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SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations in Europe Dr. Stefan Fischer , Klaus Rusch, Dr. Bernd Amon, SINOx Emissions Control Argillon GmbH SINOx ® Emissions Control SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 2 General Drivers for Emissions Control Technology Presentation Overview Advantages of SCR Technology Technical Description of SCR Technology Technical Performance of SCR Systems Boundary Conditions for Using SCR Conclusions

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SCR Technologyto Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations in Europe

Dr. Stefan Fischer, Klaus Rusch, Dr. Bernd Amon, SINOx Emissions ControlArgillon GmbH

SINOx® Emissions Control

SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 2

General Drivers for Emissions Control Technology

Presentation Overview

Advantages of SCR Technology

Technical Description of SCR Technology

Technical Performance of SCR Systems

Boundary Conditions for Using SCR

Conclusions

2

SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 3

Emissions Regulation for HDDV

NOx[g/kWh]

PM [g/kWh]Japan

USA EuropePM [g/kWh]

NOx[g/kWh] 1 2 3 4 52345

0.16

0.12

0.08

0.04

0.16

0. 12

0.08

0.04

EU 3 (2000)

EU 4 (2005)EU 5 (2008)

US 2004

US 2007 2010

JP 2005

JP 2008

JP 2003

1

Drivers for SCR

Advantages of SCR

Technical Description

Performance

Boundary Conditions

Conclusions

SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 4

Strategies To Reduce Diesel Emissions

Drivers for SCR

Advantages of SCR

Technical Description

Performance

Boundary Conditions

Conclusions

0

NOx / PM / BFSC Tradeoff

DPF

EGR

NOx Emissions [g/kWh]9863210 1074 5

0,04

0,06

0,08

0,1

0,12

0,14

0,16

0,18

PMEm

issio

ns[g

/kWh]

0,02

Fuel

Cons

umpt

ion

(BSF

C)

EURO 2

EURO 3

SCR

Fuel & PM-opt. engineEURO 4EURO 5

Pathways for Euro 5:EGR & DPFfuel-optim. engine & SCR

3

SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 5

Fuel Benefit in Using SCR Technology

Fuel consumption Euro 4

100 102

93

105

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

Euro 3 EGR +DPF

SCR LNT +DPF

BSFC

[%]

Fuel consumption Euro 5

100

107

94

107

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

Euro 3 EGR +DPF

SCR LNT +DPF

BSFC

[%]

Drivers for SCR

Advantages of SCR

Technical Description

Performance

Boundary Conditions

Conclusions

Source: ACEA Report on „Selective Catalytic Reduction“, ACEA, 2003

SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 6

Drivers for SCR

Advantages of SCR

Technical Description

Performance

Boundary Conditions

Conclusions

ACEA Statement on the Adoption of SCR Technologyto Reduce Emissions Levels of Heavy-Duty Vehicles

European heavy-duty commercial vehicle manufacturers (DAF Trucks, DaimlerChrysler, IVECO,MAN Nutzfahrzeuge, Renault Trucks, Scania and Volvo Trucks) have chosen the SelectiveCatalytic Reduction (SCR) technology to further reduce NOx emission levels. SCR systems will beintroduced in combination with the use of AdBlue (a 32.5% urea solution in water meeting theDIN 70070 standard), as reagent. This reagent is needed to reduce the oxides of nitrogen (NOx)into nitrogen (N2), a natural component of the air we breath. The SCR technology will bephased-in gradually as from 2005 until 2006.

This move by the heavy-duty commercial vehicle industry has been taken to ensure compliancewith the new emission standards, which will come into force in 2005 (EURO IV) and in 2008(EURO V). It will bring about the introduction of exhaust gas after-treatment systems on heavy-duty commercial vehicles, which today are equipped exclusively with diesel engines, as a resultof their high level of reliability and their low fuel consumption, two key characteristics soughtafter by all operators.

The SCR technology offers an efficient solution to the dilemma of the trade-off between exhaustemission levels and fuel consumption. Field tests and extended durability runs have confirmedthe effectiveness and reliability of this exhaust after-treatment technology, which is applicable toall engines and all missions.

The introduction of the SCR technology will require the installation of AdBlue dispensers at thevehicle refuelling facilities to ensure the availability of this reagent.The heavy-duty commercial vehicle industry is engaged with the industries active in theproduction and distribution of AdBlue, as well as with the oil companies, to make this a reality.

