Seafood quality, safety and trade

Iddya Karunasagar

Senior International Consultant

Food and Agriculture Organisation of United Nations

Fishery production and utilization Fish production

(million tonnes live weight) Per capita fish supply (kg)

Aquaculture in Asia Pacific Region

• Asia Pacific Region produced about 50 million tonnes of fish by aquaculture

• Five SE Asian countries in global top ten: – 7.7 million tonnes, – 13.7 billion dollars,

• SE Asia production: – 16 % of global total, – 13 % of total value

• Southeast Asia highest growth in aquaculture of the Asian sub‐regions in recent years: – 45% increase over last decade

• FAO study of aquaculture policies in Southeast Asia– reveals that well‐planned government interventions built on comparative advantages and fostering an enabling incentive environment can lead to economic growth, food security and better living standards.

Aquaculture in Asia Pacific Region

• Backyard aquaculture contributes to livelihoods

• Major contribution to local economies and fish supply

• significant contribution to household and local food/nutritional security

• Effective integration of aquaculture with other livelihood activities

• More effective utilization to limited resources available to small farm holder

• Empowerment of women

• Increased resilience of livelihood of smallscale farmer

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Aquaculture vs capture in global production 1950 - 2022 (FAO-OECD projections)

Aquaculture

Capture production

Source: FishstatJ & Globefish Highlights (2014)

Note: 2012 & 2013 estimated figures

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2011 2012 2013

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World fish trade - major importers

2011 to 2013

Other EU Japan USA Source: Globefish Highlights (2014) Note: 2013 estimated, EU includes intra-EU

Global market trends

Strong growth: now 4th biggest importer and biggest exporting country Steadily increasing per kaput consumption: 31 kg/kaput long-term growth: # 1 market (EU 28) rising population and stable consumption at 23 kg/kaput increasing import dependence long-term growth, overtaking Japan as # 1 importing country rising population and stable consumption 24 kg/kaput long-term decline in fish consumption and imports of meat>fish. high consumption but falling: 57 kg/kaput

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2011 2012 2013

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World fish trade - major exporters

2011 to 2013

China REST OF ASIA SOUTH AMERICA EU AFRICA Source: Globefish Highlights (2014) Note: 2013 estimated, EU includes intra-EU

TRADE: Developed vs developing countries

World Trade Organisation SPS and TBT Agreements

• Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) agreement: Members can take measures to protect public health based on their Appropriate Level of Protection

• Based on principles of:

• Sovereignty: countries have right to establish measures to protect public and animal health. Measures should not be arbitrary, should be based on scientific risk assessment.

• Harmonization : should be harmonised with international standards. Standards recognised are Codex Alimentarius standards for food safety and OIE standards for animal health.

• Equivalency : should recognise measures applied by others as equivalent when same results are achieved

CODEX

ALIMENTARIUS

COMMISSION

Risk assessment questions

FAO/WHO

Microbiological

issues

Chemicals,

Residues of Vet

drugs

Pesticides

JEMRA

JECFA

JMPR

Reports of risk assessments, JECFA, JMPR evaluations

Requirements for accessing international market for fish and fishery products

Regulatory requirements Non-Regulatory requirements

Official channels- Competent Authority

Business to Business communications

Hatchery Farm

Processing Establishment

Exporter

Regulatory requirements

• EU hygiene package,

• MRLs for residues of veterinary drugs – Mostly in national/regional regulations, may not be harmonised. For example, for florfenicol, the MRL in finfish as per EU Regulation No. 37/2010 is 1ppm, but in Japan, the MRL is 0.2 ppm in salmon and trout, 0.03 ppm in marine fish (seabass, seabream, tuna) and 0.1 ppm in crustaceans.

• MRLs for contaminants: pesticide residues, heavy metals (eg cadmium ML for crustaceans 0.5 ppm in EU, 3.0 ppm in US, but not there in 2011 Edition of Hazards Guide)

• Food additives. Internationally agreed Maximum Levels exist in Codex, but there may be some variations at national level.

• HACCP based food safety management in processing establishments.

Regulatory requirements

• Mostly covering

• food safety and quality, trade practices

• Operational aspects- good hygienic practices, traceability, HACCP, labelling

• Product standards eg maximum limits for additives, MRLs for regulated veterinary drugs

GHP HACCP GHP GHP GHP GHP

Catch

documentation TRACEABILITY

Responsibility of all actors in supply chain

GMP, GHP

• Good hygienic practices (GHP): all practices regarding the conditions and measures necessary to ensure the safety and sustainability of food at all stages of the food chain

• Good manufacturing Practice (GMP): Those procedures for a particular manufacturing operation which practitioners of, and experts in, that operation consider to be the best available using current knowledge

Inspections and certifications

• These are only to verify compliance with GHP and HACCP

• Normally performed by Competent Authority designated by the Governments.

• Major importing region like EU depends on CA to provide guarantees of compliance. They look for harmonisation of legislation, enforcement by CA.

• Other importing countries may have business to business relations.

Fish distribution in EU

• About 52% consumers in EU buy fish from supermarkets

• This could be higher in some countries eg 69% in UK

• Consumer purchasing decisions may be based on number of factors. A study in Spain indicated that in supermarkets, consumers’ motivations were based on quality (62%), proximity (58%), price (48%), empathy and services (27%) and habit (16%).

