sea transport: impact on environment

8/10/2019 Sea Transport: Impact on Environment

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SEA TRANSPORT : IMPACT ON

ENVIRONMENT

NURLINA RIDWAN

TAHIRAH BANU BT MOHAMED ARIFF

MOHD BURHAN BIN CHE NAN


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PRESENTATION OUTLINE

Definition- burhan

Problem- tahirah

Jenis2 Transport- burhan

Impact on Environment- tahirah

How to minimise, case study- kak lina


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SEA TRANSPORT-DEFINITION


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TYPES OF SEA TRANSPORT

Two types of Sea Transport

International Shipping- sail across oceans (Cargo ships, Passenger ships)

Shipping in Country- along the beach (ferry,coastal ships or cruise ships)


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PROBLEMS IN SEA TRANSPORT

BALLAST WATER

SEWAGE

WILDLIFE COLLISIONS OIL SPILL

EMISSIONS


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BALLAST WATER

Ballast Tank a compartment within ship, boat or any floating

structure that holds water to support a shipsstability.

All ships are supplied with system to take-in and discharge ballast

water.

Ballasting important for ships own safety and given special

importance.


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Introduction of Invasive Species- Ballast water taken from one

body of water and discharged into another introduces invasive

speciesof aquatic life

Non native macro invertebrates find their way into the tank are

transported by transoceanic and coastal vessels arriving in ports all

over the world.

Leads to uneven distribution of the biota at different locations of

the world

Foreign organism or animals upset balance of local habitats

When interfere with natural habitat, it can potentially damage

existing animal life.


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SEWAGE & SOLID WASTE

Cruise ship industry dumps 1.58 billion litres of sewage

(greywater and blackwater) every year.

Blackwater- sewage and wastewater from toilet and medical

facilities. (contains harmful bacteria, pathogens, viruses,

intestinal parasites, and harmful nutrients)

bacterial and viral contamination of fisheries and shellfish

beds,producing risks to public health. Nutrients in sewage,

such as nitrogen and phosphorus, promote excessive algalblooms, which consumes oxygen in the water and can lead to

fish kills and destruction of other aquatic life
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinal_parasitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinal_parasitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinal_parasitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinal_parasitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria


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WILDLIFE COLLISIONS

Risk of marine mammals such as whales and manatees beingstruck by ship causing injury and death.

Example: North Atlantic Right Whale, an endangered species

(only less 400 remaining)

The greatest danger to this species is ship collisions. Between

1970 and 1999, 35.5 % recorded deaths were due to ship

collisions.


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OIL SPILL

Accidentals oil spills happens although very rarely, the effect is very

devastating.

It is toxic to marine life and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

(PAHs), components in crude oil is very difficult to be cleaned up

and last for years.

Marine species exposed to PAHs exhibit development problems

such as susceptibility to disease, and abnormal reproductive

cycles.


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CASE STUDIES

Exxon Valdez- One of the major known spills is Exxon Valdez In

Alaska, Despite various efforts 400,000 sea birds, about 1,000 sea

otters, and immense numbers of fish were killed

Gulf Oil Spill- estimated of 4.9 million barrels of oil has leaked intothe gulf, with 11 fatalities (exploded and sinking of Deepwater

Horizon Oil Rig).As much as 20 percent of the spilled oil may have

ended up on top of and in the seafloor, damaging deep sea corals

and potentially damaging other ecosystems that are unseen at thesurface.


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US $25 million

US $50 million

Fines paid by cruise lines in

U. S. for illegally dumping

oily water and air pollution

violations, 2000 - 2005

Fines paid for illegally

dumping oily water and

destroying coral reefs,1995-1999

CASE STUDY (CRUISE SHIPS)


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POLLUTION

Air Pollution -A cruise ships diesel engines can emit as muchexhaust as 10,000 cars, even when idling in port.

Of total global air emissions, shipping accounts for 18 to 30 percent

of the nitrogen oxide and 9 percent of the sulphur oxides

Sulphur in the air creates acid rain which damages crops and

buildings. When inhaled the sulphur is known to cause respiratory

problems and even increase the risk of a heart attack

A ship lets out around 50 times more sulphur than a lorry per metric

tonne of cargo carried


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MINIMISING THE IMPACT

Establishment of Act

Better Enforcement

National Oil and Hazardous SubstanceContingency Plan

Disaster Training

R & D to improve better system in shipping
http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=s111-1820


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http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=s111-1820

sea transport: impact on environment

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