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Indexed in PsycINFO® – Scopus Bibliographic Database

vol. LXIV. May-August 201619.00 €

N° 276

Four-monthly JournalISSN 0006-6761

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Scientific Director Alessandro Zennaro

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SCOPRI IL SITO DEDICATO A BPA

Accedi all’area riservata agli abbonati con articoli tradotti in italiano e la possibilità di sfogliare la rivista in formato digitale.

www.giuntios.it/bpa

Experiences & ToolsResearch

APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN

Contents

CONTENTS

Research

Proactive personality, Social well-being and civic participation in emerging adulthood 3

Manuela Zambianchi

Experiences & Tools

The GAI and CPI in the Italian standardization of the WAIS-IV and their clinical implications 19

Lina Pezzuti

An exploration of the ideological dimension of the psychological contract among social enterprises: A comparison across Colombian and Italian contexts 39

Juan Pablo Román-Calderón, Christian Vandenberghe, Carlo Odoardi, Adalgisa Battistelli

The psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI) 51

Giovanni Di Stefano, Fabrizio Scrima

3

Proactive personality, Social well-being and civic participation in emerging adulthood

Le Vineland-II, revisione delle Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (Vineland ABS), valutano il comportamento adattivo (CA), ossia le attività che l’individuo abitualmente svolge per rispondere alle attese di autonomia personale e responsabilità sociale proprie di persone di pari età e contesto culturale.

Caratteristiche chiave

• Da 0 a 90 anni.• Valutazione del comportamento adattivo nell’intero ciclo di vita per la diagnosi della disabilità secondo il DSM-V. • Intervista semistrutturata a una persona che conosce in modo approfondito il soggetto.• Utilizzabili in tutti i casi in cui non è possibile somministrare test psicologici all’individuo stesso.

Per maggiori informazioni visita il sito

www.giuntios.it

Vineland-IIVineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-II Second Edition – Survey Interview FormSara S. Sparrow, Domenic V. Cicchetti e David A. BallaVersione italiana: Giulia Balboni, Carmen Belacchi, Sabrina Bonichini e Alessandra Coscarelli

Per la misura del comportamento adattivo nell’intero ciclo di vita

Proactive personality, Social well-being and civic participation in emerging adulthood

Manuela Zambianchi

Department of Psychology, University of Bologna

ᴥ ABSTRACT. La fase dell’adultità emergente viene definita come una nuova fase di vita che va dalla fine

dell’adolescenza all’inizio dell’età adulta (Arnett, 2004). Essa è considerata, dalla ricerca evolutiva, una fase di vita

critica, i cui esiti positivi sono legati alla presenza di risorse quali il capitale sociale e la partecipazione civica (Masten

et al., 2004; Hawkins et al., 2009). Lo studio ha analizzato il ruolo della personalità proattiva, una disposizione stabile

verso un intervento agentico nell’ambiente e la perseveranza fino a che l’individuo non ha raggiunto cambiamenti

significativi su due dimensioni dello sviluppo positivo, il Benessere sociale e la partecipazione civica nella fase

dell’adultità emergente. 388 studenti del Campus universitario di Rimini (età media = 20.08; DS = 1.72, range 18-31;

19% maschi e 81% femmine) hanno preso parte allo studio. Essi hanno compilato tre questionari self-report, la Scala

sulla Personalità Proattiva (Bateman & Crant, 1993), il Questionario sulla Partecipazione Civica (Albanesi et al., 2007),

il Questionario sul Benessere Sociale (Keyes, 1998). I modelli di Regressione Gerarchica hanno evidenziato che le

due componenti della personalità proattiva, la persistenza proattiva di fronte agli ostacoli e l’agenticità costruttiva

ambientale costituiscono i più importanti predittori del Benessere sociale globale e dell’Integrazione sociale e

Contributo sociale come suoi sotto-componenti. Esse inoltre danno un importante contributo alla partecipazione

civica dopo aver controllato le variabili età, genere e corso di laurea.

