seaog 2016 masonry workshop concrete masonry in …seaog.org/roy keck's presentation.pdf ·...

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SEAOG 2016 Masonry Workshop

Concrete Masonry Units

and

Terminology

Reference: Inspector’s Handbook – Masonry Institute of America

GMI

Georgia Masonry Institute

Roy Keck, FACI

Concrete Masonry in Georgia

Georgia World

Congress Center

Georgia Dome

Concrete Block Machines

Machine travels on rollers

Typical Fixed Block Machine

Block Plant Layout ASTM C90

Controls:

1. Dimensions

2. Weight

3. Shrinkage

4. Strength

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ASTM C90-11 changes ASTM C90-11

ASTM C90-11 TYPICAL CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS

Precision Units - customary

Figures 13.1 through 13.8 illustrate typical concrete masonry unitsused in construction and manufactured in accordance withapplicable Standards.

Slump Blocks - Western US

Spanish adobe type slumped units are available in various sizesand colors. Mortar joints are larger than for precision units toallow for slump unit dimensional variations while maintainingbond.

Structural Masonry Inspection

Figure 13.1 Four-inch-wide concrete masonry units.

3 5/8”

3 5/8”

3 5/8”

1” min.1” min. 1” min.

1¼” min.

1” min. 1” min.

1” min.

1” min. 1” min.

1” min.

1” min.

1” min.1” min.1” min.

1” min.

75/8”

4” x 8” x 8 “ Half 4” x 8” x 12” Corner

4” x 4” x 12” Corner 4” x 8” x 16” Standard

4” x 4” x 16” Standard 4” x 4” x 8 “ Half


Four

Inch

Figure 13.2 Six-inch-wide concrete masonry units.

3 5/8”

1” min 1¼” min1¼” min

1¼” min

2” min

55/8”

6” x 4” x 16” Bond Beam 6” x 4” x 14” Corner

6” x 4” x 8” Half

6” x 4” x 16” Open End6” x 4” x 16” Standard


Six

Inch

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Figure 13.2 Six-inch-wide concrete masonry units

1” min 1¼” min1¼” min

75/8”

55/8”

75/8”

55/8”

2” min

2½”

6” x 8” x 16” Standard 6” x 8” x 16” Open End

6” x 8” x 16” Bond Beam 6” x 8” x 16” Half

6” x 8” x 16” Mortarless Head Joint 6” x 8” x 16” Offset Corner


Eight

Inch

Figure 13.3 Eight-inch-wide concrete masonry units

2½” min

4” min

7”

4” min

8x8x16 Open End 8x8x16 Bond Beam

8x8x16 Open End Bond Beam

8x8x16 Double Open End Bond Beam 8x8x16 Mortarless Head Joint


Eight

Inch

Specials

Figure 13.5 Ten-inch CMU.

1½” min

1½” min

1¼” min

95/8"

75/8"

6” min

10” x 8” x 16” Standard

10” x 8” x 16” Open End

10” x 8” x 16” Open End Bond Beam

10” x 8” x 8” Half95/8"


Ten

Inch

Figure 13.7 Twelve-inch CMU, eight inches high.

1½” min

1½” min

1¼” min

1½” min

2½” min3” max

75/8"

115/8"

75/8"

115/8"



12” x 8” x 16” Bond Beam

12” x 8” x 8” Half

Twelve

Inch

Figure 13.8 Pilaster block. Pilasters or "column" block units,

may be readily available. The two most common pilasters

used for 8" wide walls are the 12" x 16" and the 16" x 16".

12” min 12” min

75/8”

75/8”

75/8”

75/8”75/8”

75/8”

75/8”

155/8”

155/8”

155/8”

8” 8”


Pilaster

Units

Block Texture – Smooth, Paintable

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Block Texture – Rough, Stucco Custom Face or Architectural Units - ACMU

The custom face units shown in Figure 13.10 are a small sampling

of the broad range of concrete masonry architectural units

available from the industry on special order.


Figure 13.10 Custom face units.

One score Three score

Five score Combed Burnished

Hi-lite ¾” projection Double hi-lite ¾” projection

Shadow wall 3/8” recess Left Right


Split Face Units are manufactured as a single unit that is normallymade double and is split apart on a splitter, a machine whichresembles a guillotine. The splitter has blades at the top andbottom (and sometimes at the sides) which exert pressure on theblocks, breaking them apart.


The split face units shown in Figure 13.12 are a small sampling of

the broad range of concrete masonry architectural units available

from the industry on special order. Depths and widths of scores

will vary. Consult a local manufacturer for specific information.

Splitting process.


