searching for habitable new worlds and life in the universe hosted by night sky network
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Searching for Habitable New Searching for Habitable New WorldsWorlds
andand
Life in the UniverseLife in the Universe
Hosted by
Night Sky Network
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Universal Universal LawsLaws of Biology ? of Biology ?
Lawrence Hall of Science
Liquid WaterLiquid Water
DNADNA
IntelligenceIntelligence
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Is there life Is there life elsewhere in ourelsewhere in ourSolar System?Solar System?
The Only Known Site of BiologyThe Only Known Site of BiologyIn the Universe.In the Universe.
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MarsMars
Liquid WaterLiquid WaterImpossibleImpossible
Pressure Pressure = 0.01 of Earth= 0.01 of Earth
. . . too low for. . . too low forLiquid water.Liquid water.
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Jupiter and Two Moons
IoIo EuropaEuropa
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Surface of Jupiter’s Moon: :
EuropaEuropa
Fractures inFractures in Floating IceFloating Ice
IcebergsIcebergs
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Jupiter’s MoonJupiter’s Moon: EuropaEuropa
Sub-CrustSub-CrustOceanOcean ....
Life in the Ocean?
..
Hydrogen-Carboncompounds likely:
Amino acids
First New Ocean
Since Balboa
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Now Exiting our Solar System to …Now Exiting our Solar System to …
The Milky Way Galaxy. .. . ..
. .. . . .. .
..
. . ..
. . ..
..
Meanwhile, we are hunting for abodesBeyond our Solar System
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The Discovery of Other
Collaborators: Paul Butler, Debra Fischer, Steve Vogt Chris Tinney, Greg Laughlin, Hugh Jones
Andrew Cumming, Greg Henry,
Jack Lissauer Jason Wright, Brad Carter, Eugenio Rivera, Chris McCarthy, John Johnson
www.exoplanets.org
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Planet DetectionPlanet Detection
Wobble of Star:Wobble of Star:
Gravitational pullGravitational pullby the planetby the planet
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VVPLPL2 2 == G MG MStarStar / r / r VVPL PL ~ 10 ~ 10 km/skm/s
VVStarStar = = VVPLPL VVSTARSTAR ~ 10 ~ 10 m/sm/s
xx (M(MPLPL /M /MJUPJUP))
Momentum:Momentum:
WobbleWobbleVelocityVelocity
MMPLPL
MMSTARSTAR
Energy Equipartition:Energy Equipartition:
( )
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12 years12 years . . . Jupiter . . . Jupiter
(Met
ers/
sec)
(Met
ers/
sec)
Need Telescope . . .
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World’s most World’s most Successful Planet Successful Planet
SearchSearch
1997 – Present1997 – Present
Survey: 1300 Nearby Stars
Keck 1
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Echelle Spectrometer
CCD
Echelle
Grating
Collimator
StarlightStarlight
From TelescopeFrom Telescope
High Resolution ``Echelle”High Resolution ``Echelle”
SpectrometerSpectrometer
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Spectrum of Star:Spectrum of Star:
Doppler EffectDoppler Effect
Doppler Precision:Doppler Precision:v / c ~ 10v / c ~ 10-9-9
~ 10~ 10-9-94096 Pixels
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16 Cygni 16 Cygni BBMass = 1.7 M
JUP (Min)
Orbit PeriodOrbit Period
2.2 yr2.2 yr
Not SinusoidalNot Sinusoidal
VelocitVelocit
yy
WobbleWobble
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Orbit of Planet around 16 Cygni
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16 Cygni: Planet & Moon
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Life on Gas Giant Planets ?Life on Gas Giant Planets ?
FloatersFloaters
Earth-Like MoonEarth-Like Moon
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Mass = 0.62 MMass = 0.62 MJUPJUP
70 Days70 Days
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Upsilon AndromedaeUpsilon Andromedae::Velocity ResidualsVelocity Residuals
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0.6 M0.6 MJUPJUP
2 M2 MJUPJUP
4 M4 MJupJup
Upsilon Andromedae:Upsilon Andromedae:
Triple Planet SystemTriple Planet SystemPlanets havePlanets haveNo NamesNo Names
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QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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Upsilon AndromedaeUpsilon Andromedae
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Per = 1.94 dPer = 1.94 d
M = 7.5 MM = 7.5 MEarthEarth
Gliese 876 dGliese 876 d
Lowest Mass Exoplanet :Lowest Mass Exoplanet : 7.5 Earth-Masses7.5 Earth-Masses
1.94 Days1.94 Days 5 m/s
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Three Planets Orbiting Gliese 876
7 1/2 Earth-masses
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Ring in Between:Ring in Between:
LukewarmLukewarm
Hot:Hot:370 C370 C
Cold:Cold:-100 C-100 C
7.5 Earth-Mass Planet 7.5 Earth-Mass Planet Orbiting Gliese 876Orbiting Gliese 876
Tides:Tides:
One Planet Side One Planet Side
always Faces Staralways Faces Star
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Milky Way GalaxyMilky Way Galaxy
200 billion stars200 billion stars
~10% of all Stars ~10% of all Stars
have have detecteddetected planets. planets.
Detected so far:• Jupiter-mass• Saturn-mass• Neptune-mass
~ Earth-Mass ?~ Earth-Mass ?
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More Low-MassMore Low-MassPlanetsPlanets
Planet MassPlanet Mass
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Only Known Abode of Life
But are theyBut are theyHabitable ?Habitable ?
