sebastian fendt, felix fischer, reinhard seiser, … · institute for energy systems department of...
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Institute for Energy SystemsDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringTechnical University of Munich
Sebastian Fendt, Felix Fischer, Reinhard Seiser,
Michael Long, Hartmut Spliethoff
TCS 2016 - Symposium on Thermal and Catalytic
Sciences for Biofuels and Biobased Products
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
November 2, 2016
submission # 2148
Research on small-scale biomass gasification in entrained flow and fluidized bed technology for biofuel production
Located at the TUM Campus Garching, north of Munich Campus Garching: 6000 employees, 12000 students Department of Mechanical Engineering IES-Staff: ~ 55 employees (35 PhD students, 3 Postdocs) Mission: Efficient and low emission fossil and renewable power generation
2S. Fendt | TUM | 2016-11-02 | TCS 2016 | Chapel Hill, NC/US
Prof. Hartmut Spliethoff
Institute for Energy Systems, TUM
3S. Fendt | TUM | 2016-11-02 | TCS 2016 | Chapel Hill, NC/US
Head of Institute: Spliethoff, Hartmut, Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Supervisors: Gleis, Stephan, Dr.-Ing. Wieland, Christoph, Dr.-Ing. Vandersickel Annelies, Dr.-Ing. Fendt, Sebastian, Dipl.-Ing.
Staff: (01.06.2016) 55 Employees 37 PhD students 4 Postdocs
Teaching: Variety of lectures and laboratory courses,
field trips and seminars Term paper, final theses and job offers for
students at the Institute M.Sc. Power Engineering
Institute for Energy Systems, TUMStructure and teaching
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Staff Publications Dissertations
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Research and technology areas
Institute for Energy Systems, TUM
Research / Technology
areasCombustion Gasification Evaporation and
therm. cyclesTherm. & chem.
storage
Power generation
Fossil fuels CO2 separation Oxy-fuel Slagging / fouling Emissions
IGCC (CO2-sep. and polygen.)
Char conversion Ash behaviour Trace elements
Highly flexible cycles Heat transfer in
supercritical evaporation
CO2 utilisation (CCU) PtX concepts Thermo-chem.
storage
Biomass and waste
Fuel pre-treatment Energy from waste Deposition Corrosion Emissions
Fuel pre-treatment Fluidized bed Entrained flow Gas treatment SOFC
(dyn.) Organic Rankine Cycle
District heating
CO2 utilisation (CCU) Biomass-to-Gas
(BtG/BtL)
Waste heat utilization
(dyn.) Organic Rankine
Diesel Combined Geothermal cycles Solar thermal
Thermo-chem. Storage
Pumped heat energy storage
System studies and optimization, integrated concepts
CH
P, E
nerg
y sc
enar
ios,
Pro
cess
sim
ulat
ions
5S. Fendt | TUM | 2016-11-02 | TCS 2016 | Chapel Hill, NC/US
01.01.2016 – 31.12.2017 Partners: TUM (Prof. H. Spliethoff) UCSD (Dr. R. Seiser) Research: Biomass utilization through gasification and
subsequent synthesis gas utilization Gas upgrading into highly valuable liquid and
gaseous products (e.g. SNG, Methanol, DME, FT-fuel)
Challenges: scale-up as well as impurities in the product gas like unsaturated hydrocarbons, tars and (organic) sulfur species.
Aims: Increase technological maturity of the conversion process, conducting joint test campaigns on pilot- and bench-scale plants. Optimize measurement techniques (e.g. SPA), gas clean-up methods, catalysts handling and innovative utilization concepts (e.g. SOFCs).