ᴥ SUMMARY. The phase of emerging adulthood is defined as a new life stage from late teens to early adulthood

(Arnett, 2004). It is considered, by developmental research, a critical life-phase, whose positive outcome is related to the

presence of resources such as social capital, civic engagement and civic participation (Masten et al., 2004; Hawkins et

al., 2009). The study has analyzed the role of proactive personality, a stable disposition toward an agentic intervention

in the environment and persevere until the individual is able bring about meaningful change, on two facets of positive

development, namely Social well-being and civic participation in the stage of emerging adulthood. 388 undergraduates

of University Campus of Rimini (mean age = 20.08; SD = 1.72, range 18-31; 19% males and 81% females) participated

in the study. They filled in three self-report questionnaire, the Proactive Personality Scale (Bateman & Crant, 1993), the

Civic Participation Questionnaire (Albanesi et al., 2007), the Social Well-being Questionnaire (Keyes, 1998). We found

positive correlations between proactive personality, civic engagement and Social well-being. Hierarchical regression

models highlighted that the two dimensions of proactive personality, proactive persistence in front of obstacles and

proactive constructive environmental agency constitute the most important predictors of overall Social well-being, Social

integration, Social contribution as its sub-components. They also give an important contribution to civic engagement

after controlling for structural variables age, gender and degree course.

Keywords: Emerging adulthood; Proactive personality; Social well-being; Civic participation

Research4

276 • BPA M. Zambianchi

INTRODUCTION

The phase of emerging adulthood and its central role for positive development in the life course

The developmental period between adolescence and adulthood, that is called emerging adulthood, is now recognized as a distinct developmental stage in the industrialized countries (Arnett, 2004), lasting from the late teens through the mid-to late twenties. This period, as suggested by Arnett, is not simply an “extended adolescence”, because it is much different due to the extended freedom of the emerging adults to explore the world. Nor, it is really “young adulthood”, because people in this stage of life have not made the transitions historically associated with adult status (e.g. marriage or stable cohabiting, parenthood).

Emerging adulthood is characterized by five main features: identity exploration; instability; self-focus; perception of “feeling in between” (neither adolescents, nor adults); possibility (opportunity to transform their lives). As stated by Arnett (2004), the period of emerging adulthood extends to this phase of life the processes of identity exploration that were previously limited to adolescence. Thus, the three main features of adulthood, accept responsibility, make independent decisions and become financially independent are not achieved at the same time, instead are “gradual, incremental, rather than all in once” (p. 15) due to the inner instability of this life period and the need to acquire a stable sense of identity through exploration of different opportunities and possibilities (Crocetti, Rubini & Meeus, 2008). Tanner & Arnett (2009) suggest that emerging adulthood is not only a distinct, but also a critical juncture in human life development. They introduce the concept of recentering as primary psychosocial task of emerging adulthood. It assumes the interdependence of development, and considers the individual-in context as an unit that evolves across time. Recentering comprises the shift toward relationships where power is shared rather than imposed or controlled by parents and the exploration of new roles and commitments. This new and crucial life phase of human development requests, for these reasons, special attention for its psychosocial outcomes. It also raises the question of how to identify indexes or criteria for its positive development and positive outcome.

The concept of positive development in emerging adulthood is examined and defined by several contemporary theoretical models that have taken into account the complex

interaction between individual resources and characteristics of the social contexts. Life-course and life-span developmental theories highlight the dynamic interactions between the persons and their context that underpin positive development (Lerner, 2006). Thus, young people are influenced by events and roles that occur both concurrently and in earlier stages of development (Elder, Caspi, & Burton, 1988), including their functioning and satisfaction in social roles, their role transitions, and social networks.

Masten et al., (2004) sustained that the period of transition from adolescence to adulthood presents, in our contemporary society, both risk factors and opportunity factors. They highlighted in the construct of individual agency a set of resources and fundamental competencies for a positive transition toward adult roles. Among these competencies authors pose the future temporal orientation, problem solving, the ability to plan personal life objectives and civic engagement.

Kosterman et al. (2005) sustains that several indicators may be useful for describing positive behaviors in this phase of life: volunteerism, group involvement, neighborliness, interpersonal connection, constructive engagement, financial responsibility, honesty. Hawkins et al. (2009) have proposed a theoretical model that comprises five constructs: civic engagement and active responsibility (group participation, group donation, civic action); trust and tolerance of others; trust in authorities; social competences (responsibility, self-control, empathy), life satisfaction (for personal social life and for achievement/direction).

