SCOTTISH SCHOOL OF HERBAL MEDICINE

BSc(Hon) Herbal Medicine

“Identifying the benefits of Vinca major (Greater Periwinkle) and Vinca minor (Lesser

Periwinkle) in a Modern Herbal Practice. With a historical review of the herbs and

analysis of current use by herbal practitioners.”

Vinca major (left) and Vinca minor (right). (Nature Conservatory, 2005)

This report is submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the Scottish School of Herbal

Medicine and the University of Wales for the award of BSc(Hon) in Herbal Medicine.

Jennifer Gould

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ABSTRACT

The primary aim of this research project is to identify the benefits of using Vinca major and Vinca minor in a modern herbal practice. An exploration into both herbs is undertaken by means of a historical review and an investigation into their modern use, which offers full account of possible benefits. A qualitative analysis of current use by herbal practitioners is carried out and discussed, and compared with knowledge from traditional use. Information was collected from practicing Medical Herbalists by means of a questionnaire to gain further understanding of the use of Vinca spp. in modern herbal practice. In addition, a systematic literature review is carried out. The results from these methodologies were recorded and analyzed to highlight relevant areas of discussion. The data was examined under qualitative research guidelines.

It was found that both species of Vinca are not commonly used in modern herbal practice mainly due to lack of knowledge and familiarity with the plants. There was interest from practitioners on how to gain more understanding of the plants, which is presented in this research project. The project aims to create an understanding of both aforementioned herbs. Such knowledge can be used to develop a greater awareness of the plants qualities. By considering both traditional and modern sources from past and present, the strengths of the plant will be highlighted which can be applied to give a greater understanding for future use in a modern herbal practice.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would firstly like to thank those who completed and returned the questionnaire forms for

their time and support with the project, and for all the knowledge, and experience they

shared. Without the high number of questionnaires returned, this project would not have

the data to effectively evaluate Vinca’s use in practice. I am most grateful to all who were

involved in bringing together this fundamental information, making this research project

feasible for a modern herbal practice.

A special thanks to Kara Melchizedek BSc(Hons) MNIMH for all she shared in order to

complete this project, and for her dedication to the progression of Herbal Medicine.

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Contents Page

Introduction 5

Background

Review and analysis of previous research in the area 6

Methods Section

The Investigation and its Methods 8

Literature Review Analysis 12

Questionnaire Results 24

Discussion 27

Conclusion 31

References & Bibliography 33

Appendices

1. Questionnaire Form 39

2. Questionnaire Results 41

3. Literature Search Key Words 46

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INTRODUCTION:

The primary aim of this research project is to identify the benefits of using Vinca major and

Vinca minor in a modern herbal practice. An exploration into both herbs is undertaken by

means of a historical review, and an investigation into their modern use, which offers full

account of possible benefits. A qualitative analysis of current use by herbal practitioners is

carried out and discussed. Furthermore, a comparative study of modern and traditional use

is undertaken. Thus, highlighting the benefits of using Vinca spp. in a modern herbal

practice by looking at how it was used traditionally and how it used today.

Information has been gathered from practicing Medical Herbalists by means of a

questionnaire to gain further understanding of the use of Vinca spp. in modern herbal

practice. The results from these methodologies were recorded and analyzed to highlight

relevant areas of discussion. The data was examined under qualitative research guidelines.

The information from traditional and modern sources are explored, reviewed and integrated

into a beneficial reference which illustrates the full potential of the herbs. By considering

both traditional and modern sources from past and present, the strengths of the plants are

highlighted which can be applied to give a greater understanding for future use in a modern

herbal practice.

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BACKGROUND

Review and analysis of previous research in the area

During this research project, information on the historical and modern use of Vinca major

and Vinca minor were gathered. The search focused solely on Vinca major and Vinca

minor and not any other species of Vinca. By concentrating on these two plants only, it

allowed for greater depth of findings, as well as bringing quality to the research and

discussion, therefore enhancing its understanding. Vinca rosa will be mentioned in the text,

however, only to substantiate evidence on the chosen plants.

Initially, analysis looks at what information there is, in preparation for what

would be followed up with and examined further. This helps decide what information is

relevant to the project and what is not appropriate to include in the sources. Several source

links were collected which were then narrowed down to uncover relevant material.

Research based on isolated constituents were mentioned, however, their

relevance is questionable in herbal practice. As herbs are considered to work in a

synergetic way1, and their actions are extremely complex, research based on chemical parts,

rather than the whole plant could be considered insignificant. An isolated constituent is just

one part of the plant, and is not used by Herbalists. On the other hand, Herbalist rarely use

just one herb in a herbal prescription. It is therefore feasible to consider how the herbs are

used in conjunction with other herbs in a herbal treatment. The concept of synergy and

interaction in a herbal mix has been discussed in previous research projects (Melchizedek,

2004) and due to the scope of this project, will not be included in discussion.

1One example of how whole plant medicines work in synergy: In 1838 Salicyclic acid from the flowering buds of Filipendula ulmaria

(Meadowsweet) and the bark of Salix alba (White Willow) were discovered and in 1899 the drug company Bayer created acetysalicylic

acid (Aspirin). Aspirin and Meadowsweet both have effective anti-rheumatic actions, however, where Aspirin has side effects such as

irritation of the stomach lining, with the risk of hemorrhage, Meadowsweet, (whole plant with its synergistic completeness) has valuable

anti-inflammatory actions and at the same time is kind to the stomach, having added soothing and healing benefits. (Barker, 2001).

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There is a great deal of research on the Vinca species, however, the majority of research

carried out focuses on isolated constituents such as vinpocetine (Gulyas, et al, 2001). This

caused significant limitations on the majority of modern sources available, especially with

reference to clinical trials. Although there have been clinical trials carried out on Vinca

major and Vinca minor, these have been based on chemicals from the plant (Szczepanik, et

al, 2007).

Furthermore, looking at the whole plant, rather than its isolated constituents

and using evidence from clinical trials is the most viable research that should be deemed

relevant in a modern herbal practice2. Therefore only research that falls into this criteria

was included in this project.

