seasonality and household diets in ethiopia
TRANSCRIPT
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Seasonality and household diets in Ethiopia
Kalle Hirvonen 1, Alemayehu Seyoum Taffesse 1, Ibrahim Worku Hassen 1
1 IFPRI, Ethiopia Strategy Support Program (ESSP)
15 June 2015
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Institution logo here
ETHIOPIAN DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH INSTITUTE
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Why seasonality?
• Considerable research attention on seasonality two decades ago• consumption, poverty, wages (e.g. Dercon et al, 2000, for rural Ethiopia)
• anthropometrics, health outcomes, calories (e.g. Ferro-Luzzi et al, 2001, for south central Ethiopia)
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Why seasonality?
• Considerable research attention on seasonality two decades ago• consumption, poverty, wages (e.g. Dercon et al, 2000, for rural Ethiopia)
• anthropometrics, health outcomes, calories (e.g. Ferro-Luzzi et al, 2001, for south central Ethiopia)
• But still little knowledge on how seasonality shapes diet quality (diet diversity) • Exception; Savy et al. (2006) & Becquey et al. (2012) for Burkina Faso
![Page 4: Seasonality and household diets in Ethiopia](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051113/55d1dc83bb61eb59328b4814/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Why seasonality?
• Considerable research attention on seasonality two decades ago• consumption, poverty, wages (e.g. Dercon et al, 2000, for rural Ethiopia)
• anthropometrics, health outcomes, calories (e.g. Ferro-Luzzi et al, 2001, for south central Ethiopia)
• But still little knowledge on how seasonality shapes diet quality (diet diversity) • Exception; Savy et al. (2006) & Becquey et al. (2012) for Burkina Faso
• Also: not too much research attention since 2000s• Because local food markets are now well-integrated in much of the
developing world? (Kaminski, Christiaensen, and Gilbert, 2014)
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The purpose of this research
• Revisit seasonality in the Ethiopian context• Is it still an issue – or are food markets sufficiently integrated
Ethiopia?
• Focus on both diet quantity (calories) and quality (dietary diversity)?
• This presentation: focus on rural households’ diets
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Data
• Household, Consumption and Expenditure Survey (HCES) of Ethiopia
• The Ethiopian HCES data are collected by the Ethiopian Central Statistical Agency (CSA).
• 2010/11 HCES round collected nationally representative data for each calendar month over one year period.
• Total of 27,835 households so about 2,300 households per month
• Caveats: • 1) Only national level analysis possible
• 2) Only household level analysis possible (intra-hh issues may be important)
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Two Diet Measures
•Daily per capita calorie intake• The mean daily calorie consumption is 2,444 kilocalories per capita
•Diet quality: Household Diet Diversity Score (HDDS)(FANTA / Swindale and Bilinsky, 2006)
• 12 food groups: 1) cereals; 2) root and tubers; 3) vegetables; 4) fruits; 5) meat, poultry and offal; 6) eggs;
7) fish and seafood; 8) pulses, legumes and nuts; 9) milk and milk products;
10) Oil and fats; 11) sugar and honey; and 12) miscellaneous foods
• The mean HDDS for rural households is 6.4 food groups
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The Ethiopian Context
• Agriculture: largely dependent on rain-fed agriculture. Seasonal cycles of food production and food availability.
• Religion• Two main Orthodox fasting periods: December & March.
• + Ramadan affecting the timing of the meals.
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Seasonal patterns in household calorie intake
Vertical axis: % deviations from the monthly mean.
Rural households only.
The mean daily calorie consumption for rural households is 2,444 kilocalories per capita.
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Seasonal patterns in household diet diversity
Vertical axis: % deviations from the monthly mean.
Rural households only.
The mean number of HDDS for rural households is 6.4
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% share of per capita calorie intake from non-cereal sources
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Conclusions
• Households’ food consumption remain subject to significant intra-annual variations in Ethiopia in 2010s.• Interestingly diet diversity increases towards the end of the lean season.
• Poor availability of food in the lean season is likely to affect children’s physical development, mothers’ health, etc.
• Potential policy options (with a call for more research):
1) Expansion of irrigation Increase output + allows food to be produced in off-seasons
2) Deepen market integration and improve market accessSo that households’ consumption becomes less dependent on the local food production
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Amharic proverb summarizing our findings
ሰኔን በዘራዘር
ሐምሌን በጎመንዘር
ነሐሴን በስንት ባላ
ይሻገሩሻላ?