Web. Itfacilitates development and deployment of applications without the cost and complexity of buying and

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managing the underlying infrastructure, providing all of the facilities required to support the complete

life cycle of building and delivering web applications and services entirely (Bhardwaj et al., 2010;

Furht and Escalante, 2010). Built on the top of services model stack, SaaS is based on the use of

software or applications which are hosted and delivered to end-users as a service on-demand. This on-

demand service delivery model eliminates users need for physical infrastructure and softwarelicensing issues, since all these features are automatically provided and maintained by the cloud

provider. Table 2, summarizes the layers of cloud computing providing their baseline characteristics

and also demonstrates the most representative cloud computing industry examples (Dillion et al.,

2010; Wang et al., 2010).

Layer Characteristics Examples

SaaS(Hosting and

providing

services)

Avoidance of local install & run

(Wang et al., 2010)

Maintenance free (for user)

(Wang et al., 2008)

Reduced purchasing software cost

(Clemons and Chen, 2011)Pay as-you-go

Security based on SSL

(Velte et al., 2010)

Salesforce

Netsuite

Google Apps

PaaS

(Development

platform)

Services and applications

development

(Foster et al., 2008)

Hosts both completed and in-progress

applications

(Dillion et al., 2010)

Supports development of web

interfaces such as Simple Object

Access Protocol (SOAP) andRepresentational State Transfer

(REST) for mashups deployment

(Velte et al., 2010)

Microsoft Azure Service

Platform

Saleforce - Force.com

Google App Engine

Amazon Relational

Database Services and

Rackspace Cloud Sites

IaaS

(Computing

resources)

Processing power, Storage, Network

(Sohan and Zeng, 2010)

Virtualization

(Bhardwaj et al., 2010)

Amazon S3 (Simple

Storage Service) - EC2

(Elastic Cloud Computing)

Rackspace Cloud Servers

Table 2: cloud computing Service Models

2.4 Deployment ModelsAdvocating considerations exist among cloud computing architects, researchers and practitionersregarding the elimination of standard enterprise application deployment model to the scaling up to a

cloud computing based one. The heap of cloud computing can be formulated and carried out based on

three different deployment models: a) private cloud, b) public cloud and c) hybrid cloud. In the private

cloud, services are hosted and delivered strictly within a companys or organisations datacenter. Thus,the cloud infrastructure is operated solely for the organization that uses it and can be built on existing

on-premises or off-premises. In addition, either the organization or a third party may be responsible

for the clouds management in order to improve the scalability and utilization of local datacenters(Sohan and Zeng, 2010).

In public cloud, services and resources are publicly available (online) to the end-users in pay-as-you-

go manner; while they are manage by Cloud providers (vendors). Due to the essential feature of

payment, Service Level Agreement (SLA) contracts are significantly important to be enforced. The

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virtualised resources may be controlled within a public cloud (e.g. virtual images, virtual machine

instances) while at the same time is been taking full control over the local infrastructure.

Hybrid cloud results from the combination of public and private cloud models. They contribute in

providing on-demand, externally provisioned scale. Specifically, when the private cloud of an

organisation cannot respond in to its sudden workflow changes, a public cloud can be used to address

the increasing temporary tasks. However, this fact produces issues on how to distribute applicationsacross both a public and private cloud.

3 CLOUD IN EGOVLOCAL AND FEDERAL CASE STUDIESAlthough governments have been traditionally slow adopters of new technology (Rogers, 1995), cloud

computing has become a really attractive mean of efficient and cost-effective service delivery to these

across the word. The authors in an attempt to strengthen the issue of cloud computing use in an eGov

perspective will present and analyse four case studies. The case studies summarized in this section

show that government organisations like City of Miami, City of Edmonton, Federal Government and

NASA adopted cloud computing solutions to improve their service delivery and to reduce their IT

costs.City of Miami.The municipal government of City of Miami provides a variety of services to more

than 425,000 citizens. The citys employees work in more than 80 locations and rely on a central ITdepartment to provide cost-effective and reliable services. One provided service, is the nonemergency

telephone line 311, which is used to record and track issues reported by citizens. As the budget of IT

department was cut by 18%, the city sought to improve this service, by developing a Web version of

it. The purpose of this concept was to enable citizens to report and track service requests online.

