seahorse aquaculture marie barton university of alabama 2013 disl
TRANSCRIPT
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Seahorse AquacultureMarie BartonUniversity of Alabama2013 DISL
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Taxonomy• Family: Syngnathidae• Hippocampus kuda • H. reidi • H. erectus• H. barbouri• H. abdominalis• H. breviceps• H. comes• H. ingens
• Captive-bred seahorses first recorded in 2002
• In past decade, risen from 1% of total seahorse trade to 99% today
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Economic importance, market price, locations, country• Conservation
▫ H. capensis in Hawaii▫ Mote marine lab
• Dried seahorses- traditional medicine▫ $100-300/kg
• Live- ornamental fish▫ $100-900/animal
• Australia, NZ, MX, China, Ireland and UK, India, Indonesia, USA, S. Africa, Thailand, Vietnam▫ Developed and developing countries
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Life cycle & larval stages
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Reproduction in Captivity
•Complex mating process▫Male courts female with
dancing, color change, clicking sounds
•Male carries fertilized eggs for 20-30 days
•Up to 10 broods/yr •200-1000 animals/brood•Monogamous
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Production Methods•Hatchery: Broodstock are kept in cages in
calm bay or indoor tanks
•Nursery: 1 day after spawning, fry transferred to tank with biofilter, UV sterilization and ozone▫Stocked 1-2/L
•Growout: 40 days later, transferred to cages or indoor tanks ▫Initial density 500/m³, after growth 200/m³
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Production methods
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•Large-scale production in Vietnam Hippocampus comes Fry production tank Adult tank
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Feeds and feeding• Larvae eat plankton, juveniles and adults
eat small crustaceans, full grown adults need some small fish too
• All prefer live food▫ Expensive▫ Conservation growers commonly grow
plankton for larvae on site • Most commercial aquaculture uses frozen
food▫ Harder to train/wean but if successful, will be
hardier▫ Artemia
• Varied diet important to health▫ Supplements, alternate live and dead/frozen
food
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Water chemistry and environmental requirements• Pristine water
▫Salinity: 15-35 ppt▫Ammonia and nitrite: 0 ppm▫Nitrate: <20 ppm▫DO: 6-8 ppm
• Temperature▫20-28°C
• pH▫8-8.3
• Tall tank• Current flow in part• Floating space
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Advantages & Disadvantages• High market value, low
production cost• Protected when most
vulnerable by male’s pouch
• Quick growth in some species▫ 3-6 months
• High fecundity▫ 1000 babies/brood
• Fast gestation▫ ~8 broods/yr
• Some species hardy▫ Cage raised
• Disease susceptible• High risk• Must maintain pristine
water conditions if grown indoor
• Poor digestion of food▫ Quick fouling
• If stressed at all, no productivity▫ Easily stressed
• Requires much understanding