This project does include a historical review of the plants, however, due to the

extensive literature on the folklore and magic associated with Vinca, it is unrealistic to

include all these sources in the research. Instead, the historical review concentrates on the

medicinal use, with a brief outline of its link to ceremony. It is worth noting, whilst

working on the literature search at the Edinburgh Botanic Garden, having discovered that

Vinca has a rich ceremonial history, not all of it connected to its medicinal use.

With reference to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, relevant sources were

selected and information gathered. This search enabled all related data to be investigated

and incorporated into the literature review.

2 Evidence using animal studies were excluded from this project due to ethical reasons for both animals and humans.

The Dr Hadwen Trust is the UK's leading medical research charity funding exclusively non-animal techniques to replace animal

experiments, benefiting humans and animals. They state “Animal experiments are an inefficient approach to medical research in

a modern world. The development of non-animal replacements is imperative. Abandoning animal research in favor of more

advanced non-animal methods could ultimately speed medical progress – to the benefit of both humans and animals.” (Dr

Hadwen Trust, 2007)

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METHODS SECTION:

The Investigation and its Methods:

Data was gathered by carrying out a literature search through library catalogues and visits

to Edinburgh Royal Botanic Gardens Library and The Scottish School of Herbal Medicine,

as well as electronically via the internet (see appendix three). In addition, information was

collected from practicing Medical Herbalists by means of a questionnaire (see appendix

one) to gain further understanding of the use of Vinca spp. in modern herbal practice. The

results from these methodologies were recorded and analyzed to highlight relevant themes

of discussion. The data is examined under qualitative research guidelines.

LITERATURE SEARCH:

A literature search was carried out, which concentrated on the use of the whole plant for

medicinal use, both past and present. Texts that are in the English language only are

included in this literature search to prevent any complication of translating the text from a

foreign language. This was highlighted during a search at the Botanic Garden library.

There are a few herbals that were in Spanish (Herbario unibersal Roberto San Martin,

Egenolff, Christian: Gobierno de Navarra) which were unable to be translated at the time.

This was unfortunate as the book detailed information on the traditional use of Vinca which

would be a useful resource.

For the internet searches the same key words are used in all search data bases. The

purpose of the search looked at what information is available in preparation for what is to

be examined. This process determined what information was desirable and what was not to

be included in such sources. Large amounts of source links were collected, which were then

narrowed down to uncover relevant material. This allowed a thorough investigation to be

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carried out on an extensive level. The key words used are detailed in the appendix section.

The most valuable word used was the plant name Vinca, and the literature search

began using this genus name; however, a lot of information on Vinca rosa was included in

these results. As this plant is not being used in this study, due to the scope of the project, it

is noteworthy to add the species name major and minor after each key word. This

definitely cut back on the volume of search results, which in turn saved time following each

one up. The same key words were used in all search engines.

QUESTIONNAIRE:

A questionnaire was used to gather information from practicing Medical Herbalists on their

understanding of Vinca spp and its use (for copy of questionnaire see appendix 1).

Questionnaires are perhaps the most widely used research tools (Kane, 2004). They allow

information to be gathered from a large number of people, and in addition, when the

questions are standardised, it makes the process of analysing a large data set relatively

straightforward (Kane, 2004).

One of the aims of this project is to establish how Vinca spp. is used in

practice. The questions chosen are a combination of open ended questions such as “If you

do not use Vinca, is there a reason why you do not use this herb?” and fixed questions e.g.

“Do you use the herb Vinca major?” (Robson, 1998)

The questionnaire questions therefore are aimed at determining if the

participants used Vinca major and/or minor, as well as gathering knowledge from

Herbalists about their understanding of the plants and its use. The opening question in the

questionnaire is a closed yes or no question asking participants if they used Vinca spp.,

whilst question two asks if not, what the reason is. Question three is another closed

question inquiring if they did use the plant, how often did they use it, giving three choices

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of regularly; occasionally or rarely. This highlights how often Vinca spp. is being used in

practice. This offers added insight into its use. Question four and five are open questions,

with the view to gather information on how Herbalists would use the plant, and also allows

space for them to add any other comments and personal experiences. Moreover, open

ended questions are considered to deliver richer information and also to prevent frustration

and the respondent feeling restricted in their response (Coolican, 1994).

Using a combination of standardised questions in conjunction with open

questions, it establishes the objective of gathering how much Vinca spp. is used, whilst

gaining insight into participants understanding. This gives a deeper examination into the

reasons why it is used or not used, allowing evaluation and analysis to be discussed further.

With a comprehension of how Vinca spp. is being used today, as well as details of the

reasons why, it will support a greater foundation for bringing together a well-formed

assessment of the plants for future use in modern herbal practice.

The clarity of the form was taken into consideration to prevent complications

and misunderstandings, which in turn would affect the accuracy of the data collected.

Questionnaires should be to the point, and not too intensive, as this will improve the

chances of them being completed and returned (Coolican, 1994). The questionnaire for this

project is created with this in mind, and its high response rate emphasized that it is easy to

read and complete.

With reference to the objectives, the research method of a questionnaire is

considered the most suitable for this project, and was used to gather information from

practicing Medical Herbalists. Questionnaires are considered to be an effective tool to

collect data on a chosen subject, and they take less time to carry out compared to structured

interviews. For example, one interview may take thirty to sixty minutes to conduct,

however, a questionnaire would only acquire the time it takes to send out to the chosen

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group. There is of course time needed to create the form,

for the practitioner to fill it in, and then for the data to be analyzed.

One disadvantage of using questionnaires is the potential to experience a low

response rate. It is therefore worthwhile to take into consideration the simplicity of the

form to prevent complications and misunderstandings. The clarity of the form is also vital

to ensure the data collected is valid as it would in turn affect the outcome of the whole

research project (Robson, 1998).

Fifty eight registered practicing Medical Herbalists were selected randomly

from the National Institute of Medical Herbalists Directory and were issued a covering

letter, as well as a confirmation letter from the Scottish School of Herbal Medicine.

Participants were given a response time of twenty one days to complete and return the

form. Each questionnaire form was issued blank to ensure confidentiality for each

participant, although on returning the form, there were some Herbalists who included their

personal details.

Out of the fifty eight questionnaires that were issued by post, twenty eight were returned

completed. This is a response rate of 48.3% which is above the noted estimate 30-40%

(Coolican, 1994). Due to the questionnaires being confidential, it was not possible to

follow-up why the 50% of participants did not complete and return the forms issued to

them.