Must EnvironmentsEnvironmentsBe “Just Right”For Life ?
Conclusion: Many Earth-Conclusion: Many Earth-massmass Planets Planets
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Yellowstone National Park :Yellowstone National Park :
Suitable for Life ?Suitable for Life ?
• Boiling GeysersBoiling Geysers• Freezing winterFreezing winter• Sulfuric acid.Sulfuric acid.
One of the Least Hospitable Places on Earth:
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YellowstoneYellowstone
Pinwheel GeyserPinwheel Geyser
BacteriaBacteriaThriveThrive
Near Boiling:Near Boiling:T ~ 80 CT ~ 80 C
Water: AcidicWater: Acidic
as battery acidas battery acid
Each colorEach colora differenta differentspecies ofspecies ofbacteriumbacterium
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Life at High TemperatureLife at High Temperatureand High Acidityand High Acidity
Temp = 65 CTemp = 65 C pH = 2 pH = 2
YellowstoneYellowstone
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Yellowstone
Churning CauldronChurning Cauldron
Boiling TempBoiling Temp
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Yellowstone
Churning CauldronChurning Cauldron
Boiling Temp,Boiling Temp,pH = 2pH = 2
Bacteria &Bacteria &Algae Algae Thrive Thrive
AlgaeAlgae
pH = 2pH = 2
CorrosionCorrosion
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Cyanidium CalderiumCyanidium CalderiumLife atLife at
Extreme TempExtreme Temp&&
Extreme AcidityExtreme Acidity
Lives only atLives only atT > 60 CT > 60 C
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Extremophiles Show that LifeExtremophiles Show that Life
• Tolerates heat or cold
• Takes food from a variety of sources
• Thrives in acidic or alkaline environments
• Copes with Intense Solar Radiation - - or none!Copes with Intense Solar Radiation - - or none!
Liquid Water LifeLiquid Water Life
Primitive Life:Primitive Life: Common in the Universe Common in the Universe
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Is our Milky Way GalaxyIs our Milky Way Galaxy Teeming with Intelligent Life ?Teeming with Intelligent Life ?
• Galaxy is Galaxy is 10 Billion Years Old10 Billion Years Old - - - Twice the Age of Earth- - - Twice the Age of Earth
• 50% of Stars are50% of Stars are as Old as the Sun & Earth as Old as the Sun & Earth
Many stars & planets older Many stars & planets older by billions of years!by billions of years!
How Many Civilizations ?How Many Civilizations ?
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Is our Milky Way TeemingIs our Milky Way Teemingwith Intelligent Life ?with Intelligent Life ?
• 20 Billion 20 Billion Planetary Systems:Planetary Systems: 1/2 are older than Earth1/2 are older than Earth
• What fraction have What fraction have Intelligent Life? Intelligent Life? • PessimistPessimist: 1 in a Million: 1 in a Million
There must be Thousands of Civilizations There must be Thousands of Civilizations In the Milky Way Galaxy. . .In the Milky Way Galaxy. . .
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Where is Everybody?Where is Everybody?Why Didn’t They Come Here?Why Didn’t They Come Here?
• Moon: Moon: No Alien Spacecraft, Crash Debris, ObeliskNo Alien Spacecraft, Crash Debris, Obelisk• Mars: Same StoryMars: Same Story• Earth: Earth: Lovely Planet for 4 Billion Years . . .Lovely Planet for 4 Billion Years . . .
Yet, no Alien Settlement.Yet, no Alien Settlement.
• 100’s of Telescopes: No Alien Ships spotted100’s of Telescopes: No Alien Ships spotted• Night Sky: No Exotic Rocket ExhaustNight Sky: No Exotic Rocket Exhaust• No Robotic Probes Visit Solar SystemNo Robotic Probes Visit Solar System
• SETI: No Radio Signals in 40 years.SETI: No Radio Signals in 40 years.
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Where Where IsIs Everybody? Everybody?• Hypothesis: - Thousands of Civilizations in GalaxyThousands of Civilizations in Galaxy - Head Start of Billions of years.- Head Start of Billions of years. They should be Near!They should be Near!
• Migration Throughout Galaxy: Easy with robotic spacecraft=================================================
• Observation: No Aliens Detected, and no Traces.
• Conclusion: Hypothesis possibly flawed.Hypothesis possibly flawed.
( Ants eventually find your Kitchen)( Ants eventually find your Kitchen)
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How Long doTechnological
Civilizations Last?
Expect: 1000Expect: 1000 CivilizationsCivilizations in 5 Billion Yearsin 5 Billion Years
For Multiple Civilizations Today, For Multiple Civilizations Today, Lifetimes Must Overlap:Lifetimes Must Overlap:
Lifetime > 5 Million yrLifetime > 5 Million yr
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Recipe for Recipe for Exobiology:Exobiology:
PlanetsPlanets ChemicalsChemicals WaterWater Energy - - -Energy - - - Stars, Tidal, GeothermalStars, Tidal, Geothermal
Life:Life:Probably Probably Common Common in the in the Universe.Universe.
Primitive Life, at leastPrimitive Life, at least
February 5, 1996
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SETISETIATA: Proposed Radio Telescope ArrayATA: Proposed Radio Telescope Array
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Life in our Milky Way Galaxy:Life in our Milky Way Galaxy:
Primitive Life: CommonIntelligence: Rare ?
IntelligenceIntelligence
Semi-Intelligent Life formsSemi-Intelligent Life forms
....
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www.exoplanets.org