Civic engagement and social well-being: two facets of positive development in the stage of emerging adulthood

Flanagan (2004) argued that adolescence and young adulthood have long been considered the period in which individuals develop attitudes and habits of civic participation that last for their lifetime. Although civic engagement is considered a crucial component of positive development (see above), research find that adolescents and emerging adults are generally more politically disengaged than previous generations of citizens (Putnam, 1995). A study that has taken into account the generational differences in young adult’s civic orientation has highlighted that the generation of “baby boomers”, born in 1946-1961 possessed higher level of civic

19

The GAI and CPI in the Italian standardization of the WAIS-IV and their clinical implications

The GAI and CPI in the Italian standardization of the WAIS-IV and their clinical implications

Lina Pezzuti

Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome

ᴥ ABSTRACT. Accanto al QI totale della WAIS-IV in letteratura sono stati proposti due indici compositi: l’Indice

di Abilità Generale (IAG) e l’Indice di Competenza Cognitiva (ICC). L’IAG è composto dai subtest di Comprensione

Verbale e Ragionamento Visuo-percettivo, mentre l’ICC è composto dai subtest di Memoria di Lavoro e Velocità

di Elaborazione. Nel presente lavoro di ampliamento della taratura italiana della WAIS-IV si forniscono le tabelle

per l’individuazione dei due Indici per il campione di standardizzazione italiana e le tabelle relative al calcolo delle

differenze tra QI e IAG e tra QI e ICC con le percentuali cumulate delle differenze per il campione totale e per 7 livelli

di IAG e ICC. Inoltre, si riporta la tabella che mette a confronto i due indici IAG e ICC. Si spiega il metodo di calcolo

della rarità tra i 4 indici di base per decidere se il QI è o no interpretabile. Si discute sull’uso di tali Indici in molti

contesti clinici come ulteriori lenti attraverso cui poter focalizzare l’abilità dell’adulto con la WAIS-IV.

ᴥ SUMMARY. The General Ability Index (GAI) and the Cognitive Proficiency Index (CPI) have been proposed along with

the Full Scale IQ of the WAIS-IV. The GAI is formed by the scores of Verbal Comprehension and Perceptual Reasoning

subtests, while the CPI is formed by Working Memory and Processing Speed subtests. This work provides tables to

help identify the GAI and CPI for the Italian standardization sample, and also two tables for the calculation of differences

between the FSIQ and the GAI and between the FSIQ and the CPI, with the cumulative percentages of differences for

the total sample and for all seven levels of the GAI and CPI. Furthermore, the table also compares the GAI and CPI. The

use of these indices in many clinical settings will also be discussed as an additional lens to focus on adult abilities using

the WAIS-IV.

Keywords: Intelligence, WAIS-IV, GAI, CPI, Unitary Ability, Italian standardization

La Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) dà una valutazione complessiva delle capacità cognitive di adolescenti e adulti di età compresa tra 16 e 90 anni.Fornisce un punteggio totale di QI, rappresentativo dell’abilità intellettiva generale, e quattro punteggi compositi, che misurano specifici domini cognitivi.

Caratteristiche chiave

• Test ad ampio spettro per valutare il funzionamento intellettivo.• Subtest rivisti, con item aggiornati e materiali più funzionali.• 6 nuovi subtest.• Subtest supplementari specifici per alcune fasce di età (16-69 anni).

WAIS-IV Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Fourth EditionDavid WechslerVersione italiana: Arturo Orsini e Lina Pezzuti

Lo strumento più evoluto per la valutazione dell’intelligenza negli adulti

Per maggiori informazioni visita il sito

www.giuntios.it

39

The psychological contract among social enterprises

An exploration of the ideological dimension of the psychological contract among social enterprises: A comparison across Colombian and Italian contexts

Juan Pablo Román-Calderón1, Christian Vandenberghe2,Carlo Odoardi3, Adalgisa Battistelli4

1 Department of International Business, EAFIT University, Medellín, Colombia2 Department of Management, HEC, Montréal, Canada

3 Department of Education and Psychology, Università degli Studi di Firenze4 EA 4139 Laboratoire de Psychologie, Université Bordeaux

ᴥ ABSTRACT. Questo articolo riporta uno studio trans-nazionale sulla dimensione ideologica del contratto

psicologico. Lo studio è stato condotto sui dipendenti di imprese sociali colombiane (N = 335) e italiane (N = 327).