One participant mentioned that the reason they completed the questionnaire was due to the

clarity of the form and relevance of information asked, stating that the form for this project

was well constructed.

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LITERATURE REVIEW ANALYSIS

To develop a clear understanding of the plants, and their qualities, a review of the data from

the literature search is carried out.

To begin, an outline of both species will be discussed, then compared,

although it is acknowledged that this could be taken to far greater depth. The limited

information on the differences and similarities of the two species allows room for potential

research projects and further discussion.

Introduction to Periwinkle

As shown in the photographs below, both Vinca major and V. minor are very similar in

appearance. The main difference is in the size of the leaves and flowers, Vinca major being

larger than the minor . The leaves of the major also have a serrated margin, unlike the

minor, which is smooth (Weiss, 2001).

(Nature Conservatory, 2005)

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Vinca major (fws, 2008)

Vinca minor (Nature Conservatory, 2005)

Both Vinca major and Vinca minor are considered to be interchangeable in

their medicinal uses (Barker, 2001), although there are some differences which will be

highlighted at point of discussion throughout. If it has not been possible to determine

which species an author is referring to, or if both are categorized together, its common

name of Periwinkle will be used.

Vinca major and minor are members of the Apocynaceae family. The

Apocynaceae or Dogbane family includes flowering trees, shrubs, herbs and lianas mainly

found in tropical regions of the world. Vinca spp. are one of two genera found in

temperature regions of Europe (Wikipedia, 2008). Vinca major and minor are by and large

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thought to be native to Europe (Chevallier, 2001). However there is controversy amongst

Botanists to whether they should be classed as a true native of the UK (Grieve, 1971).

They do grow well in the UK, and their evergreen vines or trailers are commonly used by

gardeners for ground cover (Strader, 2008).

Vinca can be found growing wild in hedgerows and around the borders of

woodlands in the UK (Chevalier, 2001) and it is known to extend its roots and stems in

every direction. This can prevent other plants space and light to grow (Grieve, 1971) and

for this reason, some regard it as a nuisance or weed. On the other hand, both species are

frequently observed growing in harmony with other plants if planted in a suitable area.

Culpeper (1990) suggested it would best be introduced in a hedge row, giving it room to

run. The hedge row appears to be the plant’s preferred choice of residence, as this is where

it is typically found growing wild (Chevallier, 2001).

Parts Used:

The leaves are the parts most often used in Herbal Medicine, although, the flowers too can

be used medicinally when made as a flower essence (McIntyre, 2002). The leaves are

gathered, usually in the spring time (Chevallier, 2001), between the months of March and

May (Barker, 2001). Although, the harvest time is stated in many texts, none give a reason

why this is best. As Vinca spp. are evergreen plants, the leaves are available all year round.

A study on Vinca minor showed that there was little change in chemical structure even in

winter when growth is minimized (Huner, et al, 1988). There is a need to confirm whether

both species have more medicinal value if harvested in spring, and this is an area that would

benefit from further research.

The flowers of both species most commonly in bloom in spring time, though

it has been noted to flower right up until the frost of winter (Skinner, 1958).

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Traditional Uses:

Periwinkle is described as being “the joy of the ground” (McIntyre, 2002) and is known to

be a delight to the eye (Messegne, 1979). It is believed to promote healing on a physical

level (possibly due to its astringent action on wounds) as well as on an emotional level

such as for those with wounds from the past (McIntyre, 2002). Its name is thought to derive

from the word “pervincere” which means “to overcome” (McIntyre, 2002). Its binding

quality is also considered to be the origins of its name as “pervincine” means “to bind

closely” (McIntyre, 2002) In addition the word “Vinico” which is similar to its genus

name “Vinca” also means “to bind” (Grieve, 1971). This could illustrate that the origins of

the name Vinca is representative of its binding action, both physically and energetically.

Culpeper (1990) advised that if the leaves are eaten by man and woman

together it will bind them closer. This binding quality is certainly a strong attribute of

Vinca major and it is even expressed in the way it grows. It binds with all those around it

and creeps close to the ground (Barker, 2001). Another reason for its use in unions of love

such as marriages was due to its evergreen leaves which are thought to represent everlasting

love of a couple (McIntyre, 2002). Vinca minor, on the other hand does spread, which

explains its use as a ground cover, however, does not bind to other plants in the same way

as the Vinca major species (Strader, 2008)

In the language of flowers Vinca minor has a variety of meanings, all of which

are connected to friendship or love. Culpeper (1990) said Periwinkle was a plant of Venus,

the Goddess of Love and Beauty which is further confirmation for this connection.

Culpeper (1990) also noted Periwinkle’s meaning to translate as “My heart was my own

until I met you” representing budding love. The white flowering relating to ‘sweet

memories’ and when the leaves are eaten by man and wife together they promote love

(Cleene, 2003).

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Periwinkle is considered to be a symbol of loyalty, which could also explain

its use in wedding ceremony. It was dedicated to virgins and used as a funeral flower for

unmarried girls who had died, and in Italy for deceased children (Cleene, 2003).

Dioscorides, an ancient Greek physician who wrote several books including “De Materia

Medica” included Vinca minor (referred to as Klematis) in his literature. It is remarkable to

note that this book was used commonly for sixteen centuries after his death (U.S. Library of

Medicine, 2002). He recommended that the leaves be drank in wine to lessen excessive

discharges of the bowels e.g. dysentery (Osbaldeston, 2000) and states it cures the pain of

the matrix (womb) (Gunther, 1934). His writings were used later by other well known

authors such as Pliny (77AD) and Galen (130-210 AD) and all mention Periwinkles

benefits for bleeding, diarrhoea, to heal wounds and as an anti-dote to bites by poisonous

animals (Cleene, et al, 2003) when taken internally with wine. In addition, a preparation

made into a pessary or suppository was recommended to release the pain of the mother.

The leaves chewed are noted to be beneficial for staunching toothache (Osbaldeston, 2000).