However, mapping applications are processing-power intensive and the specialists of IT department

were not sure whether their current infrastructure could support the required computing power of the

new 311 application. In addition, they had to take into consideration infrastructure location issues due

to the hurricane-prone nature of the region. To address these needs, the city of Miami contracted with

Microsoft Corp. to host the 311 application on Windows Azure Platform. Thus, with almost unlimited

computing power and in collaboration with an interactive mapping software provider (Microsoft GoldCertified Partner ISC), the City of Miami efficiently implemented the new 311 web application on the

cloud. The entire hosting of service on to the cloud resulted in reduced IT costs, improved provided

services to citizens and also in time-effective service delivery. Furthermore, it relies on a cost-effective

disaster-recovery model, which is critical benefit in this hurricane-prone region (Rutrell, 2010).

City of Edmonton.The City of Edmonton delivers services to more than 850,000 citizens. The Citysprinciple of acting more openly and transparently resulted in the provision of census data and other

public information, online to citizens. The Citys council decided to set its open data on the MicrosoftOpen Government Data Initiative (OGDI) in order to improve the relationships among government

organizations, businesses and citizens. OGDI is a set of software resources that allows developers and

government agencies to share, access and/or interact with openly available data. At the early steps of

this project, the City of Edmonton released 12 datasets available online. A variety of information wasincluded such as: information about parks, schools, libraries, transit stops, city council meetings and

other information. The datasets reached 38 in next few months that including new available data from

other public agencies. Having its open data catalog migrated on to the Cloud, the IT department of the

City of Edmonton deployed its solution fast and at a low cost. Thus, it enhanced the transparency,

flexibility and services provided to citizens by municipal government (Microsoft, 2010).

General Services Administration (GSA). USA.gov is the official web information portal of Federal

Government. Citizens can access a huge variety of information and resources regarding on taxes, job

vacancies, health, education, voting instructions and registrations and business guides. As this portal is

the means of public interaction to access critical information, Government has often faced massive

network traffic load during a day. As a result users suffered long delays and downtime and inefficient

services. In order to address these spikes of traffic, GSAs officials considered migration of the currentinfrastructure in to Cloud as ideal solution. By moving toTerremarks Enterprise Cloud service, GSA

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was flexible to scale up or down its infrastructure on-demand, based on its needs. The migration to a

Cloud-based infrastructure hosting environment (Terramarks IaaS platform), resulted in costs savings72%. In addition, the infrastructure upgrade time reduced in maximum 24hours, from nine months

with on-premises hosting. Furthermore, the two hour average downtime with the traditional

infrastructure, reduced to near zero with the Cloud solution (Staten et al., 2009).

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Pioneer in space exploration andaeronautics, NASA is the most crucial organization in scientific research. To the verge of technology

development, NASA had to face an unprecedented need of safely storing massive volumes of crucial

data. Furthermore,NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) aims to raise the interest of young peoplefor space exploration, science development and technology engineering, through educational adn

technology programs. Thus, NASA decided to launch the BeAMartian project in Windows AzurePlatform, to engage the public in citizen science with social media and crowd-sourcing. A special

customized API, offers to BeAMartians visitors access to 250,000 high quality pictures of Marseliminating the need of storing any additional data in JPL machines. End-users are able to virtually

explore the planet in an effective and fun way, by browsing pictures, watching videos, creating tags

and posting questions and answers. As a result, NASA has successfully engaged international users to

interact with a graphically rich environment that demand massive volume of data. JPLs project raised

publics attention for Mars missions and research activities. Moreover, there have been 2.5 millionAPI queries from NASA crowd-sourcing applications and 500,000 API queries from developers. The

Town Hall area of the application, received over 40,000 votes which ranked visitors suggestions thathave also helped NASA identify several features of the Martian surface. JPL can now successfully

handle the volumes or received questions, answering them progressively based on which is the most

popular (Viotti et al., 2010).

