seawater chemistry. pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler chemical entities by...
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Seawater ChemistrySeawater Chemistry
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Pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler chemical entities by
ordinary chemical reactions.
Pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler chemical entities by
ordinary chemical reactions.
ElementsElements
Periodic Table 112 known elements
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Major Elements Comprising the Biological Molecules of Living
Things
Major Elements Comprising the Biological Molecules of Living
Things
• CCarbonarbon• HHydrogenydrogen• OOxygenxygen• NNitrogenitrogen• PPhosphorushosphorus• SSulfurulfur
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Other Major Elements of Living Things
Other Major Elements of Living Things
• Calcium (Ca)Calcium (Ca)• Potassium (K)Potassium (K)• Chlorine (Cl)Chlorine (Cl)• Magnesium (Mg)Magnesium (Mg)
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Atomic structure
• Atoms are the building blocks of all matter
• Nucleus contains:– Neutrons (no charge)– Protons (+ charge)
• Outer shell(s) contain:– Electrons (– charge)
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proton
neutron
electron
hydrogenatom
heliumatom
carbonatom
Electron Shell Configurations of Atoms
1p, 0n, 1e- 2p, 2n, 2e- 6p, 6n, 6e-
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atomic number: number of p; #p = #e-
2He2e- and 2p
He
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atomic mass (atomic wt.): sum of masses of p+nHe 2p + 2n, atomic mass = 4
4
2He
He
p + n e-
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p = n = e- = Atomic number = Atomic mass =
C
Carbon Atom
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O16 O17 O18
stable isotopes
IsotopeIsotopeAtoms that differ in the number of neutrons
16
8 O
18
8 O17
8 O#p
#p+n
O
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MoleculeTwo or more atoms held
together by chemical bondsOxygenOxygen OO2 2
NitrogenNitrogen NN22
AmmoniaAmmonia NHNH33
Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide COCO22
WaterWater HH22OO
MethaneMethane CHCH44
GlucoseGlucose CC66HH1212OO66
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IonAn atom that has either gained or lost electrons such that it exhibits a net charge
Na+
Cl-
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Sodium (Na) Atom
11 P+
12 No
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Sodium (Na+) Ion
11 P+
12 No
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Chlorine (Cl) Atom
17 P+
18 No
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Chloride (Cl-) Ion
17 P+
18 No
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Some Examples of Ions
• Hydrogen H+
• Potassium K+
• Fluoride F-
• Calcium Ca+2
• NitrateNitrate NONO33--
• PhosphatePhosphate POPO44-3-3
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Bond TypesBond Types:• Ionic• Covalent• Hydrogen
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Ionic BondsTransfer of electron
17 P+
18 No
11 P+
12 No
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Covalent Bonding:Covalent Bonding: electron sharing
O
HH
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Between Water Molecules
Covalent bond
Hydrogen bond
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Boiling Point: 100oCFreezing Point: 0oCDensity: 1g/cm3
Properties of WaterProperties of Water
gas liquid solid
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The formation of ice• As water cools to 4°C:
– Molecules slow– Water contracts– Density increases
• Below 4°C:– Hydrogen bonds form– Water expands
• As water freezes:– Expands by 9%
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Ice Density vs Temp (oC)
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Properties of WaterProperties of Water
1.High heat capacity
2.High heat of vaporization
3.High Surface tension
4.Polarity solvent properties
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Properties of SeawaterProperties of SeawaterHeat capacity: • Heat capacity with salinity
Evaporation:• Evaporates more slowly than fw
Specific gravity:• Pure water density = 1.000 g/cm3
• Seawater (2 oC) density = 1.028 g/cm3
Seawater’s Boiling Point:
• As salinity , the boiling point
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Seawater’s Freezing Point:
• As salinity , the freezing point
• Salt is an antifreeze- doesn’t freeze until -2oC (@35 o/oo)
Pancake ice
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• Na+ - Weathering of crustal rock
• Cl- - from the mantle by way of volcanic vents and outgassing from mid-ocean rifts
• Mg ++ - mid ocean rifts
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Processes affecting seawater salinity
• Processes that decrease seawater salinity:– Precipitation– Runoff– Icebergs melting– Sea ice melting
• Processes that increase seawater salinity:– Sea ice forming– Evaporation
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Salt Ion Ions in sw (0/00)Cl- 18.980Na+ 10.556SO4
2- 2.649Mg2+ 1.272Ca2+ 0.400K+ 0.380HCO3- 0.140Br- 0.065H3BO3 0.026Sr2+ 0.013F- 0.001 Total 34.38
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Global surface salinity
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Salinity variations
Location/type Salinity
Normal open ocean 33-38‰
Baltic Sea 10‰ (brackish)
Red Sea 42‰ (hypersaline)
Great Salt Lake 280‰
Dead Sea 330‰
Tap water 0.8‰ or less
Premium bottled water 0.3‰
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Global ocean circulation that is driven by differences in the density of the sea water which is controlled by temperature and salinity.