John Gerard, the well known Herbalist of the 16th century, included Periwinkle

in his 1597 Herbal “The Herbal or General History of Plants” (Hydes, 2003). He also

noted it as an astringent for bleeding, recommending it for spitting blood, and classed it as

a drying herb (Gerard,1975). This drying quality described is likely due to its tannin

content which gives it an astringent action, binding and tighten the tissues, and reducing

secretions (Pengelly, 2004).

Periwinkle has been used externally in other ways in the past. One source

states Sir Francis Bacon the 16th century Philosopher, and proponent of the scientific

revolution (Wikipedia, 2008) used Periwinkle for leg cramps by tying the plant around the

leg itself (Greive, 1971). It was also noted to soothe cramps and teething pains when

placed under the pillows of small children (Cleene, et al, 2003). These indications, along

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with its blood cleansing properties are not commonly mentioned in modern literature, with

little knowledge to substantiate. It is worth considering if this is an example of lost

knowledge, or whether it is anecdotal information which has little value in modern practice.

The only way to gain insight is with experience in using the plants in this way and with

future research to confirm.

Another example of a possible past forgotten indication for Periwinkle is its

use in reducing high blood sugar levels. It is noted to have been used in the past for this

purpose (Grieve, 1971); however modern sources question its benefits for those with

diabetes and have concentrated on its use as an astringent and circulatory stimulant

(Raintree, 1996).

Modern Uses

The hypoglycaemic action is considered to be more of an attribute of Vinca rosa

(Madagascar Periwinkle) in modern practice. Studies have shown that Vinca rosa tincture

does have a notable hypoglycaemic action, (possibly due to vindoline constituent) however,

this research was based on animal studies (Chattopadhyay, et al 1991). Vinca rosa does

contain many indole alkaloids, including those found in Vinca major and minor, this

similarity may explain why these species have been used in the past to control high blood

sugar levels (Raintree, 1996). In addition, the alkaloids vinblasine and vincritine, found in

all three plants, have antineoplastic actions, and are commonly used in cancer treatment to

inhibit cell mitosis (Skenderi, 2003). Again, more constructive research is needed to

authenticate this use in practice.

As in traditional practice, modern herbal medicine is utilising the astringent

property of both Vinca spp to reduce and stop bleeding and treat excess discharges.

(Chevallier, 2001; Raintree, 1996).

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In recent times, the most common use of Vinca minor is as an alternative to

the popular circulatory stimulant Ginkgo biloba (Bioforce, 2004). Both herbs have been

used to treat conditions such as tinnitus, Meniere’s disease, dizziness and impaired

memory due to their effect on the cerebral circulation (Bioforce, 2004). As Ginkgo also

has an anti-plantlet action, it is recommended to be avoided in those on blood thinning

medication. Vinca minor, on the other hand, does not have an anti-platelet effect, and can

be used instead of Ginkgo (Bioforce, 2004). Considering the extensive use of Ginkgo as a

cerebral circulatory stimulant, it is worthy to reflect on how Vinca minor can be used as an

alternative.

Vinca minor has a stimulating action on the circulatory system and improves

the blood flow through the brain. It is noted to be helpful in the treatment of headaches,

dizziness, impaired memory, tinnitus and hearing loss (Bartram, 1998), as well as

cerebral arteriosclerosis which can lead to dementia due to insufficient blood flow to the

brain (Chevallier, 2001). By increasing the blood flow to the brain, Vinca minor may be

beneficial for treating conditions which are caused by poor cerebral perfusion such as

vascular dementia. This condition is caused by an obstruction in the circulation to the

brain which results in insufficiency of blood to the tissues and the brain cells die

(Alzheimer’s Society, 2008). Vinca minor’s beneficial effects may be explained by the

action of the constituent vinpocetine (an indole alkaloid), which has been isolated in the

plant. Vinpocetine has been shown to enhance oxygen release of haemoglobin and

therefore increase the amount available to cells (Tohgi et al, 1990). This action, along with

its vasodilating effect is considered to be responsible for its success in the treatment of

cerebral hypo perfusion (Tohgi et al, 1990). Although there are studies using clinical trials,

with human rather that laboratory animals models, it must be emphasized that all research

found on Vinca minor focuses on the isolated constituents of the plant, and not the whole

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plant as used in Herbal Practice.

Unfortunately, no clinical trials were found to meet the criteria for this project.

This has highlighted a need for further research into the use of the whole plant as a

medicine, in a way that is relevant for practicing Herbalists.

Plant Constituents and Pharmacology

Vinca minor:

Indole alkaloids – (including vincine, vincamine and vincaminine)

Vincamine has been researched extensively since its discovery in 1953. This isolated

constituent was found to have an action on the circulation and interest in it focused on its

effect on hypertension (Weiss, 2001). Later it was acknowledged for having a specific

effect on cerebral blood flow, and was found to increase cerebral oxygen consumption as

well as enhancing cell nutrition (Weiss, 2001). Although it is likely that these findings

were based on animal studies, later research confirmed its effects with ECG evidence and

double blind trials. It was concluded that vincamine improves the cerebral circulation, thus

demonstrated its benefits in the treatment of conditions that have poor cerebral blood flow,

such as cerebral arteriosclerosis, tinnitus, and dizziness. It is noted that it can take between

three to six weeks before improvements are apparent (Weiss, 2001).

Tannins

The tannin content is considered to be responsible for Periwinkles astringent action,

which has a binding effect. Tannins astringe and tone tissues, especially the skin and

mucosa of the uterus and digestive tract. By increasing tissue tone and regulating

permeability, they reduce discharges and can stop diarrhea and bleeding (Wood, 1997).

With this they protect membranes from irritation and infection (McIntyre, 2002).

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Interestingly, this binding quality could be linked back to the origins of Vinca’s name

“vinico” which means to bind (Grieve, 1971).

Vinca major

There are hundreds of named constituents, too many to mention in this text. The main

categories are tannins and the indole alkaloids. As V. minor and V. major are similar and

are used interchangeably, they are frequently classified together in publications and

constituents listed are often the same. Vinca major is noted to have the same alkaloids as

V. minor (Rain-tree, 1996); however, most of the research carried out has been on V. minor

(Weiss, 2001).

