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General EnvironmentalIndicators:
South & Central AmericaApril 2007
1011964.4
-46.7
466.7
470.1
3.9
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
total forest 1990 total forest 2000 change forested land 1990- 2000
Latin America & the Caribbean
North America
Deforestation
Change in forested land 1990 – 2000 by region
http://www.unep.org/geo/geo3/english/pdfs/chapter2-3_forests.pdf
millions hectares
Total land Latin America 2017.8 millions hectares
1% 6% 6%
87%NoneLightMediumStrongExtreme
Land degradation in South America
http://www.unep.org/geo/geo3/english/pdfs/chapter2-2_land.pdf
1556
31816
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
mm km³
Latin America& Caribbean
Mexico
Brazil
Annual precipitation
Regional distribution of internal renewable water resources
Fresh Water
http://www.unep.org/geo/geo3/english/pdfs/chapter2-5_Freshwater.pdf
13429
27673
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
km³ m³ per inhabitant
Latin America& Caribbean
Mexico
Brazil
Internal renewable water resources
Regional distribution of internal renewable water resources(continued)
http://www.unep.org/geo/geo3/english/pdfs/chapter2-5_Freshwater.pdf
33
85
157
59
103
199
22 2035
7 417 24 28
80
020406080
100120140160180200
Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Fishes
Criticallyendangered
Endangered
Vulnerable
Numbers of threatened vertebrates: Latin America and the Caribbean
http://www.unep.org/geo/geo3/english/pdfs/chapter2-4_biodiversity.pdf
Total water availability in 2000 (1000m³ per capita/year)
>20.0 very high
No data
>10.0 to 20.0 high>5.0 to 10.0 middle
>2.0 to 5.0 low
1.0 to 2.0 very low
www.unep.org/geo/geo3/english/pdfs
Globally threatened vertebrate species by region
Biodiversity
Map of Biodiversity Hotspots
http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/resources/maps.xml
http://publications.paho.org/english/moreinfo.cfm?Product_ID=327
Biodiversity in Latin America and the Caribbean
(number of flora and vertebrate fauna species)
Climate change
Annual precipitation trends 1900-2000
IPCC (2001)
Chile: 40%
SE South America: 23%
Bermejo River Basin* US$ 3.221
Upper Paraguay River Basin* US$5.878.5
San Juan River Basin* US$ 3.929.8
Upper ParaguayBasin Information System US$750
San Francisco RiverBasin* US$ 4.4080
Acuífero Guaraní* US$350
Parnaíba ValleyUS$1.100
Bermejo River Basin Phase II US$ 9.000
Putumayo River Basin (Block B) * US$350
Water Recourses in Brazil* US$ 9.900
Amazonia Brasileña(PRODEAM)*
US$9.900
Technical Cooperation
* Under execution
Trans Boundary Water Resources Management Proposed and under
Execution Projects
Changes in river dischargesChanges in river dischargesRío de la Plata basin
Paraná River - Corrientes
annu
al d
isch
arge
(m3 /s
)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Salado River - RP 70an
nual
dis
char
ge(m
3 /s)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Uruguay River- Paso de los Libres
annu
al d
isch
arge
(m3 /s
)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Paraguay River - Puerto Bermejo
annu
al d
isch
arge
(m3 /s
)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Minimum volumeTemperature of North Atlantic Ocean
Volumes
OST
Atlantic
Ocean Surface Temperature (OST)
Air Pollution: CO2 emissions(tons carbon per capita/year)
Average industrial carbon emission in Latin America & the Caribbean in 1998 was 0.73 tons/year, compared to the global average of 1.06 tons
http://www.unep.org/geo/geo3/english/pdfs/chapter2-7_atmosphere.pdf
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
1990 1995 2000
North AmericaLatin America
Air Pollution: NO2 Emissions (metric tons)
http://earthtrends.wri.org
Air Pollution: Sox emissions(thousand metric tons)
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
1990 1995 2000
CentralAmerica andthe Caribbean
South America
http://earthtrends.wri.org
Chemicals
Country has operating PRTR that provides the public with access to data on releases of specific substances to air, water and land individual facilities
Country has taken steps toward establishing PRTR
Country has demonstrated interest in PRTR
No activity
Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (PRTR)
http://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvacd/cd5/toxic/cap4.pdf
Chemicals
Principal pollutants and industries that produce them
Textile
Sodium hypochloriteSolids in suspensionSulfuric anhydride Organic materialTextile mud
Iron Industry
Metal dustSalty dregsNitrogen oxideSulfur dioxideParticles in suspensionMetal ashesLeadBarium
PharmaceuticalIndustry
Benzene organic composed
CyanidesDisinfectantsScents
Agronutritional
OilConservativesOrganic materialFats
Beverages
AmmoniacCarbonic anhydrideHeavy metalsCarbonic anhydride
Oils and soap
Fat acidsOil emulsionsPhosphorus Nitrogen
Principal pollutants and industries that produce them (continued)
DDT use in malaria prevention programs in some Latin American countries 1993-1994
Natural Disasters
Economic costs of global great natural disasters (US$billion), 1950–2000In comparison
with the 1960s, economic losses during the 1990s increased by a factor of almost nine.