• Hypermarkets attached greater value for services and price (68-70%) followed by quality and proximity (56-57%) and lower values for empathy(15%) and habit (10%).

Role of retailers and supermarkets

• Retailers, supermarket chains, large restaurant chains are playing increasing role in international fish trade.

• They need to compete with each other, differentiate their products and they are coming up with their own requirements.

• These cover issues like sustainability, environment, social issues and animal welfare

• Thus producers and processors have to comply with these NON-REGULATORY requirements.

Consumers of aquaculture products

General food safety scares

Campaigns by NGOs

Environmental NGOs

Political advocacy

Retailers and supermarkets

National Authorities- Regulation and Inspection

SOME EXAMPLES OF PRIVATE STANDARDS AND LABELS

Private certification requirements for processors that may not be seen on product labels

Species being processed

Number of companies with certificates regarding food safety and quality in Thailand

Type of certificate

Shrimp Companies with one certificate: 2 BRC, ISO9001

Companies with two certificates: 3 BRC, ISO9001, ISO22000, WQA Standard, GMP/HACCP

Companies with three certificates: 3 BRC, ISO22000, BAP, IFS, GMP/HACCP

Companies with more than 3 certificates: 3 BRC, ISO9001, ISO22000, BAP, IFS, Global GAP, GMP/HACCP

Tuna Companies with one certificate: 0 --

Companies with two certificates: 4 BRC, ISO9001, ISO22000, IFS, supplier audit

Companies with three certificates or more: 0 --

Fish other than Tuna Companies with one certificate: 4 BRC, ISO9001, ISO22000

Companies with two certificates: 2 ISO22000, GMP/HACCP

Companies with three certificates or more: 0 --

Crab Companies with one certificate: 1 BRC

Companies with two certificates: 1 ISO9001, BRC

Companies with three certificates or more: 0 --

Seafood Companies with one certificate: 6 BRC, ISO9001, ISO22000

Companies with two certificates: 1 BRC, ISO22000

Companies with three certificates: 0 --

Companies with more than 3 certificates: 4 BRC, ISO9001, ISO14001, ISO18001, IFS, MSC, TIS 18001, Ethical Sedex(Tesco)

Product Number of companies with certificates regarding

food safety and quality in Morocco Type of certificate

Frozen fish Companies with one certificate: 8 ISO22000

Companies with two certificates: 10 BRC, ISO9001, ISO22000, FOS

Companies with three certificates or more: 0 --

Canned fish Companies with one certificate: 8 BRC, ISO22000, IFS, ISO14001

Companies with two certificates: 9 BRC, ISO22000, IFS,ISO9001

Companies with three certificates: 15 IFS, BRC, FOS

Companies with more than 3 certificates: 10 IFS, BRC, FOS, ISO9001, ISO14001

Fish meal and Fish oil Companies with one certificate: 2 FOS

Companies with two certificates: 7 ISO22000, ISO9001

Companies with three certificates:1 ISO22000, ISO9001, FOS

Companies with more than 3 certificates: 0 --

Surimi Companies with one certificate: 0 --

Companies with two certificates: 2 ISO9001, ISO22000

Companies with three certificates or more: 0 --

Ecuadorian exporting companies

Company Certificates Products

Seafman ISO 22000, BRC, IFS, DOLPHIN SAFE,

KOSHER tuna

Conservas Isabel Ecuatoriana S.A. BRC, IFS, DOLPHIN SAFE tuna

Sociedad Nacional de Galapagos C.A. Global G.A.P., IFS, ISO22000, BASC shrimp

Operadora Y Procesadora De Productos Marinos ''Omarsa'' S.A.

Global G.A.P., BRC, BAP, HACCP, BASC shrimp

Eurofish S.A. ISO 9001, BRC, IFS, KOSHER, BASC,

DOLPHIN SAFE, BMP tuna

Tecnica Y Comercio De La Pesca C.A. BRC, IFS, ISO 14001, ISO 9001 tuna and mackerel

Procesadora del Rio S.A. ISO 22000, BRC shrimp

Marbelize S.A. BRC, IFS, ISO 9001, Certified Kosher, BASC

ISO 14001 tuna

Salica Del Ecuador S.A. ISO 9001, IFS, BRC, MSC, ISO 14001 tuna

Costs related to multiple certifications

• Quality control managers are to be trained for each standard to be certified, re-training required with each version of the standard

• Processing establishment documentation requirements -could be different for different standards- multiple sets of documentation to be implemented- requiring additional man hours for processing staff

• Cost for auditing, may require consultant support to prepare for/during audit by auditors for different certificates

GLOBAL FOOD SAFETY INITIATIVE

FAO working with bench marking agencies like GFSI and GSSI

Summary

• Global fish trade is an important economic activity for both developing and developed countries.

• Issues related to quality and safety are of primary importance and there are international agreements like SPS and TBT related to these.

• International standards for food safety are developed by Codex Alimentarius Commission.

• National regulations mostly cover aspects related to quality and safety.

• Non-regulatory requirements are affecting market access and there is a need to harmonise these.