Possible Contra-indications

Periwinkle should be avoided in those with brain tumors (Bartam, 1998) as it increases the

cerebral circulation, therefore may improve the growth conditions for the tumor. On the

other hand it could be argued that to improve the circulation may improve the body’s own

neoplastic functions. Until this effect is ratified, it is recommended that its use be avoided

in brain tumors. As it is a cerebral circulation stimulant, it should be not be given to those

with high intercranial pressure (Skenderi, 2003)

Both species of Vinca are to be avoided during pregnancy (Chevallier, 2001).

Although several authors state this contra-indication, they do not give an explanation to the

reasons why. One source does state that Vinca major is a uterine vasoconstrictor,

therefore suggesting that the herb would restrict the blood flow to the fetus and have a

potentially harmful effect (Green Earth, 2008). There was no research found to confirm

this, however as a pre-caution, Vinca spp. should be avoided in pregnancy.

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Periwinkle is also noted to best be avoided if breast feeding as it is known to dry up breast

milk. On the other hand, this may be seen as a therapeutic action when weaning and excess

breast milk is an issue (Barker, 2001).

Its strong astringent and binding action may make it unsuitable for those with

constipation and it should be avoided if this is a tendency (Barker, 2001). In contrast,

Grieve (1971), notes that Periwinkle can be used as a laxative. No evidence was found to

substantiate the use of Periwinkle as a laxative, and most literature indicates that it is drying

in quality and should be avoided in constipation.

Preparations and Dosage

Liquid Extract: 1:1, 25% - dose 2-4ml tid (Bartram, 1998)

Tea: 1 oz of dried herb to one pint of boiling water – infuse for 15 minutes and drink half to

one cup tid (Bartram, 1998)

Externally: Vinca major – Tea (as above) - for its astringent action e.g. as a douche, for

leucorrhoea (Bartram, 1998).

The leaves can also be crushed and applied to wounds to aid healing (Plants for a Future,

2000)

Lotion: Periwinkle can be applied to tone hemorrhoids and varicose veins (McIntyre,

2002)

Mouthwash or gargle: for sore throats and mouth ulcers (McIntyre, 2002)

Leaves may also be chewed for toothache and bleeding gums (McIntyre, 2002) Again, the

tannins are believed to be responsible for its astringent, healing effect for these indications

(Bartram, 1998).

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The flower essence can be used for those prone to depression and nervous disorders such

as anxiety and seasonal affective disorder (McIntyre, 2002). This use is likely to link

back to its traditional name of “Joy of the Ground” and its use for treating those with

emotional wounds from the past, bringing joy in times of sadness and grief (McIntyre,

2002).

Possible Combinations:

For excess bleeding, Periwinkle can be used with other astringent plants such as

Alchemilla vulgaris (Lady’s Mantle) (Chevallier, 2001) or Agrimonia eupatoria

(Agrimony) (Raintree, 1996). Both these plants contain tannins which are water soluble, it

is therefore recommended that indications requiring this action primarily, be prepared as

infusions or decoctions (Bartram, 1998).

Energetics:

Although the language most commonly used in Western Herbal Medical practice is

based on the Orthodox medical system, Herbalists use their knowledge of the plants to

create a medicine best suited to an individual by taking into account a person’s constitution.

This can be approached through medical systems such as Ayurveda and Humoral Medicine.

These systems have their own theories and diagnosis, which is beyond the scope of this

project, however, it is worthy to note that their concepts are commonly incorporated into

modern herbal practice.

There is a lack of sources discussing the energetic qualities of Periwinkle. There are

many possible reasons for this including historical changes to the practice of herbal

medicine over time, and loss of traditional knowledge. One source does suggest the plant

has a cold and moving quality (Roger, 1997). The movement suggests an air aspect,

having a drying effect, which can be linked back to its astringent action (tannins), drying

23

up excess secretions (Frawley, 1992). There is also the recommendation that it should be

avoided in constipation, which can be caused by dehydration, another attribute to dryness,

further highlighting that the herb is dry in quality (Barker, 2001).

Energetic information on the plant is definitely an area that would benefit from further

research, which will enable a deeper understanding of the plant.

24

QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS:

58 questionnaires issued

28 returned completed (48.3%)

1 returned – return to sender - “not at this address” (1.7%)

29 no response (50%)

[Example of questionnaire in appendix 1.]

Use of Vinca spp. by Participants

22 out of the 28 responses (78.5%) stated that they did not use either major or minor

spp.

2 (7.14%) stated they used both (rarely)

2 (7.14%) stated they used major only (occasionally)

2 (7.14%) said they used minor spp only (one occasionally, one rarely)

Questionnaire response

No response 50%

Returned completed 48.3%

Returned to sender 1.7%

25

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

Do not useeither spp.

Use both (rarely) Use major only(occassionally)

Use minor only(1 occ. & 1

rarely)

Reasons for not using Vinca spp.

11(50%) out of the 22 stated the reason they don’t use Vinca is because they are not

familiar with it, mostly due to it not being included in their training, or used in training

clinic. The remaining 11 (50%) responses had varied reasons for not using the plants

including not having them in the dispensary they work from, using alternatives, and not

finding a need for it.

0.00%5.00%

10.00%

15.00%20.00%

25.00%30.00%35.00%

40.00%45.00%

50.00%

Not familiar with it Other reasons

Not familiar with it

Other reasons

For details of other reasons please see Appendix Two

26

It is understood that the results from the questionnaire represented a small percentage of

practicing Medical Herbalists. It is therefore not viable to make a concluding judgment that

it corresponds to the whole Herbalist community. Another point to consider is it is not

noted how long each Herbalist has been in practice for, and by chance the questionnaire

could have targeted new practitioners that have not been introduced to the plants in training.

Use of Vinca spp. also depends on how many patients each practitioner sees in practice and

the types of complaints presented.

These are all notable considerations which may have affected the results and should be kept

in mind. However, this research shows that the proportion of Herbalists using Vinca spp. is

low, and based on the findings it appears that it is not used much in practice today. The

main reason for this has been shown to be due to Herbalists not being familiar with the

herbs, either from lack of knowledge or experience with them.

To gain a deeper insight into Vinca spp. use in a modern herbal practice and to confirm the

results collected from the questionnaire, it would be prudent to increase the number of

practicing Herbalist participants included in the study. This would represent a greater

percentage of the Herbal community, and provide more substantial verification on the use

of Vinca spp. in Herbal practice.