The costliest disaster was hurricane Katrina (2005) which cost US$ 125 Billions.
http://www.unep.org/geo/geo3/english/pdfs/chapter2-9_disasters.pdf
95 101113
137153
128
153
122132 128
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Reported disasters, by year in the American hemisphere
World disasters report 2006 by “The International Federation Of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies”
Environmental Health
46%
33%
11%5%5%
Unsafe water andsanitationIndoor smoke forsolid fuelsLead exposure
Urban air pollution
Climate change
The Disability – Adjustment Life Year (DALY)
Is a statistical measure of the human cost of sickness in terms of number of healthy years lost due to illness and disability
http://www.paho.org/Selection.asp?SEL=TP&LNG=ENG&ID=5
Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY's)
for Latin America and the Caribbean
Communicable Diseases, Malnutrition & Reproductive Health
Non-Communicable Diseases
Injurieshttp://www.paho.org/english/hcp/hcn/hcn-prog-page.htm
0 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6%
% of Global Disease Burden in DALYs
Environmental Fraction Non-environmental
DiarrheaDiarrheaLower respiratory infectionsLower respiratory infections
Other unintentional injuriesOther unintentional injuriesMalariaMalaria
Road traffic injuriesRoad traffic injuriesCOPDCOPD
Perinatal conditionsPerinatal conditionsIschaemic heart diseasesIschaemic heart diseases
Childhood clusterChildhood clusterLeadLead--caused MMRcaused MMR
DrowningsDrowningsHIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS
Diseases with Largest Environmental Contributions
http://www.paho.org/English/D/ImprovingHealth_HealthyEnvironments.ppt#364,9
MalnutritionMalnutritionCerebrovascular diseaseCerebrovascular disease
AsthmaAsthmaTuberculosisTuberculosis
SuicideSuicideDepressionDepressionPoisoningsPoisonings
FallsFallsHearing lossHearing loss
ViolenceViolenceLymphatic filariasisLymphatic filariasis
Lung cancerLung cancer
0 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6%
% of Global Disease Burden in DALYs
Environmental Fraction Non-environmental
Diseases with largest environmental contributions
http://www.paho.org/English/D/ImprovingHealth_HealthyEnvironments.ppt#364,9
Stru
ctur
al D
eter
min
ants
Intermediate Determinants
Health Outcomes
Hea
lth S
yste
mFi
nanc
ing,
Hum
an a
nd M
ater
ial R
esou
rces
, Cov
erag
e,
Org
aniz
atio
n, P
rovi
sion
Social Employment, Education, Violence,
Demographic change
EconomicIncome Level,Distribution, Poverty
and Globalization
PoliticalDemocratization, Governance, Transparency, Accountability, Legislation and Human rights
EnvironmentalResource depletion, Climate change,
Vulnerability and Pollution
TechnologicalInformation Access and Innovation
and Development
Human BiologyGenetic Make-up, Natural Immunity
Poor Living Conditions
LifeChanges Style &
Behavioral
EnvironmentalRisks and Hazards
Life ExpectancyMorbidityMortality
Interaction between Health and Environment
http://www.paho.org/English/D/ImprovingHealth_HealthyEnvironments.ppt#364,9