(15 July 2003)

Decision of European Truck Manufacturers to use SCR for Euro 4 and 5

Source: ACEA

4

SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 7

SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) is a well-established andwell-known technology to reduce exhaust emissions in various stationary applications all over the world

About SCR Technology

Power Plants

Gas Turbines

Marine Engines

Stationary Engines

Drivers for SCR

Advantages of SCR

Technical Description

Performance

Boundary Conditions

Conclusions

SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 8

SCR reaction:

4NH3 + 4NO + O2 ⌫ 4N2 + 6H2O4NH3 + 2NO2 + O2 ⌫ 3N2 + 6H2O

2NH3 + NO + NO2 ⌫ 2N2 + 3H2O

Hydrolysis reaction:

(NH2) 2CO + H2O 2 NH3 + CO2

Urea solution

Chemistry of the SCR reaction

Drivers for SCR

Advantages of SCR

Technical Description

Performance

Boundary Conditions

Conclusions

5

SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 9

SCR System Setup

reducingagent

(NH2) 2COdiagnosis

SINOx SCR Catalyst

NOx, O2

purifiedexhaust

N2, H2O

Urea Injection Unit

exhaust

operatingdata

(NH2) 2COEDC

ECU DCU

engine

Drivers for SCR

Advantages of SCR

Technical Description

Performance

Boundary Conditions

Conclusions

SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 10

SCR Components on the Truck

Drivers for SCR

Advantages of SCR

Technical Description

Performance

Boundary Conditions

Conclusions

SINOx® Catalyst

Urea Tank with Pump Unit

Urea Nozzle to Exhaust Pipe

Urea Metering Unit

Compressed Air Supply

6

SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 11

NOx Reduction Rate in the European Steady State Cycle (ESC); example 1

Drivers for SCR

Advantages of SCR

Technical Description

Performance

Boundary Conditions

Conclusions

0

600

1200

1800

2400

3000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13mode

NO

x[g

/h]

0

20

40

60

80

100

NH

3 [p

pm]

2002_04_19a.stufe.xlsCatalyst: 26.4l SCR

Engine: 12 l, 330 kW

NOx before SCRNOx after SCRNH3 Slip

NOx Reduction: 79% NOx before SCR:NOx after SCR:

9.21.9

g/kWhg/kWh

SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 12

Drivers for SCR

Advantages of SCR

Technical Description

Performance

Boundary Conditions

Conclusions

0

400

800

1200

1600

2000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13mode

NO

x[g

/h]

0

30

60

90

120

150N

H3

[ppm

]

03_07_09a

Catalyst: 35l SCREngine: 12 l, 290 kW

NOx before SCRNOx after SCRNH3 Slip

NOx Reduction:88%

NOx before SCR:NOx after SCR:

7.50.9

g/kWhg/kWh

NOx Reduction Rate in the European Steady State Cycle (ESC); example 2

7

SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 13

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800time [sec]

NOx without SINOx: 11.0 g/kWhNOx with SINOx: 2.3 g/kWhNH max. 8 ppm3

NO

x [g

/h]

02468

10

NH

3 [p

pm]

NOx reduction81 %

NOx Reduction Rate in the European Transient Cycle (ETC)

Drivers for SCR

Advantages of SCR

Technical Description

Performance

Boundary Conditions

Conclusions

SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 14

NO

x[ p

pm]

0300600900

120015001800

NO

x[p

pm]

0300600900

120015001800

10 min50 15 min1050

5 min020 min151050

System PerformanceOn Road Results - measured with NOx Sensors

Uphill Freeway

UrbanRural after Cold Start

NOx Sensor before SCRNOx Sensor after SCR∆ NOx: 80% ∆ NOx: 85%

∆ NOx: 89%∆ NOx: 80%

Drivers for SCR

Advantages of SCR

Technical Description

Performance

Boundary Conditions

Conclusions

8

SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 15

Combination Systems for Post Euro 5, US2007, and Japanese Post New Long Term Regulation

Drivers for SCR

Advantages of SCR

Technical Description

Performance

Boundary Conditions

Conclusions

Diesel ParticulateFilter

SCRCatalyst

Diesel Engine

Urea Injectionpurifiedexhaust

Reduction of > 90% PM with Continuous or

Dis-continuous Regeneration

Reduction of >80% NOx

Combined NOx / PM Reduction System for Highest Conversion Rates

SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 16

NOx and PM Reduction with Combined SCR/DPF Systems

Drivers for SCR

Advantages of SCR

Technical Description

Performance

Frame Conditions

Conclusions

US FTP Results with a SCR + DPF Combination System

FTP results on a MACK E7, 12l Engine, 355/380hp, 6gr/bhp-hr NOx raw emissions

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

EngineOut

SCR DPF +SCR

NOx

[gr/b

hp-h

r]