27

DISCUSSION:

So far, this report has presented traditional and modern uses for Periwinkle, and shown that

it is not commonly used in practice. This section will reflect upon what can be gained from

the information gathered, and how this can be brought into a modern herbal practice.

Traditional knowledge has been gained through centuries of experimentation

and experience. Both clinical and pharmacological studies have justified the traditional

uses for Vinca spp., which were considered in recent times to have been unfounded due to

insufficient scientific evidence. Although this project considers these studies, it does

question their methods and has discussed their relevance to Herbalists in practice. There is

a great need for further research in herbal medicine with methodologies that enhance ones

understanding of plants. Research may include study into the isolated constituents,

however, it would then bring each part back to the whole, rather than seeing one component

as being more effective. A new paradigm into herbal medicine research would expand our

capabilities as Herbalists. It is however, significant to mention relevant research when it can

be linked back to its traditional and modern use.

Perhaps the key attribute Periwinkle demonstrates is its binding action, both

physically and energetically. This binding quality is certainly a strong attribute which is

expressed in the way it grows, binding with its surroundings (Barker, 2001); on a

therapeutic level by the astringent quality of its tannins that bind tissues, staunch bleeding

and excess discharges (Chevalier, 2001); and in ceremony binding unions of love,

(McIntyre, 2002). Its healing attributes can be considered on a physical level with

reference to its tannin content, toning, binding and healing wound (Chevallier, 2001). Its

healing quality is documented to be helpful on an emotional level with the flower remedy

bringing joy and supporting those with wounds from the past (McIntyre, 2002). Periwinkle

can provide space with its moving element (Rogers, 1997), space to facilitate healing, and

28

to enable one to overcome whatever it is one needs to overcome (McIntyre, 2002).

Periwinkle binds all aspects of oneself, bringing one back to wholeness. This is expressed

by one questionnaire participant who noted Periwinkle to have a protective attribute,

supporting healing by allowing one to let go and release beliefs that no longer serve. This

information is illustrated by an example of use for a patient with breast cancer (see

Appendix Two, Participant 27).

Perwinkle’s binding action is noted in the research questionnaire as a reason

for using both species of Vinca, and both are commonly used interchangeably (see

Appendix Two). One participant did mention using V. major only for urinary

incontinence (Participant number 25), and another noted using this species over the other

for prostatitis and menstrual cramps (Participant 27). These conditions are considered to

be indications for astringent herbs (Chevallier, 2001) which highlights its use as an

astringent. On the other hand, with reference to the Literature Review, both plants are

noted to have an astringent action.

Periwinkle’s strong astringent effect was recommended to be used with care

in the treatment of tumors, to prevent an over toning of an area, which may lead to

hardening. It was suggested that its astringent action best be used later in the treatment of

tumors, to astringe an already softened site (See Appendix Two, Participant 27).

In addition to the link with its traditional binding quality, its associations with

memories of love can now be validated with modern research confirming its action as a

cerebrovascular stimulant, which can improve the memory (Barker, 2001). In modern

times, Periwinkle is recognized to be effective at increasing cerebral blood flow, promoting

improved cerebral perfusion aiding the memory, and improving symptoms in conditions

such as tinnitus, and Meniere’s disease (Chevallier, 2001). 75% of those who used the V.

minor species (Participants 23, 26, & 27) indicated it for conditions that benefit from an

29

improvement in cerebral blood flow e.g. tinnitus and laberynthitis. These are the same

indications as stated in the literature search.

There is interest in the use of Vinca spp. for the treatment of dementia’s such

as Alzheimer’s and vascular dementia. Again, by improving cerebral blood perfusion,

preventing damage to brain cells and therefore promoting normal cerebral function

(Skenderi, 2003). This use was demonstrated by some questionnaire participants who are

familiar with the plants, with one participant providing an example of its success at slowing

down the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (Appendix Two, participant two). Reflecting

on its list of possible benefits, it is a wonder why it is not used more in practice.

The company Bioforce did previously provide a tincture of Vinca minor

supporting its use for the above conditions, however, this product has been discontinued

(Bioforce, 2004). The reason for this was investigated, yet Bioforce were unable to confirm

details of why they stopped producing it. With no apparent explanation for its lack of

demand, one possible reason could be due to it going out of fashion. Herbs like Ginkgo

biloba have become increasing popular. Ginkgo has had extensive research carried out,

which has further contributed to its popularity. Perhaps Herbalists now use herbs such as

Ginkgo in place of Periwinkle, and therefore have no need to consider alternatives. This

point could have been confirmed with a section on the questionnaire establishing what

conditions Periwinkle could have been indicated for. This would establish herbs that are

used as an alternative. Bioforce (2004) actually have information about the Vinca minor

and Gingko biloba on the same web page, suggesting using the other as an alternative.

It is noted that Periwinkle was used more commonly up until about 20 years

ago, and now it can be difficult to acquire the tincture of Vinca major at all (Appendix Two,

Participant 24). With reference to the project questionnaire, the main reason given for

Vinca spp. not being used much in practice was shown to be due to participants not being

30

familiar with the herbs, either from lack of knowledge or experience with them (see

Appendix Two). It appears that Vinca spp. is no longer included in herbal training, which

was once done in the past. This point could be further examined by contacting each

institution in the UK offering full herbal training, and establishing whether it is included in

their curriculum. From the information gathered in the questionnaire, it would appear that

Vinca spp. is not discussed, or used much in training now (see Appendix Two). This is

highlighted by recent graduates being less familiar with the plants and therefore not

including it in their practice (see Appendix Two participant six). It is worth while

examining why this is so, and establishing the reasons why its use has declined to gain

further insight into how it can be re-introduced into practice.

In terms of sustainability, both Vinca species grow easily almost anywhere. They are

evergreen plants and produce flowers from spring until winter (Skinner, 1958), therefore

they have the potential to provide a good supply of materials for Herbalists to make their

own medicines. One questionnaire participant mentioned that they felt Vinca spp. should

be used more in practice as it is easy to grow and robust (Appendix Two, participant 10).