BaCaTeCProject: Evaluation and development of measurement techniques for biomass gasification and synthesis gas upgrading processes
http://www.bacatec.de/de/index.html
6S. Fendt | TUM | 2016-11-02 | TCS 2016 | Chapel Hill, NC/US
01.01.2016 – 31.12.2017 Partners: TUM (Prof. H. Spliethoff) UCSD (Dr. R. Seiser) Presentation Research: Biomass utilization through gasification and
subsequent synthesis gas utilization Gas upgrading into highly valuable liquid and
gaseous products (e.g. SNG, Methanol, DME, FT-fuel)
BaCaTeCProject: Evaluation and development of measurement techniques for biomass gasification and synthesis gas upgrading processes
Source: R. Seiser, 2016
Transition (not only in GER) from fossil to renewable Energy scenario 2050*: decrease of PEC to ~7000 PJ,
with a share of 23% coming from biomass Utilization of little-used biomass resources (like
agricultural residues, straw, green waste, landscape preservation material, forest residues)
Overcome limitations and problems caused by the utilization of these fuels (fuel pre-treatment like HTC and torrefaction, efficiencies, conversion, emissions and tars)
Gasification shows highest potential efficiencies (for electrical power from biomass)
Flexible production of chemicals, fuels and power/heat Also: decrease energy dependency Small-scale (decentralized) units Biomass gasification and pre-treatment
7S. Fendt | TUM | 2016-11-02 | TCS 2016 | Chapel Hill, NC/US
Motivation for energetic utilization of biomass
Introduction
Sources: AEBIOM Statistical Report 2016; Biermann, 2015; FNR, 2014
* Germany
8S. Fendt | TUM | 2016-11-02 | TCS 2016 | Chapel Hill, NC/US
Gasification technologies - overview
Biomass gasification
9S. Fendt | TUM | 2016-11-02 | TCS 2016 | Chapel Hill, NC/US
Entrained flow vs. fluidized bed gasification
Biomass gasification
Fluidized bed gasification
Entrained flow gasification
- Particle size- Temperature- Residence time
Source: Spliethoff, 2010
10S. Fendt | TUM | 2016-11-02 | TCS 2016 | Chapel Hill, NC/US
Fluidized bed gasification technologies
Biomass gasification
State-of-the-art in Europe:
Allothermal Fast Internally Circulating Fluidized Bed Gasifiers (FICFB)
Data from: R. Rauch, 2016; C. Aichering, 2016
Well-known technology from coal gasification, but no commercial biomass applicationEuropean R&D activities:Bioliq, PEBG (SP ETC), TUM,…
11S. Fendt | TUM | 2016-11-02 | TCS 2016 | Chapel Hill, NC/US
Entrained flow gasification technologies
Biomass gasification
Sources: Weiland, 2015, https://www.bioliq.de/, Wang, X. Z. (2014)
Entrained flow gasification: Well-known technology for coal gasification but
almost no experience for biomass No simple scale-down of coal gasifiers! Challenges: Fuel pre-treatment (HTC, torrefaction) Oxygen supply (ASU, electrolysis?) Ash behavior (slagging, non-slagging) Conversion / kinetics
Fluidized bed gasification: Well-known technology in small- to medium-scale (500kW-50MW) applications Agglomeration behavior has to be taken care of (Ca, K and Na in the fuel/ash) Most concepts use a circulating bed configuration (e.g. FICFB) Examples: FICFB Güssing (AT), MILENA (NL), Forster Wheeler (SE), Heatpipe Reformer (GER) Challenges: Complete carbon conversion (average ~ 90%) high cold gas efficiency Formation of organic impurities (tars) in the product gas (2-20 g/m3) condensation, plugging Pressurized operation feeding system
12S. Fendt | TUM | 2016-11-02 | TCS 2016 | Chapel Hill, NC/US
Review: Technologies and important parameters
Entrained flow vs. fluidized bed gasification
Tremel et al. 2013, DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2013.02.001
Autothermal entrained
flow gasifier
Allothermal fluidized bed gasification coupled to gas
upgrading system
Hydrothermal carbonization unit for feedstock pre-treatment
13S. Fendt | TUM | 2016-11-02 | TCS 2016 | Chapel Hill, NC/US
Entrained flow and fluidized bed as well as fuel pre-treatment
Specs:
100 kW
5 bar
1500°C
Specs:
5 kW
5 bar
900°C
Specs:
50 kgdry/batch
50 bar
250°C
Test facilities for biomass utilization
Increasing carbonization with increasing T Energy content, density and brittleness of the biomass