76% 82

%

NOx

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

EngineOut

SCR DPF +SCR

PM [

gr/b

hp-h

r] 22%

90%

& PM

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

EngineOut

SCR DPF +SCR

HC [

gr/b

hp-h

r]

81%99%

& HCare below the US 07 emission limits

9

SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 17

Boundary Condition Required for SCR

Urea Infrastructure

SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 18

Urea Infrastructure

Drivers for SCR

Advantages of SCR

Technical Description

Performance

Boundary Conditions

Conclusions

Logistical Implementation

1st stageFilling stations at Trucking companies

2nd stageAutomotive filling stations at truck stops along the major highways

3rd stagePublic filling stations

Joint project realized by theOEMs, urea industry, oil industry, component suppliers Urea filling station in Stuttgart (source: Total)

10

SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 19

Urea Specification in the EU

Drivers for SCR

Advantages of SCR

Technical Description

Performance

Boundary Conditions

Conclusions

Tabelle 1 — Qualitätsmerkmale

GrenzwertPrüfmerkmal Einheit

min. max

Prüfverfahren

Harnstoffgehalt Gew.-% 31,8 33,3 VDA 2025-1-1 oder –2Teil 1 gilt als Schiedsmethode

Dichte bei 20°C g/cm³ 1,080 1,100

DIN EN ISO 3675 oder DIN EN ISO12185Schwingquarz 1/185 gilt als Schieds-methode

Brechzahlbei 20°C

1,381 1,385 DIN 51423 Blatt 1 oder Blatt 2Teil 2 gilt als Schiedsmethode

Alkalität als NH3 % - 0,2 VDA 2025-3

Carbonat als CO2 % - 0,2 VDA 2025-4

Biuret % - 0,3 VDA 2025-5

Formaldehyd mg/kg - 10 VDA 2025-6-1 oder –2Teil 2 gilt als Schiedsmethode

Unlösliches mg/kg - 20 VDA 2025-7

Phosphat (PO4) mg/kg - 0,5 VDA 2025-8Teil 1 gilt als Schiedsmethode ???

Calcium mg/kg - 0,5 VDA 2025-9

Eisen mg/kg - 0,5 VDA 2025-9

Kupfer mg/kg - 0,2 VDA 2025-9

Zink mg/kg - 0,2 VDA 2025-9

Chrom mg/kg - 0,2 VDA 2025-9

Nickel mg/kg - 0,2 VDA 2025-9

Magnesium mg/kg - 0,5 VDA 2025-9

Natrium mg/kg - 0,5 VDA 2025-9

Kalium mg/kg - 0,5 VDA 2025-9

SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 20

AdBlue Demand for Western Europe (Forecast)

Drivers for SCR

Advantages of SCR

Technical Description

Performance

Boundary Conditions

Conclusions

Tons

/ ye

ar

(source: ACEA)

11

SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 21

Conclusions

Drivers for SCR

Advantages of SCR

Technical Description

Performance

Boundary Conditions

Conclusions

SCR is a feasible and well-proven technology to reduceDiesel emissions and make to use of fuel optimized engines

All European HDV manufacturers have decided to use SCR to comply with Euro 4 (2005) and Euro 5 (2008) emissionregulations and reduce fuel consumption

For future emissions regulation in Europe, but also in US and Japan SCR in combination with filter technology offersa solution even for the most stringent emission limits

SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 22

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

Drivers for SCR

Advantages of SCR

Technical Description

Performance

Boundary Conditions

Conclusions

Summary

SC

R

impleost - effective

obust ... for a clean future of Diesel engines

12

SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 23

Drivers for SCR

Advantages of SCR

Technical Description

Performance

Frame Conditions

Conclusions

NOx Reduction JE05 (Japanese Transient Cycle)

0

400

800

1200

1600

2000

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800time [sec]

NO

x[g

/h]

0

10

20

30

40

50

NH

3 [p

pm]

NOx before SCRNOx after SCRNH3 after SCR

Catalyst: 35l SCR + 4l Pre-OxiEngine: 12 l, 290 kW

03_06_17a

NOx Reduction: 87% NOx before SCR:NOx after SCR:

8.11.1

g/kWhg/kWh

SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 24

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

time [sec]

NO

x[p

pm]

NOx Reduction: 79% Drivers for SCR

Advantages of SCR

Technical Description

Performance

Frame Conditions

Conclusions

NOx Reduction Hot US FTP

NOx before SCRNOx after SCR