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Introduction *9, Software products go t l~ rvugh severalstages as they rrlature froitr~ nitial conceptty finished prodi~ct+ he' sequence of stages is called a lifecycle-+ It is irrrpcartantt to design and documentsoftware in an anrganizetl way so that itcan be easily understood and maintained

after the initial releasei;p The personwho maintains the, software isnot necessarily t h ~erson who writes it

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---s requirements

One of the first ! j t ~ ps is lo gather the rightrequirements.This is done in a varioty at'ways basedon the methodology that the company employs. It isa complex process and involvesa period:1 Discovery and Education,2. Formal communication,3. Reviews4. Final approvals.

Requirements-+Business requirements are gathered inthis phase.)This phase is the rnain focus of the projectmanagers andstake holders..$ Wlho is going to use thc; system?+ Haw will they use the systern?1) What data should be input into thesystem?+What data should be output by t h esystem?

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Design+software system design is produced$ architecture+ including hardware and softwareT) corrrrnunication-+ software design

Implementation+Code is protluced$this is the longest , phase of thesoftware development life cycle4 lmplementation my overlap with boththe design and testing phases

+For a developer, this is the mainfocus of t h e life cycle

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+Once the new system is up andrunning for a while, it isexhaustively evaluated..rl,Maintenance is kep t UPrigorously a t all times.+Users o f the system are keptup- to-date concerning the latestmodifications and procedures.

Entities in -asystem ---d Retained Entities.$Transient Entities

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Evaluation of System Requests+Systems Re\tiew Committees+Evaluation of projects

I

4 easibility study8tOperational FeasibilityRTecknical Feasibility$4 Economic f~!asibil ity8Cast-benefit analysis

Systerr~Planning Preliminary Investigation reportB Syslel'rl Analysis -- System Requiten~entSpecifications4 Systarn Design -- I;ystems Design Specificationsr~ Systern Development- Proy amming & Testinga Systern Implementation -. Carnplete FunctioningSysterx14 Systerri 0peratior.1~ nd Support - Freedback andfine-lunirig4 Systern Evaluation -- Redesign or' A C G B P ~

P is iterafive

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T) FINAL OUTPUT IS : FEASIBtLITYS"rWDY REPORT t4AVINGFINANCIAL f=EASIBILITYECONOMIC VIABILITYTECHNICAL FEASIBILITYSOCIAL FEA,SIBILITY

REQUIREhAENTS ANALYSIS -.B INVESTIGATION 13r ANLYSIS :

Et Collectlorl d nforrnatrorl bout llic existing systerrrIds11tificnt1on f d~tflcult ies,prot:l~?rns bottlsnt?cks 11)the c:xlsting systt?rn

# Ide~itilic;?tion f rcquirc:ments o f the new sys t tm

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.-

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT+ PROGIRAMMINGAND TESTING :

WRITEACTUAL PROGRAMS TO t-fANQLETHESYSTEM DATA

* PROGWMMING SKIL.LS AND EXPERIENCE ISFEQUIRED FOR THIS PI-dASE* SIMPLE CLEARLY DEFINED PROGRAM M00 t J I -ES

WILL ME EASIER r 0 TEST INDEPENDENTL\( ANDAL..C)NGWfTEI OTHER MODULES

-.

Program Testing ---

$Syrltax Errors4 Semantics+Desk CheckingJWalkthrus$CodeJDesignWalkthrus

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PISYSTEM DEVELOPMENT -+ ACTIVITIES INVOLVED IN PROGRAMMING&

$8 Check program specifications# Breakdowr~ pr0gram.s and modules, allocate toprograrnrrlers$4 F3mducccode in choson languageE Ue f i n~ , odule and link tests&tEnsure data availability for integration testing$? Check quality of codeE Document a11 ProgramsR Ensure t~3ar rovides ~cchf)tanceestdataa3 Cornplefe ~ntegr tion testingComplete acceptance testingPt sign-off S;"ystems;as meeting user sp@c~fication

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System Training -+ For IT Staff

$S Maintenance !StaffOperationsStaff

W Job CantrnlStaff9 ystem Users+ Marwigersa Various Training Alternatives Used

* Vendor Traininge>t.~tsiderairiiny hsaurcos- a In-houseTra~ning

Training the IT Staff -4 Project History and Justification4 System 'ArchitectureP, System Docun"rr~tation. b ~ ypic:al User Questions4 endor Support

Lagging and R,esolving Probleu~s+ Technical Trainir~gor It Staff$ LJssr and Management Training

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Data Conversion -+ Data conversion plan is a k ~ us t9 Exparting from old systemsASCII or ODBC(0pen Data Base Ccrnnsclivity)are standard formats

4 Else we may need to write to Data Cor~versionprograms

-4 Strict Input Control - Users may be nsaded toverify data+ During this phase, data cleanup may also be aneeded

System Changeover -+Put the new system in place andretire the old system8 irect Cutover - Just repiace$4 Parallel Operation - OldINew operatesimultaneo~~sly8 FFilot Operation lrr~plemerrt at a

selected location and then move further@Phased Changeover -- Irnplt3ment instages, wraclules, subsyskms

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General LifeCycleModel

R,equirements Vs. Delivery

I What user wanted How curtornerd6$scnlrad t Now analys t apscithed il ktuw designer ~n~plcmantedt

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Requirements (Cont...)a This produces a r ~ i c e big list offunctionality that the system shouldprovidelp Which describes functions the systernshould perform+ Business logic: that processes data9 What data .is stored and used by th esystem+ How the user interface should work.

