screening children and young people for risk of re-offending: a discussion of the pilot of the youth...
DESCRIPTION
Dr Melanie Atkinson (NZ Police)TRANSCRIPT
Youth Offending Risk Screening Tool (YORST)
Why When How
Session Outline
Risk Screening…what is it and why are we doing it?
Pilot data - Who are the children and young people being screened- What are offending related needs
Where to from here
What is it?
Risk screening is the systematic evaluation of the likelihood of a child or young person offending.
It helps identify those young people who are most likely to persist with their offending and anti-social behaviour.
Can also highlight factors that contribute to the offending and provide the foundation for a targeted and appropriate response.
The YORST
Offending Peer Group Education/Employment Care & Protection History Alcohol and/or Drug Use Family
History
Need to identify high risk children and young people as early as possible to provide an appropriate and effective intervention (Choy review 2002).
Youth Offending Strategy (2002) recommended a process for systematic & consistent risk screening of young offenders.
Police Response
In December 2003 a Risk Screening Tool (also known as ARNI) was developed by Youth Aid Officers for Youth Aid Officers to use with young offenders.
The tool was distributed for use - the planned trial period was not reviewed and the tool was not evaluated.
No standard model of practice across Districts
Review
Stage One: A brief review of the literature – is it good practice? Enquiry into the current use of the tool Adaptations to the tool based on literature and practitioner
feedback. A six month pilot of the revised tool Stage Two: Data analysis to ascertain the reliability and validity of the tool Adaptations to the tool based on validity testing Refinement of policy and procedures for the use of the tool National roll-out of the tool as a web-based electronic form.
Best Practice?
Large body of research – agreement on major risk factors for criminal behaviour.
Greater number of factors – higher the risk.
Distinguish between types of offenders to ensure appropriate level of response given and precious resources can be allocated to where there is the most need.
But I do this in my head anyway…
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
ClinicalJudgement
FormalAssessment
Summary of studies on effectiveness of clinical judgement vs formal assessment (Grove & Meehl, 1996).
Feedback from Users
It is a good trigger to do the queries that I may not otherwise
do but are important to doing a good job
More information gathered Assists with consistent practice
It is good for ensuring that all staff are
looking for the right things
Guides the response that we and other
agencies give to the young person.
Focus on addressing the causes
Reinforces the idea of causal factors rather than solely focusing
on the incident.
Increased understanding between agencies
Increases the understanding
across agencies about what a high
risk kid means
Definitely beneficial, it gives everyone a clearer picture of where the kid fits
Pilot in Bay of Plenty & Waikato Police Districts
25 Youth Aid sites
All child offenders (10-13 years) at 2nd offence.
All youth offenders being referred for Youth Justice Family Group Conference (including arrest)
All child offenders being referred to Child Youth & Family for care and protection due to serious offending.
Interface with Child, Youth & Family
Providing information about the risk level of young people is critical for their decision making around allocating social workers and administering more in-depth assessments.
YORST provided at referral meeting (consultation).
Preliminary Data from Pilot
465 YORSTs
Range of Scores
Spread of YORST Scores
0
5
10
15
20
0 - 1
0%
10 -
20%
20 -
30%
30 -
40%
40 -
50%
50 -
60%
60 -
70%
70 -
80%
80 -
90%
90 -
100%
Scores
% o
f C
hil
dre
n &
Yo
un
g
Peo
ple
AgeYORST Ages
(n=465)
4%
29%
5%5%
7%
12%
20%18%
Age 0 -10
Age 11
Age 12
Age 13
Age 14
Age 15
Age 16
Age 17
GenderYORST Genders
74%
26%
MaleFemale
EthnicityYORST Major Ethnicity
73%
0%
0%
2%
25%
European
Pacific Peoples
Asian
Other
Maori
Crime Offences: 1000-LevelSummary of Crime Offences by 1000 Level
Category
21%2%
5%
46%
6%
2%
0%
9%
9%
1000 (violence)
2000 (sexual)
3000 (drugs & anti soc)
4000 (dishonesty)
5000 (property dam & new drugs)
6000 (property abuses)
7000 (administrative)
Traffic
Incidents
Time since last came to noticeYORST Time Since Last Came to Notice for Offending
8%
33%
14%
28%
5%
12%
Under 1 mth Since Offending
1 to 6 mths Since Offending
Less than 1 yr Since Offending
1 to 2 yrs Since Offending
Over 2 yrs Since Offending
No previous
Age at First OffenceAt What Age was Offending First Reported to Police?
13%
7% 10%
20%
35%
15%
Aged Under10Aged 10 to 12
Aged 13
Aged 14
Aged 15+
No offences
Nature of MOIs the Nature (MO) of Current or Previous Offending of a Concerning Nature?
16%
38%
22%
17%
7%
Extreme Concern
High Concern
Medium Concern
Low Concern
Very Low Concern
Influential PeersInfluential Peers Known to Police?
18%
4% 9%
18%
23%
28%
All known repeat offenders
Many known
Some known
Very few known
None
Unknown
School / Employment
Current School / Education / Course or Employment Status
48; 10%
92; 20%
18; 4%
61; 13%
23; 5%82; 18%
141; 30%Not attending (school/job)Stood down / suspended
Irregular attendance
Mostly attends
Full time some issues
Full time well engaged
Unknown
Care & Protection HistoryHas a Notification Been Made to CYF for this Family or Child / Young Person?
5%
5%
58%
17%
15%
Currently / previously in the custodyof CYF (101 status) Some form of intervention providedby CYFNotification concerning this child /young person Notification concerning anothersiblingNo
Alcohol / DrugsIs their alcohol or drug use causing concern?
17%
11%
20%
13%
33%
6%
Very Serious
Serious
Moderate
Slight
No concern
Unknown
Family ViolenceHighest Family Violence Score in NIA for this Family / Address?
33%
2%
49%
5%
11%
Score 17 or over
Score from 9 - 16
Score from 1 - 8
Records, but no score
Zero Records
Where Do They Live?Where Do They Live? (Decile Rating of Local State Primary School)
42%
36%
17%
5%0%
Transient / Motor Camp
1
2 - 3
4 - 7
8 - 10
Concerns in Living SituationAre There Any Concerns in the Living Situation?
14%
1%8%
29%22%
26%
Very major concerns
Major concerns
Minor concerns
Very minor concerns
None
Unknown
Family Members Offending HistoryDo Family Members Have Offending History?
32%
6%
17%
7%
28%
10%
Sibling(s) have offended within last 12 months
Parent(s) have offended within past 12 months
Parent/s with major history (imprisonment)
Parent(s) with minor history
None
Unknown
Benefits Allows everyone to speak the same language More consistent and transparent decisions Easier transitions if someone else taking over the file Guides a more targeted response – early intervention
with high risk children and young people Ability to monitor and measure change for the young
person. Provides valuable information across Districts about the
nature of our youth offending population – guide service development and policy.
Where to From Here?
National roll-out 2008 (August) as part of NIA upgrade
Research to ascertain validity and reliability of tool- How predictive is it?- Inter-rater reliability?