Recovery Accountability and Transparency Board (RATB). The RATB was created by the American

Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) in February 2009, undertaking a web development as a

means of publicly ensuring transparency, fraud and abuse. The new project called Recovery.gov, was

focused on: a) providing easily accessible information to the public in terms of Recovery expenses, b)

enabling citizens accountability for these spending, c) highlighting issues to publicly debate, d)

offering transparent access to Recovery opportunities and e) revealing the impact of Recoveryspending. At first, RATB used Amazon Web Services (AWS) solution for development, testing and

monitoring. However, the RATB couldnt afford the maintenance cost of the on-premisesinfrastructure, therefore project promotes decided to completely host Recovery.gov on AWSsplatform. On the second term of 2010, Recovery.gov had been moved in Amazons (EC2) Cloudenvironment. Amazons IaaS model provided full scalability to the project and balanced handling anypotential network spikes due to its potential to add or shed resources as needed. Despite the cost

savings in Boards budget, Cloudy Recovery.gov resulted in reliable storage of critical data and

more efficient computer operations as well as improved security. Furthermore, open government and

shared continuously updated data through GIS strengthened transparency procedures (Amazon,2010).

Table 3 summarizes the solutions and benefits of the case studies described above.

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Case study Solution Benefits

City of Miami

Microsoft Windows

Azure Platform

Bing Maps

Reduced IT costs

Improved services (to

citizens)

Time-effective services

Cost-effective disasterrecovery model

City of Edmonton

Microsoft Open

Government Data

Initiative (OGDI)Fast deployment

Low cost

Enhanced transparency

Flexible and improved

services

General Services

Administration (GSA)

Terramark Enterprise

Cloud

Cost savings 72%

Reduced upgrade time

Reduced average downtime

NASA

Microsoft Windows

Azure

Microsoft Silverlight

Citizens engagement with

scientific activities

Virtualized exploration of

MarsAccess to thousands high-

quality pictures

Users interaction within a

graphically rich environment

(data intensive)

Successful handling ofmassive volumes of queries

Creation of a global audience

Recovery Accountability

and Transparency Board(RATB)

Amazon Elastic

Compute Cloud (EC2)

Full scalability

Balance network spikes

Cost savings

Reliable storage of criticaldata

Strengthened transparency

Table 3: Case studies findings

4 CONCLUSION,LIMITATIONS AND FURTHER RESEARCHCloud computing is a latest technological paradigm in IT world, related to the delivery of computing

as a service. Evidences from literature show that the use of cloud computing has significant

advantages such as: a) cost reduction, b) great storage capacity, c) scalability, d) needless software

installation and maintenance, e) accessibility of on-demand services or applications from anywhere, f)elasticity and pay-as-you-go model and g) energy saving. However, several limitations concerning on:

a) availability of services, b) data lock-in risk, c) reliability of data, d) data transfer bottlenecks, e)

performance unpredictability and f) software licensing, are raised.

Nonetheless, our research focuses on the implementation of cloud computing in e-government

environment. Since there is limited literature related to e-government and cloud computing, we have

investigated published case studies on this area. Despite, cloud computing is still in its infancy, it has

already become attractive to IT world delegators. Findings derived from those case studies have

shown that cloud computing solutions in government organizations resulted in significant cost

reductions, enhanced transparency, improved service delivery and expanded systems scalability. Furthermore, time-effective and convenient services were delivered to the public. Also, citizens

participation has been enhanced especially in the case of NASA and City of Edmonton. These resultsvalidate the normative literature. In addition to this, since the core of e-government initiatives includes

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information exchange, processing and service delivery, cloud computing seems to be an effective

means of the next generation systems integration.

This research is still in its initial stages and it can be considered as a research in progress. Thus, based

on the literature review, we are planning to formulate research questions and develop a conceptual

model. The nature of the research questions and the model itself will guide us to select a suitable

research methodology that will be used to test our model. Appropriate data collection methods will beemployed to collect data. Then, the data analysis will be carried out to test our research model and

findings in terms of the significance of the model will be derived.

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