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White sections represent warm surface currents. Purple sections represent deep cold currents
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DesalinationDesalinationThe production of drinkable water from seawater
Techniques:1. Distillation- water vapor and condensation2. Freezing- ice crystals form leaving salt behind3. Reverse osmosis- sw is forced through a
semipermeable membrane; only water molecules pass through
4. Electrodialysis- e- charged, semipermeable membranes draw salt ions out of sw
5. Salt absorption- chemically active resins or charcoals are used to draw off the dissolved salt ions fw
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Distillation of seawaterDistillation of seawater
seawater
evaporation
freshwater freshwater
Solar energy
Widely used technique
plastic
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Reverse Osmosis
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Acids
HCL H+ + Cl-
Proton donor, i.e., they donate H+ ions
HCl is a strong acid with a pH 1-2
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Na+ + OH- NaOHNH3 + H+ NH4
OH - + H+ H2O
HCO3- +H+ H2CO3
Proton acceptor, i.e., they take up H+ ions
NaOH is a strong base ~pH 12
Bases
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Neutralization- HCl + NaOH H2O + NaCl
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Buffer- resists dramatic changes in pH; ex. tums, rolaids…buffers stomach acid
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Acidic 0-6Neutral 7Basic (alkaline) 8-14
Type of Solution pH Value
0-14
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Logarithmic scale
blood
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Carbon Dioxide System in the OceanCarbon Dioxide System in the Ocean
Respiration
Photosynthesis
C6H12O6 +6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 +6O2
Air
Water
CO2 gas
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CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ HCO3- + H + ↔ CO3
2- + 2H+
By-product of respiration
carbonic acidbicarbonate
carbonate
The addition of CO2 makes water acidic
The effects of COThe effects of CO22 in an ocean system in an ocean system
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Bicarbonate bufferBicarbonate buffer
Seawater too basic:
H2CO3 HCO3- + H + pH drops
Seawater too acidic:
HCO3- + H + H2CO3 pH rises
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Ocean Acidity
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Global Ocean Acidity
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Consequences of Ocean Acidity
Animals with CaCO3 skeletons affected• Plankton• Corals• Mollusks • Fish
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7933589.stm
Fisheries
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In a high CO2 world, the ocean will be…
• More acidic• More stratified• More oligotrophic, but better
light conditions • Less oxygenated
Consequences of Ocean Acidity
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Acid Rain in Marine EnvironmentAcid Rain in Marine Environment
• reduces ability of marine organisms to utilize calcium carbonate
• Coral calcification rate reduced 15-20%
• Skeletal density decreased, branches thinner
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Inquiry1. How many neutrons in 7 N?2. Why do all the oceans have relatively the same
proportion of salinity?3. At what temperature is fw most dense?4. Of the following pH’s which is most acidic? 3 7 6 25. Why are there no plants at the compensation
depth?6. Why can a water strider walk on water?7. Besides temperature and salinity, what physical
factor effects thermohaline circulation?8. What is the oceans most dense sea water
called?
14