increase Product: energy dense, hydrophobic and easy to mill
material Dehydration and decarboxylation reactions of the
lignin structure Cellulose and small parts of the lignin structure
dissolve in the solution
14S. Fendt | TUM | 2016-11-02 | TCS 2016 | Chapel Hill, NC/US
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC)
Biomass pre-treatment
0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,80,0
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
H/C
O/C
190,0200,0210,0220,0230,0240,0250,0260,0
T /°C
150 170 190 210 230 250 2700,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
= 3hc = 10 g/100 mL
REnC (dry basis) Yield (dry basis)
Yiel
d / %
Rel
ativ
e En
ergy
Cha
nge
Temperature / °C
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50
60
70
80
Pressurized vessel
Sampling probe
Burner
Product gas filter
Feeding system
Quench water collection
vessel
15S. Fendt | TUM | 2016-11-02 | TCS 2016 | Chapel Hill, NC/US
Test rig data: Operation: autothermal Temperature: up to 1500°C Pressure: 0 to 5 barg Fuel input: 100 kW (+/- 25 %) Dosing system: pneumatic Gasif. media: Air, O2, H2O, CO2 Operation time: ~10 h
Goals: Realistic conditions (no electrical heating) Investigation of cold gas efficiency, gas
quality, ash melting behavior, tars, …
Entrained flow gasificationTest rig for autothermal biomass gasification (100kW)
16S. Fendt | TUM | 2016-11-02 | TCS 2016 | Chapel Hill, NC/US
Air-blown entrained flow gasification of bio-coal from hydrothermal carbonization
Entrained flow gasification
Source: Briesemeister et al., 2016, DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201600192
17S. Fendt | TUM | 2016-11-02 | TCS 2016 | Chapel Hill, NC/US
Air-blown entrained flow gasification of bio-coal from hydrothermal carbonization
Entrained flow gasification
Source: Briesemeister et al., 2016, DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201600192
18S. Fendt | TUM | 2016-11-02 | TCS 2016 | Chapel Hill, NC/US
Air-blown entrained flow gasification - feedstock
Entrained flow gasification
Source: Briesemeister, 2016, Project report
HTC-coal from compost
Rhenish lignite
Corncob (raw)
HTC-coal from green waste
19S. Fendt | TUM | 2016-11-02 | TCS 2016 | Chapel Hill, NC/US
For the production of Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) – the test rig incl. hot gas cleaning
Fluidized bed gasification
Permanent gas components (4-hour-rhythm between different gas measurement locations) Results refer to dry gas without nitrogen dilution Mean deviations between experimental results and simulations within 2.5% However: shift in gas composition over time (starting after ~ 75h) Degradation
20S. Fendt | TUM | 2016-11-02 | TCS 2016 | Chapel Hill, NC/US
Combined biomass gasification with hot gas cleaning and upgrading to SNG
Experimental results
1.5 – 3% (C2-C5) (N2-free, dry gas) Ethene with >1% highest concentration Very low HCs contents after tar reforming 7 – 11 g/m3 after gasifier during normal
operation Good conversion of tars (>>90% for all
substances 21S. Fendt | TUM | 2016-11-02 | TCS 2016 | Chapel Hill, NC/US
Tars and hydrocarbons
Hot gas cleaning
bevor … and after catalytic tar reforming
22S. Fendt | TUM | 2016-11-02 | TCS 2016 | Chapel Hill, NC/US
Understanding of mechanisms and reduction of degradation and poisoning
Different levels of contaminants (H2S, tars) Step-wise increase of contaminant
Power generation in SOFCs with biogenic syngasCoupling of a biomass gasifier with a SOFC
Combined system with electrolysis unit, whereas O2 is added for partial-oxidation in the tar reformer and for post-combustion (membrane). H2 is added for methanation (amount depending on carbon formation or optimized operation (SN=3) Efficiency increase but difficult economics today!!
23S. Fendt | TUM | 2016-11-02 | TCS 2016 | Chapel Hill, NC/US
Combination of Power-to-Gas and Biomass-to-Gas concept
Coupling of power and natural gas grid
… and thanks for funding:
24S. Fendt | TUM | 2016-11-02 | TCS 2016 | Chapel Hill, NC/US
… and thanks to the team at TUM, to our collaborators at UCSD
Thank you for the attention!!!
Contact:[email protected]+49 89 289 16207