Figure 13.12 Split face units.

Split face Split face, one score

Split face, three score Split face, five score

Split face, three wide score Split face, six taper score

Split face, four wide score Split face, four flute

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Ground Faced (Burnished) Units

Some manufacturers offer a ground faced block with a smooth

texture which gives prominence to the aggregates. This type of

unit can also be sealed which simulates a texture and

appearance of natural stone.

Figure 13.13 Burnished block.


Sound blocks are made with slotted openings in one side of the

face shells. This allows sound waves to enter the cell where the

sound waves reflect back and forth.


Desirable acoustical ratings are then achieved, especially

in high noise areas such as large equipment rooms,

theaters or gymnasiums .

Insulated Energy Blocks

Energy efficiency can also be improved with special concrete

masonry units that contain insulation inside the face shells,

usually as an insert. The insulation helps reduce unwanted

transfer of sound through the wall.


Masonry Terminology Used in

Construction

Bedded Area - The area of the surface of a masonry unit which is in

contact with mortar in the plane of the joint.

Bedded area


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Gross Cross-Sectional Area - The total area of a sectionperpendicular to the direction of the load, including areas withincells and within re-entrant spaces unless these spaces are to beoccupied in the masonry by portions of adjacent masonry.

Gross Cross-Sectional Area


Net Cross-Sectional Area - The gross cross-sectional area of a

section minus the average area of ungrouted cores or cavities.

This area is used in calculating unit strength.

Net Cross-Sectional Area


UNIT COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH –

The maximum load required to fracture the masonry unit by applyinga compressive force to the upper and lower surface of the unit.Expressed as net compressive strength.

Latest ASTM C90 requires 2000 psi net area strength.

Running Bond - The placement of masonry units such that the

head joints in successive courses are horizontally offset at least

one-quarter of the unit length. Placing vertical mortar joints

centered over the unit below is called center bond or half bond,

while lapping 1/3 or 1/4 is called third bond or quarter bond.

Running Bond


Stack Bond - The placement of masonry units in a bond pattern so

that head joints in successive courses are offset less than one

quarter of the unit length. Typically, stack bond masonry is laid

in a bonding pattern where no unit overlaps either the one above

or below and all head joints form a continuous vertical line. Also

called plumb joint bond, straight stack, jack bond, jack of jack

and checkerboard bond.

Stack Bond


CAP - Masonry unit laid on top of finished masonry wall or

pier. Metal caps are units formed of metal.


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BOND BEAM

A horizontal grouted element within masonry in which

reinforcement is embedded, here over an opening.

CAVITY WALL - A wall built of two or more wythes of masonry units

arranged to provide a continuous air space within the wall.

The facing and backing

are tied together with non-

corrosive ties.

A cavity between the

wythes allows moisture to

drain in case of leak from

wind driven rain.

CELL or CORE

The molded open space in a concrete masonry unit having a grosscross-sectional area greater than 1½ square inches (967 mm2).

Older Units may have three or four cells while modern units onlyhave two.


COLLAR JOINT - The vertical, longitudinal mortared or grouted

joint between two wythes of masonry.

Collar joint

Collar joint


OTHER CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS

A-Block - A hollow unit with one end closed and the opposite end

open, forming two cells when laid in the wall. It is also called a

single open-end block.

A-Block (Single Open End)


Beveled (mortarless) Block – A masonry unit intended to be

installed without mortared head joints. Depending on

manufacturers configuration, unit may or may not be laid in

mortared bed joint.


Beveled (mortarless) Block

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Bond Beam Block - A hollow unit with cross webs depressed

sufficiently to permit the forming of a continuous channel for

horizontal reinforcing steel and grout.

Bond Beam Block


Bullnose Block - A concrete masonry unit that has one or morerounded exterior corners.

Channel or U-Block - A hollow unit with portions slightly depressedto permit the forming of a continuous channel for reinforcing steeland grout.


H-Block - A hollow unit with both ends open commonly called a

double open end.

H-Block (Double Open End)


Open-End Block – New in the market, it makes the masons job

easier when placing on reinforcing


Pilaster Block - Concrete masonry units designed for

use in construction of plain or reinforced concrete

masonry pilasters and columns.

Pilaster Blocks

Open center pilaster

or Banjo block

Pilaster alternate

or C block


Return L Block - Concrete masonry unit designed for use in corner

construction for various thickness walls.

Return (L) Block


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Sash Block - A concrete masonry unit which has an

end slot for use in openings to receive jambs of doors

or windows or premolded expansion joint material.

Sash Block


Scored Block - Block with grooves to provide patterns, for example

to simulate raked joints, available in architectural face units.