PlanningThe plans are laid ou t concerning t h e :4 physical c~nskruction .

hardware+ opera t ing sy s t ems-s programming+ comr-rwnicat ons

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Testing+ mplementation is tested against therequirements+Unit tests and systemlacceptancetests are done during this phase

Commisioning+The new sys tem is developed and

t h e new comporlents and programsar e obta ined and installed.Llsers of the system r-r-~uste trainedin i ts use and al l aspects ofperformance is tested.

+ 1f necessary, adjustments are rnadca t this s t age .

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System Models.)ConceptualModel+LogicalModel$PhysicalModel

SDLC Detailed ----1 +BREMINIARV.NVES"lf"GATI0N

' *DEFINE TH E PROBL_EM1O WE SOLVEDGENERAL DIRECT ION FOR Tt iE WHOLEPROJE(27~PRQJEC-TBOUNDARIES DEFINED*tZF!SBUIICES TO L3t: MADE AVAILL\ULE

Final Output :GENERALLY CALLED Termsof Reference9as set by MANAGEMENT

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. SDLC Detailed ----+ DESIGN :

a INCI-UEJES MAPPING OF BLJSINESS REQUIREMENTSOF THE SYSTEM ON10 THE PROPOSED IU7ESIGN.LOCICAL DESIGN - defines the usel's outputs, "puts andpromsse~~,1'1 iYSICAL DESIGN - docs nrilpping of loyto;tl dk!sign an lo Ihe~vt~rputnr ased ssystetn tn tctnns of I>ATA FILES, t'liO(;KMMOnlJLES ANbl ~iCII+JPORTINQ OrTtYAME

+ END RESULT IS A DESIGN SPEC>IFIGATIONREPORT

SYSTEM DESIGN --4 TIESIGN SFJECIFICATIlN REPORT INCLIJ0F;S :

*T manualsystem*T he proposedsystem*Sy stem flaw charts.Module design specificatior~s.Prinl/Scre!en laycnrt charts-Data file designs*P st data specificationsa T E S ~iita file designeAcccptarrce test desiyn

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+ Unit Testing- Dummy/Actual Data-+ IntegrationTesting+ System Testing-+Acceptance Testing

- .-

Documentation -9 Program Documentation+ System Documentation9 Opsratiorrs Documentation9 her Doct~rnentationThese clays we b~avs n-line documentatianor in-build docun-.lenfation.

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I System Implementation+Syst,ern Implementation is thephysical level of the system andresults in physical deliverables of thesystem-+Quality control, though it mattersfrom the first phase onwards, butassumes more criticality at thisstage.

Installation and Evaluatiorl -4 So far every activity has been performod in aTest Environment

&% tfSomc orgar~izutlans also cnll this .? s a LabIPllot StlaEnvirorirr~entTa Mearrt for It Staff orlly

-J+ Now wo move anta the l~porat iorial orproduction environmentu IMcant for lJscrs t~nly

I t rnakes usc of L"~ve u $ i 1 1 6 ? ~ ~Uilta 1r1p / i l ~ ~f resfData wl11ct1 s devc?lnpctdas per thc? understanding ofthc It Programmcrs/Stalf

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Training for System Users -System Overview

4 KeyTerms+ Statt-up and shut dawn+ Mainmenu and submenus+ lcorls and shortcut keys4 Major system functions+ On-line and external t~elp+ FAQs.) Proubleshuoting guide1) Handling ernergenties

+ ProjectorCgin+ CCast.rBenefitnalysis+ Support for ~ u s i n e s b ~ o e l s-+Key IT contact people+ Handling Systcni Charges-II Major reports and tiisplays+ Requesting Enhancenients4 User Training

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Post Implemontation Evaluation --& To ascertain whether t h e new systemrneets the requirements.+ To provide the feedback to the evaluati~n

team9 Areas to be covered -

8 ccuracy, cumpletedness, and timelinass c?fthe system output .$3User satisfaction

# Sy stcm reliability and ma intainability

System controls and security measurest iardwaro cfficic.ncyand y atforrn per-formance

# Effectiveness of database irnplc~rnenbationW Perfnrrnance of ths IT team# Cosnploteriess andquality of da curnentation$4 Quality and efft:ctivencss of trainingFt Accuracy of CB Analysis9 Who sttould conduct the evaluation andwtlen?