Gli obiettivi sono stati i seguenti: il primo è stato quello di stabilire la rilevanza del contratto ideologico nelle imprese

sociali, che sono organizzazioni guidate da valori; il secondo quello di determinare il grado di invarianza della misura

che valuta gli obblighi ideologici dei datori di lavoro e dei lavoratori; il terzo quello di testare un modello mediato degli

obblighi ideologici dei dipendenti e delle organizzazioni con l’orgoglio dei dipendenti come variabile dipendente.

I risultati forniscono supporto per le ipotesi e gli obiettivi dello studio. Sono state, inoltre, discusse le implicazioni

dei risultati riguardanti la comprensione della dimensione ideologica del contratto psicologico nelle imprese sociali.

ᴥ SUMMARY. This paper reports a cross-country study on the ideological aspects of the psychological contract. The

study was conducted among Colombian (N = 335) and Italian (N = 327) employees working in social enterprises. The aim

of the study was threefold: first, we wanted to establish the relevance of ideological contracts among social enterprises,

which are value-driven organizations; second, the study was aimed at establishing the degree of invariance of a measure

that assesses the ideological obligations of employers and employees; third, a mediated model of organizational and

employee ideological obligations was tested using employee pride as the outcome. Findings provide support for the

study’s hypotheses and objectives. We discuss the implications of our findings for our understanding of the ideological

dimension of psychological contracts among social enterprises.

Keywords: Ideological obligations, Psychological contract, Social enterprises, Italy, Colombia

51

The Psychometric Properties of the Italian Version of the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI)

The Psychometric Properties of the Italian Version of the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI)

Giovanni Di Stefano1, Fabrizio Scrima2

1 Dipartimento di Scienze Psicologiche, Pedagogiche e della Formazione, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy

2 Département de Psychologie, Université de Rouen, France

ᴥ ABSTRACT. Il Competing Values Framework (CVF) è un modello concettuale ampiamente utilizzato nella

letteratura psicologica e manageriale per la valutazione delle culture organizzative. Lo strumento più noto

derivato dal CVF è l’Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI): esso offre una valutazione delle culture

organizzative secondo quattro dimensioni e la ricerca lo ha mostrato essere valido e attendibile. Tuttavia, solo

pochi studi sono stati condotti con la specifica finalità di validarne le sue due versioni di risposta (ipsativa e Likert);

inoltre, non esiste in letteratura uno studio di adattamento dello strumento in lingua italiana. Nel presente lavoro

sono state utilizzate strategie di analisi esplorative e confermative per valutare la dimensionalità e l’attendibilità della

versione italiana dell’OCAI attraverso due studi. Nel primo studio, è stata applicata un’analisi fattoriale esplorativa

(EFA) su dati provenienti dal questionario in forma Likert, e lo scaling multidimensionale (MDS) sui dati provenienti

dal questionario in forma ipsativa; nel secondo studio, è stata svolta un’analisi fattoriale confermativa (CFA) su un

campione indipendente sul questionario in forma Likert. Sia l’EFA e il MDS, sia la CFA hanno confermato la struttura

fattoriale a quattro dimensioni, fornendo pertanto un sostegno alla validità e all’attendibilità all’OCAI anche in lingua

italiana.

ᴥ SUMMARY. The Competing Values Framework (CVF) has been widely used in organizational research to assess

organizational culture. The best-known instrument derived from CVF model, the Organizational Culture Assessment

Instrument (OCAI), which measures organizational culture according to four dimensions, is generally presented as

valid and reliable. However, only few studies have been conducted for the purpose of validation considering both its

ipsative and Likert version; also, this instrument has never been adapted to the Italian context. We used exploratory

and confirmatory analyses to examine the underlying structure of data from an Italian adaptation of the OCAI. In the

first study, we performed an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) on data from Likert response scale, and multidimensional

scaling (MDS) on data from ipsative response scale, and, in the second study, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on

data from Likert response scale, obtained from an independent sample. Both MDS and EFA in the first study and CFA

in the second study supported the hypothesized four-factor structure, thus indicating that the OCAI Italian version yields

good validity and reliability estimates to measure the CVF model.

Keywords: Competing Values Framework; Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument; Psychometric properties