Scored Block


Sill Block - A solid concrete masonry unit used for sills

or openings.

Sill Block


Slumped Block - Concrete masonry units produced so they “slump”

or sag in an irregular fashion before they harden to produce an

adobe appearance.

Slumped Block


Solid Unit - Masonry units in which the vertical cores

are less than 25% of the cross-sectional area.

Solid Concrete Brick


Split Face Block - Concrete masonry units with one or

more faces having a fractured surface for use in

masonry wall construction.

Split Face


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COPING - A unit used to form a cap on top of a wall, pier or

pilaster.

Coping or Cap Block


Actual Dimensions – refer to ASTM C90 for requirements

The measured dimensions of a designated item used in thestructure.

The actual dimension shall not vary from the specified dimension bymore than the amount allowed in the applicable standard.


Dimensions:

Actual 7 ½” x 3 ½” x 15 ½”

Nominal 8” x 4” x 16”


Dimensions

Nominal Dimensions - equal to specified dimension plus thethickness of the joint with which the unit is to be laid.

Specified Dimensions - The dimensions specified for themanufacture or construction of masonry, masonry units, joints orany other component of a structure. Unless otherwise stated, allcalculations shall be made using or based on specifieddimensions.


EFFLORESCENCE - A whitish powder resulting from the leachingof soluble salts deposited on the surface of masonry.

FIRE WALL : Any wall that sub-divides a building to resist thespread of fire


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FIRE-RATED UNITS


GROUTING TERMS

GROUT LIFT - An increment of grout height within the total pour.

GROUT POUR - The total height of a masonry wall to be grouted

prior to the erection of additional masonry. A grout pour will

consist of one or more grout lifts.


GROUTED MASONRY - Masonry construction made with units thatare filled with grout or the cavity between the units is filled withgrout.

High Lift Grouting - The technique of grouting masonry in lifts for thefull height of the wall, subject to maximum height limitationsimposed by the applicable building code.

Low Lift Grouting - The technique of grouting as the wall isconstructed.


HOLLOW MASONRY UNIT - A masonry unit whose net cross-sectionalarea in any plane parallel to the bearing surface is less than 75% of itsgross cross-sectional area measured in the same plane.

JOINTS:

Face shell

Face shell

Head joint

Bed jointEnd shell

Web

Cell


Bed Joint - The mortar joint that is horizontal at the time themasonry units are placed.

Head Joint - The mortar joint between units in the same wythe,usually vertical, sometimes called the cross joint.


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JOINT REINFORCEMENT - Steel wire, bar or prefabricatedreinforcement which is placed in mortar bed joint.

Hollow Masonry Unit - A masonry unit whose net cross-sectionalarea in every plane parallel to the bearing surface is less than75% of the gross cross-section area in the same plane.

Solid Masonry Unit - A masonry unit whose net cross-sectional areain every plane parallel to the bearing surface is 75% or more ofthe gross cross-sectional area in the same plane.


LINTEL - A beam placed over an opening in a wall. MODULAR MASONRY UNIT - A masonry unit whose actualdimensions are one mortar joint less than the modulardimension, i.e.: 8" x 8" x 16" (203 mm x 203 mm x 407 mm) isactually 75/8" x 75/8" x 155/8" (193 mm x 193 mm x 397 mm) toallow for 3/8" (10 mm) joints.


PARAPET - The part of a wall that extends above the roof level.

PARGING - The process of applying a coat of cement mortar to theback of the facing material or the face of the backing material.


PILASTER - An integral portion of the wall which may project onone or both sides and acts as a vertical beam, a column, anarchitectural feature, or any combination thereof.

POINTING - Filling mortar into a joint after the masonry unit is laid.

PRISM - Units mortared together in stack bond, forming a walletteor assemblage to simulate “in wall construction,” grouted orungrouted per specification requirements. This is the standardtest sample for determination of the compressive strength of themasonry wall.


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RACKING - A method of building the end of a wall by stepping backeach course so that it can be built on to and against withouttoothing; also used in corner leads.

Racking


SHELL - The outer portion of a hollow masonry unit as placed in

masonry.


STRINGING MORTAR - The procedure of spreading enough mortar

on the bed joint to lay several masonry units.

Stringing mortar


Cavity Wall - A wall containing continuous air space.

Hollow-Unit Masonry Wall - That type of construction made withhollow masonry units in which the units are laid and set inmortar.

WEB - The cross member connecting the face shells of a hollowconcrete masonry unit.

WYTHE - The portion of a wall which is one masonry unit inthickness; also called tier. A collar joint is not considered awythe.


Questions?

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