With 78% of questionnaire participants not using Vinca spp. in practice, and those that do

include them in practice only using them on occasion, or rarely, now is the time to educate

and make use of this valuable resource. It is apparent that there is interest in learning more

about the plants with 43% of participants requesting a copy of the final research project.

This shows that through promoting awareness of the plants, and their benefits in practice, it

may initiate an increase in its use in practice.

Periwinkle is a herb that can be grown by Herbalists in their own gardens, and

harvested and prepared by them. There are many benefits that come with this such as

sustainability and low cost medicines, however, possibly the most wonderful is the

closeness that it creates between Patient, Herbalist and Plant. By growing their own

31

medicines it allows Herbalists to really get to know the plants that they are prescribing, and

be able to share that connection with their patients. This is a truly therapeutic relationship!

CONCLUSION:

The aim of this research project is to gather information on the Vinca spp., and present it to

Herbalists to enable a greater understanding of its benefits in herbal practice. This is done

with reviewing the herbs traditional and modern uses, and linking this back to how it can be

a valuable ally in a modern herbal practice.

The research method of a questionnaire was successful at gaining data and analysing

Periwinkles current use by herbal practitioners. This data allowed a view into how much it

is used today, the reasons why it was not used, and also the way it is used. This method,

along with the literature search, enabled the aims of this project to be established and

consequently, were the best methods to use.

This project is designed to be an introduction to Perwinkle, enhancing interest in the plant.

It is meant for the reader to consider the information gathered and reflect, encouraging the

reader to get to know the plants for themselves.

32

(The Royal Gazette Ltd, 2008)

Within the green there is a mirror. The green holds a mirror for us to see

what we need, the truth. Truth about ourselves, truth about life, truth

about love. Vinca shines light from the centre, like a mirror that catches

a beam and sends it back. Vinca is our truth mirrored back to us. The

question is, what is the reflection to you? (Jennifer Gould)

33

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39

APPENDICES:

APPENDIX ONE – Questionnaire

Project title:

“Identifying the benefits of Vinca major and Vinca minor in a modern herbal practice. With a

historical review of the herb and analysis of current use by herbal practitioners.”

Questionnaire for Practicing Medical Herbalists

1. Do you use the herb Vinca major? (Please circle) Yes No And/or Vinca minor? Yes No 2. If you answered no to Question 1, do you have a particular reason for not using Vinca spp.? 3. If you answered yes to Question 1, can you state how often you use these herbs? Vinca major o Regularly o Occasionally o Rarely Vinca minor

40

o Regularly o Occasionally o Rarely 4. If you do use Vinca spp., can you give details of what conditions you would use it for and the methods of preparation used? (Please say if minor or major. Feel free to use additional space if needed) 5. Finally, can you please give details of your understanding of Vinca spp.? This can include reasons for use, pharmacology, energetics and personal experiences. (Please use additional space if needed) Thank you for taking the time to read and complete this questionnaire. Your knowledge and experience is greatly appreciated. If you would like an emailed copy of the final dissertation project please let me know. Green blessings! Jen Gould happy.body@yahoo.co.uk

41

APPENDIX TWO – Questionnaire results

Q1.

22 out of the 28 responses (78.6%) stated that they did not use either major or

minor spp.

2 (7.1%) stated they used both (rarely)

2 (7.1%) stated they used major only (occasionally)

2 (7.1%) said they used minor spp only (one occasionally, one rarely)

22 responses answered no to using both spp. with following reasons and information

on the plant:

1. Would use if felt prescription needed it. Know to be both astringent, major for

menorrhagia, also minor spp. for digestive disorders and hypertension. Both contain

alkaloids.

1. Did not learn herb in training – blocked into using – wary. When seeing plant

growing it creates a protective cover fast. Also the speed of growth links with the fast

aching energy I feel the plant has. I knew a man who spoke of vinca, not sure minor/major.

He said the herb hugely helped his mother with her Alzheimer’s. He felt the vinca was

slowing down the deteriation that the disease creates and helped with her mood. He spoke

in a very excited and positive way about the herb. (requested copy of final dissertation

project)

2. Haven’t really studied the herb or seen used by others so my interest not sparked.

3. Haven’t found need for it in practice – would use if indicated. (did not give details

to how would use)

4. It is a herb I have never studied or thought of using. (requested copy of final

dissertation project)

42

5. Not familiar with it due to it not being covered on my course & only practicing

one year. Vinca minor traditional love & fertility also death – cerebro-vascular for vascular

dementia, tinnitus, plus genital tonic/astringent for heavy periods also swollen breasts.

Contains indole alkaloids vinblastine and vincristine used in cancer treatment. (requested

copy of final dissertation project - Said “ Then I might start to use Vinca!”)

6. Not a herb I studied or know much about, nor come across much

literature/research (requested copy of final dissertation project – Said “ I’d be interested to

know how practitioners use them”.)

7. Limited knowledge, not stocked in dispensary work from. Vinca minor for

menstrual cramps, apparently also anti-neoplastic but do not know the basis for this. Vinca

minor seems to affect microcirculation in head – excellent for ear conditions and useful in

headaches. (requested copy of final dissertation project)

8. No particular reason except other herbs in my dispensary adequate for patients

prescriptions.

9. Had a bottle for years, hardly used it so decided to stop stocking it. Vinca major is

a circulatory tonic for the brain – good against Alzheimer’s, also astringent. I feel Vinca

spp. should be used more as it is easy, but slow to grow, very robust, covers a lot of ground.

There is something other-worldly about the flowers – like the centre is a gateway to another

world (the blank space comes as a surprise to the eye).

10. Not familiar with it.

11. Haven’t thought about these herbs for a long time – looking them up now and

wondering why I don’t use them! Major spp. most notably used for its astringent action

e.g. blood loss be it during or between menstruation. Also in other cases where an

astringent action is called for e.g. nose bleed, gum problems, diarrhoea etc. Vinca minor –

reputed to have a circulatory stimulant action particularly on blood flow to the brain so

would be useful for tinnitus, dementia, memory loss, meneires disease etc!

43

12. Not studied in training

13. Only qualified few years and not yet called to use. From memory, main

constituent – indole alkaloids – therefore caution with use. V. major inhibits cell division,

anti-neoplastic. V. minor – oxygen uptake is enhanced, as well as cerebral performance.

Both herbs indicated in eye disease, vaginal discharge, leucorrhoea. (requested copy of

final dissertation project)

14. Not in dispensary, or commonly used by herbalists at the practice. I know it as an

astringent that can be used for excess secretions i.e. menstrual blood, catarrh, boggy

prostate. Tannins, I assume are one f the most prevalent constituent. “It” is also my

understanding (which I am probably wrong about) that Vinca major and minor are

relatively interchangeable. (requested copy of final dissertation project)

15. Supply of other viable alternatives (no uses given).

16. Mainly don’t know much about them, not familiar with them – would like to be

though! No understanding – other than that I learned from looking them up in herbal books

since receiving this questionnaire! I hope to see your dissertation when you’ve finished it.

(requested copy of final dissertation project)

17. No! Didn’t use it at our training clinic and it was only briefly mentioned in

materia medica, so lack of knowledge/experience. (requested copy of final dissertation

project)

18. No, just haven’t needed it. Increase your brain power! Last night made a cup of

Vinca minor infusion (1tsp full herb to 1 cup boiling water), waited strained it, added more

water and let my hands soak in it for a while. My head felt clearer and later played in a

bridge competition and came second! (requested copy of final dissertation project)

19. No, just developed an affinity with other herbs. I understood that it can stem

blood flow- especially excessive uterine flow at menstruation. I have thought it was a cool

and dry, increasing tone and integrity of tissues. Not used it since the late 80’s.

44

20. I don't use either of these. Why? perhaps one answer is that whilst they grew

frenzidly as escapes in a wood next to where i lived whilst training, they have failed to do

anything in my garden - both major and minor plants stayed alive after transplanting from a

friend's garden for 3 - 4 years but didn't seem to grow at all in that time! Subsequently they

were swamped beneath a sea of sweet woodruff which seemed to enjoy the shady location

more than the periwinkle...

21. I’m not familiar with them.

2 answered no to using Vinca major and yes to Vinca minor:

23. Uses rarely for cerebral circulation, dizziness, tinnitus, menreres disease (tincture).

Uses about a couple of times a year when doesn’t want to use Ginkgo. Fairly gentle herb,

don’t feel I have a great working knowledge of it and would like to know more!

24. As far as I know Vinca major is not manufactured as a tincture any longer, wish it was!!

It was a commonly used herb 20 years ago. I included it in several formulae in my

book, for uterine haemorrhage, fibroids. Great astringent for the uterus, (also the

lymphatics), teary periods, bleeding between periods (with other herbs). Vinca minor –

lesser version of major but don’t use for these conditions as not too strong, instead use

for vaginal discharge (douche). Successful cases – mastitis (poultice), ulcerative colitis

(child). The indole alkaloids main constituent – potent – origin of anti-cancer drugs –

reserpine (V. major). Lymphatic agent, circulatory tonic, think is indicated for various

benign tumors and growths. I think is a cold herb energetically, so for inflammation,

over activity, hypertrophic conditions. Also a moving herb for removal of waste

products. (requested copy of final dissertation project)

2 answered yes to using Vinca major and no to Vinca minor:

25. Reason – “NONE!” – Uses Vinca major occasionally for urinary incontinence

particularly in woman. Learned about it from School of Phytotherapy for this use and have

found it to work.

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26. Not often use, occasionally use tincture for breast cancer, lymphatic issues,

eczema.

2 answered yes to using both Vinca major and Vinca minor:

27. Rarely use major, occasionally use minor spp. Use both tinctures or Fluid Extracts. I

would view both as relaxing circulatory stimulants, helping to clear away restriction to the

free flow of materials. I think I have used these exclusively. V. minor for head and

particularly ear problems (tinnitus, labrynthitis etc) and V. major for reproductive problems

(prostatitis, menstrual cramps etc) I have used these both with this fairly broad brush

approach – neither as a single – they have both been in mixes which have appeared to

achieve the desired outcome – and both been in mixes that did not. I grow Vinca major - a

pushy ill mannered plant, and remove armfuls every year but use Vinca minor as a

medicine more often.

28. I interchange the 2 spp. Use rarely. Mainly for astringency required where mucus

membranes are compromised. Main focus is on the plane through the head at the ear level,

e.g. for tinnitus, vertigo, inner ear problems or where control or boundary issues are

involved e.g. children not wanting to hear parents or other fighting outloud. Need to take

care that don’t overtone an area which could lead to hardening. Especially if using

internally or externally to tone a tumor site. Would …(unable to read this word) in more at

the end to finish off astringency an already softened, reducing tumor. There’s quite a lot of

folklore re. vinca as an evergreen used in funeral wreaths – protective qualities to aid letting

go, release – could be interpreted as a little dark, saying a good bye to beliefs not serving

anymore as is required in cancer or any healing. Working with vinca for aiding deeper

healing in breast cancer. Looking at growth process of new leaves and flowers – verticle

gesture “something hidden within” – generalisation of doctrine of signatures flower hidden

in verticle upward alignment of leaves – exposes moving outward into horizontal –

folkloric info re. virgins and death – vinca wreaths – evergreen conquers death. Virgin

death part related with patient raised issues of parental upbringing – sexuality expression as

undesirable. 1st experience in early 20’s with later 1st husband in Germany, but on return –

shame, suppressed sexuality to point of amenorrhea and candida chronic. Realisation of

this through flower essence of Vinca in filtered water sun method preserved in cider

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vinegar but not taken internally – slept with bottle under pillow. Took a couple of weeks

plus recapitulation visualisation to reclaim lost energy from previous sexual encounters and

direct energy to new intent of healing. Plus used Vinca minor fluid extract with poultice

herbs of Viola odorata, Thymus, Trifolium, Symphytum, Slippery Elm and Zingiber apply

topically to tumour.

APPENDIX THREE

Search Engines Used:

Pub Med

Herb Med

Literature Search Key Words Used:

Vinca

Periwinkle

Vinca major

Vinca minor

Vinca remedies

Vinca home remedies

Vinca astringent (action of Vinca)

Vinca traditions

Vinca folklore

Vinca old wives tales

Vinca wise woman

Vinca traditional medicine

Vinca modern

Vinca benefits

Vinca modern herbal use

Vinca history